Guyana

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For other uses, see Guyana (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 500'N 5845'W
Co-operative Republic of Guyana
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: "One People, One Nation, One Destiny"
Anthem: Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains
MENU0:00
Capital
and largest city
Georgetown
646'N 5810'W
Official languages
English
Recognised regional languages
9 languages[show]
Vernacular
language
Guyanese Creole
Ethnic groups (2002)
43.4% East Indian
30.2% Black (African)
16.7% Mixed
9.1% Amerindian
0.2% Portuguese
0.2% Chinese
0.1% Others [1]
Demonym Guyanese
Government
Unitary presidential republic
President
David Granger
Prime Minister Moses Nagamootoo
Legislature
National Assembly
Formation
Dutch Guiana
1667 1814
British Guiana 1814 1966
Independence from the United Kingdom
26 May 1966
Republic
23 February 1970
Current constitution
6 October 1980
Area
Total 214,970 km2 (85th)
83,000 sq mi
Water (%)
8.4
Population
2014 estimate 735,554[2] (165th)
2012 census
747,884[3]
Density 3.502/km2 (232nd or 8th least-densely populated in the world)
9.071/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2012 estimate
Total $6.155 billion[4]
Per capita
$7,938[4]
GDP (nominal) 2012 estimate
Total $2.788 billion[4]
Per capita
$3,596[4]
Gini (1998)
44.5[5]
medium
HDI (2014)
Increase 0.636[6]
medium 124th
Currency
Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Time zone
GYT (Guyana Time) (UTC-4)
Drives on the left
Calling code
+592
ISO 3166 code GY
Internet TLD
.gy
Guyana (pronounced /ga?'??n?/ or /ga?'n?/),[7][8] officially the Co-operative Rep
ublic of Guyana,[9] is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South Ameri
ca. It is, however, included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural,
historical, and political ties with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana i
s bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest
, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. With 215,000 square kilometres
(83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America
after Uruguay, Suriname and French Guiana.
The region known as "the Guianas" consists of the large shield landmass north of
the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "land of many water
s". Originally inhabited by several indigenous groups, Guyana was settled by the
Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century. It was gove
rned as the plantation economy of British Guiana until independence in 1966, and
officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. The le
gacy of British rule is reflected in the country's diverse population, which inc
ludes Indian, African, Amerindian, and multiracial groups.
Guyana also has the distinction of being the only South American nation in which
English is the official language. The majority of the population, however, spea
k Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole language with slight Dutch, Arawakan
and Caribbean influences. In addition to being part of the Anglophone Caribbean,
Guyana is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island in the West
Indies. CARICOM, of which Guyana is a member, is headquartered in Guyana's capit
al and largest city, Georgetown. In 2008, the country joined the Union of South
American Nations as a founding member.
Approximately three quarters of the west of the country are claimed by Venezuela
, specifically 159,542 square kilometres, accounting for 74.21% of the territory
, zone called by this as Guyana Essequiba. Its other neighbour, Suriname, claims
for itself a part of the eastern territory southeast of the country specificall
y about 15,600 square kilometres called Tigri Area which currently accounts for
7.26% of the country.
Contents [hide]
1
Etymology
2
History
3
Geography
3.1
Regions and Neighbourhood Councils
3.2
Boundary disputes
3.3
Environment and biodiversity
3.4
World Heritage sites
3.5
Landmarks
4
Economy
4.1
Summary
5
Demographics
5.1
Largest cities
5.2
Language
5.3
Religion
6
Government and politics
6.1
Public procurement
6.2
Military
7
Infrastructure and telecommunications
7.1
Transport
7.2
Electricity

