Perkins 1106 Series

WORKSHOP MANUAL
Systems Operation /
Testing and Adjusting
6 cylinder turbocharged diesel engines for agricultural
and industrial use

Publication SENR9743-00
Proprietary information of Perkins Engines Company Limited 2004, all rights reserved.
The information is correct at the time of print.
Published by Technical Publications.
Perkins Engines Company Limited, Peterborough, PE1 5NA, England

Important Safety Information

Most accidents that involve product operation, maintenance and repair are caused by failure to
observe basic safety rules or precautions. An accident can often be avoided by recognizing potentially
hazardous situations before an accident occurs. A person must be alert to potential hazards. This
person should also have the necessary training, skills and tools to perform these functions properly.
Improper operation, lubrication, maintenance or repair of this product can be dangerous and
could result in injury or death.
Do not operate or perform any lubrication, maintenance or repair on this product, until you have
read and understood the operation, lubrication, maintenance and repair information.
Safety precautions and warnings are provided in this manual and on the product. If these hazard
warnings are not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other persons.
The hazards are identified by the Safety Alert Symbol and followed by a Signal Word such as
DANGER, WARNING or CAUTION. The Safety Alert WARNING label is shown below.

The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

Attention! Become Alert! Your Safety is Involved.
The message that appears under the warning explains the hazard and can be either written or
pictorially presented.
Operations that may cause product damage are identified by NOTICE labels on the product and in
this publication.
Perkins cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard. The
warnings in this publication and on the product are, therefore, not all inclusive. If a tool, procedure,
work method or operating technique that is not specifically recommended by Perkins is used,
you must satisfy yourself that it is safe for you and for others. You should also ensure that the
product will not be damaged or be made unsafe by the operation, lubrication, maintenance or
repair procedures that you choose.
The information, specifications, and illustrations in this publication are on the basis of information that
was available at the time that the publication was written. The specifications, torques, pressures,
measurements, adjustments, illustrations, and other items can change at any time. These changes can
affect the service that is given to the product. Obtain the complete and most current information before
you start any job. Perkins dealers or Perkins distributors have the most current information available.

When replacement parts are required for this

product Perkins recommends using Perkins
replacement parts.
Failure to heed this warning can lead to premature failures, product damage, personal injury or
death.

3
Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Flywheel Housing - Inspect ................................... 63

Gear Group - Inspect ............................................ 64
Vibration Damper - Check ..................................... 65

Systems Operation Section

General Information
Introduction ............................................................ 4
Engine Operation
Basic Engine ........................................................... 6
Air Inlet and Exhaust System ............................... 10
Cooling System .................................................... 12
Lubrication System .............................................. 13
Electrical System ................................................. 14
Fuel Injection ....................................................... 16
Electronic Control System ................................... 25
Power Sources ...................................................... 28
Glossary of Electronic Control Terms ................... 32

Testing and Adjusting Section

Fuel System
Fuel System - Inspect ...........................................
Air in Fuel - Test ....................................................
Finding Top Center Position for No. 1 Piston ........
Fuel Injection Timing - Check ...............................
Fuel Quality - Test .................................................
Fuel System - Prime .............................................
Fuel System Pressure - Test .................................
Gear Group (Front) - Time ....................................

35
35
36
37
38
38
40
40

Air Inlet and Exhaust System

Air Inlet and Exhaust System - Inspect .................
Turbocharger - Inspect ..........................................
Compression - Test ...............................................
Engine Valve Lash - Inspect/Adjust ......................
Valve Depth - Inspect ............................................
Valve Guide - Inspect ............................................

42
42
45
45
47
48

Lubrication System
Engine Oil Pressure - Test ....................................
Engine Oil Pump - Inspect ....................................
Excessive Bearing Wear - Inspect ........................
Excessive Engine Oil Consumption - Inspect .......
Increased Engine Oil Temperature - Inspect ........

49
49
50
50
51

Cooling System
Cooling System - Check .......................................
Cooling System - Inspect ......................................
Cooling System - Test ...........................................
Engine Oil Cooler - Inspect ...................................
Water Temperature Regulator - Test .....................
Water Pump - Inspect ...........................................

52
52
53
55
56
56

Basic Engine
Piston Ring Groove - Inspect ................................
Connecting Rod - Inspect .....................................
Cylinder Block - Inspect ........................................
Cylinder Head - Inspect ........................................
Cylinder Liner Projection - Inspect ........................
Piston Height - Inspect ..........................................
Flywheel - Inspect .................................................

57
57
59
60
60
61
62

Electrical System
Air Inlet Heater - Test ............................................
Alternator - Test ....................................................
Battery - Test .........................................................
V-Belt - Test ..........................................................
Charging System - Test ........................................
Electric Starting System - Test ..............................

66
67
68
69
69
69

Index Section
Index ..................................................................... 72

4
Systems Operation Section

Systems Operation Section

General Information
i01845923

Introduction

g00940109

Illustration 1
Left side view of the 1106 engine
Typical example of the 1106 engine
(1) Crankshaft pulley
(2) Engine coolant temperature sensor
(3) Fuel lines

(4) Machine interface connector (MIC)

(5) Engine oil pressure sensor
(6) Speed/timing sensor

(7) Electronic control module (ECM)

(8) Engine oil filter
(9) Electronic fuel injection pump

5
Systems Operation Section

g00940108

Illustration 2
Right side view of the 1106 engine
Typical example of the 1106 engine
(10) Boost pressure sensor
(11) Air inlet temperature sensor

(12) Starter
(13) flywheel housing

The 1106 diesel engine is electronically controlled.

The 1106 engine uses an Electronic Control Module
(ECM) to control a fuel injection pump. The pump
supplies fuel to the fuel injection nozzles.
The six cylinders are arranged in-line. The cylinder
head assembly has one inlet valve and one exhaust
valve for each cylinder. The ports for the inlet and
the exhaust valves are on the right side of the
cylinder head. Each cylinder valve has a single
valve spring.

(14) Flywheel
(15) Turbocharger

Each cylinder has a piston cooling jet that is

installed in the cylinder block. The piston cooling
jet sprays engine oil onto the inner surface of the
piston in order to cool the piston. The pistons have
a Fastram combustion chamber in the top of the
piston in order to provide an efficient mix of fuel and
air. The piston pin is off-center in order to reduce
the noise level.

6
Systems Operation Section

The pistons have two compression rings and an

oil control ring. The groove for the top ring has a
hard metal insert in order to reduce wear of the
groove. The skirt has a layer of graphite in order to
reduce wear. The correct piston height is important
in order to ensure that the piston does not contact
the cylinder head. The correct piston height also
ensures the efficient combustion of fuel which is
necessary in order to conform to requirements for
emissions.
A piston and connecting rod are matched to
each cylinder. The piston height is controlled by
the length of the connecting rod. Seven different
lengths of connecting rods are available in order
to attain the correct piston height. The different
lengths of connecting rods are made by machining
the small end bearing off-center in order to form an
eccentric bearing. The amount of the eccentricity
of the bearing creates the different lengths of the
connecting rods. The crankshaft has seven main
bearing journals. End play is controlled by thrust
washers which are located on both sides of the
center main bearing.
The timing case is made of aluminum. The timing
gears are stamped with timing marks in order to
ensure the correct assembly of the gears. When
the number 1 piston is at the top center position
on the compression stroke, the marked teeth of the
following components will match the marks that are
on the idler gear: crankshaft, camshaft, and fuel
injection pump. There is no timing mark on the rear
face of the timing case.
The crankshaft gear turns the idler gear which then
turns the following gears:

Illustration 3

g00910750

The Bosch VP30 fuel injection pump is installed

on the engine. The pump conforms to current
emissions. Both the pump timing and the high
idle are preset at the factory. The pump is not
serviceable. Adjustments to the pump timing and
high idle should only be made by personnel which
have had the correct training. The fuel injection
pump uses the engine ECM to control the engine
RPM.
The specifications for the 1106 refer to the
Specifications, Engine Design.

Engine Operation
i01884420

Basic Engine

the camshaft gear

the fuel injection pump
a lower idler gear which turns the gear of the
lubricating oil pump
The camshaft and the fuel injection pump run
at half the rpm of the crankshaft. The cylinder
block provides support for the full length of the
dry cylinder liners. The cylinder liners are a press
fit part. The cylinder liners are pressed into the
cylinder block. The cylinder liners have a flame ring
above the flange.

Introduction (Basic Engine)

The seven major components of the basic engine
are the following parts:

Cylinder block
Cylinder head
Pistons
Connecting rods
Crankshaft
Vibration damper
Timing gear case and gears
Camshaft

7
Systems Operation Section

Cylinder Block

Illustration 4

D Plug

g00896263

Illustration 5

g00901315

Cylinder block

Pushrod side of the cylinder block that is showing the D plug

The cylinder block is made of cast iron. The cylinder

block provides support for the full length of the dry
cylinder liners. Cylinder blocks have a flame ring
above the cylinder liner flange.

The D plugs are located on the pushrod side of

the engine. The D plugs are in the engine block in
order to block excessive amounts of oil. The D plug
is intended to reduce the amount of oil through the
breather hose. The pushrods fit in the cutout of the
D plug.

The cylinder liners are made of cast iron. The

production liners and the replacement liners are a
press fit in the cylinder block. Both types of cylinder
liners are honed to a specially controlled finish in
order to ensure long life and low oil consumption.

Cylinder Head

The cylinder block has a bush that is installed

for the front camshaft journal. The other camshaft
journals run directly in the cylinder block.

Illustration 6

g00901313

Cylinder head

The cylinder head assembly has one inlet valve and

one exhaust valve for each cylinder. Each cylinder
valve has a single valve spring. The valve and the
valve spring are held in position by a valve spring
cap and two collets.
The inlet valve and the exhaust valve move in
phosphated guides. These valve guides can be
replaced. There is an oil seal that fits over the top
of valve guide.

8
Systems Operation Section

The valve seats are replaceable. The ports for the

inlet valve and the exhaust valves are on the right
side of the cylinder head.

Connecting Rods

Pistons

Illustration 8

g00898123

Connecting rod

Illustration 7

g00907469

Piston

The pistons have a Fastram combustion chamber

in the top of the piston. This chamber ensures an
efficient mix of fuel and air.
The pistons have two compression rings and an oil
control ring. The groove for the top ring has a hard
metal insert that reduces wear of the groove. The
skirt has a layer of graphite that reduces wear. The
off-center piston pin reduces the noise level.

The connecting rods are machined from forged

molybdenum steel. The connecting rod has a small
end that has the shape of a wedge.
The location of the bearing cap to the connecting
rod is made by serrations in both the bearing
cap and the connecting rod. The bearing cap is
mounted to the connecting rod by two bolts and
two nuts.

The engine has a piston cooling jet that is installed

in the cylinder block for each cylinder. The piston
cooling jet sprays lubricating oil onto the inner
surface of the piston in order to cool the piston.

Illustration 9

g00919233

Fracture split of the connecting rod

Later engines are equipped with connecting rods

that have a fracture split cap. The fracture split caps
are retained with torx screws. Connecting rods that
are fracture split have the following characteristics:

Higher integrity for the rod

9
Systems Operation Section

The splitting produces an accurately matched

surface on each side for improved strength.

Modern design

Crankshaft

The force from combustion in the cylinders will

cause the crankshaft to twist. This is called torsional
vibration. If the vibration is too great, the crankshaft
will be damaged. The vibration damper limits
the torsional vibration. The vibration damper is
designed as a viscous damper. The space between
the weight and the case is filled with a viscous fluid.

Gears and Timing Gear Case

Illustration 10

g00976171

Crankshaft

The crankshaft is a chromium molybdenum forging.

The crankshaft has seven main journals.
End play of the crankshaft is controlled by two half
thrust washers that are located on both sides of the
center main bearing.
The main bearings are made with a steel back and
a bearing material. The bearing material is an alloy.
The alloy is constructed of aluminum and of tin. The
exception is the center main bearing, which is lead
bronze with a lead finish. The main bearing caps are
made of cast iron or spheroidal graphite (SG) iron.

Illustration 12

g00901328

Timing gears

The timing case is constructed of either aluminum

or cast iron. The aluminum cover of the timing case
contains the front oil seal.
The timing gears are made of steel or cast iron.

Vibration Damper

The crankshaft gear drives an upper idler gear and

a lower idler gear. The upper idler gear drives the
camshaft and the fuel injection pump. The lower
idler gear drives the oil pump. The water pump
drive gear is driven by the fuel injection pump gear.
The camshaft and the fuel injection pump rotate at
half the engine speed.

Camshaft

Illustration 11
Vibration damper
(1) Crankshaft
(2) Weight
(3) Case

g00904848

The engine has a single camshaft. The camshaft

is made of cast iron. The camshaft lobes and
the eccentric lobe for the priming pump are chill
hardened.
The camshaft is driven at the front end. As the
camshaft turns, the camshaft lobes move the valve
system components. The valve system components
move the cylinder valves.

10
Systems Operation Section

The camshaft gear must be timed to the crankshaft

gear. The relationship between the lobes and the
camshaft gear causes the valves in each cylinder to
open at the correct time. The relationship between
the lobes and the camshaft gear also causes the
valves in each cylinder to close at the correct time.
i01852849

Air Inlet and Exhaust System

Air is drawn in through the air cleaner into air inlet

(6) by turbocharger compressor wheel (8). The air
is compressed and heated to about 150 C (300 F)
before the air is forced to the aftercooler (3). As the
air flows through the aftercooler the temperature of
the compressed air lowers to about 50 C (120 F).
Cooling of the inlet air increases combustion
efficiency. Increased combustion efficiency helps
achieve the following benefits:

Lower fuel consumption

Increased horsepower output
Reduced particulate emission
From the aftercooler, air is forced into the inlet
manifold. Air flow from the inlet chambers into the
cylinders is controlled by inlet valves (5). There is
one inlet valve and one exhaust valve for each
cylinder. The inlet valves open when the piston
moves down on the intake stroke. When the inlet
valves open, cooled compressed air from the inlet
port is pulled into the cylinder. The complete cycle
consists of four strokes:

Illustration 13

g00904874

Air inlet and exhaust system

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Exhaust manifold
Air inlet heater
Aftercooler core
Exhaust valve
Inlet valve
Air inlet
Exhaust outlet
Compressor side of turbocharger
Turbine side of turbocharger

The components of the air inlet and exhaust system

control the quality of air and the amount of air that
is available for combustion. The components of
the air inlet and exhaust system are the following
components:

Air cleaner
Turbocharger
Aftercooler
Cylinder head
Valves and valve system components
Piston and cylinder
Exhaust manifold

Inlet
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Exhaust gases from exhaust manifold (1) enter the
turbine side of the turbocharger in order to turn
turbocharger turbine wheel (9). The turbine wheel is
connected to the shaft that drives the compressor
wheel. Exhaust gases from the turbocharger pass
through exhaust outlet (7), a muffler and an exhaust
stack.
The air inlet heater aids in engine start-up and
reducing white smoke during engine start-up.

11
Systems Operation Section

Turbocharger

Illustration 15

g00907531

Turbocharger with the wastegate

(12) Canister
(13) Line (boost pressure)
(14) Actuating lever

Illustration 14

g00904915

Turbocharger
(1) Compressor wheel housing
(2) Oil inlet port
(3) Bearing
(4) Turbine wheel housing
(5) Turbine wheel
(6) Air inlet
(7) Exhaust outlet
(8) Compressor wheel
(9) Bearing
(10) Oil outlet port
(11) Exhaust inlet

The turbocharger is installed on the center section

or on the top of the exhaust manifold. All the exhaust
gases from the engine go through the turbocharger.
The exhaust gases enter turbine housing (4) through
exhaust inlet (11). The exhaust gases then push the
blades of turbine wheel (5). The turbine wheel is
connected by a shaft to compressor wheel (8).
When the load on the engine increases, more fuel
is injected into the cylinders. The combustion of
this additional fuel produces more exhaust gases.
The additional exhaust gases cause the turbine
and the compressor wheels of the turbocharger to
turn faster. As the compressor wheel turns faster,
more air is forced into the cylinders. The increased
flow of air gives the engine more power by allowing
the engine to burn the additional fuel with greater
efficiency.

The turbocharger has a wastegate. The wastegate

helps improve the emissions of the engine. The
operation of the wastegate is controlled by the boost
pressure. At high boost pressures, the wastegate
opens in order to decrease boost pressure. At low
boost pressure, the wastegate closes in order to
increase boost pressure.
When the engine is operating under conditions
of low boost, a spring pushes on a diaphragm in
canister (12). This action moves actuating lever (14)
in order to close the valve of the wastegate. Closing
the valve of the wastegate allows the turbocharger
to operate at maximum performance.
As the boost pressure through line (13) increases
against the diaphragm in canister (12), the valve
of the wastegate is opened. When the valve of the
wastegate is opened, the rpm of the turbocharger
is limited by bypassing a portion of the exhaust
gases. The exhaust gases are routed through the
wastegate which bypasses the turbine wheel of the
turbocharger.
Bearings (3) and (9) for the turbocharger use
engine oil under pressure for lubrication and
cooling. The oil comes in through oil inlet port (2).
The oil then goes through passages in the center
section in order to lubricate the bearings. This oil
also cools the bearings. Oil from the turbocharger
passes through oil outlet port (10) in the bottom of
the center section. The oil then returns to the engine
oil pan.

