INDEX
What is toothpaste ?
History
Early toothpaste
Tooth powder
Modern toothpaste
Whitening toothpaste
Herbal and "natural toothpaste"
Ingredients
Abrasives
Fluorides
Surfactants
Other Components
Antibacterial agents
Flavorants
Toxicity
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude
of my guide Mr. Arun Gupta for his
valuable guidance, inspiration and help
provided in every aspect of this
project.
I am thankful to him for his constant
evaluation of this project and
subsequent in this regard.
Last but not the least, I extend my
sincere thanks to my school, Lab
Assistant, and Friends, who played
an important role in proper tunings
of my project.
Piyanka Singh
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Piyanka
Singh
student
of
class
XII
'Science' of SS Public School
Babatapur,
Varanasi
has
prepared this project entitled
"Detection of Cation & Anion
in Different Toothpaste".
In accordance with guide
lines
followed
by
C.B.S.E.,
New Delhi. He has worked as
per
the
instruction
and
certifies that this process is
unique and not copied.
Teacher's Signature
Mr. Arun Gupta
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Laboratory Manual in
Chemistry.
- Evergreen
Publication
2. Chemistry A Text Book
For Class 12th.
- By N.C.E.R.T.
3. www.wikipediafoundation.
org.
COLGATE
Detection of Cation
Sr.No. Experiment
Observation
Inference
1.
Toothpaste sol. + NaOH
No reaction
Zero Group absent
2.
Tothpaste sol. + Dil HCl
No reaction
Ist Group absent
3.
Toothpaste sol. + H2S Gas
No ppt.
2nd Group absent
4.
Warm above sol. + NH4OH + NO ppt.
NH4Cl
3rd Group absent
5.
Toothpaste sol. + Ammonium No ppt.
Chloride+NH4OH+ H2S Gas
4th Group absent
6.
Add (NH4)CO3 In above sol. White ppt. appears
and warm
5th Group present
7. A.
Above ppt.+CH3COOH
B.
Boil out CO2 & divide It into 3
parts
(i)
Add (NH4)C2O4 & (NH4)2SO4
White ppt.
Ca+2 ion present
(ii)
Add K2 Cr2 O4
Yellow ppt.
Ba+2 ion present
(iii)
Add (NH4)2 SO4
Forms ppt.
Sr+2 ion present
8.
Toothpaste sol.+(NH4)C2O4 & White ppt.
dil. with water & Na7HPO4
Efferserence of CO2
Mg+2 ion present
Detection of Anions
Sr.No. Experiment
Observation
Inference
1. A.
White fumes
Cl- May be
Sample +conc. H2SO4
evolved
B.
2.
Cl- is confirmed
Dip a glass rod in NH4OH &
Dense white fumes
Keep it in test tube
evolved
Toothpaste sol.+did HNO3 +
Yellow Ppt. formed
PO43- is confirmed
White Ppt. formed
Sulphate ion may
Conc. HNO3+conc. HNO3 +
Ammonium molidibates
3. A.
Toothpaste sol.+Dil. HCl+
Barium Chloride
B.
Above ppi. + con. HNO3
present
Ppt. Doesn't
Sulphate ion Confirmed
Dissolve
4.
Toothpaste sol.+dil. sulphuric
No Reaction Takes
Dil. H2SO4 Group is
acid
Place
absent
Test of Cation in Pepsodent
Sr. No.
Experiment
Observation
Inference
1.
Toothpaste sol.+NaOH
No Reaction
Zero Group Absent
2.
Tothpaste sol. + Dil HCl
No Reaction
Ist Group Absent
3.
Toothpaste sol. + H2S
No Ppt. is formed
2nd Group Absent
4. A.
Warm
Above
NH4Cl+NH4OH
+ NO Ppt. is formed
3rd Group Absent
B.
C.
sol.
Above Ppt. Dil. HCl
Above sol.+K4Fe(M)6 sol.
Ppt. Formed
May be Ferrous Ion
Deep Blue sol is formed
Ferrous Ion Confirmed
5.
Toothpaste sol. + Ammonium No Ppt. is formed
Chloride+NH4OH+Hydrogen
sulphide Gas
4th Group Absent
6.
