FIXED CUTTER BITS

Oil and Gas Products

2014 - 2015

Table of Contents
About Varel International..............................................................1
SPOT-DN Technology ..................................................................2
Varel Fixed Cutter Bit Technology.............................................. 3-5
Steel Body Bits Description ..................................................... 6-7
Katana Bits Description ......................................................... 8-9
Voyager Bits Description....................................................... 10-11
Raider PDC Bits Description................................................. 12-13
Diamond Edge Bits Description............................................. 14-15
VB Series Bits Description.................................................... 16-17
Hole Opening Bits Description.............................................. 18-19
Specialty Bits............................................................................20
Fixed Cutter Bit Nomenclature....................................................21
Fixed Cutter Features........................................................... 22-23
Fixed Cutter Reference Tables

Nozzle Series 50............................................................24

Nozzle Series 55............................................................24

Nozzle Series 65............................................................24

Make-Up Torque.............................................................25

Make-Up Torque Box Connection.....................................25
Nozzle Total Flow Area (TFA) Table..............................................26
API Casing Dimensions and Bit Diameters...................................27
Drill Collar Weights....................................................................28
API Conversion Tables................................................................29

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About Varel International

We will deliver ever-increasing
value to our customers and other
stakeholders by exceeding industry
standards for performance, service
and innovation.
Founded in 1947, Varel International is the
worlds largest independent supplier in the
global oil & gas drill bit market. Varel offers a
comprehensive product line of roller cone and
fixed cutter (PDC) drill bits that have evolved and
improved through patented drill bit technologies
and emerging drilling technologies.
Varel aligns its engineering and manufacturing
capabilities to provide customers with high-quality
products that deliver reliability and optimum
performance.
High-quality manufacturing
Product and process innovation
Delivering integrity in all of our relationships
Responsibility towards health, safety

and the environment

Creating customers for life

Scan our updated catalog for our latest products,

features and premium options. Then contact the
Varel sales office near you to discuss innovative
and cost-effective solutions for your next
drilling project.

SPOT-DN Technology
Build a bit thats fast and stable. Thats the challenge of bit design, where speed
and control are tradeoffs: The faster the bit, the more stability comes into play.
Varels SPOT-DN design process achieves the sweet spot, balancing the two into
stable, fast-drilling bits with excellent steerability. Our proprietary software allows us to
better model the cutting structure, and affords greater flexibility in cutter positioning,
to create bits tailor made for your specific applications.

Evolution of SPOT: SPOT-DN

Through continuous research and development,
a new version of our successful design software
SPOT has been introduced and implemented
to bit design - SPOT-DN. This elevated platform
features the ability to output results in log format,
showing simulated bit performance based on wireline
log information. Designers are also now equipped with
an upgraded functional cutting structure model to
create a more holistic view of cutter interaction with
the rock. By focusing on the specific well objectives,
application, and drilling system used, Varels SPOT-DN
design program defines the connection between specific
bit design changes and their full impact on drilling
deliverables.

Using continuously updated algorithms and input

that includes operating and performance data straight
from the rig, as well as sophisticated rock analytics,
SPOT-DN enables us to determine how changing bit
features and dimensions affect steerability and bit walk,
DLS capability, and vibration control, for any given well
trajectory and BHA.
In conjunction with GeoScience rock analytics,
SPOT-DN fully models bit behavior in various rock types
during drilling, evaluates cutter failure as a result of
friction and heat transfer, and even performs sensitivity
analysis for various drilling parameters to evaluate their
effects on penetration rate, bit wear, vibration and
footage.
The process means theres no limiting design options
to a product series or line. Instead, SPOT-DN design
frees the team to select the most appropriate cutter
and most effective cutting structure to control bit
behavior as desired.
These designs may incorporate impact- and thermalresistant Thor cutters or abrasion- and thermalresistant Vulcan cutters, depending on the lithology.
Whatever the objective, SPOT-DN design enables us
to fine tune cutter back rake, side rake and torque
limitations to engineer a system that makes optimum
use of torque inherent to the design. The result is a bit
tailor made for the application at hand.

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Varel Fixed Cutter Bit Technology

Innovation Driven Technology, Delivering the Cutting Edge
Varel continues to push the limits of fixed cutter technology through its aggressive approach
to technological innovation.
Delivering the best product, getting the job done and doing it well is the core of the
company. State-of-the-art technology platforms allow us to deliver the cutting edge products
and performance you need for all of your drilling challenges.

Best
Performance
Option

Varels suite of software tools is designed to seamlessly move from the definition of the
drilling challenge to the right drill bit solution. These software modules have been carefully
developed to move complex data from one stage to the next without the need for keyed data
re-entry or translation. All critical data is carried forward step to step.

Step 1: GeoScienceTM Initial Analysis

CFD analysis is employed

to optimize the fluid flow
characteristics of the CAD model.
The model aids in the analysis
of the cooling and cleaning
characteristics of the 3D model.

Performance benchmarking and bit

record review proceeds to analysis
of rock properties from customer log
data. When coupled with the well
plan, this analysis quantifies the
drilling challenge.

Step 2: SPOT-DNTM Design Software

SPOT-DN cutting structure
design is employed to create 
a cutting structure that will
meet the drilling challenge.
The SPOT-DN mathematical
model is used to perform a drilling
and wear simulation to verify it
corresponds with the GeoScience
findings.

Step 2A: Existing Bit Design

If appropriate, an existing
bit design is recommended
to meet the requirements of
the GeoScience analysis.

Step 4: Computational Fluid Dynamics

Step 5: Pro-Engineer CAM

Completed bit design is then
programmed for the complete
CNC manufacturing process
to produce the bit.

S tep 6: Bit Run and GeoScience

Post Run Analysis

GeoScience is once again used

to analyze the bits performance
versus the initial plan and
prognosis. If needed, the initial
GeoScience analysis is recalibrated
prior to the start of a new iteration
of bit design.

Step 3: Pro-Engineer CAD

Pro-Engineer CAD design system,
custom developed for drill bit body
design, is used to design a complete
bit 3D model incorporating the
SPOT-DN cutting structure.
3

Varel Fixed Cutter Bit Technology

Custom PDC Cutter Development and Selection Testing Methodologies for Drilling Applications
Taking custom cutting structures to the next level

Varel International has expanded its commitment to

technological excellence with the addition of an applicationspecific PDC cutter analysis process. Varels test regimen
standardizes PDC testing and allows Varel to develop and
select the optimum cutter for the application. The ability
to qualify PDC cutters from multiple suppliers results in:

Todays drilling challenges the cutters toughness and

abrasion resistance. High energy drilling environments
often require thermostability and toughness. Varels
dedicated cutter team has recently developed and deployed
new and innovative tools that enhance and improve the
development and selection of the best cutter technology
for the application.