12
Systems Operation Section

Valve System Components

Each cylinder has one inlet valve and one exhaust

valve. The valve spring (2) closes the valve when
the lifter moves down.
i01853824

Cooling System
Introduction (Cooling System)
The engine has a basic cooling System. The cooling
system has the following components:
Illustration 16

g00907525

Rocker shaft and rockers

Water pump

The valve system components control the flow of

inlet air into the cylinders during engine operation.
The valve system components also control the flow
of exhaust gases out of the cylinders during engine
operation.
The crankshaft gear drives the camshaft gear
through an idler gear. The camshaft must be
timed to the crankshaft in order to get the correct
relation between the piston movement and the valve
movement.

Illustration 17

g00904080

Valve system components

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Radiator

Rocker
Spring
Pushrod
Valve
Lifter

The camshaft has two camshaft lobes for each

cylinder. The lobes operate the inlet and exhaust
valves. As the camshaft turns, lobes on the camshaft
cause lifter (5) to move pushrod (3) up and down.
Upward movement of the pushrod against rocker
arm (1) results in downward movement (opening)
of valve (4).

Oil cooler
Water temperature regulator (thermostat)

13
Systems Operation Section

Coolant Flow

g00896204

Illustration 18
Coolant flow
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Radiator
Water pump
Cylinder block
Engine oil cooler

(5) Cylinder head

(6) Water temperature regulator (thermostat)
and housing

The coolant flows from the bottom of the radiator

to the centrifugal water pump. The water pump is
installed on the front of the timing case. The water
pump is driven by a gear. The gear of the fuel
injection pump drives the water pump gear. The
water pump forces the coolant through a passage
in the timing case to the front of the cylinder block.
The coolant divides as the coolant enters the
cylinder block. Most of the coolant flows along the
right hand side of the cylinder block. The coolant
then flows around the outside of the cylinders to the
rear of the cylinder block.
The remainder of the coolant flows along a passage
in the left side of the cylinder block to the oil cooler.
The coolant flows around the element of the oil
cooler to the rear of the cylinder block. The coolant
then flows to the rear of the cylinder head.
The coolant flows forward through the cylinder
head. The coolant then flows into the housing of
the water temperature regulator. If the thermostat is
closed, the coolant goes directly through a bypass
to the inlet side of the water pump. If the thermostat
is open, the bypass is closed and the coolant flows
to the top of the radiator.

(7) Bypass for the water temperature

regulator (thermostat)

i01753649

Lubrication System
Pressure for the lubrication system is supplied by
the engine oil pump which uses rotors. The engine
oil pump is driven by an idler gear. The crankshaft
gear drives the idler gear. The engine oil pump has
an inner rotor and an outer rotor. The axis of rotation
of the rotors are off-center relative to each other.
There is a key between the inner rotor and the drive
shaft.
The inner rotor has four lobes which mesh with
the five lobes of the outer rotor. When the inner
lobe rotates, the distance increases between the
lobes of the outer rotor and the lobes of the inner
rotor in order to create suction. When the distance
decreases between the lobes, pressure is created.

14
Systems Operation Section

Lubricating oil from the oil pan flows through a

strainer and a pipe to the suction side of the engine
oil pump. The lubricating oil flows from the outlet
side of the pump through a pipe and a passage to
the filter head. The oil then flows from the filter head
through a pipe to a plate type oil cooler . The oil
cooler is located on the left side of the engine. The
oil cooler is a plate type oil cooler.

The charging circuit operates when the engine

is running. The alternator in the charging circuit
produces direct current for the electrical system.

Starting Motor

From the oil cooler, the oil returns through a pipe to

the filter head. The oil then flows from the filter head
to the bypass valve and from the bypass valve to
the oil filter.
The oil flows from the oil filter through a passage
that is drilled across the cylinder block to the oil
gallery. The oil gallery is drilled through the total
length of the left side of the cylinder block. If the oil
filter is on the right side of the engine, the oil flows
through a passage that is drilled across the cylinder
block to the pressure gallery.
Lubricating oil from the oil gallery flows through
high pressure passages to the main bearings of the
crankshaft. Then, the oil flows through the passages
in the crankshaft to the connecting rod bearing
journals. The pistons and the cylinder bores are
lubricated by the splash of oil and the oil mist.
Lubricating oil from the main bearings flows through
passages in the cylinder block to the journals of
the camshaft. Then, the oil flows from the second
journal of the camshaft at a reduced pressure to the
cylinder head. The oil then flows into the rocker arm
bushing of the rocker arm levers. The valve stems,
the valve springs and the valve lifters are lubricated
by the splash and the mist of the oil.
The hub of the idler gear is lubricated by oil from
the oil gallery. The timing gears are lubricated by
the splash of the oil.
The turbocharger is lubricated by oil from the oil
filter through the engine block. An external line from
the engine block supplies oil to the turbocharger.
The oil then flows through a line to the oil pan.
Piston cooling jets are installed in turbocharged
engines. The piston cooling jets are supplied with
the oil from the oil gallery. The piston cooling jets
spray lubricating oil on the underside of the pistons
in order to cool the pistons.
i01878711

Electrical System
The electrical system is a negative ground system.

Illustration 19
12 Volt Starting Motor
(1) Terminal for connection of the battery cable
(2) Terminal for connection of the ignition switch

g00954820

15
Systems Operation Section

g00956095

Illustration 20
24 Volt Starting Motor
(1) Terminal for connection of the ignition
switch

(2) Terminal for connection of the battery

cable

The starting motor turns the engine flywheel. The

rpm must be high enough in order to initiate a
sustained operation of the fuel ignition in the
cylinders.

The alternator is an electro-mechanical component.

The alternator is driven by a belt from the fan drive
pulley. The alternator charges the storage battery
during the engine operation.

The starting motor has a solenoid. When the ignition

switch is activated, voltage from the electrical
system will cause the solenoid to move the pinion
toward the flywheel ring gear of the engine. The
electrical contacts in the solenoid close the circuit
between the battery and the starting motor barely
before the pinion engages the ring gear. This
causes the starting motor to rotate. This type of
activation is called a positive shift.

The alternator is cooled by an external fan which

is mounted behind the pulley. The fan forces air
through the holes in the front of the alternator.
The air exits through the holes in the back of the
alternator.

When the engine begins to run, the overrunning

clutch of the pinion drive prevents damage to the
armature. Damage to the armature is caused by
excessive speeds. The clutch prevents damage
by stopping the mechanical connection. However,
the pinion will stay meshed with the ring gear until
the ignition switch is released. A spring in the
overrunning clutch returns the clutch to the rest
position.

Alternator
The alternator produces the following electrical
output:

Three-phase
Full-wave
Rectified

The alternator converts the mechanical energy

and the magnetic energy into alternating current
and voltage. This conversion is done by rotating a
direct current electromagnetic field on the inside of
a three-phase stator. The electromagnetic field is
generated by electrical current flowing through a
rotor. The stator generates alternating current and
voltage.
The alternating current is changed to direct current
by a three-phase, full-wave rectifier. Direct current
flows to the output terminal of the alternator. The
rectifier has three exciter diodes. The direct current
is used for the charging process.
A regulator is installed on the rear end of the
alternator. Two brushes conduct current through two
slip rings. The current then flows to the rotor field. A
capacitor protects the rectifier from high voltages.
The alternator is connected to the battery through
the ignition switch. Therefore, alternator excitation
occurs when the switch is in the ON position.

16
Systems Operation Section

i01853831

Fuel Injection
Introduction (Fuel Injection)

g00911634

Illustration 21
Diagram of the basic fuel system (typical example)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Injectors
Fuel injection pump
Fuel block
Air inlet heater

(5) Secondary fuel filter

(6) Fuel tank
(7) Primary filter/water separator
(8) Fuel priming pump

The engine has a Bosch VP30 Fuel Injection pump.

The Bosch VP30 is an axial piston distributor
injection pump that is electronically controlled.

17
Systems Operation Section

Fuel priming pump

Secondary fuel filter
Air inlet heater
Fuel injection pump
Fuel injectors

Primary Filter/water Separator

Illustration 22

g00901301

Bosch VP30 fuel injection pump

The primary filter/water separator is located between

the fuel tank and the priming pump. The primary
filter/water separator has a rating of 10 microns.

Fuel Priming Pump

The axial piston distributor injection pump that

is electronically controlled generates injection
pressure for all cylinders in a single pump. The
injection pump is responsible for the distribution of
fuel to the fuel injectors. The injection pressure is
generated by a piston. The piston is moving axially.
The movement of the piston is parallel to the fuel
injection pump shaft.
When the engine is cranking, the fuel is pulled from
fuel tank (6) through fuel filter/water separator (7)
by the fuel priming pump (8). When the fuel passes
through the water separator, any water in the fuel
will go to the bottom of the bowl. Fuel priming
pump (8) sends the fuel at a low pressure to the
secondary fuel filter (5). From the secondary fuel
filter (5), the fuel passes through the fuel supply
line to the fuel injection pump (2). The fuel injection
pump (2) sends fuel through the high pressure fuel
lines to each of the fuel injectors (1). The injectors
(1) spray atomized fuel into the cylinder.
The fuel injection pump needs fuel for lubrication.
The precision parts of the pump are easily
damaged. The engine must not be started until the
fuel injection pump (2) is full of fuel. The system
must be primed when any part of the system is
drained of fuel.
The following list contains examples of both
service and repairs when you must prime the
system:

A fuel filter is changed.

A fuel line is removed.
The fuel injection pump is replaced.
Components of the Fuel injection System
The fuel injection system has the following
mechanical components:

Primary filter/water separator

Illustration 23

g00907689

Fuel priming pump

The pump has a lever which is manually operated

in order to prime the fuel system. In order to release
air from the system, the orifice in the cover of the
fuel filter is in the inlet side of the filter. The orifice
is connected to the fuel tank by the fuel return line
from the fuel filter. The priming pump gives a head
of pressure for the fuel transfer pump. The fuel
transfer pump is located in the fuel injection pump.
The priming pump operates on an eccentric lobe
on the camshaft.

Secondary Fuel Filter

The secondary fuel filter is located after the priming
pump. The filter is always before the fuel injection
pump. The filter has a rating of 2 microns.

18
Systems Operation Section

Air Inlet Heater

NOTICE
An air inlet heater that is damaged will allow the fuel
to drain into the inlet manifold when the engine is running. This condition could cause exhaust smoke. Excessive fuel could also cause an overspeed condition.
An overspeed condition may result in severe engine
damage.

Illustration 24

g00891473

Air inlet heater

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Electrical connection
Ball valve
Wire coil
Fuel inlet
Delivery valve holder
Ignition coil

The air inlet heater is installed in the inlet manifold

in order to heat the intake air in cold weather. The
air inlet heater is ignited by fuel.
When the ignition switch is turned to the HEAT
position or when the control switch is pushed
and the fuel shutoff control is in the ON position,
the electrical current is supplied to the electrical
connection (1). The electrical current flows to the
wire coil (3) which causes the wire coil to become
very hot. A small amount of fuel will flow through the
fuel line when the engine is cranking.
The air inlet heater ignites a controlled amount of
diesel fuel in the intake manifold in order to heat the
intake air to the engine. The air inlet heater uses
electric current to cause a heater coil in the body
to create heat. The heat causes the expansion of
the delivery valve holder (5) which opens the ball
valve (2) in order to allow the fuel to flow into the
air inlet heater.

The fuel is vaporized by the heat of the valve body.

When the engine is cranked, the air is forced into
the inlet manifold. The vapor is ignited by the
ignition coil (6). The heat from the combustion of the
fuel heats the intake air.
When the ignition switch is turned to the RUN
position or the control switch is released, electric
current stops to the air inlet heater. When the engine
begins to run, the flow of air in the inlet manifold
makes the air inlet heater cool quickly. The valve
closes. This stops the fuel flow in the fuel supply
line.

19
Systems Operation Section

Fuel Injection Pump

g00953215

Illustration 25
Schematic of the Bosch fuel injection pump
(1) ECM
(2) Electronic control unit (ECU) for the
injection pump
(3) Fuel priming pump
(4) Cam ring
(5) Speed/timing sensor

(6) Pressure regulator

(7) Fuel solenoid valve
(8) Fuel transfer pump
(9) Timing mechanism
(10) Roller
(11) Cam plate

The fuel injection pump has the following

operations:

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

Delivery valve
Distributor plunger
Injector
Timing solenoid valve

Delivery

Delivery
Generation of high pressure
Distribution and injection
Timing
Shutoff
Control
Illustration 26
Center view of the Bosch VP30 fuel injection pump
(8) Fuel transfer pump

g00897425

20
Systems Operation Section

Fuel is supplied by the head pressure of the priming

pump. The fuel enters the transfer pump (8) of the
fuel injection pump. The fuel transfer pump is a vane
type pump. Transfer pump (8) is driven by the fuel
injection pump shaft. The pump supplies a constant
amount of fuel to the interior of the fuel injection
pump. The revolution of the transfer pump is directly
related to the speed of the fuel injection pump shaft.

The eccentric position of the rotor (18) is relative

to the cam ring (4). A volume is created between
the following parts: vanes (19), rotor (18), and
the cam ring (4). The fuel is transported by the
eccentric position. The eccentric position is relative
to the rotor (18) and the outlet passage (17). The
fuel is transfered to outlet passage (17) into the
distributor plunger (13). The volume of the fuel is
reduced between the inlet passage (20) and the
outlet passage (17). This creates pressure before
the delivery to the distributor plunger (13).
The quantity of fuel increases as the speed of
the engine increases. Increased engine speed
increases the delivery pressure of the fuel. The
pressure inside the fuel injection pump is limited by
a pressure regulator (6). The pressure regulator (6)
controls the fuel pressure. The fuel forces the valve
spring open and The fuel flows back into the inlet
passage (20) from the inside of the fuel injection
pump.

Generation of High Pressure

Illustration 27

g00917788

Fuel transfer pump for the Bosch VP30 fuel injection pump
(4) Cam ring
(16) Pump housing
(17) Outlet passage
(18) Rotor
(19) Vane
(20) Inlet passage

The rotor (18) rotates inside the cam ring (4). The
cam ring is firmly attached to the pump housing
(16). The vanes (19) are pressed against the cam
ring by centrifugal force. The fuel flows through an
inlet passage (20) then into a recess in the pump
housing (16).

Illustration 28

g00897428

The distributor rotor and the cam plate of the Bosch VP30 fuel
injection pump
(4) Cam ring
(10) Roller
(11) Cam plate
(13) Distributor plunger
(21) Distributor head
(22) Springs

The fuel comes from the outlet passage (17) of the

fuel transfer pump . The high pressure is generated
by the axial movement of the distributor plunger
(13). The cam plate (11) is driven by the fuel
injection pump shaft. The cam plate (11) has six
cams. The number corresponds to the number of
cylinders of the engine. The cams on the cam plate
(11) run on the rollers (10). The rollers (10) are fixed
on the cam ring (4). The rotating movement and the
lifting movement of the cam plate (11) makes the
generation of high pressure.

21
Systems Operation Section

The cam plate (11) moves the distributor plunger

(13) toward the distributor head (21). The high
pressure is created by a decrease in the volume
between the distributor plunger (13) and the
distributor head (21). The cam plate (11) is pressed
to the ring by two springs (22). This brings the
distributor plunger (13) back to the original position.
The fuel solenoid valve (7) closes the high pressure
volume.

Distribution and Injection

Illustration 31

g00897416

The closing of the delivery valve for the Bosch VP30 fuel injection
pump

The delivery valve ensures that the pressure waves

do not allow a reopening of the injector . The
pressure waves are created at the end of the
injection process. The valve cone is lifted by the
fuel pressure.

Illustration 29

g00897418

The rear view of the Bosch VP30 fuel injection pump

(7) Fuel solenoid valve
(12) Delivery valve
(15) Timing solenoid valve

Timing

The distribution of fuel to the injectors takes place

through the rotating movement of the distributor
plunger. The fuel solenoid valve (7) meters the
amount of fuel by the following operations:

Time of closure
Duration time
Start of injection
Amount of fuel

Illustration 30

The fuel is forced through the fuel line to the injector.

The delivery ends and the fuel pressure drops. The
valve spring presses the valve cone onto the valve
seat. The reopening of a fuel injector has a negative
effect on emissions.

g00897417

The delivery of fuel from the delivery valve for the Bosch VP30
fuel injection pump

Retarding of the fuel injection is the direct

relationship between the start of injection and the
position of the piston. The timing compensates for
the higher RPM of the engine by advancing the
start of injection.

22
Systems Operation Section

Illustration 32

g00944902

Illustration 33

Timing advance for timing mechanism for the Bosch VP30

Timing retard for timing mechanism for the Bosch VP30

(A) Side View

(B) Top View

(A) Side View

(B) Top view

g00944923

The timing advance or the timing retard of the fuel

injection pump is shown in the following steps:
1. The ECU (2) sends a signal to the timing solenoid
valve (15).
2. The timing mechanism (9) is triggered by the
timing solenoid valve (15).
3. The timing solenoid valve (15) changes the
pressure in the timing mechanism (9).
4. The timing mechanism (9) changes the position
of the cam ring (4).
5. The cam ring (4) changes the position of the
rollers (10).
6. The rollers (10) change the position of the cam
plate (11).
7. The cam plate (11) changes the timing of the
fuel delivery.

23
Systems Operation Section

Shutoff
The engine shuts off by interrupting the fuel
supply. The engine electronic control module (ECM)
specifies the amount of fuel. The fuel solenoid valve
is switched by the ECU (2) to zero.

