COMPACT HIGH PRODUCTION CORN DE-SEEDING MACHINE

ABSTRACT

India is presently is in need of technology in the agricultural field.

The farmers face a lot of problem in extracting the grains (seeds) from
the crops (harvest) i.e., the huge yield. The farmers need to do all the
segregating processes manually which is a cumbersome task for them
and also this increases the cost of the final products. The low quality in
the products can be attributed the impediment in the use of technology
for the agricultural purposes. Taking the example of separating the corn
grains as known is a very cumbersome and time taking process when
to be done on a large scale. This consuming of time can be reduced to
a considerably large extent by the use of a corn de-seeding machine.
This machine de-seeds the corn in a mechanical way thereby reducing
the time required.
The productivity of the single machine is increased than the
existing machine. If we try to manufacture this machine in mass
production the cost of the machine could be reduced optimally. In this
Compact High Production Corn De-Seeding Machine, the de-seeding of
corn takes place by shearing action between Casing and Spikes welded
to the Drum, the clearance maintained between the Spikes and Casing
is in such a way that increases initially from the hopper end and it
gradually decreases to the of casing.

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CONTENTS

Sl. No

TITLE

Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 2

Objective

Chapter 3

Literature Survey

Chapter 4

Presently used
Machine
Machine

Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7

Selection of Design
Criteria
Design Procedure

Chapter 8

Design Calculation

Chapter 9

Fabrication

Chapter 10

Advantages

Chapter 11

Disadvantages

Chapter 12

Applications

Chapter 13

Cost Estimation

Chapter 14

Expenditure

Chapter 15

Conclusion

Chapter 16

Reference

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Chapter - 1

INTRODUCTION
In todays industrial world mans innovative ideas has
taken him towards all directions concerning about the production and
safety in industrial establishments. Some instruments are of shear
excellence where as others are the result of long research and
persistent work, but it is not the amount of time and money spends in
the invention of device or the sophistication of it operation is
important, but its convenience, utility and operational efficiency that
are important in considering the device.

India is presently is in need of technology in the agricultural field.

The farmers need to do all the segregating processes manually which is
a cumbersome task for them and also this increases the cost of the
final products.

Here is a device which is based on scientific principles of

machines. It is simple, cheap and maintenance free that is produced as
result of this project work. The corn de-seeding machine can use in
areas like mills etc. This device can cut the grains and separates the
cub.

The existing methods of corn husking in agriculture industry

consists of breaking the grains by hand the pieces, both of which are
not effective and time consuming expose. Safety being a prime
consideration, an innovative idea such as this would go long way in
solving this simple but serious problem.

As for as cost aspects is concerned it works much cheaper as

compared to human labor, since the major component is rotating drum
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and casing arrangement. The size of machine is important feature in

considering the capacity of the device.

The operating cost of the device is low as it requires only a single

person to operate as compared to manual method. Its maintenance
cost is almost negligible as it requires only periodic lubrication.

Basically there are machines for De-seeding the corns but they
are costlier enough so that small scale farmers cant afford it.

To

overcome this, we thought of developing a machine for the same

purpose with minimum cost as far as possible.

And later we got the idea of making it automatic using the

Robotic Arm. This Machine with the cylindrical rotating drum with
spikes welded to it, removes the corn through the shearing action
between the Maize & spikes and Maize & casing. Robotic arm, which is
automatically controlled through microcontroller, is used to feed the
corn to the De-seeding machine at regular intervals of time.

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Chapter - 2

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

To manufacture a machine which helps the Indian farmers who
are the backbone of national economy.
To make a complete device which reduce the human effort and
cost of the machine.
To make a device this is suitable for small scale industries.
Simple machine construction and better features.
Developing a machine which cuts grains of the corn in less time.
To make it affordable to the common farmer.
To make it compact in size.
To make it portable.

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Chapter 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

Maize, known in many English-speaking countries as corn, is a

grain

domesticated

by

indigenous

peoples

in

Mesoamerica

in

prehistoric times.

The

Aztecs

and Mayans

cultivated in

numerous

varieties

throughout central and southern Mexico, to cook or grind in a process

called nixtamalization. Later, the crop spread through much of the
Americas. Between 170 and 1250 BC, the crop spread to all corners of
the region. Any significant or dense populations in the region
developed a great trade network based on surplus and varieties of
maize crops. After European contact with the Americas in the late 15 th
and 16th centuries, explorers and traders carried maize back to Europe
and introduced it to other countries through trade. Maize spread to the
rest of the world due to its popularity and ability to grow in diverse
climates.