7.3
Water supply and sanitation
7.4
Telecommunications
7.4.1 Telephone system
7.4.2 Radio broadcast stations
7.4.3 Television broadcast stations
7.4.4 Satellite television
7.4.5 Internet system
8
Health
9
Education
10
Culture
11
Sports
12
See also
13
References
14
Further reading
15
External links
Etymology[edit]
The name "Guyana" is derived from Guiana, the original name for the region that
formerly included Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guian
a, and parts of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English
Dictionary, Guyana is derived from an Indigenous Amerindian language and means "
land of many waters".[10]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Guyana
A map of Dutch Guiana 1667 1814
Map of British Guiana
There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patam
ona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao.[11] Historically the L
okono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana. Although Christopher Columbus sighted
Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), the Dutch were the first to establish
colonies: Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). After the Briti
sh assumed control in 1796,[12] the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814. In 18
31 the three separate colonies became a single British colony known as British G
uiana. In 1838, some Indians, who served as lower-caste indentured servants, wer
e transported from Indian villages to Guyana, where they intermixed with the Guy
anese and formed half of today's Guyanese population.
Since its Independence in 1824 Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the wes
t of the Essequibo River. Simn Bolvar wrote to the British government warning agai
nst the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as
assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the sixteenth century, cl
aimed was theirs. In 1899 an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to G
reat Britain.
In 1962 Venezuela for the first time officially claims as its own in the United
Nations the territory located west of the Essequibo River, alleging vices of nul
lity and what is known in international law as acts contrary to good faith by th
e British government, along with a supposed compromise of some members of the Pa
ris decision. The Venezuelan government exposes the November 12, 1962 the govern
ment of London nine points on which they base their claim, in 1966 the Geneva Ac
cord was signed between Venezuela and the United Kingdom (on behalf of its then
colony British Guiana) in Geneva, Switzerland, on 17 February 1966. It is a tran
sitional arrangement to reach a final settlement of the border dispute, many def
ined as " an agreement to agree " and even invalidate the arbitration award of 1
899, he led status quo is maintained. Therefore, the claim area is under the aut
hority of the government of Guyana is not resolved until something different und
er the treaty. The first article of the document recognises the containment of V
enezuela to consider null and void the decision of the court defined its border

with British Guiana. The UK to sign the document recognise the claim and nonconf
ormity of Venezuela remembering and find a practical, peaceful and satisfactory
solution for the parties, The border disputes persist and no final settlement ha
s been reached [13]
Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a
republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The US St
ate Department and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), along with the Brit
ish government, played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana
during this time.[14] The American government supported Forbes Burnham during th
e early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was identified as a Marxist.
They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham'
s People's National Congress, to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progres
sive Party, which was mostly supported by Guyanese of East Indian background.
In 1978, Guyana received international notice when 918 members of the American c
ult, Peoples Temple, died in a mass murder/suicide. However, most of the suicide
s were by Americans and not Guyanese. More than 300 children were killed; the pe
ople were members of a group led by Jim Jones in Jonestown, the settlement which
they had created. Jim Jones's bodyguards had earlier attacked people taking off
at a small remote airstrip close to Jonestown, killing five people, including L
eo Ryan, the only US congressman ever assassinated in the line of duty.
In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive
Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. Guyana has ratified the treaty.
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Guyana
Rupununi Savannah
The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1 and 9N, and longitudes
56 and 62W.
The country can be divided into five natural regions; a narrow and fertile marsh
y plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the populatio
n lives; a white sand belt more inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing
most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Reg
ion) in the southern part of the country; the desert savannah in the southern we
st; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of
mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border.
Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 metres or 6,699 fe
et), Monte Cabura (1,465 metres or 4,806 feet) and Mount Roraima (2,810 metres or
9,219 feet
the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripo
int border, part of the Pakaraima range. Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mo
untains (tepuis) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyl
e's 1912 novel The Lost World. There are also many volcanic escarpments and wate
rfalls, including Kaieteur Falls which is believed to be the largest water drop
in the world.[15] North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah, south
of which lie the Kanuku Mountains.
The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 kilometres (628 mi) long, the
Courantyne River at 724 kilometres (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 kilometres (370
mi), and the Demerara at 346 kilometres (215 mi). The Corentyne river forms the
border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands,
including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach lies along the northwest coast, wh
ich is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks) and othe
r wildlife.
The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by n

ortheast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first fro
m May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January.
Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts
of which are almost inaccessible by humans. The rich natural history of Guyana
was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and lat
er by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. In 2008, the BBC br
oadcast a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted
the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species
such as the giant otter and harpy eagle.
In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest pro
tection efforts. This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a tota
l of $250 million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat. Thus far,
the country has received $115 million of the total grant.
Regions and Neighbourhood Councils[edit]
Main articles: Regions of Guyana and Neighbourhood Councils of Guyana
Guyana is divided into 10 regions:[16][17]
No
Region Area km2
Population (2012 Census)
Census)
per km2
1
Barima-Waini
20,339 26,941 1.32
2
Pomeroon-Supenaam
6,195 46,810 7.56
3
Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 3,755 107,416 28.61
4
Demerara-Mahaica
2,232 313,429 140.43
5
Mahaica-Berbice 4,190 49,723 11.87
6
East Berbice-Corentyne 36,234 109,431 3.02
7
Cuyuni-Mazaruni 47,213 20,280 0.43
8
Potaro-Siparuni 20,051 10,190 0.51
9
Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
57,750 24,212 0.42
10
Upper Demerara-Berbice 17,040 39,452 2.32
Guyana 214,999 747,884 3.48
The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils.[18]