Control

Illustration 35

g00897422

The wheel and the speed/timing sensor for the Bosch VP30
(5) Speed/timing sensor
(23) Timing wheel

The ECU for the injection pump (2) is mounted on

the top of the pump. The ECU (2) has a connection
to the engine ECM and a connection to the
speed/timing sensor (5). ECU (2) has a connection
for the two solenoid valves. The ECM functions as
a control computer. The ECU (2) calculates the
optimal parameters from the ECM data. The fuel
solenoid actuates the valve accordingly.
Illustration 34

g00891275

Electronic control for the fuel system (typical example)

The ECU for the injection pump (2) uses the

command from the ECM and the measured values
from the speed/timing sensor to actuate the fuel
solenoid valve (7).

The speed/timing sensor (5) in the fuel injection

pump determines the precise angular position and
the speed of the fuel injection pump shaft. The
timing wheel (23) is permanently connected to the
fuel injection pump shaft. The speed/timing sensor
gets information from the timing wheel (23). The
sensor then sends electrical impulses to the ECU.
The ECU also uses the information to determine the
average speed of the pump and momentary speed
of the pump.
The signal of the speed/timing sensor (5) is
constant.

24
Systems Operation Section

The fuel injection pump forces the fuel to flow under

high pressure to the hole in the fuel inlet. The
fuel then flows around a needle valve within the
fuel injector holder which causes the fuel injection
nozzle to fill with fuel. The pressure of the fuel
pushes the needle valve and a spring. When the
force of the fuel pressure is greater than the force
of the spring, the needle valve will lift up.
When the needle valve opens, fuel under high
pressure will flow through nozzle orifices into the
cylinder. The fuel is injected into the cylinder
through the orifices in the nozzle as a very fine
spray. When the fuel is injected into the cylinder,
the force of the fuel pressure in the nozzle body
will decrease. The force of the spring will then be
greater than the force of the fuel pressure that is in
the nozzle body. The needle valve will move quickly
to the closed position.

Illustration 36

g00897421

Operating principle
(24) Angle of fuel delivery
(25) Lift of the cam
(26) Stroke
(27) Pulse for actuating the fuel solenoid
(28) Valve lift
(29) Angle of the speed/timing sensor

The amount of fuel is proportional to the stroke of

the piston. The effective stroke is proportional to the
angle of fuel delivery . A temperature compensation
takes place in the ECU (2). The compensation takes
place in order to inject the precise amount of fuel.

Fuel Injectors

Illustration 37

g00888355

Fuel injector
(1) Gland nut

Each fuel injector is fastened to the cylinder head

by a gland nut (1) on the holder of the fuel injector.
The fuel injectors are not serviceable.

The needle valve has a close fit with the inside of

the nozzle. This makes a positive seal for the valve.

25
Systems Operation Section

i01854184

Electronic Control System

Introduction (Electronic Control
System)

g00947980

Illustration 38
Schematic of the electronic control
(1) Connector for fuel injection pump
(2) ECM
(3) Voltage load protection module
(4) Service tool connector

(5) Timing wheel

(6) Speed/timing sensor
(7) Machine interface connector
(8) Boost pressure sensor

The electronic control system has the following

components:

ECM
Pressure sensors
Temperature Sensors
Speed/timing sensor
Voltage load protection module

(9) Engine coolant temperature sensor

(10) Engine oil pressure sensor
(11) Air inlet temperature sensor

26
Systems Operation Section

ECM

Flash programming is the method of programming

or updating the personality module. Refer to the
following Troubleshooting, RENR2417, Flashing
Programming for the instructions on the flash
programming of the personality module.
The ECM is sealed and the ECM needs no routine
adjustment or maintenance.

Speed/Timing Sensor

Illustration 39

g00908008

ECM

The ECM functions as the governor and the

computer for the fuel system. The ECM receives all
the signals from the sensors in order to control the
timing and the engine speed.
The reasons for having passwords in an ECM are
the following reasons:

Reprogramming that is unauthorized

Erasing of logged events that is unauthorized
Allow the customer to control certain
programmable engine parameters.
The factory passwords restrict changes to
authorized personnel. Factory passwords are
required to clear any event code. Refer to the
following Troubleshooting, Factory Passwords For
more information on the passwords.
The ECM has an excellent record of reliability. Any
problems in the system are most likely to be the
connectors and the wiring harness. The ECM should
be the last item in troubleshooting the engine.
The personality module contains the software with
all the fuel setting information. The information
determines the engine performance. The personality
module is installed behind the access panel on the
ECM.

Illustration 40

g00909870

Timing wheel on crankshaft

The primary engine position is a passive sensor.

The timing wheel is located on the crankshaft. The
speed/timing sensor receives a signal from the teeth
on timing wheel. The extra space on the timing
wheel gives one revolution per space. The space
is oriented so that the space is 40 degrees after
top center.

27
Systems Operation Section

Illustration 41

g00908010

Schematic for speed/timing sensor

When the engine is cranking, the ECM uses the

signal from the speed/timing sensor in the fuel
injection pump. When the engine is running the
ECM uses the signal from the speed/timing sensor
on the crankshaft. This speed/timing sensor is the
primary source of the engine position.

Pressure Sensors

Illustration 42

g00896073

Schematic for pressure sensors

The boost pressure sensor and the engine oil

pressure sensor are active sensors.
The boost pressure sensor provides the ECM with a
measurement of inlet manifold pressure in order to
control the air/fuel ratio. This will reduce the engine
smoke during transient conditions.
The operating range for the boost pressure
sensor ............... 55 kPa to 339 kPa (8 psi to 50 psi)

The engine oil pressure sensor provides the ECM

with a measurement of engine oil pressure. The
ECM can warn the operator of possible conditions
that can damage the engine. This includes the
detection of an oil filter that is blocked.
The operating range for the engine oil pressure
sensor ............... 55 kPa to 339 kPa (8 psi to 50 psi)

28
Systems Operation Section

Temperature Sensors

g00908817

Illustration 43
Schematic for the temperature sensors

The air inlet temperature sensor and the coolant

temperature sensor are passive sensors. Each
sensor provides a temperature input to the ECM.
The ECM controls following operations:

Fuel delivery

i01854884

Power Sources
Introduction (Power Supplies)

Injection timing
The operating range for the
sensors ............ 40 C to 150 C (40 F to 302 F)
The sensors are also used for engine monitoring.

The 1106 Engine has four supplies to the following

components:

ECM
Fuel Injection Pump

Voltage Load Protection Module

Pressure sensors
Air inlet heater

Illustration 44

g00909436

Voltage load protection module

The voltage load protection module monitors the

voltage of the system. The voltage load protection
module will shut down the fuel injection pump if
there is a high voltage on the system.

29
Systems Operation Section

ECM Power Supply

Illustration 45
Schematic for ECM

The power supply to the ECM and the system

is drawn from the 24 volt or the 12 volt battery.
The power supply for the ECM has the following
components:

Battery
disconnect switch
Key start switch
Fuses
Ground bolt
ECM connector
Machine interface connector
Note: The ground bolt is the only component that is
mounted on the engine.
The Schematic for the ECM shows the main
components for a typical power supply circuit.
Battery voltage is normally connected to the ECM.
The input from the key start switch turns on the
ECM.
The wiring harness can be bypassed for
troubleshooting purposes.
The display screen on the electronic service tool
can be used in order to check the voltage supply.
Note: Two wires are used to reduce resistance.

g00947384

30
Systems Operation Section

Power Supply for the Fuel Injection

Pump

g00895884

Illustration 46
Schematic for the fuel injection pump

Illustration 47
Connection for the fuel injection pump (J40/P40)

g00896034

Illustration 48
Connector for the fuel injection pump (J40)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Can L
Can H
Extra connection
Extra Connection
Fuel shutoff
Battery Battery +
Engine Position
Extra connection

g00896003

31
Systems Operation Section

The power supply for the ECM comes from the

Machine interface connector. The machine interface
connector receives power from the power relay.

Power Supply for the Pressure

Sensors

Illustration 49

g00896073

Schematic for pressure sensors

The ECM supplies 5.0 0.2 DC volts through the

ECM connector to each sensor. The power supply
is protected against short circuits. A short in a
sensor or a wiring harness will not cause damage
to the ECM.

Power supply of the Air Inlet Heater

Illustration 50
Schematic for air inlet heater

g00919204

32
Systems Operation Section

The Air inlet heater is powered from the power relay

that is controlled by the ECM. A resistor is used On
24V systems.
i01874918

Glossary of Electronic Control

Terms
Aftermarket Device An aftermarket device is a
device or an accessory that is installed by the
customer after the engine is delivered.
Air-To-Air Aftercooler An air-to-air aftercooler is
a device that is used on turbocharged engines
in order to cool inlet air that has undergone
compression. The inlet air is cooled after the inlet
air passes through the turbocharger. The inlet air
is passed through an aftercooler (heat exchanger)
that uses ambient air for cooling. The inlet air that
has been cooled advances to the inlet manifold.
Before Top Center (BTC) BTC is the 180 degrees
of crankshaft rotation before the piston reaches
the top center position in the normal direction of
rotation.
Bypass Circuit A bypass circuit is a circuit that is
used as a substitute circuit for an existing circuit. A
bypass circuit is typically used as a test circuit.
Coolant Temperature Sensor The coolant
temperature sensor measures the engine coolant
temperature. The sensor sends a signal to the ECM.
The engines coolant temperature is used in Cold
Mode operation. Coolant temperature is also used
in order to optimize engine performance.

Desired RPM The desired rpm is input to the

electronic governor within the ECM. The electronic
governor uses the signal from the Accelerator Pedal
Position Sensor, the Engine Speed Sensor, the
Cruise Control, and the Customer Parameters in
order to determine desired rpm.
Diagnostic Code A diagnostic code is sometimes
called a fault code. A diagnostic code is an
indication of a problem or event in the electrical
engine systems.
Diagnostic Lamp A diagnostic lamp is sometimes
called the check engine light. The diagnostic lamp
is used to warn the operator of the presence of an
active diagnostic code.
Direct Current (DC) Direct current is the type of
current that flows consistently in only one direction.
Duty Cycle See Pulse Width Modulation.
Electronic Service Tool The Electronic Service
Tool is used for diagnosing a variety of electronic
controls and the Electronic Service Tool is also used
for programming a variety of electronic controls.
Engine Control Module (ECM) The ECM is the
engines control computer. The ECM provides power
to the electronics. The ECM monitors data that is
input from the engines sensors. The ECM acts as a
governor in order to control engine rpm.
Estimated Dynamic Timing Estimated dynamic
timing is the estimate of the actual injection timing
that is calculated by the ECM.

Code See the Diagnostic Code.

Enable Signal for the Exhaust Brake The exhaust

brake enable signal interfaces the ECM to the
engine retarder. This prevents the operation of
the exhaust brake under unsafe engine operating
conditions.

Customer Specified Parameters A customer

specified parameter is a parameter that can be
changed. A customer specified parameters value
is set by the customer. These parameters are
protected by customer passwords.

Failure Mode Identifier (FMI) The FMI describes

the type of failure that was experienced by the
component. The codes for the FMI were adopted
from the standard practices of SAE (J1587
diagnostics).

Data Link The data link is an electrical connection

that is used to communicate with other electronic
devices that have microprocessors. The data link is
also the communication medium that is used for
programming with the electronic service tool. The
data link is also used for troubleshooting with the
electronic service tool.

Flash Memory See the Personality Module.

Fuel Ratio Control (FRC) The FRC is a limit that is
based on the control of the fuel to the air ratio. The
FRC is used for emission control. When the ECM
senses a higher turbocharger outlet pressure, the
ECM increases the limit for the FRC in order to allow
more fuel into the cylinders.

33
Systems Operation Section

Fuel Position The fuel position is a signal within

the ECM. The signal is from the electronic governor.
The signal goes to the fuel injection control. The
signal is based on the desired engine speed, the
FRC, the rated position, and the actual engine
speed.
Harness The harness is the bundle of wiring
that connects all the components of the electrical
engine system.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) A PWM is a digital

type of electronic signal that corresponds to a
measured variable. The length of the pulse (signal)
is controlled by the measured variable. The variable
is quantified by a certain ratio. This ratio is the
percent of on-time that is divided by the percent
of off-time. A PWM signal is generated by the
Throttle Position Sensor.

Hertz (Hz) Hz is the measure of frequency in

cycles per second.
Inlet manifold temperature sensor The inlet air
temperature sensor is a sensor that measures the
inlet air temperature. The sensor also sends a signal
to the ECM.
Open Circuit An open circuit is a broken electrical
wire connection. The signal or the supply voltage
cannot reach the intended destination.
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) An OEM
is the manufacturer of a vehicle that utilizes a
Perkins engine.

Illustration 51

g00284479

Example Of Pulse Width Modulation

Parameter A parameter is a programmable value

which affects the characteristics or the behavior of
the engine and/or vehicle.

Rated Fuel Position (Rated Fuel Pos) The rated

fuel position indicates the maximum allowable fuel
position (longest injection pulse). The rated fuel
position will produce rated power for this engine
configuration.

Parameter Identifier (PID) A PID is a numerical

code that contains two digits or three digits. A
numerical code is assigned to each component.
The numerical code identifies data via the data link
to the ECM.

Reference Voltage The reference voltage is a

regulated voltage that is used by the sensor in order
to generate a signal voltage.

Password A password is a group of numeric

characters or alphanumeric characters. A password
is designed to restrict the changing of information
in the ECM. The electrical engine systems require
correct customer passwords in order to change
customer specified parameters. The electrical
engine systems require correct factory passwords
in order to clear certain logged events. Factory
passwords are also required in order to change
certain engine specifications.
Personality Module The personality module is
the module in the ECM which contains all the
instructions (software) for the ECM and performance
maps for a specific horsepower family. Updates and
rerates are accomplished by electronically flashing
in new data. The updates and rerates are flashed in
using the electronic service tool.
Power Take-Off (PTO) The PTO is operated with
the cruise control switches or dedicated inputs from
the PTO. This mode of operation permits setting
constant engine rpm when the vehicle is not moving
or when the vehicle is moving at slow speeds.

Sensor A sensor is used to detect a change in

the pressure, in the temperature, or in mechanical
movement. When any of these changes are
detected, a sensor converts the change into an
electrical signal.
Service Program Module (SPM) The SPM is a
software program on a computer chip that was
programmed at the factory.
Short Circuit A short circuit is an electrical circuit
that is mistakenly connected to an undesirable
point. For example, an electrical contact is made
with the frame whenever an exposed wire rubs
against a vehicles frame.
Signal A signal is a voltage or a wave that is
used to transmit information that is typically from a
sensor to the ECM.
Speed Surge A speed surge is a sudden brief
change in engine rpm.
Speed-timing Sensor The speed-timing sensor is
a sensor that provides a Pulse Width Modulated
signal to the ECM. The ECM interprets this signal as
the crankshaft position and the engine speed.

34
Systems Operation Section

Subsystem A subsystem is a part of the engine

system that relates to a particular function.
Supply Voltage Supply voltage is a constant
voltage that is supplied to a component in order
to provide electrical power for operation. Supply
voltage may be generated by the ECM. Supply
voltage may also be the battery voltage of the
vehicle that is supplied by the vehicle wiring.
T Harness This harness is a test harness that
is designed to permit normal circuit operation and
the measurement of the voltage simultaneously.
Typically, the harness is inserted between the two
ends of a connector.
Throttle Position The Throttle position is sent from
the accelerator pedal. This signal is interpreted by
the ECM. The throttle position may be used as part
of a power take-off control.
Total Tattletale The total tattletale is the total
number of changes to all system parameters.

35
Testing and Adjusting Section

Testing and Adjusting

Section

Work carefully around an engine that is running.

Engine parts that are hot, or parts that are moving,
can cause personal injury.

Fuel System
i01854188

Fuel System - Inspect

2. Install a suitable fuel flow tube with a visual sight

gauge in the fuel return line. When possible,
install the sight gauge in a straight section of the
fuel line that is at least 304.8 mm (12 inches)
long. Do not install the sight gauge near the
following devices that create turbulence:

A problem with the components that send fuel to

the engine can cause low fuel pressure. This can
decrease engine performance.

Elbows

1. Check the fuel level in the fuel tank. Ensure that

the vent in the fuel cap is not filled with dirt.

Check valves

2. Check all fuel lines for fuel leakage. The fuel lines
must be free from restrictions and faulty bends.
Verify that the fuel return line is not collapsed.
3. Install a new fuel filter.
4. Cut the old filter open with a suitable oil filter
cutter. Inspect the filter for excess contamination.
Determine the source of the contamination. Make
the necessary repairs.

Relief valves

Observe the fuel flow during engine cranking.

Look for air bubbles in the fuel. If there is no
fuel that is present in the sight gauge, prime
the fuel system. Refer to Testing and Adjusting,
Fuel System - Prime for more information. If the
engine starts, check for air in the fuel at varying
engine speeds. When possible, operate the
engine under the conditions which have been
suspect.

5. Service the primary fuel filter (if equipped).

6. Operate the hand priming pump (if equipped).
If excessive resistance is felt, inspect the fuel
pressure regulating valve. If uneven resistance is
felt, test for air in the fuel. Refer to Testing and
Adjusting, Air in Fuel - Test for more information.
7. Remove any air that may be in the fuel system.
Refer to Testing and Adjusting, Fuel System Prime.
i01854200

Air in Fuel - Test

This procedure checks for air in the fuel system.
This procedure also assists in finding the source
of the air.
1. Examine the fuel system for leaks. Ensure that
the fuel line fittings are properly tightened. Check
the fuel level in the fuel tank. Air can enter the
fuel system on the suction side between the fuel
transfer pump and the fuel tank.