Enhanced cutter selection to suit the application

Access to technology from a variety of suppliers
Qualification and validation of cutter performance

The companys highly qualified team of scientists works

with premier cutter suppliers, universities and field
engineers to guide the development and selection
of cutters for Varels line of premium PDC drill bits.

ACOUSTICAL EMISSIONS TOUGHNESS TEST

D iamond indenter
P DC cutter
A coustical
sensor

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Old one

Varel Fixed Cutter Bit Technology

BIMODAL ABRASIVE ROCK TEST

P DC

secured
for drilling
simulation

E ngineered
rock

E mbedded

granite plates

Cutter Toughness

Cutter toughness is the ability to withstand the effects of

drilling dynamics. Toughness is related to the strength of
the diamond-to-diamond bonding created during the High
Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) sintering of the PDC
cutter. Historically, test methods in the industry have been
qualitative and have fallen short of providing effective data
for field cutter selection.
To better measure cutter toughness, Varel has developed
its patent-pending Acoustical Emissions Toughness Test
(AETT). AETT quantitatively assesses the strength of the
diamond-to-diamond bonding. With this test, a load is
applied to the cutters and increased at a constant rate
while recording the acoustic emissions from microcracking
in the diamond table. Measuring the energy released
during microcracking yields a concrete assessment
of the PDC toughness.

Abrasion Resistance

Abrasion resistance is the cutters ability to stay sharp as it

drills. A second patent-pending test, the Bimodal Abrasive
Rock Test (BART), is a laboratory abrasion resistance test
that employs two drastically different rock samples. The
two rock samples create a load/unload cycle to simulate
interbedded formations and formation transitions.
By recreating this environment, BART provides a more
suitable measurement of abrasion resistance correlating
to field performance.

Steel Body Bits

Varel brings together the most advanced knowledge and
understanding of PDC bit design with the latest manufacturing
technology to produce a new line of Steel Body bits to meet the
needs of your high ROP applications.
Durable, directionally responsive and fast, Varel Steel Body bits
are already delivering One BHA performance in shale plays, drilling
both vertical and curve sections on a single bottomhole assembly
without tripping out.
Thats the kind of challenge were built for.
Available in both Raider and Voyager series configurations,
our steel body bit allows for more aggressive designs. Every Varel
Steel Body bit is designed using proprietary SPOT-DN technology,
resulting in designs that consistently deliver:

> Better Torque Management

> More Directional Control at Faster ROP
> Greater Stability and Whirl/Vibration Resistance

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Steel Body Bits

When you push the edge in bit design as we do at Varel, manufacturing to very tight
tolerances is imperative. That means each bit must be manufactured to exacting
standards, every time.
Our new five-axis milling machine is the most advanced available for steel milling, and
produces output that is spot-on with engineering design/instructions, confirming that
each and every cutting structure is built exactly as designed.
Thats precision manufacturing at the limits of design, for bits that deliver at the limits
of performance.

Design Advantage: Steel

Because of the ductile nature of steel, Varel Steel Body
bits can be manufactured with much taller, thinner
blades. This one characteristic provides the design
advantage of allowing a much more aggressive bit
design to handle faster ROP requirements.
The erosion resistance of the advanced hardfacing
material allows designers to take full advantage of
hydraulic configurations optimized through extensive
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) evaluations which
ensure possible stagnation zones are eliminated,
improving cleaning efficiency, cutter cooling and
increasing ROP.

Steel body bits can be designed with a very short makeup length, which creates a shorter bit-to-bend length
for greater DLS capability. The shorter the distance
between the bend in the motor and the face of the bit,
the easier it is to build angle to complete a curve.
Design flexibility. Durability. And speed. Varel Steel
Body designs offer benefits tailor made for challenges
like One BHA applications: better torque management
and greater control at fast penetration rates.

Precision manufacturing ensures

Varels Steel Body bits are within
.01% of design specifications.

Independent laser testing verifies the

extremely tight tolerances of the stateof-the-art manufacturing process.

Katana Bits
The Katana series from Varel moves steel body PDC bit technology to a higher level. Building on the
companys 10 years of experience in steel body design and manufacturing, Katana leverages the complete
package of Varel technology. This platform includes advanced SPOT-DN cutting structure design and force
balancing software, and aerospace grade CAD/CAM modeling and manufacturing capabilities. Plus, PDC
cutter technologies from the worlds leading providers are qualified and tested by Varels patented Acoustical
Emissions Toughness Test (AETT) process.
Adding to this base of technology are the all-new performance aspects of Katana. Higher blade stand offs and
greater open face volume increases evacuation of cuttings in high ROP applications. Katana bits incorporate
upwardly angled troughs in the gauge pads to further lift cuttings and to better cool the pads.

Katana Series

Patents pending hydraulic optimization features

to flush cuttings from the bit face.

Streamlined cutter pocket design increase

effectiveness of tungsten carbide hardfacing for

better cooling and cleaning around each cutter.

Available latest generation Vulcan high abrasion

resistant PDC cutters for long life and high ROP.

 vailable shankless configuration for minimum

A
bit length made possible by an innovative bit
breaker system.

All new SPOT-DN version of Varels proven

modeling technology meticulously matches bit

design to the rock, the BHA and the operating
parameters in use.

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Katana Bits

Increased open-face volume for high ROP

applications

Evacuation of cuttings assisted by angled grooves

milled into gauge

Flow management confirmed by CFD studies

Blade passageways limit recirculation and

assist in cuttings cleaning

A better bit
CFD studies of the new flow management features in Katana confirm the results.
Field testing has further confirmed the performance of Katana: great balance,
low vibration, high stability, high steerability, and ultra-high ROP.

Voyager Bits
In the new Voyager line of PDC bits, Varel has developed
a trouble-free bit that delivers smooth torque, advanced
directional control, excellent well bore quality and
dynamic stability.
The concept is simple: when one properly manages a
System, a more trouble-free environment is created.
This works in combination with three gauge configuration
options to affect specific directional behaviors.
Advanced modeling determines which gauge design optimizes
the ability to deliver the required directional objectives.
With the Varel approach, bit behavior is not controlled using
cutting structure design alone. Instead, through fine-tuning
back rake, siderake and torque limitation, we engineer a
system within the Voyager design that controls bit behavior
by making more effective use of torque.
Voyager bits are seamlessly compatible with multiple
directional drive systems. Varels focus on matching gauge
configuration with drive system enables solutions to be
continually developed for all offerings in the market.
Varels Voyager designs are not bound to one service
providers tools. Our extensive experience with all current
drive systems allows for the ability to seamlessly match
Voyager bits to your configurations.