Maize is the most widely grown crops in the Americas with 332
million metric tons grow annually in the United States alone (40% of
the crop 130 million tons used for corn ethanol. Transgenic maize
made up 85% of the maize planted in United States in 2009. While
some maize varieties grow to 12 meters (39ft) tall, most commercially
grown maize has been bred for a standardized height of 2.5 meters
(8.2 ft). Sweet corn has shorter than field-corn varieties.

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Fig. (1.1)

Fig. (1.2)

Maize stems superficially resemble bamboo canes and internodes

can reach 44.5 centimeters. Maize has a distinct growth from; the
lower leaves being like broad flags, generally 50-100 centimeters long
and 5-10 centimeters wide (2-4 ft by2-4 in); the stems are erect ,
conventionally 2-3 meters (7-10 ft) In height, with many nodes, casting

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off flag-leaves at every node. Under these leaves and close to the stem
grow the ears. They grow about 3 millimeters a day.

The ears are female inflorescence, tightly covered over by

several layers of leaves, and so closed- in by them to the stem that
they do not show themselves easily until the emergence of the pale
yellow silks from the leaf whorl at the end of the ear. The silks are
elongated stigma as that look like tuffs of hair, at first green and later
red or yellow. Plantings for silage are even denser, and achieve a lower
percentage of ears and more plant matter. Certain varieties of been
bred to produce many additional developed ears. These are the source
of baby corn used as vegetables in Asian cuisine.

Maize is facultative long-night plant and flowers in a certain

number of growing degree days>50 0 F (100 C) in the environment to
which it is adapted. The magnitude of the influence that long nights
have on the number of days that must pass before maize flower is
genetically prescribed and regulated by the phyto chrome system.
Photoperiodicity can be eccentric in tropical cultivars, while the longdays characteristics of higher latitude allow the plants to grow tall that
do not have enough time to produce seed before being killed by frost.
These attributes, however, may prove useful in using tropical maize for
bio fuels.

The apex of the stem ends in the tassel, an inflorescence of male

flowers. When the tassel is mature and suitably warm and dry, anthers
on the tassel dehisce and release pollen. Maize pollen is anemophilous
(dispersed by wind) and because of its large settling velocity most
pollen falls within a few meters of the tassel. Each silk may become
pollinated to produce one karnel of maize. Young ears can be
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consumed raw, with the cob and silk, but as the plant matures (usually
during the summer months) the cob becomes tougher and the dries to
inedibility. By the end the growing season, the karnels dry out and
become difficult to chew without cooking them tender first in boiling
water. Modern farming techniques in developed countries usually rely
on dense planting, which produce one large ear per stalk.

Husk (or hull) in botany is the outer shell or coating of a

seeding. It often refers to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize as
it grows on the plant. Literally a husk or hull includes the protective
outer covering of a seed, fruit or vegetable. It can also refer to the
exuvia of bugs or small animals left behind after moulting.

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De-seeding
De-seeding of corn is the process of removal of its inner layers,
leaving only the cob or seed rack of the corn.

Fig.

(1.3)

De-seeding is the process of removing the hulls (or chaff) from

beans and other seed. This is sometimes done using a machine known
as a huller. To prepare the seeds to have oils extracted from them, they
are cleaned to remove any foreign objects. Next, the seed have their
hulls, or outer coverings or husk, removed. There are three different
types of de-seeding systems that can be used to process soybeans: Hot
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De-seeding, Warm De-seeding and Cold De-seeding. Hot De-seeding is

the system offered in areas where beans are processed directly from
the field. Warm De-seeding is often used by processors who import
their soybeans. Cold De-seeding is offered to plants that have existing
drying and conditioning equipment, but need to add De-seeding
equipment to produce high protein meal. The different De-seeding
temperature options are different types of production, beans and
preparation equipment.

A huller or husker is an agricultural machine used to automate

the process of removing the chaffs and the outer husks of grain.
Throughout history, there have been numerous techniques to hull rice,
in more recent times the processes are mechanized, and the machine
is called a huller or rice huller. These machines are most widely
developed and used throughout Asia. The common idea is to shake and
have them collide and scratch each other and container-walls, thereby
loosening the outer husk and then blowing the lighter husk away. Other
methods pass the grains between rubber rolls or other soft material,
this is often less damaging to the grains.