Illustration 52

g00578151

(1) A steady stream of small bubbles with a diameter of

approximately 1.60 mm (0.063 inch) is an acceptable amount
of air in the fuel.
(2) Bubbles with a diameter of approximately 6.35 mm (0.250 inch)
are also acceptable if there is two seconds to three seconds
intervals between bubbles.
(3) Excessive air bubbles in the fuel are not acceptable.

36
Testing and Adjusting Section

3. If excessive air is seen in the sight gauge in the

fuel return line, install a second sight gauge at
the inlet to the fuel transfer pump. If a second
sight gauge is not available, move the sight
gauge from the fuel return line and install the
sight gauge at the inlet to the fuel transfer pump.
Observe the fuel flow during engine cranking.
Look for air bubbles in the fuel. If the engine
starts, check for air in the fuel at varying engine
speeds.

i01847622

Finding Top Center Position

for No. 1 Piston

If excessive air is not seen at the inlet to the fuel

transfer pump, the air is entering the system after
the fuel transfer pump. Refer to the Testing and
Adjusting, Fuel System - Prime.
If excessive air is seen at the inlet to the fuel
transfer pump, air is entering through the suction
side of the fuel system.

Illustration 53

To avoid personal injury, always wear eye and face

protection when using pressurized air.

g00309726

The engine that is shown may not reflect your application.

Setting top center position
(1) Temporary pointer
(2) Dial indicator

NOTICE
To avoid damage, do not use more than 55 kPa (8 psi)
to pressurize the fuel tank.
4. Pressurize the fuel tank to 35 kPa (5 psi). Do not
use more than 55 kPa (8 psi) in order to avoid
damage to the fuel tank. Check for leaks in the
fuel lines between the fuel tank and the fuel
transfer pump. Repair any leaks that are found.
Check the fuel pressure in order to ensure that
the fuel transfer pump is operating properly. For
information about checking the fuel pressure, see
Testing and Adjusting, Fuel System Pressure
- Test.
5. If the source of the air is not found, disconnect
the supply line from the fuel tank and connect an
external fuel supply to the inlet of the fuel transfer
pump. If this corrects the problem, repair the fuel
tank or the stand pipe in the fuel tank.

1. Fasten a temporary pointer (1) to the front of the

front cover. Put the tip of the pointer close to the
edge of the damper on the crankshaft or close
to the edge of the pulley.
2. Remove the fuel injection nozzles and the
valve mechanism cover. Refer to Disassembly
and Assembly Manual, Fuel Injection Nozzles
- Remove and Disassembly and Assembly
Manual, Valve Mechanism Cover - Remove and
Install.
3. Rotate the crankshaft clockwise when you face
the front of the engine. Rotate the crankshaft
until the pushrod for the inlet valve of the rear
cylinder begins to tighten.
Note: Be careful when you rotate the crankshaft.
The No. 1 inlet valve will be held in position on top
of the piston. If the crankshaft is not positioned
properly, the valve may fall from the cylinder head.
4. Rotate the crankshaft further by 1/8 of a turn
in a clockwise direction. Insert a suitable lever
between the rocker lever and the valve spring
cap of the No. 1 inlet valve. Open the inlet
valve. Put a spacer that is approximately 5 mm
(0.2 inch) thick between the valve stem and the
rocker lever.

37
Testing and Adjusting Section

5. Slowly rotate the crankshaft in a counterclockwise

direction until the piston makes contact with
the open valve. Make a temporary mark on the
damper or the pulley in order to align accurately
with the tip of the pointer.
6. Rotate the crankshaft in a clockwise direction
by one or two degrees. Remove the spacer
that is between the valve stem and the rocker
lever. Rotate the crankshaft by 1/4 of a turn in a
counterclockwise direction. Put a spacer that is
approximately 5 mm (0.2 inch) thick between the
valve stem and the rocker lever.
7. Slowly rotate the crankshaft clockwise until the
piston makes contact with the open valve. Make
another temporary mark on the damper or the
pulley in order to align accurately with the tip
of the pointer.
8. Make a temporary mark at the center point
between the two marks on the damper or the
pulley. Remove the other two marks. Rotate the
crankshaft by 1/8 of a turn in a counterclockwise
direction. Remove the spacer between the valve
stem and the rocker lever.

The fuel injection pump is timed at four degrees

after top center on the compression stroke of the
number one cylinder. The timing is important in
order to conform to the correct emissions.
1. Set the number one piston at the top center
piston on the compression stroke. Refer to
Testing and Adjusting, Finding Top Center
Position for the No. 1 Pistion for the procedure.
2. Remove the number two fuel injection nozzle.
Refer to Disassembly and Assembly, Fuel
Injection Nozzles - Remove for the procedure.
Note: Number five fuel injection nozzle can be used,
if number five fuel injection nozzle is more suitable
for the application.
3. Ensure that the seat washer for the fuel injection
nozzle is removed.
4. Check the bore of the fuel injection nozzle and
check the seat for the fuel injection nozzle.

9. Slowly rotate the crankshaft in a clockwise

direction until the mark on the damper or the
pulley, which was made in Step 8, aligns with the
tip of the pointer. The No. 1 piston is now at the
top center on the compression stroke.
10. Install the valve mechanism cover and the fuel
injection nozzles.
11. Remove the temporary pointer (1) from the front
of the front cover.
i01847625

Fuel Injection Timing - Check

Illustration 54
Table 1

g00902838

27610218 tool (piston displacement) is installed in the fuel

injection nozzle hole.

Required Tools
Part Number

Part Name

Quantity

27610032

Timing Pin
(Bosch)

27610218

Tool (piston
displacement)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Gland nut
Alignment pin
Main body
Probe

5. Align alignment pin (2) of main body (3) to the

slot in the fuel injection nozzle hole.

This procedure must be done before any of the

following reasons:

6. Place main body (3) into the fuel injection nozzle

hole and install gland nut (1).

Removal of the fuel injection pump

7. Apply clean engine oil to probe (4).

The bolts that hold the fuel injection pump to the

8. Insert probe (4) into main body (3). Then, gently

lower probe (4) onto the piston crown.

front housing are loosened.

38
Testing and Adjusting Section

2. Determine if contaminants are present in the

fuel. Remove a sample of fuel from the bottom
of the fuel tank. Visually inspect the fuel sample
for contaminants. The color of the fuel is not
necessarily an indication of fuel quality. However,
fuel that is black, brown, and/or similar to sludge
can be an indication of the growth of bacteria or
oil contamination. In cold temperatures, cloudy
fuel indicates that the fuel may not be suitable
for operating conditions.
Refer to Operation and Maintenance Manual,
Fuel Recommendations for more information.
Illustration 55

g00902855

Top portion of the 27610218 tool (piston displacement) and the

gland nut
(5) Top of the main body
(6) The probe is aligned with the main body.
(7) Machined face of the probe

9. Rotate the crankshaft clockwise until the

machined face of the probe (7) aligns with the
top of the main body (5).
Note: When step 9 is complete do not rotate the
crankshaft until the fuel injection pump is installed
on the engine.
10. The number one piston is at four degrees after
top center compression stroke.

3. If fuel quality is still suspected as a possible

cause to problems regarding engine
performance, disconnect the fuel inlet line, and
temporarily operate the engine from a separate
source of fuel that is known to be good. This
will determine if the problem is caused by fuel
quality. If fuel quality is determined to be the
problem, drain the fuel system and replace the
fuel filters. Engine performance can be affected
by the following characteristics:

Cetane number of the fuel

Air in the fuel
Other fuel characteristics
i01742724

11. Remove probe (4) from main body (3).

Fuel System - Prime

12. Remove gland nut (1).

13. Remove the main body (3) from the cylinder
head.
14. Replace the fuel injection nozzle.
i01855574

Fuel Quality - Test

If air enters the fuel system, the air must be purged

before the engine can be started. Air can enter the
fuel system when the following events occur:

The fuel tank is empty or the tank has been

partially drained.

The low pressure fuel lines are disconnected.

A leak exists in the low pressure fuel system.

Use the following procedure to test for problems

regarding fuel quality:
1. Determine if water and/or contaminants are
present in the fuel. Check the water separator (if
equipped). If a water separator is not present,
proceed to Step 2. Drain the water separator, if
necessary. A full fuel tank minimizes the potential
for overnight condensation.
Note: A water separator can appear to be full of fuel
when the water separator is actually full of water.

The fuel filter is replaced.

Use the following procedure in order to remove air
from the fuel system:

39
Testing and Adjusting Section

Illustration 56

g00898190

Illustration 58

Side of the fuel injection pump

Air inlet heater on the air inlet manifold

(1) Fuel injection pump

(2) nut

(3) Flare nut

1. Loosen nut (2) on the fuel injection pump.

g00905440

4. If the fuel line for the air inlet heater has been
drained, loosen nut (3). Operate the priming
lever on the fuel priming pump until fuel is free
of air from the fuel line.
5. Tighten nut (3) to a torque of 22 Nm (16 lb ft).

Illustration 57

g00898194

Hand priming lever for the priming pump

Note: If the drive cam of the fuel priming pump is in

the position of maximum cam lift, the priming lever
will not operate. Rotate the crankshaft by hand one
revolution.
2. Operate the priming lever on the priming pump
until fuel flows out of nut (2).
3. Tighten nut (2) to a torque of 23 Nm (17 lb ft).

Illustration 59

g00898197

Fuel injection nozzles in the cylinder head

(4) Flare nut

Note: Damage to the fuel injection pump, to the

battery, and to the starter motor can occur if the
starter motor is used excessively to purge the air
from the fuel system.
6. Loosen flare nuts (4) for the high pressure fuel
lines on two fuel injection nozzles.
7. Operate the starting motor until fuel is flowing
from the fuel lines.
8. Tighten flare nuts (4) to a torque of 22 Nm
(16 lb ft).
NOTICE
Do not crank the engine continuously for more than
30 seconds. Allow the starting motor to cool for two
minutes before cranking the engine again.

40
Testing and Adjusting Section

9. The engine is now ready to start. Operate the

engine at low idle for a minimum of five minutes
immediately after air has been removed from the
fuel system.

5. Crank the engine for ten seconds. Record the

maximum pressure. The pressure indication on
the gauge should be in the following range:
Maximum pressure ...... 35 to 55 kPa (5 to 8 psi)

Note: Running the engine for this period of time

will help ensure that the pump is completely free
of air. Damage to the internal parts of the pump,
which is caused by metal to metal contact, will be
prevented. If the engine stops or if the engine runs
roughly, check for air in the fuel system. If air is in
the fuel system, leakage in the low pressure fuel
system probably exists.

Minimum pressure ..................... 26 kPa (3.8 psi)

6. If the pressure is less than the minimum pressure,
the fuel priming pump must be replaced.
7. Observe the rate that the pressure drops. If
the pressure drops to one half of the maximum
pressure in less than 30 seconds, the fuel
priming pump must be replaced.

i01742803

Fuel System Pressure - Test

8. Remove the pressure gauge from the fuel

priming pump. Connect the outlet line to the fuel
priming pump (1). Prime the fuel system in order
to eliminate air from the fuel system. Refer to
Testing and Adjusting, Fuel System - Prime for
the proper procedure.
9. Connect the fuel injection pump solenoid wire.
i01771267

Gear Group (Front) - Time

Illustration 60

g00761195

The fuel priming pump is located on the right hand side of the
cylinder block.
(1) Fuel priming pump
(2) Priming lever
(A) Fuel inlet
(B) Fuel outlet

The pressure test measures the output pressure

of the fuel priming pump. Low fuel pressure and
starting difficulty may be indications of problems
with the fuel priming pump.
1. Disconnect the line for the fuel outlet (B).
2. Put a pressure gauge in the fuel outlet (B) of the
fuel priming pump (1).
3. Prime the fuel system in order to eliminate air
from the fuel priming pump. Refer to Testing and
Adjusting, Fuel System - Prime for the proper
procedure.
4. Disconnect the fuel injection pump solenoid wire
(if equipped). Put the fuel shutoff lever in the fuel
shutoff position.

Illustration 61

g00905589

(1) Timing marks for the idler gear and the camshaft gear
(2) Timing marks for the idler gear and the fuel injection pump
drive gear
(3) Timing marks for the idler gear and the crankshaft gear

1. Make sure that the timing marks on the gears

are in alignment.
2. Measure the backlash between the camshaft
gear and the idler gear. Refer to Specifications,
Gear Group (Front) for the correct value.

41
Testing and Adjusting Section

3. Measure the backlash between the fuel

injection pump gear and the idler gear. Refer
to Specifications, Gear Group (Front) for the
correct value.
4. If the backlash is not within the specification, the
gears must be replaced. Check the backlash
again.

42
Testing and Adjusting Section

Air Inlet and Exhaust

System
i01592413

Air Inlet and Exhaust System

- Inspect

5. If the breather tube is made of plastic, use low

pressure air to check for a blockage in the
breather tube. If a blockage is inside of the
connector, the cover assembly must be replaced.
A broken valve mechanism cover will result if
you try to remove the connection.
i01848443

Turbocharger - Inspect

A general visual inspection should be made to the

air inlet and exhaust system. Make sure that there
are no signs of leaks in the system.
There will be a reduction in the performance of the
engine if there is a restriction in the air inlet system
or the exhaust system.

Hot engine components can cause injury from

burns. Before performing maintenance on the
engine, allow the engine and the components to
cool.

Making contact with a running engine can cause

burns from hot parts and can cause injury from
rotating parts.
When working on an engine that is running, avoid
contact with hot parts and rotating parts.
1. Inspect the engine air cleaner inlet and ducting
in order to ensure that the passageway is not
blocked or collapsed.
2. Inspect the engine air cleaner element. Replace
a dirty engine air cleaner element with a clean
engine air cleaner element.
3. Check for dirt tracks on the clean side of the
engine air cleaner element. If dirt tracks are
observed, contaminants are flowing past the
engine air cleaner element and/or the seal for
the engine air cleaner element.
4. For engines with plastic valve mechanism
covers, if you experience excessive crankcase
pressure, remove the valve mechanism cover
and check the end of the shroud for a skin of
plastic. If the end of the shroud has a skin of
plastic, remove the skin of plastic. Ensure that all
of the debris is removed.

Hot engine components can cause injury from

burns. Before performing maintenance on the
engine, allow the engine and the components to
cool.
NOTICE
Keep all parts clean from contaminants.
Contaminants may cause rapid wear and shortened
component life.
NOTICE
Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained
during performance of inspection, maintenance, testing, adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared to
collect the fluid with suitable containers before opening any compartment or disassembling any component containing fluids.
Dispose of all fluids according to local regulations and
mandates.
Before you begin inspection of the turbocharger,
be sure that the inlet air restriction is within the
specifications for your engine. Be sure that the
exhaust system restriction is within the specifications
for your engine. Refer to Testing and Adjusting, Air
Inlet and Exhaust System - Inspect.
The condition of the turbocharger will have definite
effects on engine performance. Use the following
inspections and procedures to determine the
condition of the turbocharger.

Inspection of the compressor and the compressor

housing

Inspection of the turbine wheel and the turbine

housing

Inspection of the wastegate

43
Testing and Adjusting Section

Inspection of the Compressor and

the Compressor Housing
Remove the air cleaner from the compressor inlet.

b. Inspect the air cleaner element for restriction.

If restriction is found, correct the problem.
c. Inspect the engine crankcase breather. Clean
the engine crankcase breather or replace
the engine crankcase breather if the engine
crankcase breather is plugged.
d. Remove the turbocharger oil drain line.
Inspect the drain opening. Inspect the oil
drain line. Inspect the area between the
bearings of the rotating assembly shaft. Look
for oil sludge. Inspect the oil drain hole for
oil sludge. Inspect the oil drain line for oil
sludge in the drain line. If necessary, clean
the rotating assembly shaft. If necessary,
clean the oil drain hole. If necessary, clean
the oil drain line.
e. If Steps 4.a through 4.d did not reveal the
source of the oil leakage, the turbocharger has
internal damage. Replace the turbocharger.

Illustration 62

g00766001

Typical example of a turbocharger

(1) Turbine housing
(2) Turbine wheel
(3) Turbocharger

1. Inspect the compressor wheel for damage from a

foreign object. If there is damage, determine the
source of the foreign object. As required, clean
the inlet system and repair the intake system.
Replace the turbocharger. If there is no damage,
go to Step 3.
2. Clean the compressor wheel and clean the
compressor housing if you find buildup of foreign
material. If there is no buildup of foreign material,
go to Step 3.
3. Turn the rotating assembly by hand. While you
turn the assembly, push the assembly sideways.
The assembly should turn freely. The compressor
wheel should not rub the compressor housing.
The turbocharger must be replaced if the
compressor wheel rubs the compressor wheel
housing. If there is no rubbing or scraping, go
to Step 4.
4. Inspect the compressor and the compressor
wheel housing for oil leakage. An oil leak from
the compressor may deposit oil in the aftercooler.
Drain and clean the aftercooler if you find oil in
the aftercooler.
a. Check the oil level in the crankcase. If the oil
level is too high, adjust the oil level.