Add (NH4)CO3 In Above Sol. White Ppt. Appeared
And Warm it
5th Group Present
7.
Above Ppt.+CH3COOH, and
divide It into 3 parts
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8.
Add (NH4)C2O4 & (NH4)2SO4
Add K2 Cr2 O4
Add (NH4)2 SO4
White Ppt. is formed
Ca2+ Ion Present
Yellow Ppt. is formed
Ba2+ Ion Present
Forms Ppt. is formed
Sr2+ Ion Present
Toothpaste sol.+(NH4)C2O4 & White Ppt. is formed
Dilute with water & Na2HPO4
and NH4 OH
Mg2+ Ion Present
Theory
Inorganic compounds are combination of cations and
anions. Therefore, we can find out -which type of cations
and unions are present in particular compound. Cation can
be detected by preliminary test. The usual procedure are
analyzing a mixture of several cations involves a systematic
separations of each group in to its compounds. By this type
of method-we can detect any type of cations in the given
sample,
Anions are also detected By this procedure, the
analysis scheme for anions can be diviided into two parts :
1)
Identification
By
volatile
product
obtained
By
treatment of the mixture -with sulphuric acid
(preliminary observation). The compounds which
decompose or get oxydized in the contact of
atmosphere is known as volatile product. Toothpaste
do not contain such type of compound. So there is need
to analyze product of mixture with sulphuric acid.
2)
Identification By Reaction In Solution (confirmatory
Test).
Anions may 6e divided into three groups on their
reaction -with sulpuric acid.
(A) Dilute Sulphuric Acid group:- Carbonates, Sulphates,
sulphide, nitrate, and acetate will come in this group .
All these are acted upon dil. H2S04 evolving peculiar
gases.
(B) Concentrated Sulphuric Acid group :- This Includes
Chloride, bromide, iodine, and nitrate. Salt of these
radicals only get decomposed fry Conc. H2SO4 .
(C) Other Anions:- Sulphates and phosphates do not evolve
any peculiar gases with Both dilute and cone. H 2SO4
and are identified By individual test.
Thus Different toothpaste contains different functioned
groups due to presence of particular functional groups test.
Different groups which are present in different toothpastes
are shown in following pages.....
Each Group has its own characteristics test due to
presence of particular functional group. For example if a
compound contains- COOH (Carboxylic Acid Group) it
behaves for testing this group. One of such test is shown
below :
CH3COOH+NaHCO3
CH3COONa+CO2+H2O
Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory
to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote
oral hygiene: it acts as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food
from the teeth, assists in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis, and delivers
active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to help prevent tooth and gum disease
(gingivitis). It is important to note that most of the cleaning is done by the mechanical
use of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and Baking soda are among
materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Most toothpastes contain
trace amounts of chemicals that may be toxic when ingested; toothpaste is not
intended to be swallowed.
History
Early toothpastes
Toothpastes or powders did not come into general use until the 19th century.
The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes for toothpaste by adding
abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. In the 9th century, the Persian
musician and fashion designer Ziryab is known to have invented a type of toothpaste,
which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. The exact ingredients of this
toothpaste are currently unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional
and pleasant to taste". It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used
alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early
toothbrushes such as neem tree twigs or miswak. Washington Sheffield made the
original collapsible toothpaste tubes that were made of lead.
Tooth powder
Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th
century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as
ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and
cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did
more harm than good.
Modern toothpaste
An 18th century American and British toothpaste recipe containing burnt
bread has been found. Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a
resin), cinnamon, and burnt alum.
On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an
effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value
when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular
professional care." Countries limit and suggest different amounts of fluoride
acceptable for health.
In 2006 appeared in Europe the first toothpaste containing biomimetic
synthetic hydroxylapatite as an effective alternative to fluoride for the
remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The function of the biomimetic
hydroxylapatite is to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel
around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically
changes it into Fluorapatite.
In June, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies in
Panama, Puerto Rico and Australia advised consumers to avoid certain brands of
toothpaste manufactured in China, after some were found to contain the poisonous
diethylene glycol, also called diglycol or labeled as "DEG" on the tube. The chemical
is used in antifreeze as a solvent and is potentially fatal.