Types of Huller

Rotary huller

This type of the machine gets the brown rice in good quality by a
cylindrical sieve set inside the body.

Swimming huller

By swimming a set of sieves, it separates the brown rice.

Mangoku-shiki huller

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Mangoku , sometimes called Elec-Huller, was first developed

during the Edo period of Japan and is still the most efficient way of
grading harvested rice.
Most modern hullers are driven by a motor, usually gasoline or
electric, and are fully automated, computer controlled food processing
systems.

Cornhusker
A cornhusker strips the husks from the ears of corn. In the USSR,
the OPP-5 semi mounted machine is used. The husking device consists
of eight pairs of rollers: each member of each pair turns toward the
other. The pickup unit picks up the ears, and a conveyer drops them
into the husking device. The cleaned ears go onto a sorting conveyer,
where unhusked ears are removed manually and put on the rollers for a
second husking. Diseased and underdeveloped ears are thrown out. An
elevator drops the cleaned ears unto a wagon or arranges them in a
pile. The working parts of are driven by the power takeoff of then
tractor. The husker has a productivity of 4-5 tons/hr. the husking device
of corn-harvesting combine has the same design. The cornhusker used
outside the USSR function similarly.
Hold the stem at end of the husked ear of corn and rest the tip of
the ear on the bottom of a very large bowl. Using a sharp paring knife
to cut off corn karnels and let them fall into the bowl. Be careful to cut
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just the karnels and not include any of the tough, inedible cub. (Better,
on fact, to leave some karnel behind than to include some cob).
Continue cutting around the ear to remove all karnels.
Cutting the karnels into a bowl makes much less mess and makes
it easier to hold the ear at an angle that allows you to cut down around
the ear safely.
Seed Corn is brought in from the field where the Hughes Husker
performs the task of anciently removing the husk from around the ear
as well as any filed trash. The husk free ear is then discharged from the
husking bed for further processing. Corn is fed into the in feed hopper
through the use of a metering tilt belt. The hoppers convey the corn to
the vibratory feed plan which creates an evenly distributed flow of corn
onto the husking bd. The husking bed is comprised of a specific
number of lanes that consist of two centred shafts rotating against
each other. Attached to these shafts are a variety of different possible
roll combinations that grab the husk and remove it from around the
ear. The husk free ear travels to the end of the bed where it is
conveyed away for further processing.

Features

It is easy to operate machine.

Due to its large size, output of the operation is high.
It consists of rollers, separator, weight pressing rollers etc.
Speed of the roller is adjustable.
Normally the corn husker has air cooling system.

Mechanical Operations
In the husking machine the paddy or rice is fed into a husking
chamber. The rollers present in the chamber moves in opposite
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direction with different speeds. The corn is husked when it is passed

between the rollers. The pneumatic control system in some of the
husker machine ensures a uniform husking ratio. The corn so husked is
discharged into the aspirator which separates the brown corn, husk and
immature grains. The separated grains are then separately discharged
by the screw conveyors.

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Chapter 4

PRESENTLY USED MACHINE

Fig. (4.1)

Fig.
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COMPACT HIGH PRODUCTION CORN DE-SEEDING MACHINE

Chapter 5

THE MACHINE

Fig. (5.1)

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WORKING
The device is simple in operation consisting of following parts

Drum
Spikes
Casing
Stand
Motor
Belt
Shaft
Pulleys
The compact high production corn deseeding machine is a simple

in design and in construction. In this machine the corn is deseeded

from the cub by shearing action between the drum spikes and casing.
The power from the motor which is been placed at the base of
the machine is transmitted to the Drum through V-Belt drive. The
Speed ratio between the Drum and the Motor is 1/4 using pulleys.
The corn is sent through the hopper provided on the top of the
Compact High Production Corn De-Seeding Machine. Then the corn
descends through the clearance which is been provided between the
Drum spikes and spiral casing up to the point of contact that takes
between corn cub and Drum spikes. Due to the high rotational force
provided by the Drum the corn shears between Drum spikes and Spiral
casing which has been fixed into the housing.
The clearance which has been provided between the Drum
spikes and Spiral casing goes on decreasing gradually from the top of
the hopper to the end of the Casing.
Since clearance goes on decreasing from the hopper, the
different sizes of corn grains can be the De-seeded from the cub.