Population(2012

Boundary disputes[edit]
See also: Schomburgk Line and Borders of Suriname
Guyana is in border disputes with both Suriname, which claims the area east of t
he left bank of the Corentyne River and the New River in southwestern Suriname,
and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch
colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba.[13][19][20][21] Th
e maritime[22][23] component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitr
ated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announ
ced on 21 September 2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both
nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any
compensation to either party.[24]
When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyun
i River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed
all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an inte
rnational arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an
award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana. Venezuela ha
s never accepted the award by this treaty, and raised the issue again at the tim
e of Guyana's independence. This issue is now governed by the Treaty of Geneva o
f 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, Great Britain and Venezue
la, and Venezuela continues to claim Guayana Esequiba.[25] Venezuela calls this
region "Zona en Reclamacin" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the nationa
l territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines.[26]

Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela;
Corentyne River[27] with Suriname; and Tigri Area or New River Triangle[28] wit
h Suriname. In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle
and was forcibly removed. In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force f
ound an unauthorised military camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the
triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the ent
ire disputed area. After an exchange of gunfire, the Surinamese were driven from
the triangle.
Environment and biodiversity[edit]
See also: Category:Flora of Guyana and Category:Fauna of Guyana
Satellite image of Guyana from 2004
Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas
The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana
The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littor
al, estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white
sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry eve
rgreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999). About 14 areas of biological interest have be
en identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System. More th
an 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, those forest also contains the wor
lds rarest orcids ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and
lowland evergreen rain forests. These forests are home to more than a thousand
species of trees. Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively pris
tine ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural
habitats with high levels of endemism. Approximately eight thousand species of
plants occur in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else.
Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Guyana, with
1,168 vertebrate species, 814 bird species, boasts one of the richest mammalian
fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world. The Guiana Shield r
egion is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of Sou
th America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine.
The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir
Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenboro
ugh and Gerald Durrell.
In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 1 million
acres (4,000 km2) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District declaring this la
nd as the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area (COCA), to be managed by th
e Wai Wai. In doing so Guyana created the world's largest Community-Owned Conser
vation Area.[29]
This important event followed a request made by the Wai Wai community to the gov
ernment of Guyana and Conservation International Guyana (CIG) for assistance in
developing a sustainable plan for their lands in Konashen. The three parties sig
ned a Memorandum of Cooperation which outlines a plan for sustainable use of the
Konashen COCA's biological resources, identifies threats to the area's biodiver
sity, and helps develop projects to increase awareness of the COCA as well as ge
nerate the income necessary to maintain its protected status.
The Konashen Indigenous District of Southern Guyana houses the headwaters of the
Essequibo River, Guyana's principal water source, and drains the Kassikaityu, K
amoa, Sipu and Chodikar rivers. Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pris
tine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most o
f the forests found here are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests
, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very l

ow human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact.
The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from
this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additio
nal species still to be recorded.
Such incredible diversity of plants supports even more impressive diversity of a
nimal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by Conservation
International. The clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support
a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to giant
otters, capybaras, and several species of caimans.
On land, large mammals, such as jaguars, tapirs, bush dogs, giant anteaters, and
saki monkeys are still common. Over 400 species of birds have been reported fro
m the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich. The Konas
hen COCA forests are also home to countless species of insects, arachnids, and o
ther invertebrates, many of which are still undiscovered and unnamed.
The Konashen COCA is relatively unique in that it contains a high level of biolo
gical diversity and richness that remains in nearly pristine condition; such pla
ces have become rare on earth. This fact has given rise to various non-exploitat
ive, environmentally sustainable industries such as ecotourism, successfully cap
italising on the biological wealth of the Konashen COCA with comparatively littl
e enduring impact.
World Heritage sites[edit]
Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume
Guyana signed the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage treaty in 1977, the first Caribbean country to do so. In the m
id-1990s, Guyana began the process of selecting sites for World Heritage nominat
ion, and three sites were considered: Kaieteur National Park, Shell Beach and Hi
storic Georgetown. By 1997, work on Kaieteur National Park was started, and in 1
998 work on Historic Georgetown was begun. To date, however, Guyana has not made
a successful nomination.[citation needed]
Guyana submitted the Kaieteur National Park, including the Kaieteur Falls, to UN
ESCO as its first World Heritage Site nomination. The proposed area and surround
s have some of Guyana's most diversified life zones with one of the highest leve
ls of endemic species found in South America. The Kaieteur Falls are the most sp
ectacular feature of the park, falling a distance of 226 metres. The nomination
of Kaieteur National Park as a World Heritage Site was not successful, primarily
because the area was seen by the evaluators as being too small, especially when
compared with the Central Suriname Nature Reserve that had just been nominated
as a World Heritage Site (2000). The dossier was thus returned to Guyana for rev
ision.[citation needed]
Guyana continues in its bid for a World Heritage Site. Work continues, after a p
eriod of hiatus, on the nomination dossier for Historic Georgetown. A tentative
list indicating an intention to nominate Historic Georgetown was submitted to UN
ESCO in December 2004. In April 2005, two Dutch experts in conservation spent tw
o weeks in Georgetown supervising architecture staff and students of the Univers
ity of Guyana in a historic building survey of the selected area. This is part o
f the data collection for the nomination dossier.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, as a result of the Kaieteur National Park being considered too small,
there is a proposal to prepare a nomination for a Cluster Site that will includ
e the Kaieteur National Park, the Iwokrama Forest and the Kanuku Mountains. The
Iwokrama rain forest, an area rich in biological diversity, has been described b
y Major General (Retired) Joseph Singh as "a flagship project for conservation."
The Kanuku Mountains area is in a pristine state and is home to more than four