Inspection of the Turbine Wheel

and the Turbine Housing
Remove the air piping from the turbine housing.
1. Inspect the turbine for damage by a foreign
object. If there is damage, determine the source
of the foreign object. Replace turbocharger (3).
If there is no damage, go to Step 2.
2. Inspect turbine wheel (2) for buildup of carbon
and other foreign material. Inspect turbine
housing (1) for buildup of carbon and foreign
material. Clean turbine wheel (2) and clean
turbine housing (1) if you find buildup of carbon
or foreign material. If there is no buildup of
carbon or foreign material, go to Step 3.
3. Turn the rotating assembly by hand. While you
turn the assembly, push the assembly sideways.
The assembly should turn freely. Turbine wheel
(2) should not rub turbine wheel housing (1).
Replace turbocharger (3) if turbine wheel (2)
rubs turbine housing (1). If there is no rubbing or
scraping, go to Step 4.
4. Inspect the turbine and turbine housing (1) for
oil leakage. Inspect the turbine and turbine
housing (1) for oil coking. Some oil coking
may be cleaned. Heavy oil coking may require
replacement of the turbocharger. If the oil is
coming from the turbocharger center housing go
to Step 4.a. Otherwise go to Inspection of the
Wastegate.

44
Testing and Adjusting Section

a. Remove the turbocharger oil drain line.

Inspect the drain opening. Inspect the area
between the bearings of the rotating assembly
shaft. Look for oil sludge. Inspect the oil drain
hole for oil sludge. Inspect the oil drain line
for oil sludge. If necessary, clean the rotating
assembly shaft. If necessary, clean the drain
opening. If necessary, clean the drain line.

Table 2

Turbocharger Boost Pressures

Number That Is Stamped
On The Turbocharger

Boost Pressures

2674A342

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A343

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A344

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A345

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A346

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A347

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A348

145 3 kPa
(21.03 0.4 psi)

2674A349

127.5 3 kPa
(18.50 0.4 psi)

b. If crankcase pressure is high, or if the oil drain

is restricted, pressure in the center housing
may be greater than the pressure of turbine
housing (1). Oil flow may be forced in the
wrong direction and the oil may not drain.
Check the crankcase pressure and correct
any problems.
c. If the oil drain line is damaged, replace the
oil drain line.
d. Check the routing of the oil drain line.
Eliminate any sharp restrictive bends. Make
sure that the oil drain line is not too close to
the engine exhaust manifold.
e. If Steps 4.a through 4.d did not reveal the
source of the oil leakage, turbocharger (3) has
internal damage. Replace turbocharger (3).

Inspection of the Wastegate

The wastegate controls the amount of exhaust gas
that is allowed to bypass the turbine side of the
turbocharger. This valve then controls the rpm of
the turbocharger.
When the engine operates in conditions of low
boost (lug), a spring presses against a diaphragm
in the canister. The actuating rod will move and the
wastegate will close. Then, the turbocharger can
operate at maximum performance.
When the boost pressure increases against the
diaphragm in the canister, the wastegate will open.
The rpm of the turbocharger becomes limited. The
rpm limitation occurs because a portion of the
exhaust gases bypass the turbine wheel of the
turbocharger.
The following levels of boost pressure indicate a
problem with the wastegate:

Too high at full load conditions

Too low at all lug conditions

The boost pressure controls the maximum rpm of the

turbocharger, because the boost pressure controls
the position of the wastegate. The following factors
also affect the maximum rpm of the turbocharger:

The engine rating

The horsepower demand on the engine
The high idle rpm
Inlet air restriction
Exhaust system restriction
Check the Wastegate for Proper
Operation
Table 3

Tools Needed
Part
Number

Part Name

Qty

Dial Indicator

1. Remove the heat shield from the turbocharger.

Remove the guard for the wastegate.
2. Remove the boost line from the wastegate.
Connect an air supply to the wastegate that can
be adjusted accurately.

45
Testing and Adjusting Section

3. Fasten a dial indicator to the turbocharger so

that the end of the actuator rod is in contact
with the dial indicator. This will measure axial
movement of the actuator rod.

i01854567

Engine Valve Lash Inspect/Adjust

4. Slowly apply air pressure to the wastegate so

that the actuator rod moves 1.0 mm (0.039 inch).
The air pressure should be within 107 to 117 kPa
(15.5 to 17.0 psi). Ensure that the dial indicator
returns to zero when the air pressure is released.
Repeat the test several times. This will ensure
that an accurate reading is obtained.
5. Consult your nearest approved Perkins dealer or
your nearest approved Perkins distributor if the
operation of the wastegate is not correct.
i01297498

Compression - Test
Illustration 63

g00939480

Cylinder and valve location

The cylinder compression test should only be used

in order to compare the cylinders of an engine. If
one or more cylinders vary by more than 350 kPa
(51 psi), the cylinder and related components may
need to be repaired.
A compression test should not be the only method
which is used to determine the condition of an
engine. Other tests should also be conducted
in order to determine if the adjustment or the
replacement of components is required.
Before the performance of the compression test,
make sure that the following conditions exist:

The battery is in good condition.

The battery is fully charged.
The starting motor operates correctly.

(A) Inlet valve

(B) Exhaust valve

If the valve lash requires adjustment several times

in a short period of time, excessive wear exists in a
different part of the engine. Find the problem and
make necessary repairs in order to prevent more
damage to the engine.
Not enough valve lash can be the cause of rapid
wear of the camshaft and valve lifters. Not enough
valve lash can indicate that the seats for the valves
are worn.
Valves become worn due to the following causes:

Fuel injection nozzles that operate incorrectly

Excessive dirt and oil are present on the filters
for the inlet air.

The valve lash is set correctly.

Incorrect fuel settings on the fuel injection pump.

All fuel injection nozzles are removed.

The load capacity of the engine is frequently

The fuel supply is disconnected.

1. Install a gauge for measuring the cylinder
compression in the hole for a fuel injection
nozzle.
2. Operate the starting motor in order to turn the
engine. Record the maximum pressure which is
indicated on the compression gauge.
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for all cylinders.

exceeded.
Too much valve lash can cause broken valve stems,
springs, and spring retainers. Too much valve lash
can be an indication of the following problems:

Worn camshaft and valve lifters

Worn rocker arms
Bent pushrods
Broken socket on the upper end of a pushrod
Loose adjustment screw for the valve lash

46
Testing and Adjusting Section

If the camshaft and valve lifters show rapid wear,

look for fuel in the lubrication oil or dirty lubrication
oil as a possible cause.

Valve Lash Check

An adjustment is NOT NECESSARY if the
measurement of the valve lash is in the acceptable
range. Check the valve lash while the engine is
stopped. The temperature of the engine does not
change the valve lash setting.
If the measurement is not within the acceptable
clearance, adjustment is necessary. Refer to Valve
Lash Adjustment.

Valve Lash Adjustment

Table 4

Inlet Valves

Exhaust Valves

Valve Lash

0.20 mm
(0.008 inch)

0.45 mm
(0.018 inch)

TC Compression
Stroke

1-2-4

1-3-5

TC Exhaust
Stroke(1)

3-5-6

2-4-6

Firing Order
(1)
(2)

1-5-3-6-2-4(2)

Accidental engine starting can cause injury or

death to personnel.
To prevent accidental engine starting, turn the ignition switch to the OFF position and place a do
not operate tag at the ignition switch location.
1. Remove the valve mechanism cover. Refer to
Disassembly and Assembly, Valve Mechanism
Cover - Remove For the removal procedure.
2. Rotate the crankshaft in the direction of engine
rotation until the inlet valve of the No. 6 cylinder
has opened and the exhaust valve of the No. 6
cylinder has not completely closed. The engine
is now at TC compression stroke.
Table 5

TC
Compression
Stroke

Inlet Valves

Exhaust Valves

Valve Lash

0.20 mm
(0.008 inch)

0.45 mm
(0.018 inch)

Cylinders

1-2-4

1-3-5

3. Measure the valve lash for the valve when the

engine is at TC compression stroke according to
Table 5. If necessary, make an adjustment to the
valves according to Table 5.

360 from TC compression stroke

The No. 1 Cylinder is at the front of the engine.

a. Loosen the valve adjustment screw locknut

that is on the adjustment screw (1).
b. Place an appropriate feeler gauge (2)
between the rocker arm and the valve. Turn
the adjustment screw (1) while the valve
adjustment screw locknut is being held from
turning. Adjust the valve lash until the correct
specification is achieved.

Illustration 64
Setting the valve lash
(1) Adjustment screw
(2) Feeler gauge

g00323903

c. After each adjustment, tighten the valve

adjustment screw locknut while you hold the
valve adjustment screw (1) from turning.
4. Rotate the crankshaft in the direction of engine
rotation to TC exhaust stroke (360 from TC
compression stroke).

47
Testing and Adjusting Section

Table 6

(1)

i01872196

TC Exhaust
Stroke(1)

Inlet Valves

Exhaust Valves

Valve Lash

0.20 mm
(0.008 inch)

0.45 mm
(0.018 inch)

Cylinders

3-5-6

2-4-6

Valve Depth - Inspect

360 from TC compression stroke

5. Measure the valve lash for the valves when the

engine is at TC exhaust stroke according to
Table 6. If necessary, make an adjustment to the
valves according to Table 6.
a. Loosen the valve adjustment screw locknut
that is on the adjustment screw (1).
b. Place an appropriate feeler gauge (2)
between the rocker arm and the valve. Turn
the adjustment screw (1) while the valve
adjustment screw locknut is being held from
turning. Adjust the valve lash until the correct
specification is achieved.
c. After each adjustment, tighten the valve
adjustment screw locknut while you hold the
valve adjustment screw (1) from turning.
6. Install the valve mechanism cover. Refer to
Disassembly and Assembly, Valve Mechanism
Cover - Install for the installation procedure.

Illustration 65

g00953530

Valve Depth
(1) 21825617 Dial gauge
(2) 21825496 Dial gauge holder

1. Ensure that the face of the valves are clean.

Ensure that the bottom face of the cylinder
head is clean. Ensure that the cylinder head is
not distorted. Refer to Testing and Adjusting,
Cylinder Head - Inspect for the procedure to
measure flatness of the cylinder head.
2. Use the dial gauge (1) with the dial gauge holder
(2) in order to check the depths of the inlet valve
and the exhaust valve below the face of the
cylinder head. Use the cylinder head face to
zero the dial gauge (1).
3. Measure the depth of the inlet valve and the
exhaust valve below the cylinder head face. The
minimum and maximum limits for a new engine
follow:
Inlet valves
Minimum ..................... 1.40 mm (0.055 inch)
Maximum .................... 1.70 mm (0.067 inch)
Exhaust valves
Minimum ..................... 1.50 mm (0.059 inch)
Maximum .................... 1.80 mm (0.071 inch)

48
Testing and Adjusting Section

4. Service wear occurs on an engine which has

been in operation. If the valve depth below the
cylinder head face on a used engine exceeds
the specification for service wear, the following
components must be replaced.

Valves
Valve inserts
Wear limit for inlet valves .. 1.95 mm (0.077 inch)
Wear limit for exhaust valves ................ 2.05 mm
(0.081 inch)
5. Check each valve for cracks. Check the stems
of the valves for wear. Ensure that the valves
are the correct fit in the valve guides. Refer to
Testing and Adjusting, Valve Guide - Inspect
for the procedure to inspect the valve guides.
6. Check the load on the valve springs. Refer to
Specifications, Cylinder Head Valves for the
correct lengths and specifications for the valve
springs.
i01854998

Valve Guide - Inspect

Perform this test in order to determine if a valve
guide should be replaced.

3. Lift the edge of the valve head to a distance of

15.0 mm (0.60 inch).
4. Move the valve in a radial direction away from
the dial indicator. Make sure that the valve moves
away from the dial indicator as far as possible.
Position the contact point of the dial indicator on
the edge of the valve head. Set the position of
the needle of the dial indicator to zero.
5. Move the valve in a radial direction toward
the dial indicator as far as possible. Note the
distance of movement which is indicated on the
dial indicator. If the distance is greater than the
maximum clearance of the valve in the valve
guide, replace the valve guide.
The maximum clearance for the inlet valve stem
in the valve guide with a valve lift of 15.0 mm
(0.60 inch) is the following value. ....... 0.100 mm
(0.0039 inch)
The maximum clearance for the exhaust
valve stem in the valve guide with a valve
lift of 15.0 mm (0.60 inch) is the following
value. ............................ 0.121 mm (0.0048 inch)
When new valve guides are installed, new valves
and new valve seat inserts must be installed. Valve
guides and valve seat inserts are supplied as an
unfinished part. The unfinished valve guides and
unfinished valve seat inserts are installed in the
cylinder head. Then, the valve guides and valve
inserts are cut and reamed in one operation with
special tooling.
Refer to Disassembly and Assembly, Inlet and
Exhaust Valve Guides - Remove and install for the
replacement of the valve guides.

Illustration 66

g00314806

Measure the radial movement of the valve in the valve guide.

(1) Valve guide
(2) Radial movement of the valve in the valve guide
(3) Valve stem
(4) Dial indicator
(5) Valve head

1. Place a new valve in the valve guide.

2. Place a dial indicator with a magnetic base on
the face of the cylinder head.

49
Testing and Adjusting Section

Lubrication System

i01456927

Engine Oil Pump - Inspect

i01854908

Engine Oil Pressure - Test

Low Oil Pressure
The following conditions will cause low oil pressure.

If any part of the oil pump is worn enough in order

to affect the performance of the oil pump, the oil
pump must be replaced.
Perform the following procedures in order to inspect
the oil pump. Refer to the Specifications Module,
Engine Oil Pump for clearances and torques.

The oil level is low in the crankcase.

A restriction exists on the oil suction screen.
Connections in the oil lines are leaking.
The connecting rod or the main bearings are
worn.

The rotors in the oil pump are worn.

The oil pressure relief valve is operating
incorrectly.
A worn oil pressure relief valve can allow oil to leak
through the valve which lowers the oil pressure.
Refer to the Specifications Module, Engine Oil
Relief Valve for the correct operating pressure and
other information.
When the engine runs at the normal temperature for
operation and at high idle, the oil pressure must be
a minimum of 280 kPa (40 psi). A lower pressure is
normal at low idle.

Illustration 67

g00295506

Oil pump cover

(1) Cover bolts

1. Remove the oil pump from the engine. Remove

the cover of the oil pump.
2. Remove the outer rotor. Clean all of the parts.
Look for cracks in the metal or other damage.

A suitable pressure gauge can be used in order to

test the pressure of the lubrication system.

High Oil Pressure

High oil pressure can be caused by the following
conditions.

The spring for the oil pressure relief valve is

installed incorrectly.

The plunger for the oil pressure relief valve

becomes jammed in the closed position.

Excessive sludge exists in the oil which makes

the viscosity of the oil too high.

Illustration 68

g00578755

Clearance for the outer rotor body

(2) Measure the clearance of the outer rotor to the body.

3. Install the outer rotor. Measure the clearance of

the outer rotor to the body (2).

50
Testing and Adjusting Section

An engine oil pressure indicator may show that there

is enough oil pressure, but a component is worn
due to a lack of lubrication. In such a case, look at
the passage for the oil supply to the component. A
restriction in an oil supply passage will not allow
enough lubrication to reach a component. This will
result in early wear.
i01794028

Excessive Engine Oil

Consumption - Inspect
Illustration 69

g00578757

Clearance for the inner rotor body

(3) Measure the clearance of the inner rotor to the outer rotor.

4. Measure the clearance of the inner rotor to the

outer rotor (3).

Engine Oil Leaks on the Outside of

the Engine
Check for leakage at the seals at each end of
the crankshaft. Look for leakage at the gasket
for the engine oil pan and all lubrication system
connections. Look for any engine oil that may be
leaking from the crankcase breather. This can
be caused by combustion gas leakage around
the pistons. A dirty crankcase breather will cause
high pressure in the crankcase. A dirty crankcase
breather will cause the gaskets and the seals to
leak.

Engine Oil Leaks into the

Combustion Area of the Cylinders
Illustration 70

g00578719

End play measurement of the rotor

(4) Measure the end play of the rotor.

5. Measure the end play of the rotor with a straight

edge and a feeler gauge (4).
6. Clean the top face of the oil pump and the
bottom face of the cover. Install the cover on the
oil pump. Install the oil pump on the engine.

Engine oil that is leaking into the combustion area

of the cylinders can be the cause of blue smoke.
There are several possible ways for engine oil to
leak into the combustion area of the cylinders:

Leaks between worn valve guides and valve

stems

Worn components or damaged components

(pistons, piston rings, or dirty return holes for the
engine oil)

Incorrect installation of the compression ring

i01126690

Excessive Bearing Wear Inspect

and/or the intermediate ring

Leaks past the seal rings in the turbocharger shaft

Overfilling of the crankcase
Wrong dipstick or guide tube

When some components of the engine show

bearing wear in a short time, the cause can be a
restriction in an oil passage.

Sustained operation at light loads

51
Testing and Adjusting Section

Excessive consumption of engine oil can also result

if engine oil with the wrong viscosity is used. Engine
oil with a thin viscosity can be caused by fuel
leakage into the crankcase or by increased engine
temperature.
i01462628

Increased Engine Oil

Temperature - Inspect
Look for a restriction in the oil passages of the oil
cooler. The oil temperature may be higher than
normal when the engine is operating. In such
a case, the oil cooler may have a restriction. A
restriction in the oil cooler will not cause low oil
pressure in the engine.
Determine if the oil cooler bypass valve is held in
the open position. This condition will allow the oil to
pass through the valve instead of the oil cooler. The
oil temperature will increase.