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Till the complete removal of the corn grains from the cub, the
Corn cub revolves around the Drum. After the complete removal
process, the cub is been ejected outside through the casing end.
This De-seeded cub and grains are been collected in the tray
which is been provided in front of the machine and there after the
corns and grains can be separated.

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Chapter - 6

SELECTION & DESIGN CRITERIA

General requirements of machine design

High productivity
Ability to produce and provide required accuracy of safe and size and
also necessary surface finish
Simplicity of design
Safety and easy to control
Low cost
Design and process are simple
Good appearance
Light weight
Compact in size

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Chapter 7

DESIGN PROCEDURE
Before we proceed to the process of manufacturing, it is
necessary to have some knowledge about the project design. It is
essential to design the project before starting the manufacturing
without side effects, the product consists of

Functional design

Product design

Engineering design

Design procedure for a product:

When a new product or their elements are to be designed, a
designer may proceed as follows:
1. Make a detailed statement of the problem completely; it should
be as clear as possible and also of the purpose for which the
machine is to be designed.
2. Make selection of the possible mechanism which will give the
desire motion.
3. Determine the forces acting on it and energy transmitted by each
element of the Machine.
4. Select the material best suited for each element of the Machine.
5. Determine the allowable or design stress considering all the
factors that affect the Strength of the Machine part.
6. Identify the importance and necessary and application of the
machine.

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7. Problems with existing requirement of the machine productivity

and demand.
8. Determine the size of each element with a view to prevent undue
distortion or breakage under the applied load.
9. Modify the machine element or parts to agree with the past
experience and judgment and to facilitate manufacture.
10.

Make assembly and detail drawings of the machine with

complete specification for the materials and manufacturing

method i.e. accuracy, Surface finish etc.

COMPONENTS:

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I.

Mechanical frame and casing:

Fig. (7.1)

CONSTRUCTION:
The dimensions of L-angle frame is 42x18x24 inches (L x B x H).
The curvature of casing is 12 inches, along the circumference of
the drum.
Each rod of 14 inches are arranged parallel.
Two plane angles of 14.8 inches are been welded at the bottom
of the frame for motor position.

II.

DRUM

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Fig. (7.2)

CONSTRUCTION
Diameter of the drum is 6.5 inch.
Dimension of the shaft

Length 21 inch.

Diameter 20 mm.

Spikes length 1.5 inch. Are arranged in zigzag fashion

Pulley of diameter 6 inch is fixed at the one end of the shaft.
Side plates of diameter 7.5 inch and thickness of 3mm are
welded on both sides of drum.

III.

Single Phase AC Motor

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Fig. (7.3)

SPECIFICATION
Capacity of the Motor = 1 HP
= 0.748 KW
Speed of the Motor = 1750 rpm

Assembly:

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Fig. (7.4)

Drafting:

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Fig. (7.5)

Chapter - 8

CALCULATION
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Design of shaft
A solid shaft rotating at 1450rpm is made of mild steel. The shaft
here is subjected to both bending moment and torsional stresses. The
ultimate shear stress of a mild steel shaft from design data is 210Mpa.
The safe load is 300N (30Kg). the shaft length 560mm is subjected to
bending moment and torsional stresses.

Known data:

Diameter of Drum = 6.5inch = 165mm

Diameter of Larger pulley, D2 = 6inch = 152mm
Diameter of Smaller pulley = 1.5inch = 38.16mm
Power of the motor = 1HP = 0.746KW
Speed of the Motor, N1 = 1750rpm

From speed ratio we have,

D1N1 = D2N2

.(8.1)

D1/D2 = N2/N1
1.5/6 = N2/1750
N2 = 437.5rpm

Now to find torque we have,

P = 2N2T/60

.(8.2)

0.746 = 2*3.142*437.5*T/60

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T = 0.01628 KN-m

Now force acting on drum,

F = T/r

.(8.3)

F = 0.01628/0.1524
F = 0.1068 KN

Bending Moment,
BM = WL/4

.(8.4)

BM = 0.1068*406.4/4
BM = 10.85 KN-mm

From the general Bending equation we have,

M/I = /y

.(8.5)

M*64/*d4 = F*d*4/*2*d2
d3 = 32*M/F
d3 = 32*10.85/0.1068
d = 14.814 mm.