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Voyager Series Gauge Options

The gauge section of a PDC bit must be matched to the
cutting structure to achieve the desired steering response.
Varel has performed intensive laboratory and field tests on
more than 25 different gauge configurations to validate
and advance the gauge design matrix used to match a
specific Voyager bit to rock formation, well design and
steering system. The three resulting gauge designs provide
a balance of directional responsiveness, stability and
efficiency to affect specific bit behavior.

Voyager Bits

Figures of gauge testing configuration used in development of Varel gauge options

A ctive Gauge Ring

P assive Gauge Ring

C utting Structure
A ssembly Screws

G1 Stepped Gauge

The (G1) Stepped Gauge is designed for use with both conventional rotary, steerable PDM and "Point-theBit" RSS drilling assemblies, providing flexibility for a range of directional drilling applications. The design
is engineered to allow "bit pivot", or tilt, in order to affect orientation of the cutting structure to achieve
optimum directional requirements. In addition, the undercut can be varied based on mud type for use with
specific drive systems, e.g. 1Geo-Pilot point-the-bit RSS.

G2 Semi-active Gauge

For all Push RSS systems, the Undercut (G2) Semi-active Gauge pad is based on the concept of increasing
lateral displacement keeping gauge stabilization, and can eliminate the need for full active gauge designs
in many applications. Rather than a fixed undercut based on bit size, Varels undercut selection is based
on formation hardness and directional requirements.

G3 Active Gauge

The (G3) Active Gauge for push-the-bit systems is designed principally for high DLS/3D sidetracking
drilling applications where a very high level of side-cutting action is the prime requirement. The (G3)
gauge provides an extremely aggressive cutting action to optimize lateral drillability, generating higher
levels of reactive torque at the bit/rock interface. The very short gauge length, with increased point-loading
of gauge pad cutters that have engineered exposure, provides the aggressive lateral cutting action.

Reducing gauge designs to three simplifies the Voyager bit design and creates
efficiencies. Customer choices are easier, and product availability is assured
through our supply chain.

11

Raider PDC Bits

12-1/4" R616

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Raider PDC Bits

Increased WOB. Higher RPMs. Operating parameters have
driven changes in PDC bit design to accommodate improved
torque output of latest-generation motors and increased
horsepower requirements of the BHA equipment. The Raider
Series from Varel is purpose-built for drilling to Total Depth
through the interbedded soft and hard formations
of transition zones. Balanced bit design is the key.

Balance is Key
Building on Tough-Drill design concepts, Raider bits
incorporate design refinements that create a new, more
balanced profile, with greater stability to overcome the
ROP and durability challenges of drilling transition zones
and abrasive formations.
While back rake was the primary mode of balancing the bit
in the past, Raider bit designs start with an aggressive cone,
then progress to the nose, shoulder and a more tapered
gauge. The cone has been toughened, and the nose and
shoulder VULCAN
strengthened, resulting in an inherently
more
THOR
VULCAN
THOR
balanced design capable of withstanding the demands
of transitional drilling.

Advanced Cutting Structure Design

Varel engineers leverage their extensive expertise and
leading edge design tools to choose the ideal single row,
double row or a combination cutting structure for the
application at hand.
Single row Raider bits are applied in medium-soft
yet interbedded applications where a higher rate of
penetration is required. They are frequently used in
drill out applications and for low angle directional work.
In hard rock drilling, such dual row cutting structure bit
designs are the design of choice where more abrasion- and
impact-resistant diamond and higher diamond volume are
required. In a growing range of these applications, dual
row designs are an effective way to meet requirements for
increased diamond volume while maintaining the maximum
penetration rate.
CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS

VULCAN
VULCAN

CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS
CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS

CLASS
CUTTERS

Raider bit designs may incorporate one or even two extra

rows of cutters per blade to increase diamond density and
durability. Varels high-density PowerCutter arrangement
enhances bit life when drilling a variety of rock types
without sacrificing ROP. The new PowerCutter cutting
structure provides extra exposure and cutter density on the
High-Performance PDC Cutters
VULCAN
VULCAN
T H O RT H O R critical shoulder area of the bit, so Raider bits can now
Because the process does not limit design options by
achieve maximum rates of penetration through interbedded
product series or line but allows the team to select the
formations without excessive wear or damage.
most appropriate cutter, Voyager designs may incorporate
impact- and thermal-resistant Thor cutters or abrasionVULCAN
VULCAN
T H O RT H O R
and thermal-resistant Vulcan cutters, depending on
the lithology.

T H O RT H O R

Raider bits feature cutters matched to the application that

dramatically minimize cutter wear, improving ROP and
footage drilled as a result. The application-specific PDC
cutters incorporate impact toughness attributes tested
with Varels proprietary AETT technology.

13

Diamond Edge Bits

The Diamond EdgeTM PDC bit from Varel International

provides a unique cutting structure specially equipped for
transitional zones and hard rock drilling. This innovative
design allows operators to recognize drilling efficiencies
through:
Increased rates of penetration
Enhanced stability
Optimum product durability

What is the Diamond Edge Drill Bit?

The Diamond Edge is a patent pending PDC drill
bit designed to run at high penetration rates even in
applications that call for higher blade and cutter counts.
Its unique cutting structure layout adds another dimension
to bit stability and smooth running by combining the
penetration rate potential of traditional single set cutter
layouts with the life extending features of a plural set
cutter layout. The result is a bit that runs up to 20 percent
faster than plural set PDC bits with minimum bit wear.

How Does the Cutting Structure Work?

With Diamond Edge, Varel has extended the advantages of
an asymmetric blade cutting structure in the control of bit
vibration by adding precisely defined plural cutter blade
asymmetry.
This proprietary approach enhances both stability and
penetration rate. You get more out of the bit and more out
of the diamond on the bit.

What are the Benefits of the New Design?

Diamond Edge bits work across an extended range of
weight on bit, penetrating quickly even at low bit weights
in softer rock. When formations firm up, the bits can take
added weight with a smooth torque response and maintain
higher-than-competitive rates of penetration.
The technology is a departure from traditional plural set
bits that require higher weights to drill even in soft rock
and are generally durable, but slow, even in harder rock.
Traditional plural set bits also can produce an erratic
torque response when taking additional weight.
The proof is in the performance!

