Learn Sanskrit Sanskrit is the mother of all native languages of India. A great storage of knowledge with subjects like Medicine, Mathematics, Geography, Geology, Statecraft, Astronomy, Philosophy and many other is kept alive and fresh in Sanskrit lore for thousands of years. If you know atleast one major Indian language thoroughly, you can understand Sanskrit 50%. Then why stop at second rate? Make your knowledge first class. Even if you do not know any Indian language, you need not worry, With a bit hardwork, it is all yours, And We are doing the hard work - you go through the lessons. Now the way is even simpler. A series of Sanskrit lessons from Alpha to Omega are conducted for you by one of the prestigious Jnanapith Award winner's family members. Right from the first lesson, it goes in a very interesting and scientific way. ALPHABET Ist Session: Sanskrit Alphabet is called "VARNAMALA"™ "Vama’ is pronounced as in wurmur (do not dropthe first R) "Mala" is pronounced as in Malt. Varna (varnam) means letter - Mala means garland. Thus Varnamala is a combination of two words giving a meaning - garland of letters. There is a total of 48 letters in which 15 are vowels and 33 are consonants, Unlike English, all the 15 vowels are arranged first in an order because they are the basic uninterrupted vocal sounds and then the 33 consonants follow, which form syllables. Let us see how these letters form the shape of a garland. Along with the normal way of spelling the Sanskrit sounds in English, we also take the help of phonetic symbols (Oxford standard) and a Transliteration puide for pronunciation - which are almost equivalent to Sanskrit.VOWELS Sanskrit letters PHONETIC Asin nearer to English SYMBOLS Alphabet (with Notation) Run, done Am, bath Sit, knit See, knee Put, bull too, proof eye Arrest Room, Rule Clue, flew Thames, Prey My, fine u u Fr No, over how, dawn gum, some Abraham, Aha eReoR CEs The 3: (aha) is the life of Sanskrit and Vedas. Thisis called 'Visarga’. This is the basic sound 'h, Though it is learnt as 4: (aha) - it is always pronounced alongwith the preceding vowel as aha, ihi, uhu, ehe, aihi, (not aihai), oho, auhu (not auhau) - as in Ramaha, Gowrihi, Sambhuhy, etc. |. The Short formsof % (E)and 31 (O) donot exist in Sanskrit. 2. The Vowel o(1)isused very rare.Consonants Every crude Consonant is uniformly pronounced with the first vowel A (A). SANSKRIT ENGLISH PHONOTIC AS IN Ea ka KA lucky, lac aq kha ‘KA (with stress) cut, collar 7 a BA gum, guide a gha gA (with stress) ghee, aghast, $ ({g)na nA singer, stronger a ca fA lunch, chip s cha ‘tf A (with stress) chance, cherry a Ja dza judge, jungle a Jha ‘dz (with stress) jherkin, jhoom a (z)ia mdz sponge, lounge z ta t plant, flight 3 Tha ‘tA (with stress) Table, time z Da dA Door, Dog a Dha ‘dA (with stress) Adhesive, definite q Na nA Round, land a Ta 8A Truth, youth q Tha ‘GA (stress) Thousand, thorough q Da 'GA That, then q Dha ‘oAGwith stress) Budha, Dharma a Na nA Noun, Nun7 “tot q a & Pa Pha Ba Bha Ya Sha Sa ha PA ‘PA(with stress) bA 'bA (with stress) VA SA FA SA hA Sharp, Ripe appoint, paint, paid (notasin phone or flower) bark, bat abhor, Bharat (official name of India) Money, some Yes, yard Red, Run (like the linking 'r as in four -hours - funner-up") Love, life Miva, value (not as in we, want) Sand, saturn, salary Ship, push Sit, sound halt, horse Along with these 33 consonants, a traditional practice of writing two more letters exists. a Jia Ksha ndza Signature (with extra nasal sound) Sanction,Note the difference between the vowel # (_r)-R- (touch of the tongue) and consonant ¢(rA) - Ra; (run of the tongue) A crude consonant is denoted with a sign (.) marked under the letter like, % (m); Ag), Att); (dz) = =(g)na = is a nasal combination of ka (1) & ga (71) 4 = =(z)na = Nasal combination of Ca (4) & Ja (9) 7 =na = Nasal combination of ta (2) & da (S) 4 =na = Nasal combination of ta (4) & da(@) Though it is said that the total letters are 48, for centuries together conventionally ‘varnamala’ ends with 4 (ksha). As the varnams (letters) start from 4 (A) and end with 4 (ksha), these letters are called Aksharams also. Not only that, there is another scientific reason explained :- The first sound produced from the vocal cord is 3 (A) with the opening of the mouth. Last letter, with the closing of the mouth is 4_(m). In between, the major ‘phonetic stations’ are (k), 3 (sh) and (r). So all the major letters pronounced in an order make A... K..... shor... m (3...%,..9...0..9), And more, vocal cord can also pronounce a compound letter. So making +4 (k+sh) as'ksha' the Letteris symbolically called as S74, (Aksharam) . Varnamala (garland of letters) started from Larynx with (A) as the first flower, knots back to the original point at Larynx, with 41 (ksha) or @ (ha) as the last flower, completes the shape of garland making its name, vamamala, meaningful.Spelling and pronunciation; In English, uncertainty about pronunciation arises from the irregularity of spelling. But in Sanskrit script, such trouble does not arise, Because, pronunciation is not apart from spelling. A word is read as it is spelt, For example, the word "Parama" (ultimate consists of three syllables (letters) \ Pa) ta (7) and ma() (PA) (tA) (mA) and (Parama) is written as T/ the top lines of the three letters joined together and read as itis. There is no chance of mispronunciation if letters are pronounced basically correct. Mixing vowels with consonants: To write consonants with vowels, there is a simple and scientific method followed: Each vowel has got a symbol of its awn. Any consonant mixed with that symbol, is pronounced with that vowel Vowel Yowel symbol Mixed with consonants H/ Aj(a) No symbol. Because Every consonant is basically written in this form. anys A(a) I (Placed at the right side of the letter) H+ 1 =F T+ = 77 A+1= 9 F412 5 and so on..... ai) f (Placed at the left side of the letter)3/10) 3/U(u) / Ua) /R(1) B/Ru( mu) LA) YE(e) 2/ Ai(ai) AV 0 (9) 4 P+ ai = fe, fa ae fh feasfa+fsas& (Placed at the nght side of the letter) mets aes a+t=daet=a...... {Placed below the letter) HHA] (Placed below the letter) H+= BT+ = 7 44.59 44.54 (Placed below the letter) Rt =F 74 57 a4 Gated (Placed below the letter) F+e= a +E = 1 O+E=F;A+E = (Placed at the side of the letter) (But thisis notin regular usuage) (Placed at the top of the letter) a+ shay =F (Placed at the top of the letter) ae shaft (Placed at the right of the letter)H +l HH, 71+ 1= 7 a+ =a a+T= a... ait/ Au (au) + {Placed at the right side of the letter) . Ret= a: T+1-H ‘ a+l= thas} =a... 3 / Am(am) . (Placed at the top of the letter) A+ =e =F A+ =9 44-5... t/ Aha(aha) : (Placed at the right side ofthe letter) Hts HD+: = Ute UA +=: Writing the conjunct consonants: Iftwo or more consonants pronounced consequently without the intervention of vowels, there is another system followed. ‘Write the first pronounced consonant/or consonants first - veritically cut into half-and write the final consonant fully at the extreme right side:- Kea= R+Ys3 a7 Note : But in usage this r letter is being written Kes A+ U2 4, UW = FT like this (8) Kei= f+asfa= fe KCi= 84+ ds acf= af Kou= $+ 954, 9=9q. Kei= +423, 45 77 KCe= +953 4270 Keo= H+ M4 ToraKeau= %+ 23 a= it Keam= %4954, 4579 Keana = $+ 4: = 4, 4: = Fa: Kta= H+T=49,25% Kta= +053, 7-1 Kpa= +953, 9=% Kma= F+H=3, 0-97 Kya= +73 4=q gma= 14+ 21 F=F gya= 14421 q4=q g pa= T+ 77 q=q ghya= -4+9=59- Cma= F4+H5tq= Cpa= U+G%G= Cya= W+Astq-=q Jya= 9 We 50-257 Jna= M+ Gs5 Fa oF Jhyas A+ 4=F 9-—] Ina= A+ AAA tma= a+Rse = dya= S+ Osa = ay thma= 4+R=¢ 4-7 thha= 4+ 5% 45 oF thya= 444=49=q dhma= 44+9=%,9=o9 dhna= Fe Ase seq Nya= 9 4+4=7,.4=5]Nka= 4+h=7,%==h Nya= 44+7=55,7= 57 Pka= +R 0 hae Pca= Yt sy qany Pta= J+@=07¢=@ Plas T+a=Ca-4 Pma=* F+Rst qo Pya= G+9=09=q Ksya= $+0+9=424=Rq tsna= F+94+7=0049 = 04 ktva= B+A+T= 40g = ay Consonant Ra (7) is written in a different style giving a curved stroke ¢ )on the upper line of theletter, if it is pronounced in a crude form with the following letter. Rva= +929 Rka= (+24 Rga= t+4=4 Rpa= t+ 9=9 [fit is pronounced fully, making the preceding letter pronounce ina crude form it is noted with a stroke (-). Vra= a+teF Kra= B+ gra= T+ C27 pra= T+tsF Ifthe same letter occurs twice : itis written one upon one Kka= H+ Cea= Wasatta= c+e5F ththa= 3+8=% dda= $+ 8=% For convenience, some letters are being written: ppa= 44+ 4=4=( side by side) bba= 7 +4 = As ( side by side) mma= 4+ = 47 = (side by side) yya= 4+ 4=2 = (side by side) All these are easily understandable with a little practice. Finally words are written like this. Jiinam= FA or FA Devaha= 2: Ramaha= 774: Note: Ifa word ends with 3 (am), itis better to write 7 (m) at the end of the word, instead of putting a dot (.) on the last letter. A sentence is written like this, Sense: 1 Aham = Patham Pathami ae We Tay am reading the lesson 1 lesson am reading Words - 72: (Sabdah) Aword is called 21%: (Sabdaha). #F2 : (Sabdah) is plural. All Sanskrit words are basically classified into two sections - 4-7 (sub- antam) and fS-77 (tingantam) AT, (sub-antam) means - words end with 'sup' group feig-4 (ting-antam) means - words end with 'ting' groupqaeT_ (sub-antam) belongs to non-verbal group fag (ting-antam) belongs to verbal group. Basically, a sentence is constructed with at (Karta), FAT (karma) and fT (Kriya). ail (kartd) means subject, al (karma) means object and fran (kriya) means verb. Gast, (Sub-antam) Non Verbal word GFA] (sub-antam) word has fe] Gingam), 727A (vacanam) and Fafa (vibhakti). cuca (lingam) means gendre FTA (vacanam) means number fafa (vibhakti) means case fei (lingam) - gender ferTLis of three types. Every word is divided into any one of these three. ST (pumlingam), Tat fT (strilingam) and Tyee fer (napumsaka lingam). 1. gh, (pumlingam) : means Masculine gender. It tells about male nous or names, Examples: 74: Ramaha - Name of a person Fem: Krushnaha = - Name ofa person a: Sarpaha - Snake aa: Viukshaha = - Tree 2a fT (stri lingam) means feminine gendre. Ittells about female Nouns OF names. . Examples: drat (sita) - Name of'a person wat (Radha) - Name of a person at (Lata) - Creeperger (Dila) - Cradle 3. aga Fr (Napumsaka lingam) means Neuter gender. It tells about neutre nouns or names. Examples: 444, (Dhanam) — - Money a (Vanam) - garden Pry (Pushpam) —- flower Fey, (Phalam) ~ fruit 4TH, (Vacanam) - Number Every language has only two vacanams (numbers). But in Sanskrit T4477 (vacanam) is of three types. Wa Fay (Eka vacanam), f T4477 (Dvi vacanam) and 7g 747 (Bahu vacanam). This is the speciality of Sanskrit. 1, % TAT (Eka vacanam) means Singular number. It tells about a person ora thing. Examples; 05: (Ramaha) one Rama at: (vrukshaha) one tree a: (sarpaha) one snake ata (Sita) one Sita aa (Lata) one creeper 7A, (Vanam) one garden cue (Pushpam) —_ one flower 2. ferry (Dvi vacanam) means Duel number. This duel number is the speciality of Sanskrit language. This duel number is not found in any other language. It tells about two things or two persons. Examples: Wit (Rimau) — - Two Ramas aa (Krushnau) —- Two krushnaswat (Vrukshau) —- Two trees ait (Sarpau) - Two snakes aa (Sita) - Two Sitas aw (Radhe) - Two Radhas ae (Die) - Two Cradles Co (Vane) - Two gardens (Pushpé) - Two flowers rea (Phalé) - Two fruits 3. 4g TAA (Bahu vacanam) means plural number. It tells about three or more persons or things. Examples: TAT: (Ramaha) - Many Ramas (Krushndha) - Many Krushnas (Vrukshaha) - Many trees (Sarpaha) —- Many snakes (Sitaha) - Many Sitas (Radhiha) - Many Radhas (D6laha) - Many cradles (Vanani) - Many gardens (Pushpani) — - Many flowers (Phalant) —- Many fruits gage 23 3% fprfaet - (Vibhakti) CASE frat (Vibhakti) means "case". Itisused to join the words together and complete a sentence giving the needed meaning. This is added at the end of the subanta word (4 7*2) and so called case termination. In Sanskrit, FF (Vibhakti) is of eight types. They are: 1. ant fafa - Prathama vibhakti - Ist or Nominative case2. fea faaiaa - Dvitiya vibhakti_- 2nd or Accusative case 3. adtat frat - Trutiyd vibhakti 3rd or Instrumental case 4, age fufaa - Caturdhi vibhakti_ - 4th or Dative case 5, Warf fifa - Pancami vibhakti_ - Sth or Ablative case 6. 341 faufat =~ Shashthi vibhakti_ - 6th or genetive case 7, aati fafa -Saptami vibhakti - 7th or locative case 8, Gala Waa FAT - Sambodhana prathamd vibhakti - 8th or vocative case (Addressing) (Traditionally this is referred after the Ist) Vibhakti (74 FR) is added at the end of'a subanta word (G4"d 7). It's form slightly changes according to the gender and number of the word First let us see how the masculine form appears in singular number. 1. 30 od (Prathama Vibhakti) : Thisis the subject in the sentence. Its form won't change. Examples: 77: = - Ramaha - person Rama 9o:; -Krushnaha — - person krushna 2. facfar Erafaa (Dvitiya Vibhakti) : Means "about". 377(Am) joins at the end of the word. Examples: TAR -Rimam - about Rama FE, -Krushnam —- about Krushna 3, Tefen Fatt (Trutiya Vibhakti) : Means "By" "with" or "through". WT (Ena) joins at the end. Examples: a - Ramena - By Rama -with Rama SIT -Krushnena - By Krushna - with Krushna 4, ageff fastfaa Caturdhi Vibhakti: Means "for". 3174 (Aya) joins at the end.Examples: JAR - Ramaya - For Rama Td -Krushnaya - For Krushna 5, Tart fora Pancami Vibhakti: Means "from", "than". 31, (At) joins at the end Examples: TART, - Ramat - From Rama - Than Rama POT, - Krushnat - From Krushna - Than Krushna 6, 681 feoraa Shashthi vibhakti: Means "of". @ (sya) joins at the end, Examples: Hea -Rimasya - of Rama ROT -Krushnasya - of Krushna 7, ae frafaa Saptami vibhakti: Means "in". & (E) joins at the end. Examples: mm -Rame -in Rama aay -Krushne in krushna 8. date were Eafe Sambodhana Prathamd Vibhakti: This is used in addressing. @ (Hey) joins in the beginning of the word and the faerf (visarga) that is the mark: goes off. Examples: 27m. Hey Rama - Hello Rama! - You Rama! 2 F- Hey Krushna - Hello Krushna! - You krushna! Verb fasarq (ting-antam) After understanding about the basics of §4*F (sub-antam), let us know the basics of fA@*777 (ting-antam) feS=7F (ting-antam) means the verbal form ofa word. It develops from *1q:(Dha tuhu). Dhatuhu means verbal root or primitive verbFAST (ting-antam) has three qualities namely F774 (vacanam), OF (purusha) and ®ART (kalam), 1, 44417 (vacanam): We already learnt about 7444 (vacanam) in the previous lesson, 2, Ye4 (purusha) means person. this is of three types. STH FET (Utama purusha) Rega Jey = (Madhyama purusha) and ya4 Jet — (Pradhama purusha) ‘S04 YF (Uttama purusha) means Ist person. WeTA TF (Madhyama purusha) means 2nd person and WH Jed (Prathama purusha) means 3rd person. eA (Aham) 'T' is Uttama purusha. 4 (tvam) 'Thou' or "you" is Madhyama purusha. 4: (saha) means "He" U1 (Sa) means "she". ‘We (tat) means "that", @ (te) means "you, you all" etc, are Pradhama Purusha 3. IA (Kalam) means tense. Though the tense in Sanskrit is divided into ten by its various moods, basically itis of three types. We can know the moods in an advanced stage. The three tenses are 744M ie, (vartamana kalam), "cl Tet, (Bhuita kdlam) and 4F°ae 25 (Bhavishyat kalam) 1. AAT BTA means present tense, This is called technically #2 (lat). For example let us take the “Tg (Dhatu) (i.¢., the root verb) - 9 (patha). WS (Patha) means to read. IFW (Patha) is terminated with f@ (ti), it becomes present tense of third person or 344 Je (Prathama purusha) Singular (Eka vacanam).If 98 (patha) is terminated with fa (si), it becomes present tense of second person or 74 J@9 (Madhyama purusha) singular. If 93 (patha) is terminated with anf (Ami), it becomes present tense of Ist person or Stt4 Je (uttama purusha) singular. Examples: In Eka vacanam / 4444 / Singular. WA Gea (Prathanapurusha) 3rd person. Meaning qé + fa =a0f (Pathati)= (He /she) is reading FEAR FET (Madhyama purusha) 2nd person 3 + fa = cafa (Pathasi) = (you) are reading STA FES (Uttama purusha) Ist person 08 + ae = darter (Pathimi) = (1) am reading 2. ‘Yd FIA (Bhuita kalam) means past tense; Thisis called technically as (lang) the simple past. Examples: (In Singular) 444A - Eka vacanam W448 Fest (Prathama purusha) (3rd person) Meaning At WS + 7 = HS (Apathat) (She/He) read it. Weqy Tq (Madhyama purusha) (2nd person) H+ = HI (Apatha) (you) read it SoH Fee (Uttama purusha) (Ist person) A+ + R= aH (Apatham) — (I)readit. 3. a aa, (Bhavishyat kalam) means future tense, This is technically called Je (Irt) the simple future. Example: (in singular) % T444.- Eka Vacanam Meaning aR Te / Prathama purusha 3rd person 6 + goat = ofoeater (Pathishyati) (He/she) will read WEAN YeI/ Madhyama purusha 2nd personae + seq = ofenafey (Pathishyasi) (you) will read 3W7 FH /Uttama purusha Ist person 6 + seat = yfocah (Pathishyami) (I) shall read, So now the sentence: U7: Tod Ramaha pathati - means Rama reads or Rama is reading. aie yoke Sitd Pathati - means Sita is reading or Sita reads, In these sentences (Ramaha) 77: and @1aT (Sita) are subantams and {Pathati) is Tingantam. Next we will go into the further details of {4-74 (sub-antam).IInd Session ararasie - