AREA NAVIGATION
(RNAV)
Overview for Awareness
Presented by
ARIF MUMTAZ
PANS-OPS Instructor
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
26 July 2011
Introduction to Area Navigation (RNAV)
RNAV Systems- Basic Functions
Required Navigation Performance (Concept Evolution)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN concept)
ICAO GNSS Concept
PBN Design Perspective
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
NAVIGATION IN CONTEXT
Determination of position and direction
on or above the surface of the earth
COMMUNICATION
AIR TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
SURVEILLANCE
CNS/ATM
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
NAVIGATION - THE BEGINNING
I Follow Roads!
And Rivers
And Railroads
And Buildings
And Telephone Lines
And Whatever Else I Can See
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
THE EARLY DAYS
1910s
First Bonfires and Beacons
Early 1920s
Lighted airport boundaries
Spot-lit windsocks
Rotating lighted beacons on towers
Lighted Airways
1923 Dayton to Columbus,
Ohio (USA) 72 km
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
Late 1920s - 1930s
Radio for Two-Way
Communications
Weather Updates
Request Help With Navigation
Radio for Navigation
Radio Marker Beacons
4-Course Radio Range System
Pilots Listen for Navigation
Signals
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
1930s - 1940s
Static-Free VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range
Pilots Navigate by
Instrument
VOR (with improvements)
becomes a primary NAVAID
for decades
Defines Routes
Supports Approach
Procedures
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VOR
Has Done a Great Job
For Decades
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
1940s - 1950s
1929: First system tested
1946: (Provisional) ICAO selects ILS as
primary landing air for international trunk
airports
Today ILS :
Cat I
Cat II
Cat III
ILS Still doing a Great
Job!
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
From 1950s
1961: first regular civil use (pilot tuned)
RNAV DME use is based on automatic tuning
DME is
incorporated into
PBN
DME (on top of VOR)
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
Radar
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
Conventional Navigation
Ground-based navigation aids (NAVAIDs)
Aircraft Overfly NAVAID or Intersection
Display Accuracy is a Function of Distance
Protected Area Grows (Splayed)
= Limited Design Flexibility
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
Radio Ranges
NDB
VOR
ILS
DME(Pilot tuned)
Evolution of RNAV
Long Range Navigation (LORAN)
Omega Radio Navigation System*
Inertial Navigation
VOR/DME and DME/DME
GPS/GLONASS and Augmentations
Galileo (Future)
Multi-sensor
Flight Management System (FMS)
* terminated in 1997
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Area Navigation
Ground or Space Based NAVAIDs
26 July 2011
Aircraft Fly Waypoints
Protected Area Constant (Linear)
= Increased Design Flexibility
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)
A METHOD OF NAVIGATION WHICH PERMITS
AIRCRAFT OPERTION ON ANY DESIRED FLIGHT
PATH WITHIN THE COVERAGE OF STATIONREFRENCED NAVIGATION AIDS OR WITHIN THE
LIMITS OF THE CAPABILITY OF SELF-CONTAINED
AIDS, OR A COMIBANATION OF THESE.
KEY
POINTS
STATION-REFRENCED
GROUND
BASED
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SPACE
BASED
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WAYPOINT
A specified geographical location used to define an area
navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing
area navigation. Waypoints are identified as either:
Fly-by waypoint. A waypoint which
requires turn anticipation to allow
tangential interception of the next
segment of a route or procedure, or
Flyover waypoint. A waypoint at
which a turn is initiated in order to
join the next segment of a route or
procedure.
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WAYPOINT FLYBY/FLYOVER
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RNAV VOR/DME
Reference Navaid
VOR/DME
Nominal trajectory
WAY-POINT
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DME/DME POSITIONING
DME2
DME4
DME1
d1
DME3
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
RNAV POSITIONING GNSS
Satellites range measurements allow users
to calculate a position:
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RNAV POSITIONING METHOD
26 July 2011
The RNAV system
identifies the next waypoint,
selects the most appropriate source of
navigation to determine its position
provides information to the auto-pilot to
fly to the next waypoint.
An RNAV route can be flown manually,
thanks to the flight director
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RNAV POSITIONING METHOD
Next WP
Start of descent
Planned flight Path
Interception
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SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction to Area Navigation (RNAV)
RNAV Systems- Basic Functions
Required Navigation Performance (Concept Evolution)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN concept)
ICAO GNSS Concept
PBN Design Perspective
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
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RNAV SYSTEM
All RNAV systems are not the same.
Basic
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RNAV map
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Simple Multi sensor
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RNAV SYSTEM
Complex Multi-sensor Avionic
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RNAV SYSTEM
May also be connected with other systems, such as
auto throttle and autopilot/flight director, allowing more
automated
flight
operation
and
performance
management.
