uls~snshave bee
This document was produced by a subcomminee of the
and, to confirm its vaiid~tyin pracltce is clrculated in
being submitted to the CSRA for final approval.
B~Purnenemulsruns
TRO-47. Pretoria, 1994
ows In maintenance,
ation ( @ . grecyclin
tut-e, behaviour, te
intenance, re
1.,1
Background
Objectives and scope
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,
"
2.1
General
22
Emulsion ~ngiedienls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ulsions
2
2.
ing a n d curing
25
asic properiles of e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
haviskar of ernuls~ons .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ion
CI
3.9
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Storage
3.3
General liandltng
3
35
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pplicalions
Safety
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
eci
.................
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Tests and specifications Conveniioi
4 4
Tests a n d specificalions Modified emuls~ons
emuis~ons
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . .
lsion selection
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
. . . . . . .
. . .
38
38
. .
38
38
. . . . . . . . . . . , . . , , . . . . . . . , . , , . . . . . . .
"
39
. . .
and emwls~sn .
.3
ConsPmctlon . .
ints .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
.
. . .
.
. .
. . . .
. .
39
.
40
9-
Bare-coating sl aggrc? at@
9.1
General
9.3 @onstruction
. . . .
. . . .
. .
@onstiarn$s .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
"
"
. . .
- .
. . . .
. . .
41
. . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . .
44
. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Singleseals
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Doubieseals
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .
45
Conventional slurry . .
. .
. .
. . . . .
. . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . . .
. .
. . .
apid-setting coarse slurry
Evaluatron a n d teslin
Background
1 2 . 2 Patch repair
1 2 . 3 Pothole repair
Crack l ~ l l e r
. .
. .
. .
. . . . . .
,
"
"
. . .
. .
. . .
. .
..
. . .
. . .
. .
. . . - . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. .
126
Finegiadedsiurry
. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .
"f 2
s u r f a c e treatment
42 8
Dust pailiatrve
. .
.
.
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , - . . . . .
12.5 Fog spray
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.
12.4
"
. . . 41
. .
. . . . . . . . . . m . * . . . , . , . , . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
eseai
12.1
~ ~ e . . . . . . 8 0 ~ . . . . . . e . . . ~ . . a . . . 42
. . . . .
rnulsian s a ~ f f a e 2t r e a t r ~~~ 7
General
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Material a n d design
94
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
_ . .
65
ace treatments
rtumen emulsions
70
3 1
Slorage tempeialuies for emulsions
32
Gurdehnes for cond121anrn of emptied tanks before load
33
Typical spray temperatures for emulsion and minimu
surface temperatures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ested conversion factors Pos dr
......................... 4
cold net res~duai
S specilicatlo
S speciflcations for
43
4
lsicsns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cationic emulstons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
er)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setectmn of t h e
(rnodhcation or
. . . .
81
Recommended spray rates for tac
18 1
Gsadrent I~rnitsfor emuls~on-
10 2
Suggested layer rhckness for h e , medium
:0 3 R e s ~ d u a lbinder
10 4
. . . . .
Irlterirn s p e c h c a t ~ o n sfor rec
emulsions (homogenous
51
rs)
lnleriin specif~cationfor rno
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S . . . . .
propellie
Criteria for t h e Marvil per
. . . . . . . . . .
gregate gradin
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 3
Recomn-iended types of ernuision-base
degrees of crack rnovenxmt
. . . . .
r variou
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$8
were first developed at the turn o
OS that they were used in th
use of bitumen emulsions
ber of types and
the early 1970s,
ide, contributed t
nstruction. The e
er-modified emulsi
ts realised by the use of bitume
? S , since emulsions are applied
bitumens, thus e
itumen emulsions r
cessity for drying is eliminated,
this manual is to provide
construction and maintena
is on the composition, manufacture,
n emulsions. The second
men emulsions in road wo
lines for the
is not intended to be used as
rnulsion mixes, etc.,
se of bitumen emulsion
ns and materials given in the
ut are merely indications of desuable properlies
ulsions are referred to s~rnplyas emuls~onsin !he remainder of this
ilturnen emulsions
n emulsion can
n-ionic emulsion
emuisions, therefore, consist of
basic components,
water;
64
flux~ngagents (optional)
The types of emuls~
a
G$
anisnlc emulsrfi
catlonrc: emulsifiers; or
non-ionic emcltsilrefs (
g. prime coats).
en emulsions
,
Pretoria, 199
rnuls~onin terms of their appi~catton
c t ~ v ~ character~stlcs
ty
emulsion may be modilie
The grades of anionic emulsions currenll
Cafmr~icern ulsions:
~lablein Sou
the speclficalions
(Specificatio
e referred to for
2.