hundred species of birds and other animals.[citation needed]

Guyana holds two of the World Wildlife Fund's Global 200 eco-regions,[citation n
eeded] the Guianan and Guiana Highlands moist forests. It is also home to severa
l endemic species including the greenheart tree.
Landmarks[edit]
St George's Cathedral, Georgetown
St George's Anglican Cathedral
One of the tallest wooden church structures in the world and the second tallest
wooden house of worship after the Todaiji Temple in Japan.
Demerara Harbour Bridge
The world's fourth-longest floating bridge.
Berbice Bridge
The world's sixth-longest floating bridge.
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building
Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the C
aribbean.
Providence Stadium
Situated on Providence on the north bank of the Demerara River and built in time
for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country. It
is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana.
Guyana International Conference Centre
Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guy
ana. It is the only one of its kind in the country.
Stabroek Market
A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next
to the Demerara River.
City Hall
A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era.
Takutu River Bridge
A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazi
l.Takutu River Bridge
Umana Yana
An Amerindian benab, that is a national monument built in 1972,for a meeting of
the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016).
Economy[edit]
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is article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be ch
allenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this templa
te message)
Main articles: Economy of Guyana and Agriculture in Guyana
See also: List of Guyanese companies
A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain
Graphical depiction of Guyana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories
The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice and D
emerara sugar), bauxite mining, gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals
. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour and a deficient infrastr
ucture. In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global e
conomic crisis, grew an impressive 5.4% in 2011 and 3.7% in 2012.
Until recently, the government was juggling a sizeable external debt against the
urgent need for expanded public investment. Low prices for key mining and agric
ultural commodities combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries,
had threatened the government's tenuous fiscal position and dimmed prospects for
the future. However, the Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited

moderate economic growth since 1999, thanks to an expansion in the agricultural

and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a mor
e realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of in
ternational organisations.
The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings, is largely ru
n by the company GuySuCo, which employs more people than any other industry. Man
y industries have a large foreign investment. For example, the mineral industry
is heavily invested in by the American company Reynolds Metals and the British-A
ustralian Rio Tinto's Rio Tinto Alcan subsidiary; the Korean/Malaysian Barama Co
mpany has a large stake in the logging industry.
The production of balat (natural latex) was once big business in Guyana. Most of
the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountain
s in the Rupununi. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District
, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods t
hat involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses o
f balat included the making of cricket balls, the temporary filling of troublesom
e tooth cavities, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (part
icularly by the Macushi people of the Kanuku mountains).
Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC)[3
0] and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI);[31]
The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. The Val
ue Added Tax (VAT) was brought into effect, replacing six different taxes. Prior
to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales ta
x, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses were very
opposed to VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, th
e Government has remained firm on the VAT. By replacing several taxes with one f
lat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlemen
t. This was prevalent under the former PPP/C regime who authorised the VAT to be
equal to 50% of the value of the good. While the adjustment to VAT has been dif
ficult, it may improve day-to-day life because of the significant additional fun
ds the government will have available for public spending.
President Bharrat Jagdeo had made debt relief a foremost priority of his adminis
tration. He was quite successful, getting US$800 million of debt written off by
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter-American Dev
elopment Bank (IDB), in addition to millions more from other industrial nations.
Jagdeo was lauded by IDB President Moreno for his strong leadership and negotia
ting skills in pursuing debt relief for Guyana and several other regional countr
ies.
Summary[edit]
Thatched roof houses in Guyana
GDP/PPP (2007 estimate)
US$3.082 billion (US$4,029 per capita)
Real growth rate
3.6%
Inflation
12.3%
Unemployment
11.0% (2007)[2]
Arable land
2%
Labour force
418,000 (2001 estimate)
Agricultural produce

sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp
Industrial production
bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining
Natural resources
bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Exports
US$621.6 million (2006 estimate)
sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber, citrus fruits
.
Imports
US$706.9 million (2006 estimate)
manufactured items, machinery, petroleum, food.
Major trading partners
Canada, US, UK, Portugal, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, China, Cuba, Singapore,
Japan , Brazil, Suriname (2009)
Demographics[edit]
Main articles: Demographics of Guyana and Guyanese people
Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km2)
A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decli
ne in the 1980s can be clearly seen.
Most of Guyana's population (90%) lives in a narrow coastal strip which ranges f
rom 16 to 64 kilometres (10 to 40 mi) in width and which makes up approximately
10% of the nation's total land area.[32]
The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with
ethnic groups originating from India, Africa, Europe, and China, as well as indi
genous or aboriginal peoples. Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these gr
oups share two common languages: English and Creole.
The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as East Indians), the
descendants of indentured servants from India, who make up 43.5% of the populati
on, according to the 2002 census. They are followed by the Afro-Guyanese, the de
scendants of slaves from Africa, who constitute 30.2%. Guyanese of mixed heritag
e make up 16.7%, while the indigenous peoples (known locally as Amerindians) mak
e up 9.1%. The indigenous groups include the Arawaks, the Wai Wai, the Caribs, t
he Akawaio, the Arecuna, the Patamona, the Wapixana, the Macushi and the Warao.[
2] The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced
some racial tension.[33][34][35]
The majority of Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured servants who came fr
om Bhojpuri-speaking areas of North India.[36] A sizable minority are South Indi
an, largely of Tamil and Telugu descent.[37]
The distribution pattern in the 2002 census was similar to those of the 1980 and
1991 censuses, but the share of the two main groups has declined. Indo-Guyanese
made up 51.9% of the total population in 1980, but by 1991 this had fallen to 4
8.6%, and then to 43.5% in the 2002 census. Those of African descent increased s
lightly from 30.8% to 32.3% during the first period (1980 and 1991) before falli
ng to 30.2% in the 2002 census. With small growth in the overall population, the
decline in the shares of the two larger groups has resulted in the relative inc
rease of shares of the multiracial and Amerindian groups. The Amerindian populat
ion rose by 22,097 people between 1991 and 2002. This represents an increase of
47.3% or annual growth of 3.5%. Similarly, the multiracial population increased
by 37,788 persons, representing a 43.0% increase or annual growth rate of 3.2% f
rom the base period of 1991 census. The number of Portuguese (4.3% of the popula
tion in 1891) has been declining constantly over the decades.[38]
Largest cities[edit]

Largest cities and towns of Guyana[39]

Rank
Name
Region Population
1
Georgetown
Demerara-Mahaica
235,017
2
Linden Upper Demerara-Berbice 44,690
3
New Amsterdam East Berbice-Corentyne 35,039
4
Anna Regina
Pomeroon-Supenaam
12,448
5
Bartica Cuyuni-Mazaruni 11,157
6
Skeldon East Berbice-Corentyne 5,859
7
Rosignol
Mahaica-Berbice 5,782
8
Mahaica (village)
Demerara-Mahaica
4,867
9
Parika Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 4,081
10
Vreed en Hoop Demerara-Mahaica
3,073
Language[edit]
Main article: Languages of Guyana
English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government
, media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creol
e, an English-based creole with slight African and East Indian influence, as the
ir native tongue.[40] In addition, Cariban languages (Akawaio, Wai-Wai, and Macu
shi) are spoken by a small minority, while Indic languages are retained for cult
ural and religious reasons.
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Guyana
Map of Gran Colombia (1819), including the Essequibo region
Data from a 2002 census on religious affiliation indicated that approximately 57
% of the population was Christian, 28% were Hindu and 7% were Muslims, while 4%
of the population did not profess any religion.[41]
Most Guyanese Christians are either Protestants or Roman Catholics and include a
mix of all races.
Government and politics[edit]
Main article: Politics of Guyana
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve th
is article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be ch
allenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this templat
e message)
The State House, Guyana's presidential residence
The Supreme Court of Guyana
Guyana's parliament building since 1834
The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a
republic, whereby the President of Guyana is the head
ulti-party system. Executive power is exercised by the
ower is vested in both the government and the National

representative democratic
of government, and of a m
government. Legislative p
Assembly of Guyana.

Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and violent riots
have often broken out during elections. During the 1970s and 1980s, the politic
al landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress.
In 1992, the first "free and fair" elections were overseen by former United Stat
es President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party has led the countr
y since. The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a r
esult often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources.
General Elections were held on 28 November 2011, which resulted in a re-election

of the People's Progressive Party (PPP) and installation of that party's presid
ential candidate Donald Ramotar as President.
On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held, resulting in a victory for A
Partnership For National Unity-Alliance For Change (APNU-AFC) Coalition party. A
PNU-AFC, a multi-ethnic, multi-party coalition, won a majority, 33 of 65 seats i
n the National Assembly. On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A. Granger w
as sworn in as the eighth Executive President of the Co-operative Republic of Gu
yana.
Public procurement[edit]
Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, a
ppointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay
in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed
until 2016.[42]
Military[edit]
Main article: Guyana Defence Force
The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana.
Infrastructure and telecommunications[edit]
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Guyana
Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem
There are a total of 187 kilometres (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore tr
ansport. There are 7,969 kilometres (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 kilometr
es (367 mi) are paved. Navigable waterways extend 1,077 kilometres (669 mi), inc
luding the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers. There are ports at Georgetow
n, Port Kaituma, and New Amsterdam. There is two international airports (Cheddi
Jagan International Airport, Timehri and Eugene F. Correira International Airpor
t, Ogle); along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways. Guyan
a, Suriname and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America
which drive on the left.
Electricity[edit]
Main article: Electricity sector in Guyana
The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), t
he state-owned vertically integrated utility. Although the country has a large p
otential for hydroelectric and bagasse-fueled power generation, most of its 226
MW of installed capacity correspond to inefficient thermoelectric diesel-engine
driven generators.[citation needed]
Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland.
Water supply and sanitation[edit]
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Guyana
Key issues in the water and sanitation sector in Guyana are poor service quality
, a low level of cost recovery and low levels of access. A high-profile manageme
nt contract with the British company Severn Trent was cancelled by the governmen
t in February 2007. In 2008 the public utility Guyana Water Inc implemented a Tu
rnaround Plan (TAP) to reduce non-revenue water and to financially consolidate t
he utility. NRW reduction is expected to be 5% per annum for the three-year peri
od of the plan, A midterm review is now due to examine the success of the TAP.
Telecommunications[edit]
To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this section may require rewriting or ref
ormatting. The current version of this section was imported from the CIA World F
actbook. Please discuss this issue on the talk page. Editing help is available.

Per the CIA World Factbook:[2]

Telephone system[edit]
Telephones : 154,200 main telephone lines (2012)
Telephones
mobile cellular: 600,000+ (2014)
Domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines; fixed-line teledensity
is about 20 per 100 persons; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services
; mobile-cellular teledensity reached 70 per 100 persons in 2011
International: country code
592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite ear
th station 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Guyana Telephone & Telegraph (GT&T) is the main mobile phone provider[43][44][45
]
Digicel is also present in Guyana since 2007 providing mobile service for its ci
tizens
Radio broadcast stations[edit]
AM 3, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)
FM 88.5
Rock FM (New Amsterdam, Berbice)[46]
FM 89.1 NTN Radio (Georgetown, Demerara)[47]
FM 89.3 Radio Guyana Inc. (Essequibo re-transmission frequency)[48]
FM 89.7 Radio Guyana Inc. (Berbice re-transmission frequency)[48]
FM 89.5 - Radio Guyana Inc. (Georgetown, Demerara - Head Office)[48]
FM 93.1 Real FM (Georgetown, Demerara)[48]
FM 94.1 Boom FM (Georgetown, Demerara)[49]
FM 98.1 Hot FM (Georgetown, Demerara)
FM 100.1 Fresh FM (Georgetown, Demerara)
FM 104.3 Power FM (Linden, Demerara)
Television broadcast stations[edit]
Television broadcast was officially introduced to Guyana in 1991.
15 (1 public station (channel 11); 14 private stations which relay US satellite
services) (1997)
Of which are; L.R.T.V.S-Little Rock Television Station channel 10 (New Amsterdam
, Berbice) H.G.P-Halagala General Productions television (Beterverwagting Villag
e, Demerara) RCA Television charity, Essequibo coast
Satellite television[edit]
Satellite television services are offered by DirecTV Caribbean and E-Networks.
Internet system[edit]
Internet country code: .gy
Internet hosts: 6,218 (2008)[citation needed]
Internet users: 270,200 (2014)[50]
Health[edit]
Main article: Health in Guyana
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 67.39 years for both males and femal
es in 2012.[51] The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 201
2) ranked the country as having the highest suicide rate in the world, with a mo
rtality rate of 44.2 per 100,000 inhabitants.[52][53] According to 2011 estimate
s from the WHO, HIV prevalence is 1.2% of the adult population (ages 15 49).[54] A
lthough Guyana's health profile falls short in comparison with many of its Carib
bean neighbours, there has been remarkable progress since 1988, and the Ministry
of Health is working to upgrade conditions, procedures, and facilities.[citatio
n needed]
Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Guyana
Queens College Guyana.jpg
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by addi