52
Testing and Adjusting Section

Cooling System
i01874899

Cooling System - Check

Engine And Cooling System Heat
Problems
1. The following conditions indicate that a heat
problem exists.

b. Clean the radiator and other components with

hot water or steam at low pressure. Detergent
in the water may also be used. Compressed
air may be used to remove materials from
the cooling system. Identify the cause of the
restriction before you choose the method for
cleaning.
c. Straighten any fins of the radiator if the fins
are bent.
5. Check the high idle of the engine. The engine
may overheat if the high idle rpm is set too high.
i01626003

a. Hot coolant is released through the pressure

cap during the normal operation of the engine.
Hot coolant can also be released when the
engine is stopped.

Cooling System - Inspect

b. Hot coolant is released from the coolant

system but not through the pressure cap
during normal operation of the engine. Hot
coolant can also be released when the engine
is stopped.

This engine has a pressure type cooling system. A

pressure type cooling system gives two advantages:

c. Coolant must be added frequently to the

cooling system. The coolant is not released
through the pressure cap or through an
outside leak.
2. If any of the conditions in Step 1 exist, perform
the following procedures:
a. Run the engine at medium idle, which is
approximately 1200 rpm, for three minutes
after the high idle shuts off. Running the
engine at medium idle will allow the engine to
cool before the engine is stopped.
b. Refer to the Testing And Adjusting, Belt
Tension Chart. Check the tension of all belts
on the engine.
3. Refer to Visual Inspection Of The Cooling
System in order to determine if a leak exists in
the cooling system.
a. Refer to Testing The Radiator And Cooling
System For Leaks procedures.
4. If the coolant does not flow through the radiator
and through other components of the cooling
system, perform the following procedures.
a. Perform the Testing The Water Temperature
Regulator procedures.

The pressure type cooling system can operate

safely at a higher temperature than the boiling
point of water at a range of atmospheric
pressures.

The pressure type cooling system prevents

cavitation in the water pump.
Cavitation is the sudden generation of low pressure
bubbles in liquids by mechanical forces. The
generation of an air or steam pocket is much more
difficult in a pressure type cooling system.
Regular inspections of the cooling system should be
made in order to identify problems before damage
can occur. Visually inspect the cooling system
before tests are made with the test equipment.

Visual Inspection Of The Cooling

System
1. Check the coolant level in the cooling system.
2. Look for leaks in the system.
Note: A small amount of coolant leakage across
the surface of the water pump seals is normal.
This leakage is required in order to provide
lubrication for this type of seal. A hole is provided
in the water pump housing in order to allow this
coolant/seal lubricant to drain from the pump
housing. Intermittent leakage of small amounts of
coolant from this hole is not an indication of water
pump seal failure.
3. Inspect the radiator for bent fins and other
restriction to the flow of air through the radiator.

53
Testing and Adjusting Section

4. Inspect the drive belt for the fan.

5. Inspect the blades of the fan for damage.
6. Look for air or combustion gas in the cooling
system.
7. Inspect the radiator cap for damage. The sealing
surface must be clean.
8. Look for large amounts of dirt in the radiator core.
Look for large amounts of dirt on the engine.
9. Shrouds that are loose or missing cause poor
air flow for cooling.
i01876572

Cooling System - Test

Personal injury can result from hot coolant, steam

and alkali.
At operating temperature, engine coolant is hot
and under pressure. The radiator and all lines
to heaters or the engine contain hot coolant or
steam. Any contact can cause severe burns.
Remove filler cap slowly to relieve pressure only
when engine is stopped and radiator cap is cool
enough to touch with your bare hand.
The coolant level must be to the correct level in
order to check the coolant system. The engine must
be cold and the engine must not be running.
After the engine is cool, loosen the pressure cap
in order to relieve the pressure out of the cooling
system. Then remove the pressure cap.

Remember that temperature and pressure work

together. When a diagnosis is made of a cooling
system problem, temperature and pressure must
be checked. The cooling system pressure will have
an effect on the cooling system temperature. For
an example, refer to Illustration 71. This will show
the effect of pressure on the boiling point (steam)
of water. This will also show the effect of height
above sea level.

The level of the coolant should not be more than

13 mm (0.5 inch) from the bottom of the filler pipe.
If the cooling system is equipped with a sight glass,
the coolant should be to the correct level in the
sight glass.

Making the Correct Antifreeze

Mixtures
Do not add pure 21825166 POWERPART antifreeze
to the cooling system in order to adjust the
concentration of antifreeze. The pure antifreeze
increases the concentration of antifreeze in the
cooling system. The increased concentration
increases the concentration of dissolved solids
and undissolved chemical inhibitors in the cooling
system.

Illustration 71

g00286266

Cooling system pressure at specific altitudes and boiling points

of water

The antifreeze mixture must consist of equal

quantities of antifreeze and clean soft water. The
corrosion inhibitor in the antifreeze will be diluted if a
concentration of less than 50% of antifreeze is used.
Concentrations of more than 50% of antifreeze may
have the adverse effect on the performance of the
coolant.

Checking the Filler Cap

One cause for a pressure loss in the cooling system
can be a faulty seal on the radiator pressure cap.

54
Testing and Adjusting Section

3. Install the pressure cap onto a suitable

pressurizing Pump.
4. Observe the exact pressure that opens the filler
cap.
5. Compare the pressure to the pressure rating that
is found on the top of the filler cap.
6. If the filler cap is damaged, replace the filler cap.

Testing The Radiator And Cooling

System For Leaks
Illustration 72

g00296067

Typical schematic of filler cap

Use the following procedure to test the radiator and

the cooling system for leaks.

(1) Sealing surface between the pressure cap and the radiator

Personal injury can result from hot coolant, steam

and alkali.
At operating temperature, engine coolant is hot
and under pressure. The radiator and all lines
to heaters or the engine contain hot coolant or
steam. Any contact can cause severe burns.
Remove filler cap slowly to relieve pressure only
when engine is stopped and radiator cap is cool
enough to touch with your bare hand.

Personal injury can result from hot coolant, steam

and alkali.
At operating temperature, engine coolant is hot
and under pressure. The radiator and all lines
to heaters or the engine contain hot coolant or
steam. Any contact can cause severe burns.
Remove filler cap slowly to relieve pressure only
when engine is stopped and radiator cap is cool
enough to touch with your bare hand.

To check for the amount of pressure that opens the

filler cap, use the following procedure:

1. When the engine has cooled, loosen the filler cap

to the first stop. Allow the pressure to release
from the cooling system. Then remove the filler
cap.

1. After the engine cools, carefully loosen the filler

cap. Slowly release the pressure from the cooling
system. Then, remove the filler cap.

2. Make sure that the coolant covers the top of the

radiator core.

2. Inspect the pressure cap carefully. Look for

damage to the seal. Look for damage to the
surface that seals. Remove any debris on the
cap, the seal, or the sealing surface.
Carefully inspect the filler cap. Look for any
damage to the seals and to the sealing surface.
Inspect the following components for any foreign
substances:

Filler cap
Seal
Surface for seal
Remove any deposits that are found on these
items, and remove any material that is found on
these items.

3. Put a suitable pressurizing Pump onto the

radiator.
4. Use the pressurizing pump to increase the
pressure to an amount of 20 kPa (3 psi) more
than the operating pressure of the filler cap.
5. Check the radiator for leakage on the outside.
6. Check all connections and hoses of the cooling
system for leaks.
The radiator and the cooling system do not have
leakage if all of the following conditions exist:

You do NOT observe any leakage after five

minutes.

The dial indicator remains constant beyond

five minutes.

55
Testing and Adjusting Section

The inside of the cooling system has leakage

only if the following conditions exist:

The reading on the gauge goes down.

You do NOT observe any outside leakage.
Make any repairs, as required.
i01874900

Engine Oil Cooler - Inspect

Hot oil and hot components can cause personal

injury. Do not allow hot oil or hot components to
contact the skin.

g00954224

Illustration 73
(1) Cooling plate
(2) Seal
(3) Gasket

(4) Cover plate

(5) O ring
(6) Two-piece flange

Perform the following procedure in order to inspect

the engine oil cooler:
1. Place a container under the oil cooler in order
to collect any engine oil or coolant that drains
from the oil cooler. Remove one of the oil hoses.
Do not remove both of the oil hoses at the same
time in order to ensure that the cooling plate (1)
remains fastened to the cover plate (4).

(7) Oil hose

Before the second oil hose is removed, install the

two-piece flange (6) and the nuts on the studs
for flange (6) without the oil hose.
2. Refer to Disassembly and Assembly, Engine
Oil Cooler - Remove for removal of the engine
oil cooler.

56
Testing and Adjusting Section

3. Thoroughly clean the flange face of the cover

plate and the cylinder block.

Personal injury can result from air pressure.

Personal injury can result without following proper procedure. When using pressure air, wear a protective face shield and protective clothing.
Maximum air pressure at the nozzle must be less
than 205 kPa (30 psi) for cleaning purposes.
4. Inspect the cooling plate (1) for cracks and
dents. Replace the cooling plate if cracks or
dents exist.

2. Heat water in a pan until the temperature of the

water is equal to the fully open temperature
of the water temperature regulator. Refer to
Specifications, Water Temperature Regulator
for the fully open temperature of the water
temperature regulator. Stir the water in the pan.
This will distribute the temperature throughout
the pan.
3. Hang the water temperature regulator in the pan
of water. The water temperature regulator must
be below the surface of the water. The water
temperature regulator must be away from the
sides and the bottom of the pan.
4. Keep the water at the correct temperature for
ten minutes.

If necessary, clean the outside of the cooling

plate and clean the inside of the cooling plate.
Use a solvent that is not corrosive on copper.
Ensure that no restrictions for the flow of
lubricating oil exist in the cooling plate.

5. After ten minutes, remove the water temperature

regulator. Immediately measure the opening
of the water temperature regulator. Refer to
Specifications, Water Temperature Regulator
for the minimum opening distance of the
water temperature regulator at the fully open
temperature.

Dry the cooling plate with low pressure air.

Flush the inside of the cooling plate with clean
lubricating oil.

If the distance is less than the amount listed in the

manual, replace the water temperature regulator.

5. Refer to Disassembly and Assembly, Engine

Oil Cooler - Install for installation of the engine
oil cooler.

i01628133

Water Pump - Inspect

6. Ensure that the cooling system of the engine is

filled to the correct level. Operate the engine.
Note: Refer to the Operation And Maintenance
Manual for additional information.
Check for oil or coolant leakage.
i01666401

Water Temperature Regulator

- Test

Personal injury can result from escaping fluid under pressure.

If a pressure indication is shown on the indicator,
push the release valve in order to relieve pressure
before removing any hose from the radiator.
1. Remove the water temperature regulator from
the engine.

1. Inspect the water pump for leaks at vent hole.

The water pump seal is lubricated by coolant
in the cooling system. It is normal for a small
amount of leakage to occur as the engine cools
down and the parts contract.
2. Refer to Disassembly and Assembly, Water
Pump - Remove and Disassembly and
Assembly, Water Pump - Install.
3. Inspect the water pump shaft for unusual noise,
excessive looseness and/or vibration of the
bearings.

57
Testing and Adjusting Section

Basic Engine

Inspect the Piston Ring End Gap

i01853436

Piston Ring Groove - Inspect

Inspect the Piston and the Piston
Rings
1. Check the piston for wear and other damage.
2. Check that the piston rings are free to move in
the grooves and that the rings are not broken.

Inspect the Clearance of the Piston

Ring
1. Remove the piston rings and clean the grooves
and the piston rings.

Illustration 75

g00782363

(1) Piston ring

(2) Cylinder ring ridge
(3) Feeler gauge

1. Clean all carbon from the top of the cylinder

bores.
2. Place each piston ring (1) in the cylinder bore
just below the cylinder ring ridge (2).
3. Use a suitable feeler gauge (3) to measure
piston ring end gap. Refer to Specifications,
Piston and Rings for the dimensions.
Note: The coil spring must be removed from the oil
control ring before the gap of the oil control ring is
measured.
i01874902

Connecting Rod - Inspect

These procedures determine the following
characteristics of the connecting rod:
Illustration 74

g00905732

(1) Feeler gauge

(2) Piston ring
(3) Piston grooves

2. Fit new piston rings (2) in the piston grooves (3).

3. Check the clearance for the piston ring by
placing a suitable feeler gauge (1) between
piston groove (3) and the top of piston ring (2).
Refer to Specifications, Piston and Rings for
the dimensions.
Note: Some pistons have a tapered top groove and
the piston ring is wedged. The clearance for the
top piston ring cannot be checked by the above
method when this occurs.

The length of the connecting rod

The distortion of the connecting rod
The parallel alignment of the bores of the
connecting rod
Note: If the crankshaft or the cylinder block are
replaced, the piston height for all cylinders must be
measured. The grade of length of the connecting
rods may need to be changed in order to obtain
the correct piston height.
If the grade of length must be changed, one of the
following actions must be taken:

New connecting rod assemblies that are the

correct grade of length must be installed. Refer
to Length Of The Connecting Rod.

58
Testing and Adjusting Section

New piston pin bearings must be bored after

installation in the original connecting rods. Refer
to Piston Pin Bearings.
Note: When the piston pin is installed, always install
new retaining rings on each end of the piston pin. If
the piston pin cannot be removed by hand, heat the
piston to a temperature of 45 5 C (113 9 F)
in order to aid the removal of the piston pin. Heating
the piston to this temperature may also aid the
installation of the piston pin.

Length of The Connecting Rod

CRL is the length of the connecting rod. Refer to
Table 7 for each grade of length of connecting rod.
In order to ensure that the piston height above the
cylinder block is correct, six grades of connecting
rods F to Lare used during manufacture at the
factory. Replacement connecting rods are available
in four grades. These grades of connecting rod are
H to L. The grade of length is identified by a
letter or a color which is marked on the side of the
connecting rod. The longest grade is marked with
the letter H. The shortest grade is marked with the
letter L. The difference in length between each
grade of connecting rods is the following value:
0.046 mm (0.0018 inch)
The grade of length of a connecting rod is
determined in the factory by machining an
eccentric hole in a semi-finished piston pin bushing.
Therefore, the grade of length is determined by the
position of the center of the hole in the piston pin
bearing.
If the connecting rod must be replaced, a new
connecting rod assembly must be purchased and
installed. Refer to Table 7 for more information.
A new piston pin bearing is installed in the new
connecting rod at the factory. The bore of the piston
pin bearing is reamed to the correct eccentricity.

Piston Pin Bearings

Note: This procedure requires personnel with
the correct training and the use of specialized
equipment for machining.
If the piston pin bearing requires replacement but
the original connecting rod is not replaced, the
following procedures must be performed:
1. Determine the grade of length of the connecting
rod. Use one of the following characteristics:

The mark

The color
Measuring the length
2. Ensure that the connecting rod is aligned parallel
and that the connecting rod is not distorted.
Refer to Distortion Of A Connecting Rod in this
service module.
3. Remove the piston pin bearing from the
connecting rod. Install a new bearing in the
connecting rod. The new bearing is partially
finished. The new bearing must be bored
off-center to the correct diameter. This off-center
position is determined by the grade of length of
the connecting rod. Refer to Table 7. The correct
diameter of the bore in the piston pin bearing is
given in the Specifications Module, Connecting
Rod.
Surface finish of the bored hole in the piston pin
bearing .................................. Ra 0.8 micrometers
4. Machine the ends of the piston pin bearing to the
correct length. Remove any sharp edges. Refer
to the Specifications Module, Connecting Rod.
5. If the grade of length of the connecting rod
is changed, the letter that is stamped on the
connecting rod must be removed. Etch a letter
that is for the new grade of length on the side
of the connecting rod.
Note: Do not stamp a new letter on the connecting
rod. The force of stamping may damage the
connecting rod.
Table 7 references the following information: Grade
of letter of the connecting rod, the color code of the
connecting rods, and the lengths of the connecting
rods.
Table 7

Grade
Letter

Color
Code

Length Of The Connecting

Rod (CRL)

White

165.637 to 165.670 mm
(6.5211 to 6.5229 inch)

Green

165.591 to 165.624 mm
(6.5193 to 6.5211 inch)

Purple

165.545 to 165.578 mm
(6.5175 to 6.5193 inch)

Blue

165.499 to 165.532 mm
(6.5157 to 6.5175 inch)

59
Testing and Adjusting Section

Measure The Length Of The Connecting

Rod
If the mark or the color of the grade of length cannot
be observed on the connecting rod, perform the
following procedure:

Illustration 77

g00326423

Measure the connecting rod for distortion.

(1) Measuring pins
(2) Connecting rod
(L) The length between the centers of the piston pin bearing and
the crankshaft journal bearing is shown in Illustration 77.
Illustration 76

g00326546

Measure the length of the connecting rod.

(1) Measuring pins
(2) Connecting rod
(CRL) Connecting Rod Length

1. Refer to Illustration 76. Use the following tools in

order to measure the length of the connecting
rod:

Appropriate gauges for measuring distance

Measuring pins (1)
2. Ensure that the measuring pins (1) are parallel.
CRL is measured when the bearing for the
crankshaft journal is removed and the original
piston pin bearing is installed.
Measure CRL. Compare the CRL that is given
in Table 7. The grade of length of the connecting
rod is determined by the CRL. Refer to Table 7
for the correct grade of length.