Differences in architecture and equipment, the basic
types of functions contained in the RNAV equipment
are common.
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RNAV SYSTEM
RNAV SYSTEM
VOR/DME
DME/DME
GNSS
INS/IRU
A/C POSITION
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RNAV SYSTEM BASIC FUNCTIONS
RNAV systems are designed to provide a given level of
accuracy, with repeatable and predictable path definition,
appropriate to the application.
The RNAV System typically integrates information from sensors
such as air data, inertial reference, radio navigation, satellite
navigation, together with inputs from internal data bases and
crew-entered data to perform the following functions:
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Navigation
Flight Plan Management
Guidance and Control
Display and System Control
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RNAV SYSTEM BASIC FUNCTIONS
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RNAV AND RNP SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
RF (Radius to Fix) Leg
Fixed Radius Transition
FIXED RADIUS PATHS
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RNAV AND RNP SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
FLY-BY TURNS
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RNAV AND RNP SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
OFFSET FLIGHT PATH
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SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction to Area Navigation (RNAV)
RNAV Systems- Basic Functions
Required Navigation Performance (Concept Evolution)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN concept)
ICAO GNSS Concept
PBN Design Perspective
26 July 2011
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
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RNP CONCEPT(BACKGROUND-1980-90)
Special Committee on Future Air Navigation
System (FANS) identified need for performance
based navigation and developed Required
Navigation Performance Capability (RNPC).
RNPC: A parameter describing lateral deviations
from assigned or selected track as well as along
track position fixing accuracy on the basis of an
appropriate level.
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RNP CONCEPT(BACKGROUND-1980-90)
Later RGSCP review the concept as RNP
RNP (Doc9613) : A statement of the navigation
performance accuracy necessary for the operation within a
defined airspace.
Standard RNP values of 20, 12.6, 10, 4 and 1 were
adopted through ICAO Required Navigation Performance
Manual (Doc9613).
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RNP CONCEPT(BACKGROUND-1995)
Though there was awareness that RNP operations cannot
be conducted without an RNAV system, there was no
correlation/ interrelation between RNAV and RNP.
RNP (Doc9650) : A statement of navigation performance
accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability necessary for
operation in a defined airspace.
(Report of the Special Communications/Operations Divisional Meeting SP COM/OPS/95)
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RNP CONCEPT(PROBLEMS)
Addressed only the en-route phase of flight for oceanic
and remote applications.
No ICAO RNAV/RNP requirements for continental
Enroute and Terminal applications.
This Led to:
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Proliferation of national standards
Wide variety of functional requirements
Variety of required navigation sensors
Differing air crew requirements
Lack of global harmonization
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Why Action was Required ?
Russia
B-RNAV
2
0
0
3
US
Europe
P-RNAV
US-RNAV
RNP10
Boeing
Australia
RNAV
and
RNP
China
Airbus
RNP 4
Canada
RNP/RNAV
Japan
RNP 0.3
South America
India
Development of global navigation applications without intervention
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
RNAV/RNP ? COMPLEX WORLD
PRNAV
RNP 4
IRU
LNAV/VNAV
RNAV TYPE A
GPS
BRNAV
RNAV TYPE B
RNP 0.3
RNP-RNAV
RNP 10
INS
RNP 5
DME-DME
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RNAV 2
VOR/DME
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RNAV 1
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Evolution of RNP
RTCA/EUROCAE: Defined performance and functional
requirements
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RTCA DO 236/EUROCAE ED-75 Minimum Aviation System
Performance Standards: Required Navigation Performance for Area
Navigation (2003)
RNP: A Statement of the navigation performance accuracy
necessary for operation within a defined airspace
RNP RNAV: An area navigation capability that meets all of the
requirements of this document
RNP Type: RNP Types are established according to navigational
performance accuracy in the lateral plane
RNP (x) RNAV: A designator used to indicate the minimum
navigation system requirements needed to operate in an area,
on a route or a procedure
Manufacturers: Delivered RNP based on different versions
of requirements
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
RNAV/RNP ADJUSTMENT REQUIRED
Earlier concept of RNP included the requirement of
accuracy only. Requirements of functional integrity,
continuity and availability was to be included.
Harmonization of current RNAV and RNP operations.
Development of new navigation specifications to meet
operational demands.
Clear distinction between operations that require
performance monitoring and alerting and operations
that dont require performance monitoring and alerting.