ng citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and remov

ed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Guyana's educational system is considered to be among the best in the Caribbean,
but it deteriorated significantly in the 1980s, because of inadequate funding a
nd emigration of many highly educated citizens. Although the education system re
covered in the 1990s, it still does not produce the quality of educated students
necessary for Guyana to modernise its workforce.[citation needed] The country l
acks a critical mass of expertise in many of the disciplines and activities on w
hich it depends.
The educational system does not sufficiently focus on the training of Guyanese i
n science and technology, technical and vocational subjects, business management
, or computer sciences.[citation needed] The Guyanese education system is modell
ed on the former British education system. Students are expected to take the NGS
A (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7. They
take the CXC at the end of high school. Schools have introduced the CAPE exams
which all other Caribbean countries have introduced. The A-level system, inherit
ed from the British era, has all but disappeared and is offered only in a few sc
hools.
Further adding to the problems of the educational system, many of the better-edu
cated professional teachers have emigrated to other countries over the past two
decades, mainly because of low pay, lack of opportunities and crime.[citation ne
eded]
Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Guyana
See also: Literature of Guyana and Music of Guyana
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by addi
ng citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and remov
ed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Holidays
1 January
New Year's Day
Spring Youman Nabi
23 February
Republic Day / Mashramani
March Phagwah
March / April Good Friday
March / April Easter Sunday
5 May Indian Arrival Day
26 May Independence Day
First Monday in July
CARICOM Day
1 August
Emancipation Day
October / November
Diwali
25 December
Christmas
26 or 27 December
Boxing Day
Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and
has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the Brit
ish Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century. Guyana is a fo
unding member of the Caricom (Caribbean Community) economic bloc and also the ho
me of the Bloc's Headquarters, the CARICOM Secretariat.
Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and
its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Car
ibbean countries. Its blend of Indo-Guyanese (East Indian) and Afro-Guyanese (Af
rican) cultures gives it similarities to Trinidad and distinguishes it from othe
r parts of the Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the
West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc.
Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team, an

