University of Management and Technology

School of Textile and Design

Guidelines for the Preparation of
B.S. Project Report/ M.S. Thesis / Ph.D. Thesis
May 07, 2014
Undergraduate and graduate students submitting their final project reports or theses shall
adhere to the following general guidelines.
1.

Final Report:
1.1. Page Format:
Page size:
Paper Type:
Top margin:
Bottom margin:
Left margin:
Right margin:

A4
White; minimum 80 g/m2 paper
1.00 inch
1.00 inch
1.25 inch
1.00 inch

Page numbering:

Bottom right - part of the footnote

Title page not numbered
All pages before the first page of chapter one numbered in
lower roman numerals (i, ii, iii )
All other pages starting from first page of chapter one to last
page of the report numbered in integers (1, 2, 3 )

Foot-note:

Each page shall have a footnote giving the title of the project
/ thesis.
Left aligned
In case of long titles shorter versions should be used.
There shall be a line over the footnote.

Chapter Startup:

Each chapter shall be numbered as Chapter 1, Chapter 2,

etc.
The name of the chapter shall be written immediately below
Chapter number.
Both shall be centered horizontally as well as vertically in the
page.
The actual chapter content shall start from the next page.

Text:

Only one side of the paper shall be used.

The back side of paper shall be left blank.
When a report is opened the right hand page would contain
text, figures, or tables and the left hand page would be
blank.

Tables and Figures:

Each table / figure shall be numbered.

For example "Table 1.2: Population distribution in Asia" or
"Figure 3.2: Temperature distribution"
Digits before the period will show the chapter number.
Digits after the period will show the serial number of table/
figure in that chapter.
The table number shall be placed as normal text centered at
the top of the table or sideways (landscape table) with table
title coming on the opening side of the paper and note on the

Project Report/ Thesis Format Guidelines

binding side.
The figure number shall be placed as normal text centered
at the bottom of the table or sideways (landscape figure)
with figure title coming on the opening side of the paper and
note on the binding side.
1.2. Paragraph:
Line spacing:

1.5 lines.

Indent at start of paragraph:

No

Text alignment:

Justified.

1.3. Text Format:

Paragraph body:
Font Type:
Font Size:
Headings:
Chapter Heading:
Heading 1:
Heading 2:
Heading 3:

Times-New roman; normal font

12
Font
Font
Font
Font

Arial Bold
Arial Bold
Arial Bold
Arial Bold

Size
Size
Size
Size

16
14
12
12

Title Case
Title Case
Title Case
Title Case

normal
normal
normal
italic

1.4. Sections and Subsections:

In case of sections and subsections follow this format:
Section 1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.1.a
1.1.1.b
1.1.1.c
1.1.1.a.i
1.1.1.a.ii
1.1.1.a.iii
The subsequent reference to any section shall be made using the section and its
number. For example section 2.1.3 means chapter 2 section 1 subsection 3.
1.5. Mathematical Equations:
The following numbering scheme should be used to number the equations
(Use Microsoft Equations editor):
f (x) = x + 3
(XX.YY)
Where XX is the chapter number and YY is the sequence number of that equation in
that chapter.
If an equation is previously quoted in an earlier chapter, say as equation 4.5 and
needs to be re-quoted in chapter 5, its number will remain as equation 4.5.
1.6. References:
References to citations should be inserted in IEEE referencing style. Please follow
style manual for the latest version for manual insertion of references. It can be
downloaded from the link http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf.
Points to remember:
References are to be placed in square brackets and interlaced in the
chapter text.
For example "A number of profiles of Asian researchers can be found in the
literature [2].

Project Report/ Thesis Format Guidelines

In case of multiple references use reference numbers separated by commas,

e.g. [2,3,6].
A project report / thesis cannot be accepted without proper references.
A list of references must be given in a separate section in the end of
report/thesis titled References or Bibliography. The references shall be
quoted in the following format:
The articles from journals, books, and magazines are written as:
[1]
Jennifer Eyre, "The Digital Signal Processor: Derby", IEEE Spectrum,
June 2001, pp 62-68.
[2]
Nabila Zar, "Wasey Omar", In Person: Profiles of Researchers in
Africa, Asia, and the Americas, International Development Research
Center, Ottawa, 1995, pp 67-73.
The books are written as:
[1]
Wayne C Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, The Craft
of Research, The University Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995.
The Internet links shall be complete URLs to the final article with date of citation. See
example below.