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The Problem Addressed at ICAO
Need for focal point in ICAO to address
problems experienced with RNP Concept
GNSSP/4
recommendation 1/1
11th Air Navigation Conference
Individual Air Navigation Commission Panels
not suitable to address the problem
ANC (163/9) approved establishment of
Required Navigation Performance Special
Operations Requirements Study Group
(RNPSORSG) as coordinating group
ICAO
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RNP Study Group
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
AVIATION CHALLENGES
Growing demand for RNAV approaches
(safety, accessibility)
Growing demand for solutions to airspace congestion
Growing fuel efficiency requirements
Growing Environmental requirements
Most can be met with current technology, but standardization,
harmonization and operational requirements have to be put into
place.
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SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction to Area Navigation (RNAV)
RNAV Systems- Basic Functions
Required Navigation Performance (Concept Evolution)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN concept)
ICAO GNSS Concept
PBN Design Perspective
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PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION
These adjustment resulted in development
of new concept of Performance Based
Navigation (PBN).
All future RNAV applications to be
developed in accordance with PBN criteria.
The concept of PBN relies on the use of an
Area Navigation System.
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PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION
PBN is a method for defining equipage
requirements by specifying
the Performance
Requirements of an aircraft instead of mandatory
carriage of an equipment.
The PBN concept represents a shift from sensorbased to Performance Based Navigation.
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PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION
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RNAV & RNP in PBN
RNAV Future applications of Performance
Based Navigation (PBN) without the requirement
of on-board performance monitoring and
alerting.
RNP Future applications of Performance Based
Navigation (PBN) with the requirement of onboard performance monitoring and alerting
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RNAV Application
(Notional)
RNAV 1
Track Centerline
RNP Application
(Notional)
RNP 1
1NM 95% of
Flight Time
Track Centerline
1NM 95% of
Flight Time
1NM 95% of
Flight Time
1NM 95% of
Flight Time
ALERT TO PILOT
THE KEY DIFFERENCE
ON BOARD PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND ALERTING
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Air Navigation Services
PBN COMPONENTS
3
NAVIGATION
APPLICATION
2
NAVIGATION
SPECIFICATION
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1
NAVAID
INFRASTRUCTURE
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
PBN COMPONENT - 1
NAVAID
INFRASTRUCTURE
Ground-based Navigation Aids (Navaids)
VOR; DME; (Not NDB)
Space-based Navaids GNSS
GPS; GLONASS; future GALILEO
Self Contained ?
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PBN COMPONENT - 2
Previous RNP
concept
NAVIGATION
SPECIFICATION
RNAV
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RNP
PBN COMPONENT - 2
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INHERITANT INCONSISTENCY
Existing
designation of RNP10 is basically RNAV10 as it does
not require on-board performance monitoring and alerting.
Recognizing
the extent of existing airspace designations and
operational approvals using the designation RNP10, the
designation of the airworthiness and operational approval as
well as airspace/route designation remains RNP 10 in order to
grandfather the present publications and extensive approvals.
New
airspace designations and aircraft approvals will also
continue to use the RNP 10 term while the required PBN
application will be now known as RNAV 10.
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PBN COMPONENT - 3
NAVIGATION
APPLICATION
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AIRSPACE CONCEPT
WHAT DO WE WANT TO ACHIEVE?
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Air Navigation Services
AIRSPACE CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
It requires the combined efforts of
Air Navigation Service Providers (Air Traffic)
Regulators (Flight Standards/Airworthiness etc)
PANS-OPS specialists (Procedure Designers)
System Users (operators)
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STAKE HOLDERS
to:
AIRSPACE CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
1. To Identify Strategic Objectives
Safety ?
Capacity ?
Efficiency ?
Environment ?
Access ?
2. To prioritize Strategic Objectives
Safety ?
Capacity ?
Efficiency ?
Environment ?
Access ?
3. To address Airspace Enablers
Communication
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Navigation
Surveillance
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Air Traffic Management
ADVANTAGES OF PBN
Reduces need to maintain sensor-specific routes and
procedures, and their associated costs.
Avoids need for development of sensor-specific
operations with each new evolution of navigation
systems, which would be cost-prohibitive.
Allows more efficient use of airspace (route
placement, fuel efficiency, noise abatement).
Clarifies the way in which RNAV systems are used.
Facilitates the operational approval process for
operators by providing a limited set of navigation
specifications intended for global use.
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PBN COMPONENT
APAC Navigation Strategy
RNAV 5
Enroute
Continental
RNAV 10
Enroute
Oceanic
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RNAV 1/2
Terminal
RNP 4
Enroute
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RNP 1
Terminal
RNP
APCH
APAC Navigation Strategy
transit to PBN operations as follows :
RNP10/RNP4 for Oceanic and Remote Continental routes;
RNAV5/RNAV2 for Continental En-route;
RNAV1, RNAV2 and Basic RNP1 based arrivals and departure;
APV (Baro-VNAV, RNP AR and APV I/II);
Precision approaches at selected runways.
with respective end states as follows:
RNP4 for Oceanic and Remote Continental routes;
RNP1/RNP2 for Continental En-route;
RNP1 and RNP0.3 based arrivals and departure;
APV (Baro-VNAV, RNP AR and APV I/II);
Precision approaches at selected runways.