d the Guyana team plays first-class cricket against other nations of the Caribbe
an. In March and April 2007 Guyana co-hosted the Cricket World Cup 2007. In addi
tion to its CARICOM membership, Guyana is a member of CONCACAF, the internationa
l football federation for North and Central America and the Caribbean.
Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah (Holi), and Deepavali (Diwali).
Sports[edit]
See also: Cricket in the West Indies
Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway
The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies as def
ined for international cricket purposes[55]), basketball, football and volleybal
l.[56] Minor sports include softball cricket (beach cricket), field hockey, netb
all, rounders, lawn tennis, table tennis, boxing, squash, rugby, horse racing an
d a few others.
Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket
World Cup (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to a
s Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for
the beginning of play on 28 March. At the first international game of CWC 2007
at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four
consecutive deliveries.[57]
For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF. The highest lea
gue in their club system is the GFF National Super League.
Guyana also has five courses for horse racing.[58]
See also[edit]
Guyana portal
Caribbean Community portal
icon
Latin America portal
Index of Guyana-related articles
LGBT rights in Guyana
List of international rankings
Outline of Guyana
References[edit]
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007 at the Wayback Machine. The template Wayback is being considered for merging.
Jump up ^ Rowe, Mark (14 November 2004). "South America: Do the continental: The
best of what's new; spectacular waterfalls, forgotten cities, pre-Inca trails".
The Independent. p. Features, page 3.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Statistics Guyana, CHAPTER III: POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION AN
D INTERNAL MIGRATION, Table 3.4: Population Density, Guyana: 1980 2002
Jump up ^ Guyana Government Information Agency, National Profile. gina.gov.gy Ar
chived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. The template Wayback is being consid
ered for merging.
Jump up ^ "Government of Guyana, Statistics" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Tribunal decision tentatively set for August at the Wayback Machine (a
rchived 6 April 2009) The template Wayback is being considered for merging. . guyan
achronicle.com, Archives for 17 June 2007
Jump up ^ "Guyana to experience 'massive' oil exploration this year". Landofsixp
eoples.com. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "News in the Caribbean". Caribbean360.com. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 2
May 2010.
Jump up ^ Foreign affairs minister reiterates Guyana's territorial sovereignty.
CaribbeanNetNews.com (17 February 2010).
Jump up ^ POINT OF CLARIFICATION: Guyana clears air on Suriname border talk. Car
ibbean News Agency (17 February 2010).
Jump up ^ "official site of the Permanent Court of Arbitration". Pca-cpa.org. Re
trieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Ishmael, Odeen (1998, rev. 2006) "The Trail Of Diplomacy: A Documentar
y History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue" Dr. Ishmael was Ambassador of Gu
yana to Venezuela when this was written.
Jump up ^ "Mapa Politico de Venezuela". A-venezuela.com. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Ramjeet, Oscar (28 October 2008). "Guyana and Suriname border dispute
continues despite UN findings". Caribbean Net News. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Rodrigues-Birkett, Carolyn (24 October 2008). "There is no agreement r
ecognizing Suriname's sovereignty over the Corentyne River". Stabroek Newspaper.
Retrieved 15 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Biodiversity in the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, Guyan
a" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ RedSpider, Romona Khan. "Private Sector Commission". Psc.org.gy. Retri
eved 2 May 2010.
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is Ibis rouge, Guyana, ISBN 2-84450-192-3
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Further reading[edit]
Brock, Stanley E. (1999). All the Cowboys Were Indians (Commemorative, illustrat
ed (reprint of Jungle Cowboy) ed.). Lenoir City, TN: Synergy South, Inc. ISBN 97
8-1-892329-00-4. OCLC 51089880. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Brock, Stanley E. (1972). Jungle Cowboy (illustrated ed.). London: Robert Hale L
td. ISBN 978-0-7091-2972-1. OCLC 650259. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Donald Haack, Bush Pilot in Diamond Country
Hamish MacInnes, Climb to the Lost World (1974)
Andrew Salkey, Georgetown Journal (1970)
Marion Morrison, Guyana (Enchantment of the World Series)
Bob Temple, Guyana
Noel C. Bacchus, Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in a Faraway Place
Marcus Colchester, Guyana: Fragile Frontier
Matthew French Young, Guyana: My Fifty Years in the Guyanese Wilds
Margaret Bacon, Journey to Guyana
Father Andrew Morrison SJ, Justice: The Struggle For Democracy in Guyana 1952 1992
Daly, Vere T. (1974). The Making of Guyana. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-14482-4. O
CLC 1257829. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
D. Graham Burnett, Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography and a Br
itish El Dorado
Ovid Abrams, Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana
Waugh, Evelyn (1934). Ninety-two days: The account of a tropical journey through
British Guiana and part of Brazil. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 3000330. R
etrieved 7 January 2010.
Gerald Durrell, Three Singles To Adventure
Cheddi Jagan. The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom
Cheddi Jagan. My Fight For Guyana's Freedom: With Reflections on My Father by Na
dira Jagan-Brancier.
Colin Henfrey, Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian Tribes of Guiana.
Stephen G. Rabe, US Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story.
Charles Waterton, Wanderings in South America.
David Attenborough, Zoo Quest to Guiana (Lutterworth Press, London: 1956).
John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge, 2011.
Clementi, Cecil (1915). The Chinese in British Guiana (PDF). Georgetown, British
Guiana: The Argosy Compny Limited. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
External links[edit]
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Office of the President, Republic of Guyana (official website).
Patrick Carpen writes about his native country, Guyana
Petroleum exploration in Guyana
Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (official website).
Wikimedia Atlas of Guyana
Outsourcing in Guyana from news publication, Nearshore Americas.
Geographic data related to Guyana at OpenStreetMap
"Guyana". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Country Profile from the BBC News.
Guyana from the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Guyana at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
(Spanish) Derechos Venezolanos de Soberania en el Esequibo, Ministerio del Poder
Popular para Relaciones Exteriores.
Venezuelan rights of sovereignty in the Essequibo, Ministry of Popular Power for
Foreign Affairs (translated by Google).
Guyana at DMOZ
The State of the World's Midwifery, Guyana Country Profile.
Key Development Forecasts for Guyana from International Futures.
Guyana Crime Reports crowdsourced
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Categories: GuyanaCommonwealth republicsCountries in South AmericaCountries in t
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Sardu
Scots
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Trke
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Ti?ng Vi?t
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