1.7. Cover Page

An illustration is given at the end.
1.8. Binding
All reports shall be hard-bound with an appropriate print in silver color.
Two copies should be submitted.
Color of the binding:

BS project report:
Maroon

MS thesis report:
Dark Blue

PhD thesis report:

Black

Project Report/ Thesis Format Guidelines

2.

Report Layout
2.1. Main Contents
Title page
Page i:
Statement of submission
Page ii: Undertaking about originality of work
Page iii:
Acknowledgements (signed by all the group members)
Page iv:
Abstract
Page v:
A signed document by client for project approval (if client
based project)
Page vi:
Table of contents
Page vii:
List of figures
Page viii:
List of Tables
Chapter 1:
References
Appendices

Introduction

2.2. Research Oriented Project

Chapters 1 to Last
Introduction
Background study (Literature review)
Experimental (Materials and methods; hypotheses construction; testing of
hypothesis)
Results and analysis
Conclusions
Discussion (Present work, its limitations and proposals for future work in this
field)
3.

Contents of the CD Attached

All reports / theses must accompany two CDs whose contents will have the
following:
Top level directory (folder):
Documents

Data
Project

The final project report/ thesis in Microsoft Word and PDF formats
All documents related to the project
Instructions how to use the CD if there are any executable files in it
All reports already submitted to the supervisor
Installation instructions in case of executable program
Trouble shooting instructions in case of problems
User manual
Research material including URLs
Papers consulted / referred to
Slides of the presentations
All data files used, referenced in the project/ thesis.
The running project including sample data files as well as sample
output (in case of executable project file).
This should be in a form that if copied to a machine runs without
errors.
This may be an .exe file of an entire project, an installer depending
on the project or simply a running project.

You can have sub directories with appropriate names.

Project Report/ Thesis Format Guidelines

A Sample Report

Project Report/ Thesis Format Guidelines

STUDY ON SEAM EFFICIENCY OF STRETCH DENIM WITH DIFFERENT SEWING THREAD TYPES,
FINISHES AND FABRIC PROPERTIES
BS
June 2014

Study on Seam Efficiency of Stretch Denim with

Different Sewing Thread Types, Finishes and
Fabric Properties

Session 2010-2014

Project Advisor

Dr. XXYYZZ

Submitted By

XXXXX
YYYYYY
ZZZZZZZ

97056123
10345678
11234566

School of Textile and Design

University of Management and Technology
Lahore

Study on Seam Efficiency of Stretch Denim with

Different Sewing Thread Types, Finishes and
Fabric Properties

A report submitted to

School of Textile and Design

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree
Bachelor of Science
in

Textile Sciences
by

XXXXXX
YYYYYYY
ZZZZZZZZ

University of Management and Technology

June 01, 2014

Acknowledgement
We truly acknowledge the cooperation and help make by Dr. ABC, Dean School of
Textile and Design, University of Management and Technology. He has been a
constant source of guidance throughout the course of this project. We would also like
to thank Dr. XYZ of Punjab University, Lahore for his help and guidance
in understanding the technology of high performance fibers. We are also thankful
to our friends and families whose silent support led us to complete our project.

(Signed)
____________________ (XXXXXXXXX Student ID: 97056123)
____________________ (YYYYYYYYY Student ID: 10345678)
____________________ (ZZZZZZZZZZ

Student ID: 11234566)

Date:
June 01, 2014

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

ii

Abstract
Different sewing threads sewn on different woven fabrics will provide different
effects on seam efficiency. The expectation on seam efficiency for various apparel
products will also be different.