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PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction to Area Navigation (RNAV)
RNAV Systems- Basic Functions
Required Navigation Performance (Concept Evolution)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN concept)
ICAO GNSS Concept
PBN Design Perspective
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GNSS FUNDAMENTALS
Satellites range measurements allow users
to calculate a position:
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GNSS FUNDAMENTALS
Two core satellite constellations
GPS (USA) and GLONASS (Russia)
Galileo (EU-FUTURE)
Each satellite sends permanently a navigation
message (Ephemeris) which contains
Identification
Position
Time
Others
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2 points given by the
intersection of the three
LOPs
SVk : xk, yk,
zk
SVi : xi, yi, zi
SVj : xj, yj, zj
GPS receiver
location
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
GNSS FUNDAMENTALS
Satellites range measurements allow users to
calculate a position.
User clock is not precise enough: pseudo ranges,
including clock error, are measured.
Pseudo-range measurements may be affected by
satellites geometry and different type of errors:
Atmospheric propagation
Ephemeris and clock errors
Satellite failures
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Dilution of Precision
Number of satellites in view
Geometry
PRECISION
Satellite Outage
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Dilution of Precision
Does the position
meet the
requirement to be
used for navigation
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Integrity Monitoring Alarm Limit
ACCURACY
OF
POSITION
POSITION
TO BE USED
INTEGRITY
POSITION
NOT TO BE
USED
IMAL VALUE
Integrity is a measure of the trust which can be placed
in the correctness of the information supplied by the
total system. Integrity includes the ability of the system
to tell the user when the system must not be used for
the intended operation (or phase of flight).
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AUGMENTATION
To meet the operational performance requirements for all
phases of flight, both GPS and GLONASS require
varying degrees of augmentation.
Three systems, ABAS, SBAS and GBAS, overcome
inherent limitations in GPS and GLONASS.
Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS)
Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)
Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
The total system including core satellite
constellations and all augmentation
systems is referred as Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS).
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ICAO GNSS CONCEPT
EGNOS
SATELLITE
BASED
(SBAS)
AUGMENTATION
WAAS
GEOSTATIONARY
MTSAS
GAGAN
GROUND
BASED
(GBAS)
R.A.I.M
ON BOARD
(ABAS)
A.A.I.M
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GNSS MODE
Terminal
ROUTE
en route
Terminal
descent
Approach
holding
climbing
approac
h
initial
taking off
landing
taxiing
airport A
airport B
IMAL is coupled with GNSS mode
26 July 2011
PANS-OPS Initial 3, July 2011
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction to Area Navigation (RNAV)
RNAV Systems- Basic Functions
Required Navigation Performance (Concept Evolution)
Performance Based Navigation (PBN concept)
ICAO GNSS Concept
PBN Design Perspective
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RNAV PBN OPERATIONS
EN-ROUTE
TERMINAL
AIRWAYS
SID/STAR
APPROACH
NPA
Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV).
An instrument procedure which utilizes lateral
and vertical guidance but does not meet the
requirements established for precision approach
and landing operations.
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APV
BaroVNAV
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PA
APVI
CAT I
APVII
CAT II
APV - VERTICAL GUIDANCE?
SBAS
APV
Altimeter
Baro-VNAV
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Baro-VNAV system does not accomodate the
effect of altimeter source temperatures on VPA
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GLS - VERTICAL GUIDANCE?
GBAS
GLS
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ICAO APAC PBN Implementation Targets
Short Term (upto 2012)
RNP APCH (with Baro-VNAV) in 50% of instrument runways
by 2012 and priority should be given to airports with
operational benefits.
RNAV 1 SID/STAR for 75% of international airports by 2012
and priority should be given to airports with RNP Approach.
Re-defining existing RNAV/RNP routes into PBN navigation
specification by 2012
Implementation of additional RNAV/RNP routes
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ICAO APAC PBN Implementation Targets
Medium term (2013-2016)
Implementation of additional RNAV/RNP routes
RNP APCH with Baro-VNAV or APV in 100% of instrument
runways by 2016
RNAV 1/RNP 1 SID/STAR for 100% of international airports
by 2016
RNAV 1/RNP 1 SID/STAR for 70% of busy domestic airports
where there are operational benefits
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RNAV PBN IMPLEMENTATION
Where are we ?
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Questions ?
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