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45

2000

44

1000
0

DE716X

HC605Z

FM3755Z

43

FM3755Z

Diamond Edge Bit Case Studies

COST PER FOOT (USD)

ROP and Footage Comparison

ROP and Footage Comparison

1600
FM3755Z

45

1400

15
10

200
23

24

DE713PUX GX22SDX

25

26

27

28

FHI21B

FHI21B

GX22SDX

FHI23B

29

6000

48

Cost Per Foot (USD)

GX22SDX

1600

50

Solution
45
1400
FTG
Varel recommended the DE713PUX Diamond Edge
PDC
bit.
40
1200

FHI21B

30
ROP
Results
800
25
The DE713PUX drilled down to 8120 feet in 30.5 hours while
20
600
improving ROP
to 45.2 feet per hour. The bit drilled twice as fast
15
400 bit in the section, drilling a typical two-bit interval
as a traditional
10
200
in just one run.
5

GX22SDX

$46.72

DE713PUX
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

ROP and Footage Comparison

ROP and Footage Comparison

7000

49

6000

48

5000

47

3000
45
44

1000

DE716X

HC605Z

FM3755Z

COST PER FOOT (USD)

Cost Per Foot (USD)

CPF

FM3755Z
1600

50
45

1400

40

FM3755Z
1200

30
HC605Z

$25.29

ROP

24

DE713PUX GX22SDX

COST PER FOOT (USD)

25
FHI21B

26
FHI21B

GX22SDX

28 5
FHI23B

in ROP

7000

49

6000

48

5000

FTG

47

ROP

3000
45
44

1000

15
27

Case Study #2

2000

10
23

FHI23B

46

20
DE716X

GX22SDX

4000

25

600

FTG

35

1000

FHI21B

Reached TD in 120.5 hours

Low cost per foot
ROP and Footage Comparison
10 percent reduction in WOB with a 7 percent improvement

43

FM3755Z

FHI21B

Varel International recently recommended a 7-7/8 DE716X

Diamond Edge bit to an operator in Upton County, Texas. The bit
drilled a total of 5815 feet to reach the TD of 10,635 feet, with
the lowest average weight on bit when compared to other runs in
the area.

ROP
46

2000

DE713PUX GX22SDX

Major Operator Upton County, Texas

7-7/8 DE716X Diamond Edge Bit

FTG

4000

200

35

1000

FHI21B

400

ROP

7910-8100 feet, Barnett 8100-8220 feet

CPF

FHI23B

800

47

Bend Conglomerate 5820-7910 feet, Marble Falls

COST PER FOOT (USD)

FTG

Challenge 3000
A major operator
drilling in Hill County, Texas, needed45 a bit that
2000
could withstand formations known to be extremely hard
and
44
1000
abrasive where roller cone bits have historically been used. Plans
43
0
in the area called
for
a kick off
deep FM3755Z
down hole,
requiring
a bit
DE716X
HC605Z
FM3755Z
that was steerable and durable enough to maintain steerability
after enduring abrasive sands. Formation tops are as follows:

20

400
DE716X

49

46

ROP

25

600

7000

4000

30

800
HC605Z

Case Study #1
5000

35

1000

Major Operator Hill County, Texas

8-3/4 DE713PUX Diamond Edge Bit

FTG

40

1200
FM3755Z

CPF

50

29

DE716X

HC605Z

FM3755Z

FM3755Z

43

15

VB Series Bits

Varels VB product line is a premium line of matrix bits

featuring two very unique featuresoval cutters and lateral
hydraulic jet nozzles. The VB series is designed to provide
better ROP and longer life than bits designed only with
conventional round cutters and hydraulic package.
The oval cutter provides more diamond exposure than a
round cutter sharing the same diamond width. The sharper
tip profile of the oval cutter produces higher point loading,
converting applied weight more efficiently than a round
cutter, thereby increasing ROP.
The lateral jet nozzles, located near the center of the bit,
provide greater efficiencies, directing flow across the face
of the bit for optimal cleaning and cooling of cutters.
Lateral nozzles, in combination with conventional nozzles,
produce higher ROP and increased bit life.

L ateral Jet Nozzles


VB bits use lateral jet nozzles located near the center of
the bit. These nozzles are oriented in such a way that, when
combined with traditional nozzles, create cross flow hydraulics.
This cross flow optimizes hydraulic energy, cooling and
cleaning of the cutters, enhances chip removal and efficiently
sweeps cuttings away from the bit face into the annulus.
This hydraulic configuration promotes faster ROP and reduces
cutter wear for longer bit life.

A s part of the product development process, all Varel bits

utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics evaluations.

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VB Series Bits

Oval Cutter

The unique oval cutter design delivers from 43 to 46 percent* more

diamond exposure than a round cutter of the same width. Because
of its unique shape, the increased exposure provides more footage
drilled and improved bit life, helping lower your cost per foot.
Additionally, the oval cutter design produces higher point loading,
converting applied weight on bit more efficiently and dulling with a
smaller wear flat than a round cutter of the same width.

A
Center line

Oval Cutter Advantage

Oval
Cutter
Exposure

Round
Exposure

PowerCutter Cutting Structure

Varels high-density PowerCutter arrangement gives enhanced bit

life when drilling a variety of rock types without sacrificing ROP.
The new PowerCutter cutting structure provides extra exposure and
cutter density on the critical shoulder area of the bit. Bits can now
achieve maximum rates of penetration through one rock formation
and then continue to penetrate harder sand or limestone beds
without excessive wear or damage, e.g. interbedded formations.

Advanced Cutting Structure

VB bits are developed using Varels proprietary design software

called SPOT-DN. Using extensive single cutter tests and full scale
bit tests in laboratory and field conditions, SPOT-DN ensures cutting
structure optimization for specific applications. SPOT-DN models
complete bit behavior in different rock types during a simulated
drilling process. In addition, it evaluates cutter wear as a result
of friction and heat transfer. Using appropriate rock geology and
mechanical properties, SPOT-DN also performs sensitivity analysis
for various drilling parameters, i.e., weight on bit, WOB and
revolutions per minute (RPM), to evaluate their effects on ROP,
cutter wear, bit vibrations and footage drilled. Using SPOT-DN
improves the ROP and increases the footage drilled of each VB bit.
Based on cutter sizes

17

Hole Opening Bits

Varels bicenter bits are designed to enlarge the wellbore,
by drilling 15 to 25 percent larger than the pass through
wellbore in all types of PDC drillable formations. The
bicenter bits are used to increase lateral diameter, to
replace under reaming, to help control trouble zones and
for expandable tubulars. The matrix material construction
resists erosion and abrasion found when drilling oilfield
applications. The one-piece design shortens the overall
bit length for better directional control. Varel bicenter bits
also have an innovative force balanced cutting structure
that minimizes cutter and casing damage when drilling
out. Additionally, Varels unique design minimizes bit
vibrations often experienced with conventional hole
opening tools, thereby resulting in longer downhole tool
life and reduced drilling costs.