Whitening toothpastes
Many toothpastes make whitening claims. However, there is also a lot of hype.
The toothpastes may have peroxide in them, which is the same ingredient found in
tooth bleaching gels, but it's the abrasive in the toothpaste that removes the stains.
However, whitening toothpaste can't change the natural color of teeth or
reverse discoloration caused by excessive exposure to fluoride during tooth
development, penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening
toothpaste may include:
- Special abrasives that gently polish the teeth - Chemicals, such as sodium
tripolyphosphate, that help break down or dissolve stains
When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks
to create an optical illusion that makes teeth appear less yellow. Whitening toothpaste
is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel.
Therefore users might want to try teeth whitening gels. Bleaching solutions contain
peroxide, which bleaches the tooth enamel to change its color.
Ingredients and flavors
Active ingredients
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to
prevent cavities. Although it occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some
natural water sources, and has effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones, it
is not considered to be a dietary essential and no deficiency signs are known. Sodium
fluoride (NaF) is the most common form; some brands use sodium
monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) or olaflur. Much of the toothpaste sold in the United
States has 1000 to 1100 parts per million fluoride ion from one of these active
ingredients, in the UK the fluoride content is often higher, a NaF of 0.32% w/w (1,450
ppm fluoride) is not uncommon. This consistency leads some to conclude that cheap
toothpaste is just as good as expensive toothpaste. When the magazine Consumer
Reports rated toothpastes in 1998, 30 of the 38 were judged excellent. Application of
fluoride also prevents moisture build-up in some surfaces. [citation needed] Other ingredients
are less commonly used, including Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium
phosphate for remineralization, and strontium chloride or potassium nitrate to reduce
sensitivity.
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is an active ingredient in some toothpastes, used to
prevent gingivitis. Triclosan is a common toothpaste ingredient in the UK.
Other ingredients
In addition to fluoride, the other fundamental ingredient in most
toothpastes is an abrasive. Studies have shown that abrasives in
toothpaste reduce the time needed to remove plaque from the teeth by
approximately 50%. Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in
dentist's offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is
termed "polishing" action. Some brands contain powdered white mica
which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically-pleasing
glittery shimmer to the paste. Many may contain frustules of dead
diatoms as a mild abrasive. The removal of plaque and calculus prevents
caries and periodontal disease. The polishing of teeth removes stains from
tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and
above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus.
Toxicity
With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such
as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is
not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea;
fluoride toothpaste can be either acutely toxic if swallowed in large
amounts, or chronically toxic if swallowed in any amount consistently. If
a large amount of toothpaste is swallowed at once, medical attention
should be sought immediately. Extended consumption of large volumes
of fluoride toothpaste can result in fluorosis. Though the main reason why
the NHS advises supervised brushing up to 6 years is to ensure proper
brushing, keeping an eye on toothpaste consumption, and thus the risk of
fluorosis. It is worthy of note that the risk of using fluoride is low
enough that the use of 'full-strength' toothpaste (1350-1500ppm fluoride)
is advised for all ages (though smaller volumes are used for young
children; a 'smear' of toothpaste until 3 years). There are several nonfluoride toothpaste options available in the market for those who choose
not to use fluoride. Natural toothpaste can contain peppermint oil, myrrh,
plant extract (strawberry extract), special oils and cleansing agents. Case
reports of plasma cell gingivitis have been reported with the use of herbal
toothpaste containing cinnamon. Reports have suggested that triclosan, an
active ingredient in many toothpastes, can combine with chlorine in tap
water to form chloroform , which the United States Environmental
Protection Agency classifies as a probable human carcinogen. An animal
study revealed that the chemical might modify hormone regulation, and
many other lab researches proved that bacteria might be able to develop
resistance to triclosan in a way, which can help them to resist antibiotics
also.
Some experts believe the chemicals used in 'tartar fighting'
toothpastes are toxic to the cells in the mouth (oral mucosa). The theory is
the ingredients initiate an autoimmune response referred to as aphthous
ulcers. These ulcers last 7-10 days and have no cure. According to
textbooks on oral pathology, 20% of the population are susceptible to this
reactive disorder.