Distortion of The Connecting Rod

1. Use the following tools in order to measure the
distances for the connecting rod (2) which are
specified in Illustration 76:

2. Measure the connecting rod for distortion and

parallel alignment between the bores.
The bores for the crankshaft bearing and the
bearing for the piston pin must be square and
parallel with each other within the required limits.
If the piston pin bearing is removed, the limit L
is the following value: 0.25 mm ( 0.010 inch)
The limits are measured at a distance of 127 mm
(5.0 inch) from each side of the connecting rod.
If the piston pin bearing is not removed, the
limit L is the following value: 0.06 mm
( 0.0024 inch)
L is equal to 219.08 0.03 mm
(8.625 0.001 inch).
3. Inspect the piston pin bearing and the piston
pin for wear.
4. Measure the clearance of the piston pin in the
piston pin bearing. Refer to the Specifications
Module, Connecting Rod for dimensions.
i01463492

Cylinder Block - Inspect

Appropriate gauges for measuring distance

Measuring pins (1)

1. Clean all of the coolant passages and the oil

passages.
2. Check the cylinder block for cracks and damage.
3. The top deck of the cylinder block must not
be machined. This will affect the depth of the
cylinder liner flange and the piston height above
the cylinder block.

60
Testing and Adjusting Section

4. Check the camshaft bearings for wear. If a new

bearing is needed, use a suitable adapter to
press the bearing out of the bore. Ensure that
the oil hole in the new bearing faces the front of
the block. The oil hole in the bearing must be
aligned with the oil hole in the cylinder block.
The bearing must be aligned with the face of
the recess.

8. Measure the cylinder head for flatness. Use a

straight edge and a feeler gauge to check the
cylinder head for flatness.

Measure the cylinder head from one side to

the opposite side (A).

Measure the cylinder head from one end to

the opposite end (B).

5. Refer to Testing and Adjusting, Cylinder Liner

Projection - Inspect for information on the
inspection of the cylinder liner.
i01873079

Cylinder Head - Inspect

Measure the cylinder head from one corner to

the opposite corner (C).
Refer to Specifications, Cylinder Head for the
requirements of flatness.

Resurfacing the Cylinder Head

1. Remove the cylinder head from the engine.

The bottom face of cylinder head can be resurfaced

if any of the following conditions exist:

2. Remove the water temperature regulator housing.

The bottom face of the cylinder head is not flat

within the specifications.

3. Inspect the cylinder head for signs of gas or

coolant leakage.

The bottom face of the cylinder head is damaged

by pitting, corrosion, or wear.

4. Remove the valve springs and valves.

5. Clean the bottom face of the cylinder head
thoroughly. Clean the coolant passages and
the lubricating oil passages. Make sure that the
contact surfaces of the cylinder head and the
cylinder block are clean, smooth and flat.
6. Inspect the bottom face of the cylinder head for
pitting, corrosion, and cracks. Inspect the area
around the valve seat inserts and the holes for
the fuel injection nozzles carefully.

Note: The thickness of the cylinder head must not

be less than 102.48 mm (4.035 inch) after the
cylinder head has been machined.
If the bottom face of the cylinder head is resurfaced,
the recesses in the cylinder head for the valve seat
inserts must be machined. The valve seat inserts
must be ground on the side which is inserted into
the cylinder head. Grinding this surface will ensure
that no protrusion exists above the bottom face of
the cylinder head. Refer to Specifications, Cylinder
Head Valves for the correct dimensions.

7. Test the cylinder head for leaks at a pressure of

200 kPa (29 psi).
i01873045

Cylinder Liner Projection Inspect

1. Use the 21825617 dial gauge and the
21825496 dial gauge holder in order to measure
the flange projection of the cylinder liner. Use
the cylinder block face in order to zero the dial
gauge (3).

Illustration 78
Flatness of the cylinder head (typical example)
(A) Side to side
(B) End to end
(C) Diagonal

g00295372

61
Testing and Adjusting Section

Check for damage to the cylinder liner such as

cracks and deep scratches.
The cylinder liner does not need to be replaced if
the following conditions exist:

The honed finish can be clearly seen on the area

of the cylinder liner.

The engine performance and the oil consumption

are acceptable.
If the cylinder liner requires replacement, refer to
the Disassembly and Assembly, Cylinder Liner Remove and the Disassembly and Assembly,
Cylinder Liner - Install for the correct procedures.

Illustration 79

g00953917

Measure the liner projection.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Flame ring of cylinder liner

Flange of cylinder liner
21825617 Dial gauge
21825496 Dial gauge holder

2. Position the dial gauge (3) and the dial gauge

holder (4) on the flange of the cylinder liner
(2). Measure the projection of the flange of the
cylinder liner (2) in four locations around the
cylinder liner. Do not measure the projection from
the flame ring (1), if equipped.
The four measurements should not vary more
than 0.03 mm (0.001 inch) from each other. The
average projection between adjacent cylinders
must not vary more than 0.03 mm (0.001 inch).
Refer to the Specifications Module, Cylinder
Block for the tolerance for the projection of the
flange of the cylinder liner (2).

Inspection Of The Cylinder Liner

The condition of a cylinder liner is determined by
the following criteria:

Check the extent and the location of any polished

areas that are on the bore of the cylinder liner.
If the bore of the cylinder liner is polished, an
engine can have oil consumption that is high with
very little wear on the bore. Observe the area that
is near the top of the bore of the cylinder liner.
The area is just below the ring of carbon. The
thrust from the top piston ring is the maximum
in this area.

Check the wear that is on the bore of the cylinder

liner. Refer to the Specifications Module, Cylinder
Block for the dimensions of the cylinder liner.

A new cylinder liner is partially finished. Personnel

with the correct training are required in order to
finish a new cylinder liner. Special equipment and
tools are also required. Refer to the Specifications
Module for additional information.
Note: If a new cylinder liner is installed, new piston
rings must be installed.
i01872303

Piston Height - Inspect

If the height of the piston above the cylinder block
is not within the tolerance that is given in the
Specifications Module, Piston and Rings, the
bearing for the piston pin must be checked. Refer to
Testing and Adjusting, Connecting Rod - Inspect.
If any of the following components are replaced or
remachined, the piston height above the cylinder
block must be measured:

Crankshaft
Cylinder head
Connecting rod
Bearing for the piston pin
The correct piston height must be maintained in
order to ensure that the engine conforms to the
standards for emissions.
Note: The top of the piston should not be machined.
If the original piston is installed, be sure that
the original piston is assembled to the correct
connecting rod and installed in the original cylinder.

62
Testing and Adjusting Section

Six grades of length of connecting rods determine

the piston height above the cylinder block. The
grade of length of a connecting rod is identified by
a letter or a color. The letter or the color is marked
on the side of the connecting rod. Refer to Testing
and Adjusting, Connecting Rod - Inspect and
Specifications, Connecting Rod for additional
information.

i01785937

Flywheel - Inspect
Table 8

Required Tools
Part
Number
8T-5096

Part Description

Qty
1

Dial Indicator Group

Alignment of the Flywheel Face

Illustration 80

g00953648

(1) 21825617 Dial gauge

(2) 21825496 Dial gauge holder

1. Use the dial gauge (1) and the dial gauge holder
(2) in order to measure the piston height above
the cylinder block. Use the cylinder block face to
zero the dial gauge (1).
2. Rotate the crankshaft until the piston is at the
approximate top center. Ensure that the flame
ring of the cylinder liner does not interfere with
the dial gauge holder (2) or the dial gauge (1).
3. Position the dial gauge holder (2) and the dial
gauge (1) in order to measure the piston height
above the cylinder block. Slowly rotate the
crankshaft in order to determine when the piston
is at the highest position. Record this dimension.
Compare this dimension with the dimensions that
are given in Specifications, Piston and Rings.

Illustration 81

g00295952

1. Install the dial indicator in Illustration 81, as

shown.
2. Set the pointer of the dial indicator to 0 mm
(0 inch).
3. Turn the flywheel. Read the dial indicator for
every 90 degrees.
Note: During the check, keep the crankshaft
pressed toward the front of the engine in order to
remove any end clearance.
4. Calculate the difference between the lowest
measurement and the highest measurement of
the four locations. This difference must not be
greater than 0.03 mm (0.001 inch) for every
25 mm (1.0 inch) of the radius of the flywheel.
The radius of the flywheel is measured from the
axis of the crankshaft to the contact point of the
dial indicator.

63
Testing and Adjusting Section

Flywheel Runout

Illustration 83
Illustration 82

g00913387

g00295954

1. Install the dial indicator in Illustration 82, as

shown.
2. Set the pointer of the dial indicator to 0 mm
(0 inch).
3. Turn the flywheel. Read the dial indicator for
every 90 degrees.
4. Calculate the difference between the lowest
measurement and the highest measurement of
the four locations. This difference must not be
greater than 0.30 mm (0.012 inch).
i01862421

Flywheel Housing - Inspect

Concentricity of the Flywheel
Housing
Note: This check must be made with the flywheel
and the starter removed and the bolts for the
flywheel housing tightened lightly.

1. Install the 21825617 dial gauge. See Illustration

83.
2. Set the pointer of the 21825617 dial gauge to
0 mm (0 inch).
3. Check the concentricity at intervals of 90 degrees
around the flywheel housing.
4. Calculate the difference between the lowest
measurement and the highest measurement.
This difference must not be greater than the limit
that is given in Table 9.
Note: Any necessary adjustment must be made
on the flywheel housing. Then, recheck the
concentricity.

Alignment of the Flywheel Housing

Note: This check must be made with the flywheel
and the starter removed and the bolts for the
flywheel housing tightened to the correct torque.

64
Testing and Adjusting Section

i01771501

Gear Group - Inspect

Illustration 85
Illustration 84

g00913389

1. Install the 21825617 dial gauge. See Illustration

84.
2. Set the pointer of the 21825617 dial gauge to
0 mm (0 inch).
3. Check the alignment at intervals of 90 degrees
around the flywheel housing.
4. Calculate the difference between the lowest
measurement and the highest measurement.
This difference must not be greater than the limit
that is given in Table 9.
Note: Any necessary adjustment must be made on
the flywheel housing.
Table 9

Limits for Flywheel Housing Runout and Alignment

(Total Indicator Reading)
Bore of the Housing
Flange

Maximum Limit (Total

Indicator Reading)

410 mm (16.14 inch)

0.25 mm (0.010 inch)

448 mm (17.63 inch)

0.28 mm (0.011 inch)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

g00905589

Camshaft gear
Fuel injection pump gear
Crankshaft gear
Idler gear

Note: If one or more of the gears need to be

removed for repair, refer to the Disassembly and
Assembly, Gear Group (Front) - Remove topic in
order to properly remove the gears. Refer to the
Disassembly and Assembly, Gear Group (Front) Install topic in order to properly install the gears.
1. Inspect the gears for wear or for damage. If the
gears are worn or damaged, use new parts for
replacement.
2. Measure the backlash on camshaft gear (1).
Refer to the Specifications, Gear Group (Front)
topic for the backlash measurement.
3. Measure the backlash on idler gear (4). Refer to
the Specifications, Gear Group (Front) topic for
the backlash measurement.
4. Measure the backlash on fuel injection pump
gear (2). Refer to the Specifications, Gear Group
(Front) topic for the backlash measurement.
5. Measure the end play on idler gear (4). Refer to
the Specifications, Gear Group (Front) topic for
the end play measurement.

65
Testing and Adjusting Section

i01878712

Vibration Damper - Check

If the reading on the dial indicator is more than

0.18 mm (0.007 inch), inspect the pulley and the
vibration damper for damage. If the pulley or the
vibration damper are damaged, use new parts
for replacement.

The vibration damper is installed on the front of

the crankshaft or the rear of the crankshaft. The
vibration damper is balanced in order to help
remove torsional vibration in the engine.

6. Move the dial indicator so that the dial indicator

will measure the circumference of the vibration
damper. Set the dial indicator to read 0.00 mm
(0.00 inch).

Replace the vibration damper if any of the following

conditions exist:

7. Slowly rotate the crankshaft in order to measure

the runout of the circumference of the vibration
damper. Use the highest reading and the lowest
reading on the dial indicator. The maximum
and the minimum readings on the dial indicator
should not vary more than 0.12 mm (0.005 inch).

There is any impact damage to the outer casing.

There is leakage of the viscous fluid from the
cover plate.

There is movement of the pulley or the outer ring

on the hub.

There is a large amount of gear train wear that is

not caused by lack of oil.

Analysis of the engine oil has revealed that the

front main bearing is badly worn.

The engine has had a failure because of a broken

crankshaft.
Check the areas around the holes for the bolts in
the vibration damper for cracks or for wear and for
damage.
Use the following steps in order to check the
alignment and the runout of the vibration damper:
1. Remove any debris from the front face of the
vibration damper. Remove any debris from the
circumference of the vibration damper.
2. Use a suitable lever in order to move the vibration
damper forward. This will eliminate the end play
of the crankshaft. Do not use excessive force to
move the vibration damper away from the engine.
3. Mount the dial indicator on the front cover. Use
the dial indicator to measure the outer face of
the vibration damper. Set the dial indicator to
read 0.00 mm (0.00 inch).
4. Rotate the crankshaft at intervals of 90 degrees
and read the dial indicator.
5. The difference between the lower measurements
and the higher measurements that are read on
the dial indicator at all four points must not be
more than 0.18 mm (0.007 inch).

If the reading on the dial indicator is more than

0.12 mm (0.005 inch), inspect the pulley and the
vibration damper for damage. If the pulley or the
vibration damper are damaged, use new parts
for replacement.

66
Testing and Adjusting Section

Electrical System
i01854888

Air Inlet Heater - Test

Make sure that the battery condition and the battery

charge are satisfactory. Make sure that all electrical
connections are tight. The electrical system can
have reduced voltage if the following conditions
exist:

A discharged battery
A loose connection

Tests For The Air Inlet Heater

Reduced voltage may cause slow cranking of the

starter motor and failure of the heater unit to be
activated.
NOTICE
If operated for a long period of time, The air inlet heater
can create excessive heat. Excessive heat can damage the air inlet heater.

Leak Test For The Air Inlet Heater On The

Engine

Illustration 86
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

g00910925

Electrical connection
Fuel inlet
Ball valve
Valve holder
Wire coil
Ignition coil

The air inlet heater (1) is located in the air inlet

manifold on the right side of the engine.

Basic Operation
The air inlet heater frequently appears to leak
because the ignition coil (6) is wet. The air inlet
heater may be wet because the diesel fuel does
not burn completely. This condition is normal. This
condition does not indicate that the ball valve (3)
has fuel leakage. If a leak is suspected, perform
the leakage test.
Check the heater operation by determining if the
inlet manifold is warm to the touch near the heater
after approximately ten seconds of operation. The
inlet manifold should be warm.
Inspect the fuel tank and the fuel supply line (2) to
the air inlet heater for restrictions and leakage of
fuel. Fuel flow through the heater should be 3.5 to
5.9 cc/min (0.21 to 0.36 cu in/min).
Check the fuel shutoff valve for correct operation.
A poor seal on the fuel shutoff valve can cause air
to enter the system which will cause extra cranking
of the engine before starting. Be sure that all fuel
connections are not leaking air.

Use the following procedure in order to test for a

leak in the air inlet heater.
1. Disconnect the fuel supply line (2) and the
electrical connection on the air inlet heater. Be
sure that the electrical connector is insulated
from contact with metal engine components.
Remove the air inlet heater from the manifold.
Place a suitable plug in the manifold in order
to prevent debris from entering the air inlet
manifold.
2. Connect the fuel supply line to the air inlet
heater. Loosely tighten the connection fitting.
Operate the priming lever of the fuel transfer
pump until only fuel which is free of air flows from
the connection. Tighten the connection fitting.

Work carefully around an engine that is running.

Engine parts that are hot, or parts that are moving,
can cause personal injury.
3. Start the engine and operate the engine at low
speed. Check that there is no fuel leakage from
the valve of the air inlet heater.

67
Testing and Adjusting Section

4. If leakage exists, the air inlet heater must be

replaced. If no fuel leakage occurs, remove the
plug from the inlet manifold and disconnect the
fuel supply line from the air inlet heater. Install the
air inlet heater in the air inlet manifold. Connect
the fuel supply line to the heater. Operate the
priming lever of the fuel transfer pump until only
fuel which is free of air flows from the connection.
Connect the electrical wire connector.

Leak Test For The Air Inlet Heater Off The

Engine
Use this test in order to test for leakage of fuel
in the air inlet heater if a pressurized air supply is
available.
NOTICE
The air inlet heater may be damaged if more than
140 kPa (20 psi) of air pressure is used.

Pressurized air can cause personal injury. When

pressurized air is used for cleaning, wear a protective face shield, protective clothing, and protective
shoes.
1. Remove the air inlet heater from the inlet
manifold. Connect an air supply to the fuel inlet
passage. The maximum pressure of the air
supply should be 140 kPa (20 psi).
2. Put the air inlet heater in a container of clean
diesel fuel for ten seconds. No air bubbles
should be visible from the air inlet heater. If the
air inlet heater is not faulty, remove the fuel from
the air inlet heater. Reinstall the air inlet heater
in the air inlet manifold. If leakage of air occurs,
install a new air inlet heater.