One-Piece Construction

Varels unique design shortens the overall bit length for

better directional control and eliminates the need to have
a connection and weld between the pilot bit and the reamer
section of the bicenter. The one-piece construction also allows
for optimal hydraulic configuration with pilot and reamer blade
alignment, optimizing cuttings removal and improving ROP.

Hydraulic Design

Nozzle placement, pilot bit and reamer blade alignment

provide a direct flow path to the annulus. The junk slot area
is maintained or increased, resulting in no decrease in fluid
velocity and improved cuttings removal between the pilot
and reamer.

Spiraled Blades

Varels bicenter bits are designed with spiral blades to provide

better contact with the casing during drill out. Spiral blades
stabilize the bit, ensuring less damage to the casing and
resulting in better wellbore quality.

The drill-out feature, designed for Varels bicenter

bit, was recently awarded a Woelfel Best Mechanical
Engineering Achievement Merit Award. The annual
award, sponsored by The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers - International Petroleum Institute Petroleum
Division (ASME-IPTI), recognizes a product or system
that demonstrates a practical solution to an engineering
challenge in offshore technology.

www.varelintl.com

Hole Opening Bits

Drillstring
Center
Casing
Center

No Contact
On Cutters
Drill String
Center

Casing
Center

Drill String
Center

Backward
Rotation

Bicenter Drilling Cement Inside the Casing

Drilling with
Center Cutters
Casing
Center

Drillstring
Center
Casing
Center

Forward
Rotation

Bicenter in Formation

Cutting Structure Drill Out Feature

Varels Casing Saver Design cutting structure feature provides a

reliable drill out mode while protecting the cutting structure inside
the casing. Because of the bicenter bit's unique application, the
bit design is not symmetrical. When drilling out from casing, the
bit rotates on the casing centerline and not the bit centerline.
This off-center rotation of conventional bits can cause damage to
cutters located near the center of the pilot bit. This cutter damage
is due to backward rotation of cutters located between the bit
centerline and the casing centerline in the pilot bit. However, Varel
has repositioned cutters between the two centerlines in the nose of
the pilot bit. Our design minimizes the possibility of cutter damage
while inside the casing in drill-out mode. As the bit transitions to
formation drilling, the cutters begin to rotate normally about the
bit centerline and cut the formation. This small but unique design
philosophy prevents cutter damage when drilling out, allowing
efficient rockcutter interaction during formation drilling.

Force Balancing

During the design process, the pilot and reamer cutting structure
are force balanced as a single unit. This provides increased drilling
efficiencies in both vertical and deviated wells. Improved ROP,
increased durability and better directional control are all benefits of
Varels force balancing.

Casing Saver Design

Pilot bit design, spiral blades, non-contact gauge cutters and

casing saver technology all result in minimal casing damage
during drill out.

19

Specialty Bits: Natural Diamond, TSP and Core Bits

Specialty Bits
Varel offers a variety of bits and core bits manufactured with natural diamond, Thermally Stable Polycrystalline (TSP)
and Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) materials, available for specific drilling applications. All designs are
available in matrix with size availability ranging from 4" to 17 " (101.6 mm to 444.5 mm).
For additional details, please contact your Varel representative.

www.varelintl.com

CB320

VN300

CB400

CB713

VH10119DGX

CB813

VP320

VHP320

Fixed Cutter Bit Nomenclature

V519

Voyager PDC bit for steerable motor with five blades and
19mm cutters

Product Line Type

R616PX
Bit Suffix Feature

R 6 16 NX

Raider PDC bit with six blades, 16mm cutters, PowerCutter

structure and shock studs

DE713PUX

Diamond Edge PDC cutter with seven blades, 13mm

cutters, PowerCutter structure, updrill cutter and tungsten
carbide shock studs

VH813

Blade Count

Bicenter PDC with eight blades and 13mm cutters

VN300

Natural diamond bit for medium hard formations

Cutter Size & Shape

Blade
Count

Product Line Type

Cutter Size
(mm) &
Shape

Suffix Features

Standard PDC Bit

091

B - Box Connection

DE - Diamond Edge

13

T - Turbine Sleeve

R - Raider

16

P - PowerCutter Cutting Structure

VI - Impreg

19

P2 - Partial PowerCutter Structure

VH - Hole Opening Bicenter

13 x 9; 902

PP - Triple Row PowerCutter

CB - Core Bit

16 x 11; 11O

D - Drop in Cutter in Gauge Pad

G - All TSP Gauge

V - Voyager
VN - Natural diamond

10

23 x 16; 16O

L - Lateral Jets

VP - TSP

11

*100

VB - Oval Cutters

12

**300

N-N
 ozzle Pattern Less Than One Nozzle
per Blade

S - Steel Body

***500

H-N
 ozzle Pattern in Excess
of One Nozzle per Blade

K - Katana

U - Up Drill / Back Ream

VYZ - WISE

X - Tungsten Carbide Shock Studs

in All Positions
R-D
 iamond Shock Studs (except gauge
position)

Designates Round Cutters

Designates Oval Cutters
* Soft formation design (N and P product line)
** Medium formation design (N and P product line)
*** Hard formation design (N and P product line)

1
2

21

Fixed Cutter Features

Cutting Structure Features

P PowerCutter Cutting Structure

Varels high-density PowerCutter arrangement gives enhanced bit life through

a variety of rock types without sacrificing ROP. The new PowerCutter cutting
structure provides extra exposure and cutter density on the critical shoulder
area of the bit. Bits can now achieve maximum rates of penetration through
one rock formation and then continue to penetrate harder sand or limestone
beds without excessive wear or damage, e.g., interbedded formations.

U Updrill/Back Ream

During directional drilling, hole wall sloughing, keyseating, or

severe dog legs can occur, requiring action. The updrill feature
allows hole wall cleaning as you ream the wellbore,
eliminating problems.

X Tungsten Carbide Shock Studs/

"R" Diamond Shock Studs

Shock Studs limit drill bit vibration and increase stability.