Since we have chosen the diameter of shaft 25 mm, according to

calculation minimum diameter of shaft is 14.8 mm. Hence Design of
shaft is safe.

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Design of open V-Belt

Centre Distance,
C = d1/2+d2/2+l .(8.6)
= 1.5/2+6/2+14.5
C = 18.25 inches
C = 463.55 mm

+{2 sin 1 ( Dd)/2 C

}* /180

1 4.525.4
+{2 sin
2463.55 }*

}* /180

/180

/180

= 3.3887 radians.

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-{2 sin 1 ( Dd)/2 C

1 4.525.4
-{2 sin
2463.55 }*

= 2.8943 radians

Length of Belt,
L = {4C2-(D2-D1)2}1/2+(D2L+ D1S)/2

.(8.7)

L = {4*463.552-(152.4-38.1)2}1/2+(152.4*3.385+
38.1*2.897)/2
L = 920.027+313.1248
L = 1233.152 mm
L = 48.55 inches

Since we have the V-Belt of size 47-B. According to the design of

Belt calculation L=48.55 inches. To get the tension, the Belt selected
should be less than the Design value. Hence the design of belt is safe.

Design of Angle:
Due to the load of drum, casing, sheet metal and self weight of
angle, the angle may buckle in two planes at right angles to each other
and also the force acting on the frame due to shearing action. For
buckling of the vertical plane, the link considered as hinged at the mid
point and for buckling in a plane perpendicular to the vertical plane, it
is considered as fixed at the middle and at both the ends.
Here, the maximum load acting on four links is equal to around
70Kg.
F = 70Kg = 70*9.81 = 686.7N
Where, the load acting on each link,
F1 = F/4

F1 = 686.7/4 = 171.67N

Assuming a Factor of Safety as 3 (Because as the angle is made

up of mild steel, which is a ductile material)
The links must be designed for buckling load

Buckling load = load acting on each link* factor of safety

= 171.67*3
= 515.02N

Crippling load:
As here both the links are fixed so crippling load would be
Crippling load = Wcr =42EI/L2

.(8.8)

Where,
Wcr = crippling load.
E = Youngs Modulus of mild steel = 210Mpa
I = Moment of Inertia
L = Length of the link = 610.56mm

Moment of Inertia,
I = (A1y1 + A2y2)/ (A1 + A2)

.(8.9)

A1 = b1t1 = 38.16*5 = 190.8mm2

A2 = b2t2 = 33.16*5 = 165.8mm2

Where, b1= 38.16mm, b2=33.16mm

t1 = t2 = 5mm
y1 = 2.5mm, y2 = 21.58mm
I = ((190.8*2.5) + (165.8*21.58)) / (190.8+165.8)
I = 11.37 mm4

Cross sectional area of the link, = t1* 2b1

= 5*2*38.16
= 381.6mm2

Crippling Load = (42*210*11.37)/(610.56)2

Wcr = 0.2528N

.(8.10)

Design of Bearing:
Bearings are used in this machine as a supporting device of shaft
and drum arrangement, which takes the overall load acting on drum
and other components and transmits to angles. These bearings are
made up of Babbitt material such as lead-tin Babbitt, which have the
good properties like Conformability, Embedabilty.

Chapter - 9

FABRICATION

1. L Angle (42 inch x 17.5 inch x 24 inch)

Material: Mild Steel
Operation: Cutting, Welding, Grinding & Drilling.
2. Shaft (1 inch dia. x 22 inch long)
Material: Mild Steel
Operation: Facing, Counter Boring & Step turning.
3. Drum (6.5 inch dia. x 12 inch long)
Material: Mild Steel
Operation: Facing, Counter Boring & Turning.
4. Side Plate (8 inch dia. x 0.12 inch thick)
Material: Polished Steel.
Operation: Marking, Grooving, Cutting & Welding.
5. Motor Foundation
Material: Mild Steel.
Operation: Marking, Cutting, Welding & Drilling.
6. Pulleys (6 inch larger dia. & 1.5 inch smaller dia.)
Material: Cast Iron.
Operation: Boring & Fitting.

7. Bearing (1 inch inside dia.)

Material: Babbitt.
Operation: Fitting.
8. Spiral Casing
Material: Mild steel.
Operation: Cutting, Grinding, Bending & Welding.
9. Sheet Metal
Material: Galvanised Steel.
Operation: Marking, Punching, Cutting, Bending,
Drilling &

Welding.

Chapter - 10

Advantages

The machine is in compact size.

The power consumption is low.
Reliable to operate.
Less time consuming.
Maintenance cost is less.
High Production in less time (Capacity 100 to 150 kg per Hr)
Any size of corn can be De-seeded.
Simple in Design and Fabrication.
No need of any safety device.
Benefit for small and medium scale farmers.
The machine is also used as Mould Breaking Machine.
There is no damage of the corn grains.

Chapter - 11

Disadvantages

Only dry corn can be de-seeded.

Continuous power supply.

Chapter - 12

Applications

Used in agricultural field.

Used in mills.

The device can be very helpful to small scale farmers and

domestic purpose.

This machine can also be used as Mould breaking machine.

Chapter - 13

COST ESTIMATION
Cost estimation may be defined has process of forecasting the
expenses that must be incurred to manufacture a product this expenses take
into consideration of all expenses involved in a design and manufacturing
with all related service facilities such as pattern making ,tool making has well
as a portion of the General Administrative and selling cost .

Purpose of cost estimating

1. To determine the selling price of product for a quotation or contract so
as to ensure a reasonable profit to the company.
2. Check the Quotation supplied by vendors.
3. Determine the most economical process or material to manufacture the
product.
4. To determine standards of production performance that may be used to
control the cost.

Basically the overall cost estimation involves

1. Material cost.
2. Machining cost.

Material cost estimation

Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the
raw material which has to be processed or fabricated to design size and
functioning of the components. This material are divided into two categories

1) Material for fabrication

In this material is obtained in raw condition and is manufactured or
processed to finished size for proper functioning of the component.
2)

Standard purchased parts

These include the parts which are readily available in the market like

Allen screws etc. a list in for chard for estimation stating the Quality, size
and standard parts, the weight raw material and cost per kg for fabricated
parts.

Machining cost estimation

This cost estimation is an attempt to forecast the total expenses that
may include manufacturing apart from material cost. Cost estimation of
manufactured parts can be considered is judgement on and after careful
consideration, which includes labours, material and factory services required
to produce the required part.

Procedure for calculation of material cost.

The general procedure for calculation of material cost estimation is;
1. After designing a project, a bill of material is prepared which is divided
into two categories
a. Fabricated components
b. Standard purchased components
2. The rates of all standard items are taken and added up.
3. Cost of raw material purchased taken and added up

Chapter - 14

EXPENDITURE
Material Cost
Sl No

Particulars

Material

Quantity

Cost in Rs

1 Nos

2500

Single phase
Motor
L-Angles(30 kg)

MS

2 Nos

1200

Drum

MS

1 Nos

1000

Spikes

MS

114 Nos

200

Big Pulley

CI

1 Nos

350

Small Pulley

CI

1 Nos

80

Belt

Leather

1 Nos

250

Plumber Block

HSS

2 Nos

800

Rod and Metal

Plate

MS

1 and 2 Nos

350

10

Nut and Bolts

MS

75 Nos

120

11

Axels

Polished Bar

2 Nos

180

12

Wheels

Rubber

4 Nos

600

13

Sheet Metal

2 Nos

1500

14

Electrical

Galvanized
steel
-

100

Process Cost
1

Machining

500

Drilling

200

Welding

1000

Painting

300

Sheet Metal Work

500

Casing
Arrangement

200

Miscellaneous

2000

Total

13,930 /-

Chapter - 15

CONCLUSION
Huge weighted bulky construction is reduced to cost effective
and innovative alteration which gives sufficient output.
Which intern helps the farmers by minimum use of resources.
The automation makes the device quite simpler for handling as
well as for working.
Design and fabricated seed removal mechanism from Maize is
easier.

Chapter - 16

REFERENCE
All the design formulae and other essentials are extracted from the
following books.

Theory of machine....By R. S.
Khurmi & B. C. Gupta
Machine Design data hand book..By H. G.
Patil & Dr. K. Lingaiah
Workshop Technology.By Hazara
Choudhri
Production technology.By R. K.
Jain
Machine Design elements 1 & 2By Bandari

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