-The g r a d e s of cationic emulsions currently av
rtunwrr emulsions
H7, Pretoria, 19
dified emulsions, the a
S , Sabita or the manuf
odified emulsion m
he composition o
omance, inclu
redients of emulsions
IS
essent~alto enable one to
t of ernuls~onsand ca
e s 60 Is '70per cent
revail, base bitu
d calcium ions
hich are insol
iluted in the fiel
pre-mix or stable grade).
mulsifiers must be chemically actwated
ctivated, emulsifiers are molecules that consis
en emulsion (antoni
of the functional gro
and anionic groups a
in has an a
ereas the ionic
ot to bitumen.
e surface of th
es how cationic ernulsifrers attach
') has penetrated int
ionic functional group (
emulsifier is initi
ain in the wate
ct these negatively c
ble layer". It is these
lobules in suspension.
Bitumen emulsions
L4 correspondiilg process occurs whe
an "eiectaicaf
The equlpinen! require to manufacture
shear mechanical mill (nor
her equipment I
for both the biturn
p u m p s , control valv
t h e ernuls~fiedwater.
itumen emulsions
W7, Pretoria, 199
ing process concurrent str
re-treated with a
he colloid mill.
o intensive shear stresses as they p
ay then be pumped
ernperature of the incornin
rom the heat exchan r the emulsion is then pu
ter
e,
ISPERSING PHASE
emulsion can be modified by either of two methods:
@I
n of emulsions: During this process t h e rnodtf~eris mixed with
ufactured emulsion. It is generally use
d can be mixed on site,
of the base bitumen: Dur~ngt h ~ sprocess t h e
prior to the ernulsifym process it 1s gener
S,although S
sition from emuisifled bin
bitumen emulsion io perlorm
process and occurs when th
FloccuSatsor.1 rs the first sta
dispersed binder lobules agglomerate into clurn S called flocs. Duri
ever larger globule
process of coales nce the floes stick logeth
a con!inclous mass of binder is pro
S
in normal u
rates the processes of flocc
tion and coalescence.
processes Emulsions to be used for t
B~turnenemulsions
TRW7, Pretoria, 199
hich affect the rate of breaking of bitumen e m u l s ~ o nare
ater content of the
er conditions
gregate in the mix,
oids content of the mix;
sidual binder content an
te of curing is a
en the emuls~o
nitude of the electrtcal char e of the aggregate in re1
as poor stone retent~on
ion of cernentitiou
iopriate will lacilllate a re
Some of t h e relevant pope
tract~onforces.
ion
Adhesion reflects
materials, such a
Once the f~rst cond~tion has been sat
ocess 1s referred to a s pas
Pion W
I)
6a
In th
I ? the
~
ionic nature of the e
la!~onshrpscan
nce of electropositive m
In t h e presence of electrone
etween these aggre
there is no r
tionic) nature of s
ggregates an
The v~scosily of ernuision is
apparatus.
Stokes' L a w .
mulsions are more complex than conventional
ring storage and
sphalt institute0'
in the use of emulsions and
g or storage of emulsions
e emulsion to be idnsul
irnple rules will save
lines on the storage of emulsion are given
@
63
ulsion should be stored in the s m e manner a s water, namely
10C and 60C, depending on use.
ed as the heating medium for storage tanks with
ssure waste steam
oil surface should no
t higher temperatur
t3
rature of the heatmg surface should not exceed 160'6
cess of this will cause premature breaking of the
means of pumps.
eS1
rosene or oil o
ould be provi
elines for general
a
of emulsion ar
When emulsions ar
or reduce s k m foarnat~on
k m e s should be bio n out and drain plugs should
they are no! in service
ntly to eliminat
ff
eS
(L
44
&B
@a
oper clearances
urnps can cause
g methods should be used to
o free a seized pump. Propa
cess heat should not be applied to the packin
ump may be damaged and the
should be warmed to about 65C to facilit
has been out of service for
the appropriate type of oil in
diluted, the compatibili
y testing a small quantity.
m water should be used for diluting.
ly to the emulsion.
recirculation should be avoide
and air may become
cb
ater should alw
vent foaming, inlet pipes and return lines s h o d
of tanks.
e4
(B
In order to minimize contamination from skinning
ormed, the emulsion should be pumped from the bo
ys be borne in mind that emulsions with t h e s
heir chern~stryan
db
ulsions should be transporte
in truck haulers
sates
grades of emulsions
slow-setting giade
E ~ U I S I O should
~ I S not be r e c i r c ~ ~ l a t efor
d [on
ach c o d d ren
@
mutsions should not be fo
rude oil
: Flush out
SW
precautions are gwen elsewhere'".
e used for the construct~onof surface treatr-wents, cold
ulsion-treated bases.
scussed in T R H ~ 'an
~ ' their constructton is
ions. However, aspec considered to
vision is sprayed, the primed bas
st, mud and fallen leaves
e used at ambi
m road temper
rely provides an
ion
r application rates
conversion factors pr
iven in Table 3.
ions for
rtumen emulsions
variations rn th
edormance o
spray lance is used (either f
rum pump on a trolley) the
an even crrccdlar motion an
re9
applied as follo
is carried out in a
mulsion Mixes (G
ng or mixing the e
material:
S
In dr%ufedform: rn this case the emulsion is dilut
water, spread over the gravel a n d mix
process.
: in this case the emulsion is
Brr
t h e n mixed r
%ionwater has been mix
avel according to t
Bitumen emulsions
W 7 , Pretoria, 11 99
circumstances should undiluie
his results in the
S loss in strengt
of this section does not include s
is intended mainly for the user of
lsions are used at a m
handling bitumen, i.
e
B
have comes into
Id be thoroughly washed
ling of emulsion an
use of oil insoluble
wever, it is stressed
on protective clothing are provided in t h e S a
entally spilled or lea
m ~ aon
l safety"',
If emuisron is inyeste
kept cairn and a doclor should be c a l k
not be made P:
hen emulsion C O e s into contact wtth t
viashed tiloroughly with cold water and
rernowed before it breaks. if the er-nulsa
paraffin should be u
(diesel) or halogen
dermatitrs Ali cant
if large amounts of ernuision come into co
break, the injured
If the emuisrun comes mta csntac
emulsions should be in acco
or emulsions, namely
r cationic emulsions.
scribed in the SABS spe
ction methods and met
nventional and rnodrf~e
or sampling emulsions is described in
ovide the batch num
ly u - ~ ~ as
ce
cosity of the blen
lux in the blend should be indi
influence the curing
n and consequently the timing of successwe operations
e-mouth jars or bo
mulsions should be
eta1 containers should not be used.
, the emulsion should be sample
ise, samples should be taken I
ing precautions should be a
%
pie containers should be ne
it together tightly.
solvent, nor should it be wiped
erial on the outsid
cloth immediate1
e3
itumen 'emulsions
mple should not be transferred into another container
ii
during shipment.
he tests to determine these properties are b r ~ e f l y
1: The viscosity of bitumen emulsions
iscometer. In this
ugh a standard orifi
of emulsion is pour
unt of bitumen in the
sieve is deternined.
ulsion should be so small that vi
quantity of ernulsio
cement. In the case of spr
oat the chips. In the case o
lsion should not break
ample of emulsion is pl
fter the centrifuge has
to its original quality.
of the jar) should occur.
resistance test:
rnulsions is evaluated.
ie specificallons for anionic a n d cationic
Tables 4 1 and 4 2.
allon, alter 60 cornpl
roPatasns
TRW7, Pretoria, 1
Grade
p
-
Property
Stable
rni x
6 09'0
5 1-200
50
(rnax)
inder content,
(m/m)
OO
/
Fluxing agent content,
OO
/
STM D2
6 5 -68
60-63
STM D244
5 rnax
n~l
0,25
0,25
( d m )of binder
ssidue on sieving,
ore
Pos
Pos
ure
1,o
zathode after 30 min, g
n~l
n~l
zomplets rotations
2,c
Soagulation value, %
$dm) :
Silica flour, max
s may be used to recover the base
itumen from an
@?
!he preparation is completed within 15 minutes.
The foliowing test are normally conducte
a standard n
Ductility test: The ductllit
m ~ l l ~ m e t r eto
s which a st
c o n d l t ~ s n sbefore t h e thr
cohesiveness or a
applied ioa
ia
same as those described in sect~on
io
r content, %, (min).
ue on sieving, g/100 rnl,
me as those described in section
se described rn section 4 . 3 3 In
means of a ductitorneter The
!ion, the elastic recovery
hod is b i ~ e f i ydescribed
96 recovery = (200- "elongation (m
rope
iven tn t h e Sabita
s d material satisfies
ual'"', these mixes a
engineering properties.
e behaviour of
-component sy
re multi-cornpone
ired) lime or c
MS is mors CO
rns comprising
ystems contain
alt is a visco-elastic materi
aunt of the si nificant influence of curing, its
should be considere in both the mix
tructed in South
lastic materials
Bitumen emulsion
sign equrprr~enta s iequlred for granular
ce include:
both initial an
curing.
@
Bitumen emulsions
TRH7, Pretoria, 1994.
layer is defermined from fatigue curves and
tails of construction and qual~tycontrol are given in ih
levant clauses of the CS
re considered significant in the
the modification approach is use
should preferably be lower (10
mi~ures);
r no circumstances should undilute
smulsion corns into
number of factors that may influence the decision to use
MS, unrestricted t
. Provision should
) . The length of this
of cement, type of ag
n case of srtabiilse
to prevent tr
(DCP) measurements coul
rd materials in
n approach) may b
of aggregates (of di
calsicn, lime and cerne
vwth ernutsions shoul
itumen emulsions
h e selection of the type and i;:zde of prirr2e and
e o i granular layer, !is absor
t of the base
itumen emulsions
ot possible to cover t h e cemented layer
cing within 24 hours, a curing mernbra
ose of this curing rnembr
any detrimental c
of membrane to pr
nation or salt migration
inders for curing membranes are
e section 2.1.
e curing membrane should
menled layer. Suitable spray
cornmended spraying temper
re should be taken (such as by proper brooming) to ensur
een the curing membrane and a cemented
vent any subsequent slippage causing ailure of bituminous
tails of the construction of curing
seal approach is recommended.
cing.
sodace or concrete
emulsion shoul
ich emulsion may h
emulsion before the asphalt i
coals should not be
riods of cold of
est conditions are when t
ising and when there
air temperat
ept off the tack coat prior to placeme
speed limit should be kept belo
itumen emulsions
umew content
Bitumen emu!sions
7 , Pretoria, 1994.
versely affect the s
prior to the ap
6s
ours should ap
of emulsions,
se should be cons1
unless the moistu
less than 50 per cen
ing types of single seals
B~tumenemulsions
ith emuisior 5 a i e commor7iy used:
lection and application of the appropri
,75 mm chips re also used for t
on low-volum
ri
ates should conform to t
relaxation rn fines an
gates. The mate
should not be pr
characteristics of
h e aggregates used in sea
used for spraying. The abso
cilitates the breakin
tionc spray grade (65 or 70%) emulsions or S
ommended for use in single seals.
ulsions
with absorptive a
-modified emulsions pe
mulsions are mainly
11s of the design of single seals
TRW7, Pretoria, 199
here seats are la
rtumen
FM?, P
iontc (65% or 70%) spray grade or S
0th applications of t
e use of anionic S
breaking characteristics.
ray consists of either stable grade
e been diluted in water, Cationic
ich has been diluted in water (r
e section 10.2.1 for details of aggregales nd of the use of
ulsions.
etails of the design of double seals are given in T
elines given in section 10.2.3 should
ient time should elapse prior to the application of
e that all the volatiles or water in the first spray hav
es are trapped by t h e second spray, bleeding or rich
See also section 10.6.
sists of the applic
affic volumes, 13.2 mm aggregate
slurry may be used.
or 13,2 mm a
r the slurry sho
tandard Specif
slurry should contain a Portland cement active filler
71
or an approved alternative.
ith
for
ion
Construction of C
B~tumenernulsrons
TRH7, Pretoria, 199
r of slurry shoul
are used for tr
n y of the following defects:
e
uneven surfaces because of bumps and ru
fine slurries are no ally applied as su
case of active crac s, the use of
ate requirements are
s is discussed in TR
machine shoul
ute the weight of
urs to the existing
the slurry uniform!
improved by mea
brooming.
s should be included
reference to joints a
slurry, ihe road should be kept close to f f a f k M-M
1. This may vary from 1 hour on warm d a y s to 4
hen rain is imminent.
ecome unstable under traffic
layers thicker th
tions of high tra ic volumes and (
polymer-modifi
slurries (section
Q
B
ere the surface is uneven because o
the edges of the surfacin
the sodace texture nee
B
0
slurries can to
and also und
slurries can be u
slurries can be placed on the
er is normally capable of ca
ictated by the sp
to 20 mm. Type 2 gradings (ma
earing courses, edge breaks and for
cement confor
supplier.)
has been laid, the residual binder should have ih
slurries shou
In additron, t
be capable of
iturnen emulsions
in
ithin the spreading systems
recommended to assess t
bility test and visual assessm
oad temperatures at the time of placing should not excee
e Vlalit adhesion test
Is constructed with e
lsions are given Tabl
emulsion is co d onto 200 x 200 mm steel
lates being coated. l00 st
roject are placed (ev
ioned In an oven at 50"
5C and the rern
ced in a cooling c
of siurries can be determined with th
or s,mply called the Cone test. This test
value to consistency.
,
is lest uses t h e sand absorption cone (
cone is a hollow 0,8 mm frustum, 75
rs. The flow scale has
s t r ~ at~le,
l
metal sheet or pa
ion or
ixed asphalt cures relative1
thorities. It is normally used
alt is unsconomical on ace
e asphalt plant. Open-graded cold-rni
ks and for patching.
attonic pre-mix grade emulsions with
ally used for open-graded cold-mixed
nionic as well as cationic stable grade emulsion can be U
ixes containing a large proportion of fine material. It
than the mixes prepared with cationic pre-mi
-mixed asphalt is nomally seale
ulrs in a relatively impermeable surfacin
~turnenemulsions
ce operations can inc ase both the functtonal and
. in this section th use of emulsion in mai
atch repair, pothole repair, crack filling and ge
efined as any rehabilitation work to pavement layers to
an area of typically less than 50 rn2 andor having a I
nusual to see maintenance teams repeatedly patchin
auses for the poor perfomanc
ackfill material
ent methods (if
as devised using sound techniques t
terial and can be
been successfully irn
rninous surfacing.
xcavation should be
stone material should
small concrete mixer. Then the backfill
in thin layers; no
rum rollers or no more than 60 mm for pla
n used to control th
ntial for the f ~ n
ood bonding of the ne
n imperneable
tch work and especially to the existing surfacing.
ulsion-based mlxes used for mainten
conventional as halts in that hot-rni
uction. These mi s may be store
othole repairs can be divided into
@
$a
mixes for immediate use, and
mixes for long-term storage.
ixes consist of bout 5 to 10
ulsion (by mass of total mix) wi
ants, small truck mixers or
nt, anionic or
etails of various types
s should b e cleaned by
itumen emulsions
TRH7, Pretoria, 1994
rat -filled emulsions
on-attainment of specified densiti
ucts are also used to ens
lications of diluted (mo
muisions or cationic sp
enrichment measures
constructed single seal surface treatment
loss. The purpose of fo seals is to improve the
sprays are light a
ce is dampened prior to a
sion to flow around the ag
is mainly used for surface-te
due to an absenc
ue to excess voids.
for fine siurries should con
le 12.2. Goldmin
Hect~velyin the manufactu
ulsion content for fine slurries is gen
itumen emulsions
slurries shoul
The guidelines
Brtumen emulsions
TRti?, Pretoria,
O F @ than
ction 10 apply
3 months.
amounts of dust are created by vehicles on unpaved
reasons for the accident rates on unpaved roads
than those on sudac
The use of emulsions as dust palliatives is a ractical and econo
cationic emu1
to this problem. Diluted stable-gra
irectly onto the unpaved road S
rnulsion is d~luted
emuision is applie
ication depends on the condition of t
ears t h e emphasis
g existing paverne
slab1
a wit
c
iS
benefits:
vents their loss
-
ce of t h e sod they ca
rates a s the
There are other mulch tr
roaches, s u c h as using slraw and h a y in
Authorities. 1987.
epartrnent of Tran
Testing and Materials. 1989.
ureau of Standards.
rican Bitumen and Tar Association. 1993.
. Manual 14. Cap
rch. 1985.
-
~turnensmulsions
phase
arshall testinn at 23 Rr
fluid content (
'ure for 45 hours @ 60
itumen emulsions