When drilling conditions cause a vibration, Shock Studs
make contact with the formation to help restore the bits
normal smooth cutting action. Smooth cutting action
increases cutter life and overall bit performance.

www.varelintl.com

Fixed Cutter Features

Gauge Features

T Turbine Sleeve

Turbine sleeves can be customized to specific lengths and diameters to match

each individual requirement. Sleeves are designed so the junk slots match the bit
junk slots, eliminating intersections and making the design hydraulically efficient.
Gauge protection on the sleeve can also be matched to the customers need.

G Premium Gauge

Premium gauge protection is designed to ensure

that correct hole diameter is maintained. A variety
of gauge configurations exist. The premium gauge
consists of Thermally Stable Polycrystalline
diamond rounds, Tungsten Carbide bricks and
PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) cutters.
The number of pre-flat PDC cutters in the gauge
is the only option with this feature.

Hydraulics Options

L Lateral Jet Nozzles

Varel bits can use highly angled lateral nozzles located near
the center of the bit in combination with traditional nozzles
to create cross flow hydraulics. This cross flow optimizes
hydraulic energy, cooling and cleaning of the cutters, enhances
chip removal and efficiently sweeps cuttings away from the
bit face into the annulus. This hydraulic configuration
promotes faster ROP and reduces cutter wear for longer
bit life.

N Nozzle Pattern
With the N feature, a bit will have less than one nozzle
per blade. The number of nozzles will be determined by the
application or bit design. Typical nozzle pattern is one nozzle
per blade.

H Nozzle Pattern

With the H feature, a bit will have more than one nozzle
per blade. The number of nozzles will be determined by the
application or bit design. Typical nozzle pattern is one nozzle
per blade.

23

Reference
Nozzle Series 50, 55 & 65, Make-up Torque,
Fixed Cutter Gauge Diameter Tolerances,
Make-up Torque Box Connection,
Diamond Drill Bit and PDC Bit Connection

Fixed Cutter Gauge Diamond Tolerances

Nozzle Series
Diameter in.

mm

Diamond Drilling, Diamond Core, and PDC Bit Tolerances

Nozzle Series
50

55

65

Bit Size, OD
in.

OD Tolerances
in.
mm

9/32

7.14

6 3/4 and smaller

+ 0 - 0.015

+ 0 - 0.38

10/32

7.94

6 25/32 to 9 inclusive

+ 0 - 0.020

+ 0 - 0.51

11/32

8.73

9 1/32 to 13 3/4 inclusive

+ 0 - 0.030

+ 0 - 0.76

12/32

9.53

13 25/32 to 17 1/2 inclusive

+ 0 - 0.045

+ 0 - 1.14

17 17/32 and larger

+ 0 - 0.063

+ 0 - 1.60

13/32

10.32

14/32

11.11

15/32

11.91

16/32

12.70

17/32

13.49

18/32

14.29

19/32

15.08

20/32

15.88

21/32

16.67

22/32

17.46

Diamond Drill Bit and PDC Bit Connection

Size & Stlye
of Rotary Pin
Connection

Bit Sub Bevel

Dia.^a
inches +/- 1/64

millimeters +/- 0.40

Bit Bevel Dia. ^a.

inches +/- 1-64

millimeters +/- 0.40

1.75 to 2.24 inclusive

1 reg^b

1.500

38.10

1.532

38.91

2.25 to 3.49 inclusive

1 1/2 reg^c

1.932

49.07

1.964

49.89

3.50 to 4.5 inclusive

2 3/8 reg

3.047

77.39

3.078

78.18

Size of Bit
in.

4 17/32 to 5 inclusive

2 7/8 reg

3 39/64

91.68

3 41/64

93.66

5 1/32 to 7 3/8 inclusive

3 1/2 reg

4 7/64

104.38

4 9/64

105.17

7 13/32 to 9 3/8 inclusive

4 1/2 reg

5 21/64

135.33

5 23/64

136.13

9 13/32 to 14 1/2 inclusive

6 5/8 reg

7 23/64

186.93

7 25/64

187.72

14 9/16 to 18 1/2 inclusive

6 5/8 reg or 7 5/8 reg

7 23/64 or 8 15/32

186.93 or 215.11

7 25/64 or 8 1/2

187.72 or 215.90

18 9/16 and larger

7 5/8 reg or 8 5/8 reg

8 15/32 or 35/64

215.11 or 242.49

8 1/2 or 9 37/64

218.90 or 243.28

www.varelintl.com

Reference
Make-up Torque
Connection In.

Pin ID
In.

2-3/8 API REG

2-7/8 API REG

1-1/4

3-1/2 API REG

4-1/2 API REG

6-5/8 API REG

7-5/8 API REG

1-1/2

2-1/4

3-1/2

Make-up Torque Box Connection

Bit Sub Od
In.

Make-Up
Torque Ft.-Lbs.

Connection In.

Bit Od In.

Make-Up Torque
Ft.-Lbs.

Mini

Maxi

1800

2000

3-1/2 API IF

5 5/8 - 6 1/8v

3700

4000

3-1/8 and larger

2400

2700

4-1/2 API IF

8 3/8 - 8 3/4

23400

25700

3-1/2

3100

3400

12 1/4

37100

40800

3-3/4

4600

16 - 17 1/2

43500

44100

3-7/8

4700

4-1/8

5200

5700

4-1/4

6300

6900

4-1/2

7700

8400

4-3/4

7800

8600

5-1/2

12500

13700

5-3/4

16500

6 and larger

17600

5100

Mini

6-5/8 API REG

Maxi

19500

7-1/2

37100

7-3/4 and larger

37600

8-1/2

48300

53200

8-3/4

57700

63500

63800

65200

9-1/4

64300

65700

9-1/2

64800

66200

40800

25

Nozzle Total Flow Area

Nozzle Total Flow Area (TFA) Table
Nozzle Flow Area (square inches)
Nozzle
Size

10

Nozzle

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

Nozzles

7/32

0.0375

0.0751

0.1127

0.1503

0.1879

0.2254

0.2630

0.3006

0.3382

0.3758

8/32

0.0490

0.0981

0.1472

0.1963

0.2454

0.2945

0.3436

0.3926

0.4417

0.4908

9/32

0.0621

0.1242

0.1863

0.2485

0.3106

0.3727

0.4348

0.4970

0.5591

0.6212

10/32

0.0766

0.1533

0.2300

0.3067

0.3834

0.4601

0.5368

0.6135

0.6902

0.7669

11/32

0.0928

0.1856

0.2784

0.3712

0.4640

0.5568

0.6496

0.7424

0.8352

0.9280

12/32

0.1104

0.2208

0.3313

0.4417

0.5522

0.6626

0.7731

0.8835

0.9940

1.1044

13/32

0.1296

0.2592

0.3888

0.5184

0.6481

0.7777

0.9073

1.0369

1.1665

1.2962

14/32

0.1503

0.3006

0.4509

0.6013

0.7516

0.9019

1.0523

1.2026

1.3529

1.5032

15/32

0.1725

0.3451

0.5177

0.6902

0.8628

1.0354

1.2080

1.3805

1.5531

1.7257

16/32

0.1963

0.3926

0.5890

0.7853

0.9817

1.1780

1.3744

1.5707

1.7671

1.9634

18/32

0.2485

0.4970

0.7455

0.9940

1.2425

1.4910

1.7395

1.9880

2.2365

2.4850

20/32

0.3067

0.6135

0.9203

1.2271

1.5339

1.8407

2.1475

2.4543

2.7611

3.0679

22/32

0.3712

0.7424

1.1136

1.4848

1.8561

2.2273

2.5985

2.9697

3.3410

3.7122

24/32

0.4417

0.8835

1.3253

1.7671

2.2089

2.6507

3.0925

3.5342

3.9760

4.4178

26/32

0.5184

1.0369

1.5554

2.0739

2.5924

3.1109

3.6293

4.1478

4.6663

5.1848

28/32

0.6013

1.2026

1.8039

2.4052

3.0065

3.6079

4.2092

4.8105

5.4118

6.0131

30/32

0.6902

1.3805

2.0708

2.7611

3.4514

4.1417

4.8320

5.5223

6.2126

6.9029

32/32

0.7853

1.5707

2.3561

3.1415

3.9269

4.7123

5.4977

6.2831

7.0685

7.8539

www.varelintl.com

API Casing Dimensions and Bit Diameters

Dimensions
Size
OD
in.
4 1/2

5 1/2

6 5/8

7 5/8

8 5/8

9 5/8

10 3/4

11 3/4

13 3/8

16
18 5/8
20

Weight Per
Foot Nominal
lbs.
9.50
10.50
11.60
13.50
11.50
13.00
15.00
18.00
14.00
15.50
17.00
20.00
23.00
20.00
24.00
28.00
32.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
26.00
29.00
32.00
35.00
38.00
24.00
26.20
29.70
33.70
39.00
24.00
28.00
32.00
36.00
40.00
44.00
49.00
32.30
36.00
40.00
43.50
47.00
53.50
32.75
40.50
45.50
51.00
55.50
60.70
65.70
42.00
47.00
54.00
60.00
48.00
54.50
61.00
68.00
72.00
65.00
75.00
84.00
87.50
94.00
106.50
133.00

Wall
Thickness
in.
.205
.224
.250
.290
.220
.253
.296
.362
.244
.275
.304
.361
.415
.288
.352
.417
.475
.231
.272
.317
.362
.408
.453
.498
.540
.300
.328
.375
.430
.500
.264
.304
.352
.400
.450
.500
.557
.312
.352
.395
.435
.472
.545
.279
.350
.400
.450
.495
.545
.595
.333
.375
.435
.489
.330
.380
.430
.480
.514
.375
.438
.495
.435
.438
.500
.635

Nominal
Inside Diameter
in.
4.090
4.052
4.000
3.920
4.560
4.494
4.408
4.276
5.012
4.950
4.892
4.778
4.670
6.049
5.921
5.791
5.675
6.538
6.456
6.366
6.276
6.184
6.094
6.004
5.92
7.025
6.969
6.875
6.765
6.625
8.097
8.017
7.921
7.825
7.725
7.625
7.511
9.001
8.921
8.835
8.755
8.681
8.535
10.192
10.050
9.950
9.850
9.760
9.660
9.560
11.084
11.000
10.880
10.772
12.715
12.615
12.515
12.415
12.347
15.250
15.125
15.010
17.756
19.124
19.000
18.730

Bit Size
Casing
Coupling OD
in.
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.563
5.563
5.563
5.563
6.050
6.050
6.050
6.050
6.050
7.390
7.390
7.390
7.390
7.656
7.656
7.656
7.656
7.656
7.656
7.656
7.656
8.500
8.500
8.500
8.500
8.500
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
9.625
10.635
10.635
10.635
10.635
10.635
10.635
11.750
11.750
11.750
11.750
11.750
11.750
11.750
12.750
12.750
12.750
12.750
14.375
14.375
14.375
14.375
14.375
17.000
17.000
17.000
20.000
21.000
21.000
21.000

API Drift
Diameter
in.
3.965
3.927
3.875
3.795
4.435
4.369
4.283
4.151
4.887
4.825
4.767
4.653
4.545
5.924
5.796
5.666
5.550
6.413
6.331
6.241
6.151
6.059
5.969
5.879
5.795
6.900
6.844
6.750
6.640
6.500
7.972
7.892
7.796
7.700
7.600
7.500
7.386
8.845
8.765
8.679
8.599
8.525
8.379
10.036
9.894
9.794
9.694
9.604
9.504
9.404
10.928
10.844
10.724
10.616
12.559
12.459
12.359
12.259
12.191
15.062
14.936
14.822
17.567
18.936
18.812
18.542

Recommended
Bit Size Diameter
in.
mm
3 7/8
98.4
3 7/8
98.4
3 7/8
98.4
3 3/4
95.2
4 1/4
107.9
4 1/4
107.9
4 1/4
107.9
4 1/8
104.8
4 7/8
123.8
4 3/4
120.7
4 3/4
120.7
4 5/8
117.5
4 1/2
114.3
5 7/8
149.2
5 3/4
146.1
5 5/8
142.8
5 1/4
133.4
6 1/4
158.7
6 1/4
158.7
6 1/4
158.7
6 1/8
155.5
6
152.4
5 7/8
149.2
5 7/8
149.2
5 3/4
146.1
6 3/4
171.4
6 3/4
171.4
6 3/4
171.4
6 1/2
165.1
6 1/2
165.1
7 7/8
200.0
7 7/8
200.0
7 5/8
193.7
7 5/8
193.7
6 3/4
171.4
6 3/4
171.4
6 3/4
171.4
8 3/4
222.2
8 3/4
222.2
8 1/2
215.9
8 1/2
215.9
8 1/2
215.9
8 3/8
212.7
9 7/8
250.8
9 7/8
250.8
9 5/8
244.5
9 5/8
244.5
9 1/2
241.3
9 1/2
241.3
9
228.6
10 5/8
269.9
10 5/8
269.9
10 5/8
269.9
9 7/8
250.8
12 1/4
311.1
12 1/4
311.1
12 1/4
311.1
12 1/4
311.1
12
304.8
14 3/4
374.6
14 3/4
374.6
14 3/4
374.6
17 1/2
444.5
17 1/2
444.5
17 1/2
444.5
17 1/2
444.5