Electrical Test
Conduct this test in order to determine if sufficient
electrical current is provided to the air inlet heater
for proper operation.
1. Disconnect the electrical wire from the air inlet
heater.
2. Connect the clamp lead of a suitable voltage
tester to a good ground connection.
3. Connect the probe end of the tester to the
disconnected electrical wire.
4. The light of the tester turns on in order to indicate
that electrical continuity to the air inlet heater
exists.

5. Connect a suitable ammeter between the

electrical supply and the air inlet heater. Turn the
ignition switch to the ON position. Activate the
switch for the air inlet heater. The normal current
is 16 to 18 amperes at 12 volts.
Note: A cold engine should start after the heater coil
has operated for 20 seconds. If the engine does not
start but the air inlet heater and the area of the inlet
manifold around the air inlet heater are warm, either
the starting procedure has not been done correctly
or the problem is not caused by the air inlet heater.
i01854848

Alternator - Test
1. Put the positive lead + of a suitable multimeter
on the Bat terminal of the alternator. Put the
negative - lead on the ground terminal or on the
frame of the alternator. Put a suitable ammeter
around the positive output wire of the alternator.
2. Turn off all electrical accessories. Turn off the fuel
to the engine. Crank the engine for 30 seconds.
Wait for two minutes in order to cool the starting
motor. If the electrical system appears to operate
correctly, crank the engine again for 30 seconds.
Note: Cranking the engine for 30 seconds partially
discharges the batteries in order to do a charging
test. If the battery has a low charge, do not perform
this step. Jump start the engine or charge the
battery before the engine is started.
3. Start the engine and run the engine at full throttle.
4. Check the output current of the alternator.
The initial charging current should be equal
to the minimum full load current or greater
than the minimum full load current. Refer to
Specifications, Alternator and Regulator for the
correct minimum full load current.

68
Testing and Adjusting Section

Table 10

Fault Conditions And Possible Causes

Current At Start-up

The Voltage Is Below

Specifications After 10
Minutes.

The Voltage Is Within

Specifications After 10
Minutes.

The Voltage Is Above

Specifications After 10
Minutes.

Less than the

specifications

Replace the alternator.

Check the circuit of the
ignition switch.

Turn on all accessories. If the

voltage decreases below the
specifications, replace the
alternator.

Decreases after matching

specifications

Replace the alternator.

The alternator and the battery

match the specifications. Turn
on all accessories in order to
verify that the voltage stays
within specifications.

Replace the alternator.

The voltage consistently

exceeds specifications.

Test the battery. Test the

alternator again.

The alternator operates

within the specifications. Test
the battery.

Replace the alternator.

Inspect the battery for
damage.

5. After approximately ten minutes of operating the

engine at full throttle, the output voltage of the
alternator should be 14.0 0.5 volts for a 12
volt system. After approximately ten minutes of
operating the engine at full throttle, the output
voltage of the alternator should be 28.0 1 volts
for a 24 volt system. Refer to the Fault Conditions
And Possible Causes in Table 10.
6. After ten minutes of engine operation,
the charging current should decrease to
approximately 10 amperes. The actual length of
time for the decrease to 10 amperes depends on
the following conditions:

The battery charge

The ambient temperature
The rpm of the engine
Refer to the Fault Conditions And Possible
Causes in Table 10.
i01126605

Battery - Test
Most of the tests of the electrical system can be
done on the engine. The wiring insulation must be
in good condition. The wire and cable connections
must be clean, and both components must be tight.

Never disconnect any charging unit circuit or battery circuit cable from the battery when the charging unit is operated. A spark can cause an explosion from the flammable vapor mixture of hydrogen and oxygen that is released from the electrolyte through the battery outlets. Injury to personnel can be the result.
The battery circuit is an electrical load on the
charging unit. The load is variable because of the
condition of the charge in the battery.
NOTICE
The charging unit will be damaged if the connections
between the battery and the charging unit are broken
while the battery is being charged. Damage occurs
because the load from the battery is lost and because
there is an increase in charging voltage. High voltage
will damage the charging unit, the regulator, and other
electrical components.
See Special Instruction, SEHS7633, Battery Test
Procedure for the correct procedures to use to
test the battery. This publication also contains the
specifications to use when you test the battery.

69
Testing and Adjusting Section

i01861334

V-Belt - Test
Table 11

Belt Tension Chart

Size of Belt

Width of Belt

1/2

13.89 mm (0.547 Inch)

Gauge Reading
Initial Belt Tension(1)

Used Belt Tension(2)

535 N (120 lb)

355 N (80 lb)

Measure the tension of the belt that is farthest from the engine.
(1)
(2)

Initial Belt Tension refers to a new belt.

Used Belt Tension refers to a belt that has been in operation for 30 minutes or more at the rated speed.

1. Check the belts for wear and check the belts for
damage. Belts must always be changed as a
pair.
2. Fit a suitable Burroughs gauge at the center of
the longest free length of belt and check the
tension on both belts. Check and adjust the
tension on the tightest belt. To adjust the belt
tension, see Disassembly and Assembly Manual,
Alternator - Install.
i01461457

Alternator output should be 28 1 volt on a 24 volt

system and 14 0.5 volt on a 12 volt system. No
adjustment can be made in order to change the rate
of charge on the alternator regulators. If the rate of
charge is not correct, a replacement of the regulator
is necessary. For individual alternator output, refer
to Specification, Alternator and Regulator.
See Special Instruction, REHS0354, Charging
System Troubleshooting for the correct procedures
to use to test the charging system. This publication
also contains the specifications to use when you
test the charging system.

Charging System - Test

i01854593

Electric Starting System - Test

The condition of charge in the battery at each
regular inspection will show if the charging system
is operating correctly. An adjustment is necessary
when the battery is constantly in a low condition of
charge or a large amount of water is needed. There
are no adjustments on maintenance free batteries.
A large amount of water would be more than one
ounce of water per cell per week or per every 100
service hours.
When it is possible, make a test of the charging unit
and voltage regulator on the engine, and use wiring
and components that are a permanent part of the
system. Off-engine testing or bench testing will give
a test of the charging unit and voltage regulator
operation. This testing will give an indication of
needed repair. After repairs are made, perform
a test in order to prove that the units have been
repaired to the original condition of operation.

Alternator Regulator
The charging rate of the alternator should be
checked when an alternator is charging the battery
too much or not charging the battery enough.

General Information
All electrical starting systems have four elements:

Ignition switch
Start relay
Starting motor solenoid
Starting motor
Start switches have a capacity of 5 to 20 amperes.
The coil of a start relay draws about 1 ampere
between test points. The switch contacts of the start
relay for the starting motor are rated between 100
and 300 amperes. The start relay can easily switch
the load of 5 to 50 amperes for the starting motor
solenoid.
The starting motor solenoid is a switch with a
capacity of about 1000 amperes. The starting motor
solenoid supplies power to the starter drive. The
starting motor solenoid also engages the pinion to
the flywheel.

70
Testing and Adjusting Section

The starting motor solenoid has two coils. The

pull-in coil draws about 40 amperes. The hold-in
coil requires about 5 amperes.
When the magnetic force increases in both coils,
the pinion gear moves toward the ring gear of the
flywheel. Then, the solenoid contacts close in order
to provide power to the starting motor. When the
solenoid contacts close, the ground is temporarily
removed from the pull-in coil. Battery voltage is
supplied on both ends of the pull-in coil while the
starting motor cranks. During this period, the pull-in
coil is out of the circuit.
Cranking of the engine continues until current to the
solenoid is stopped by releasing the ignition switch.
Power which is available during cranking varies
according to the temperature and condition of the
batteries. The following chart shows the voltages
which are expected from a battery at the various
temperature ranges.
Table 12

Table 13

Maximum Acceptable Voltage Drop In The Starting

Motor Circuit During Cranking
Circuit

12 Volt
System

24 Volt
System

Battery post - to
the starting motor
terminal -

0.7 volts

1.4 volts

Drop across the

disconnect switch

0.5 volts

1.0 volts

Battery post +
to the terminal of
the starting motor
solenoid +

0.5 volts

1.0 volts

Solenoid terminal
Bat to the solenoid
terminal Mtr

0.4 volts

0.8 volts

Voltage drops that are greater than the amounts in

Table 13 are caused most often by the following
conditions:

Typical Voltage Of Electrical System During Cranking

At Various Ambient Temperatures

Loose connections

Temperature

12 Volt
System

24 Volt
System

Corroded connections

23 to 7C
(10 to 20F)

6 to 8 volts

12 to 16 volts

7 to 10C
(20 to 50F)

7 to 9 volts

14 to 18 volts

10 to 27C
(50 to 80F)

8 to 10 volts

16 to 24 volts

The following table shows the maximum acceptable

loss of voltage in the battery circuit. The battery
circuit supplies high current to the starting motor.
The values in the table are for engines which have
service of 2000 hours or more.

Faulty switch contacts

Diagnosis Procedure
The procedures for diagnosing the starting motor
are intended to help the technician determine if a
starting motor needs to be replaced or repaired.
The procedures are not intended to cover all
possible problems and conditions. The procedures
serve only as a guide.
NOTICE
If equipped with electric start, do not crank the engine
for more than 30 seconds. Allow the starter to cool for
two minutes before cranking again.
Never turn the disconnect switch off while the engine
is running. Serious damage to the electrical system
can result.
If the starting motor does not crank or cranks slow,
perform the following procedure:
1. Measure the voltage of the battery.
Measure the voltage across the battery posts
with the multimeter when you are cranking the
engine or attempting to crank the engine. Do
not measure the voltage across the cable post
clamps.

71
Testing and Adjusting Section

a. If the voltage is equal or greater than the

voltage in Table 12, then go to Step 2.
b. The battery voltage is less than the voltage
in Table 12.
A low charge in a battery can be caused by
several conditions.

Deterioration of the battery

A shorted starting motor
A faulty alternator
Loose drive belts

b. If the voltage is equal or greater than the

voltage that is given in Table 12, then the
battery and the starting motor cable that goes
to the starting motor are within specifications.
Go to Step 5.
c. The starting motor voltage is less than the
voltage specified in Table 12. The voltage
drop between the battery and the starting
motor is too great. Go to Step 4.
4. Measure the voltage.
a. Measure the voltage drops in the cranking
circuits with the multimeter. Compare the
results with the voltage drops which are
allowed in Table 13.

Current leakage in another part of the

2. Measure the current that is sent to the starting
motor solenoid from the positive post of the
battery.

b. Voltage drops are equal to the voltage drops

that are given in Table 13 or the voltage drops
are less than the voltage drops that are given
in Table 13. Go to Step 5 in order to check
the engine.

Note: If the following conditions exist, do not

perform the test in Step 2 because the starting
motor has a problem.

c. The voltage drops are greater than the voltage

drops that are given in Table 13. The faulty
component should be repaired or replaced.

The voltage at the battery post is within 2

5. Rotate the crankshaft by hand in order to ensure

that the crankshaft is not stuck. Check the oil
viscosity and any external loads that could affect
the engine rotation.

electrical system

volts of the lowest value in the applicable

temperature range of Table 12.

The large starting motor cables get hot.

Use a suitable ammeter in order to measure the
current. Place the jaws of the ammeter around
the cable that is connected to the bat terminal.
Refer to the Specifications Module, Starting
Motor for the maximum current that is allowed
for no load conditions.
The current and the voltages that are specified
in the Specifications Module are measured
at a temperature of 27C (80F). When the
temperature is below 27C (80F), the voltage
will be lower through the starting motor. When
the temperature is below 27C (80F), the current
through the starting motor will be higher. If the
current is too great, a problem exists in the
starting motor. Repair the problem or replace the
starting motor.
If the current is within the specification, proceed
to Step 3.
3. Measure the voltage of the starting motor.
a. Use the multimeter in order to measure the
voltage of the starting motor, when you are
cranking or attempting to crank the engine.

a. If the crankshaft is stuck or difficult to turn,

repair the engine.
b. If the engine is not difficult to turn, go to Step
6.
6. Attempt to crank the starting motor.
a. The starting motor cranks slowly.
Remove the starting motor for repair or
replacement.
b. The starting motor does not crank.
Check for the blocked engagement of the
pinion gear and flywheel ring gear.
Note: Blocked engagement and open solenoid
contacts will give the same electrical symptoms.

72
Index Section

Index
A

Air in Fuel - Test..................................................... 35

Air Inlet and Exhaust System .......................... 10, 42
Turbocharger...................................................... 11
Valve System Components................................ 12
Air Inlet and Exhaust System - Inspect.................. 42
Air Inlet Heater - Test............................................. 66
Tests For The Air Inlet Heater ............................ 66
Alternator - Test ..................................................... 67

Electric Starting System - Test .............................. 69

Diagnosis Procedure.......................................... 70
General Information ........................................... 69
Electrical System............................................. 14, 66
Alternator ........................................................... 15
Starting Motor .................................................... 14
Electronic Control System ..................................... 25
ECM ................................................................... 26
Introduction (Electronic Control System) ........... 25
Pressure Sensors .............................................. 27
Speed/Timing Sensor ........................................ 26
Temperature Sensors......................................... 28
Voltage Load Protection Module ........................ 28
Engine Oil Cooler - Inspect.................................... 55
Engine Oil Pressure - Test..................................... 49
High Oil Pressure............................................... 49
Low Oil Pressure................................................ 49
Engine Oil Pump - Inspect..................................... 49
Engine Operation..................................................... 6
Engine Valve Lash - Inspect/Adjust ....................... 45
Valve Lash Adjustment ...................................... 46
Valve Lash Check .............................................. 46
Excessive Bearing Wear - Inspect......................... 50
Excessive Engine Oil Consumption - Inspect........ 50
Engine Oil Leaks into the Combustion Area of the
Cylinders .......................................................... 50
Engine Oil Leaks on the Outside of the Engine.. 50

B
Basic Engine...................................................... 6, 57
Camshaft.............................................................. 9
Connecting Rods ................................................. 8
Crankshaft............................................................ 9
Cylinder Block ...................................................... 7
Cylinder Head ...................................................... 7
Gears and Timing Gear Case .............................. 9
Introduction (Basic Engine).................................. 6
Pistons ................................................................. 8
Vibration Damper ................................................. 9
Battery - Test ......................................................... 68
C
Charging System - Test ......................................... 69
Alternator Regulator........................................... 69
Compression - Test................................................ 45
Connecting Rod - Inspect ...................................... 57
Distortion of The Connecting Rod...................... 59
Length of The Connecting Rod .......................... 58
Cooling System ............................................... 12, 52
Coolant Flow ...................................................... 13
Introduction (Cooling System)............................ 12
Cooling System - Check ........................................ 52
Engine And Cooling System Heat Problems ..... 52
Cooling System - Inspect....................................... 52
Visual Inspection Of The Cooling System.......... 52
Cooling System - Test............................................ 53
Checking the Filler Cap...................................... 53
Making the Correct Antifreeze Mixtures............. 53
Testing The Radiator And Cooling System For
Leaks................................................................ 54
Cylinder Block - Inspect......................................... 59
Cylinder Head - Inspect ......................................... 60
Resurfacing the Cylinder Head .......................... 60
Cylinder Liner Projection - Inspect......................... 60
Inspection Of The Cylinder Liner ....................... 61

F
Finding Top Center Position for No. 1 Piston .........
Flywheel - Inspect..................................................
Alignment of the Flywheel Face .........................
Flywheel Runout ................................................
Flywheel Housing - Inspect ...................................
Alignment of the Flywheel Housing....................
Concentricity of the Flywheel Housing...............
Fuel Injection .........................................................
Air Inlet Heater ...................................................
Fuel Injection Pump ...........................................
Fuel Injectors .....................................................
Fuel Priming Pump ............................................
Introduction (Fuel Injection) ...............................
Primary Filter/water Separator ...........................
Secondary Fuel Filter.........................................
Fuel Injection Timing - Check ................................
Fuel Quality - Test..................................................
Fuel System...........................................................
Fuel System - Inspect............................................
Fuel System - Prime..............................................
Fuel System Pressure - Test .................................

36
62
62
63
63
63
63
16
18
19
24
17
16
17
17
37
38
35
35
38
40

73
Index Section

Water Temperature Regulator - Test...................... 56

G
Gear Group - Inspect............................................. 64
Gear Group (Front) - Time..................................... 40
General Information................................................. 4
Glossary of Electronic Control Terms .................... 32
I
Important Safety Information ................................... 2
Increased Engine Oil Temperature - Inspect ......... 51
Introduction.............................................................. 4
L
Lubrication System.......................................... 13, 49
P
Piston Height - Inspect ..........................................
Piston Ring Groove - Inspect.................................
Inspect the Clearance of the Piston Ring...........
Inspect the Piston and the Piston Rings ............
Inspect the Piston Ring End Gap.......................
Power Sources ......................................................
ECM Power Supply ............................................
Introduction (Power Supplies) ............................
Power Supply for the Fuel Injection Pump .........
Power Supply for the Pressure Sensors ............
Power supply of the Air Inlet Heater...................

61
57
57
57
57
28
29
28
30
31
31

S
Systems Operation Section ..................................... 4
T
Table of Contents..................................................... 3
Testing and Adjusting Section ............................... 35
Turbocharger - Inspect........................................... 42
Inspection of the Compressor and the Compressor
Housing ............................................................ 43
Inspection of the Turbine Wheel and the Turbine
Housing ............................................................ 43
Inspection of the Wastegate .............................. 44
V
V-Belt - Test ...........................................................
Valve Depth - Inspect ............................................
Valve Guide - Inspect ............................................
Vibration Damper - Check .....................................

69
47
48
65

W
Water Pump - Inspect............................................ 56