INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES - “at the end of the lesson, the
students should be able to
To start teaching: teacher must identify….”
be guided by instructional objective,
followed by strategies and tools to 2) Testing situation
accomplish the task, and then - Under what conditions he will be
evaluate the outcomes able to do it
Objectives: desired outcomes of - The condition under which the
learning behaviour will be observed
Purpose: - ‘given the blank world map
Defining the intents of an students should be able to locate the
educational plan 5 active volcanoes’
Helping teachers to plan steps
necessary to achieve plan 3) Performance criteria
- To what standard he will be able
Helping students to know what is
to do it
expected of them at the end of the
- The standard of the performance
program
level defined as acceptable
Helping teachers, administrators - indicating correctness, speed,
and society to assess the products of rate of response
the system - ‘given the blank world map
Statement that described the students should be able to locate
teacher’s intent about how students the 5 active volcanoes’
should change
Mager format of instructional - use precise words – that are not
objectives open to many interpretations
Robert Mager (1962) - Link the 3 parts together when
‘Preparing Instructional Objectives’ writing the behavioral objectives
Objectives must be - Start by stating students
OBSERVABLE and behaviours, condition and
MEASURABLE performance
‘BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES
Robert Mager (1962) suggested Criticisms:
that objectives of learning need to be 1) Not practical difficult to write
specific in term of: 2) Difficult to accomplish the kind
of specificity
1) Student behaviour 3) Becomes unmanageable for
- What the learner will be able to do teachers to write because too
when he has mastered the objectives many objectives and specificity
- What learner will be doing or behavior
the teacher will accept as evidence that
the ‘objectives’ have been achieved
- using verbs that denote
observable action
Instructional Objectives Cognitive Domain
Grondlund (1970) suggested - Divided into 6 levels (from
there are 2 levels of objectives: simple complex)
1) General objectives
2) Specific objectives 1) Knowledge
3) General instructional objectives - k/l of specifies
must be followed by a sample of - Ways / mean of dealing with
specific behavioral outcomes specify = classification, category
4) Teaching may be directed
towards achievement of the general 2) Comprehension
objectives - Related to translation,
Specific objectives may form the interpretation, extrapolation of
basis for testing and assessment materials (e.g. interpret a table)
- E.g. u/s an essay, summarizing
Bloom’s Instructional Objectives
3) Application
There are different types of - Involves the use of abstraction in
behaviours can be specified in particular situation
writing the instructional objectives - E.g. able to apply a mathematical
Y?? formula
Learning outcomes are varied - Involves- figuring, reading,
and may be classified into different handling equipment
categories
Benjamin Bloom (1956) 4) Analysis
proposed the most helpful guides for - Breaking up a whole into parts
the behaviour classification - E.g. Body brain section of
He created a scheme that brain neuron
classifies instructional objectives in a
systematic way 5) Synthesis
- Putting parts together in a new
He divided the objectives into 3 form
domains: - E.g. producing an original piece
1) Cognitive domain : knowing fact of art
and information
2) Psychomotor domain: 6) Evaluation
performing physical skills - Judging in term of internal
3) Affective domain: exhibiting evidence and logical consistency
personal attitudes - E.g. an essay using their own
opinion
Type of
Level Activity Verbs Used for Objectives
or Question
Lowest define, memorize, repeat, record, list, recall, name, relate, collect, label,
Knowledge
level specify, cite, enumerate, tell, recount
restate, summarize, discuss, describe, recognize, explain, express, identify,
Comprehension
locate, report, retell, review, translate
exhibit, solve, interview, simulate, apply, employ, use, demonstrate, dramatize,
Application
practice, illustrate, operate, calculate, show, experiment
interpret, classify, analyze, arrange, differentiate, group, compare, organize,
Higher contrast, examine, scrutinize, survey, categorize, dissect, probe, inventory,
Analysis
levels investigate, question, discover, text, inquire, distinguish, detect, diagram,
inspect
compose, setup, plan, prepare, propose, imagine, produce, hypothesize, invent,
Synthesis incorporate, develop, generalize, design, originate, formulate, predict, arrange,
contrive, assemble, concoct, construct, systematize, create
judge, assess, decide, measure, appraise, estimate, evaluate, infer, rate, deduce,
Evaluation compare, score, value, predict, revise, choose, conclude, recommend, select,
determine, criticize