27

Drill Collar Weights

Drill Collar Weights - Suspended in Water
Collar OD

Collar Bore
1 1/2

1 1/4

3 3/4

28 830

26 770

32 960

30 900

4 1/4

37 1110

35 1040

33 980

4 1/2

42 1260

40 1200

38 1130

2 1/4

35 1060

2 1/2

2 3/4

2 7/8

3 1/4

3 1/2

3 3/4

33 980

4 3/4

47 1420

45 1360

43 1300

41 1220

38 1140

52 1570

51 1530

49 1470

46 1390

44 1310

5 1/4

59 1770

57 1710

55 1650

52 1570

50 1490

47 1400

5 1/2

65 1950

63 1900

61 1830

59 1760

56 1680

53 1580

5 3/4

72 2150

70 2090

68 2030

65 1960

62 1870

59 1780

58 1730

56 1680

78 2330

77 2300

74 2230

72 2160

69 2080

66 1980

65 1930

63 1880

59 1770

6 1/4

86 2570

84 2510

82 2450

79 2370

76 2290

73 2200

72 2150

70 2100

66 1990

6 1/2

93 2790

91 2740

89 2670

87 2600

84 2510

81 2420

79 2370

77 2320

74 2210

70 2080

65 1960

6 3/4

101 3020

99 3000

97 2900

94 2830

92 2740

88 2650

87 2600

85 2550

81 2440

78 2330

73 2200

109 3260

107 3200

105 3140

102 3070

100 2980

96 2890

95 2840

93 2790

89 2680

86 2570

81 2440

77 2300

7 1/4

117 3500

115 3450

113 3380

110 3300

108 3220

104 3130

103 3080

101 3030

97 2920

94 2800

89 2680

85 2540

7 1/2

126 3770

124 3710

122 3650

119 3570

116 3490

113 3400

112 3350

110 3300

106 3190

102 3070

98 2940

94 2800

7 3/4

134 4030

133 3980

130 3910

128 3840

125 3760

122 3660

121 3610

119 3560

115 3450

111 3340

107 3210

103 3070

144 4310

8 1/4

142 4250

140 4190

137 4110

134 4030

131 3940

130 3890

128 3840

124 3730

120 3610

116 3480

112 3350

151 4540

149 4470

147 4400

144 4310

141 4220

139 4170

137 4180

134 4010

130 3900

126 3770

121 3630

8 1/2

159 4540

156 4690

154 4610

150 4510

143 4460

147 4410

143 4300

140 4190

135 4060

131 3920

8 3/4

169 5620

166 4990

164 4910

160 4810

159 4760

157 4710

153 4600

150 4490

145 4360

141 4220

177 5300

174 5820

171 5120

169 5070

168 5020

164 4910

160 4800

156 4670

151 4530

9 1/4

187 5620

185 5530

181 5440

180 5390

178 5340

174 5230

171 5120

166 4990

162 4850

9 1/2

195 5860

192 5770

191 5720

187 5670

185 5560

181 5440

177 5310

173 5180

9 3/4

207 6200

204 6100

202 6060

200 6000

197 5900

193 5780

188 5650

184 5510

10

218 6540

10 1/4

215 6450

213 6400

212 6350

208 6240

204 6180

200 6000

195 5860

227 6800

225 6750

223 6700

220 6590

216 6480

212 6350

207 6210

10 1/2

239 7160

237 7120

236 7060

232 6960

228 6840

224 6710

219 6580

10 3/4

251 7530

250 7490

248 7430

244 7330

240 7210

236 7080

232 6950

11

262 7860

261 7810

257 7710

253 7590

249 7460

244 7330

11 1/4

275 8250

273 8200

270 8090

266 7980

268 7850

257 7710

Pounds-Per-Foot (Bold)
Pounds-Per-30 Foot Collar
Weights per foot rounded off to nearest pound
Weights per 30 foot collar rounded off to nearest 10 pounds

www.varelintl.com

API Conversion Tables

Equations Used in Hydraulic Calculations:

Conversion Formulas
FROM

TO

MULTIPLY BY

1. Annular Velocity
2. Surface Equipment Pressure Losses

VOLUME
Barrels

Gallons

42

Cubic Centimeters

Cubic Feet

3.531 x 10-5

Cubic Centimeters

Cubic Inches

0.06102

Cubic Centimeters

Cubic Meters

10-6

Cubic Centimeters

Gallons

2.642 x 10-4

Cubic Centimeters

Liters

0.001

Cubic Feet

Cubic Centimeters

28317

Cubic Feet

Cubic Inches

1728

Cubic Feet

Cubic Meters

0.02832

Cubic Feet

Gallons

7.48

Cubic Feet

Liters

28.32

Cubic Inches

Cubic Centimeters

16.39

Cubic Inches

Cubic Feet

5.787 x 10-4

Cubic Inches

Cubic Meters

1.639 x 10-5

Cubic Inches

Gallons

4.329 x 10-3

Cubic Inches

Liters

0.01639

Cubic Meters

Cubic Centimeters

106

Cubic Meters

Cubic Feet

35.31

Cubic Meters

Gallons

264. 2

Gallons

Barrels

0.0238

Gallons

Cubic Centimeters

3785

Gallons

Cubic Feet

0.1337

Gallons

Cubic Inches

231

Gallons

Cubic Meters

3.785 x 10-5

Gallons

Liters

3.785

MASS
Pounds

Tons (metric)

4.536 x 10-4

Tons (metric)

Pounds

2204

Tons (metric)

Kilograms

1000

Type Equipment C
1 1.0
2 0.36
3 0.22
4 0.15

3. Drill Stem Bore Pressure Losses

4. Jet Nozzle Pressure Losses
5. Annular Pressure Losses
6. Jet Velocity
7. Jet Impact Force
8. Hydraulic Horsepower

Nomenclature:
Q = Circulation Rate (gpm)
Dh = Diameter of Hole (in)
Dp = Diameter of Pipe O.D. (in)
V = Annular Velocity (ft/min)
= Mud Weight (lb/gal)
C = Friction Factor
P = Pressure (psi)
L = Length (ft)
A = Area of Nozzle (in2)
P = Pressure Drop (psi)
V = Jet Velocity (ft/sec)
If = Jet Impact Force (lbf)
HHp = Hydraulic Horsepower (hp)
d = Inside Diameter (in)

29

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