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

iii

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................
....................................... II
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................
........................................ III
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS ............................................................................................
........................ IV
LIST
OF
TABLES: ...............................................................................................
.......................... ... V
LIST
OF
FIGURES: ..............................................................................................
............................ VI
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................
.................... 1
1.1
BACKGROUND
..............................................................................................................................
... 2
1.2
INTRODUCTION
..............................................................................................................................
.. 3
1.2.1
History
of
Denim ............................................................................................................
... 5
1.2.2
Denim
Construction....................................................................................................
........ 6
1.3
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
PROJECT
................................................................................ 12
1.3.1
Objectives ......................................................................................................
.................. 12
1.3.2
Scope
of
the
Project
........................................................................................................
13
1.3.3
Methodology ..................................................................................................
................. 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE
REVIEW ................................................................................................
. 15
2.1
SEAM
QUALITY
..............................................................................................................................
. 16
2.2
METHODS
FOR
MEASURING
THE
SEAM
QUALITY
EVALUATION
.................................................................. 18
2.2.1
Seam
strength .........................................................................................................
........ 18
2.2.2
Seam
efficiency .......................................................................................................
........ 19

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

iv

2.2.3
Seam
slippage .........................................................................................................
........ 19
2.3
FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE
SEAM
QUALITY
............................................................................................. 22
2.3.1
Sewing
thread .................................................................................................................
22
2.3.2
Fabric
properties ............................................................................................................
. 26
CHAPTER
3
EXPERIMENTAL .....................................................................................
.................... 34
3.1
MATERIALS
..............................................................................................................................
..... 35
3.2
METHODS
..............................................................................................................................
...... 36
3.2.1
Measurement
of
Thread
Properties ................................................................................ 36
3.3
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
................................................................................................................... 39
3.4
RESULTS
AND
ANALYSIS
................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER
4
CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................
.................... 81
4.1
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSIONS
.......................................................................................................... 82
4.2
FUTURE
RESEARCH
..........................................................................................................................
84
REFERENCES .........................................................................................
......................................... 88
APPENDIX
A
FABRIC
STRENGTH
TEST ............................................................................................. 89
APPENDIX
B
SEAM
STRENGTH
TEST ............................................................................................... 92
APPENDIX
C
SEAM
EFFICIENCY
TEST .............................................................................................. 93
APPENDIX
D
ASTM
D204
02 ........................................................................................................
. 94

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

List of Tables:
TABLE 1. 1
TABLE 3. 1
TABLE 3. 2
TABLE 3. 3
TABLE 3. 4
TABLE 3. 5
TABLE 3. 6

EXPORT OF COTTON DENIM FABRICS ................................................................ 5

PROPERTIES OF SEWING THREADS ................................................................... 35
CONSTRUCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF STRETCH DENIM FABRIC ....................... 35
FABRIC STRENGTH IN WEFT DIRECTION WITH 15% STRETCHABILITY ............. 41
FABRIC STRENGTH IN WEFT DIRECTION WITH 20% STRETCHABILITY ............. 42
FABRIC STRENGTH IN WEFT DIRECTION WITH 25% STRETCHABILITY ............. 43
FABRIC STRENGTH IN WEFT DIRECTION WITH 25% STRETCHABILITY ............. 44

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

vi

List of Figures:
FIGURE 1. 1
FIGURE 1. 2
FIGURE 1. 3
FIGURE 1. 4

STITCH CLASS 100 ............................................................................................. 9

STITCH CLASS 300 ........................................................................................... 10
STITCH CLASS 400 ........................................................................................... 10
STITCH CLASS 500 ........................................................................................... 11

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

vii

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Background
The quality of apparel products depends upon mainly fabric quality, but this alone
may not be the decisive factor when we deal with quality in terms of garment
durability and comfort [1].

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

References
[1]

R. Chmielowiec, "Seam strength factors," Textile Asia, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 94-97,
1987.

[2]

S. Bhalerao, A. S. Budke and S. P. Borkar, "Seam performance in suitings,"

Indian Textile Journal, vol. 107, no. 11, pp. 78-81, 1997.

[3]

N. Tarafdar, R. Karmakar and M. Mondol, "The effect of stitch density on seam

performance of garments stitched from plain and twill fabrics," Man-made
Textiles in India, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 298-302, 2007.

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

88

Appendix A

Seam Quality of Stretch Denim

Fabric Strength Test

89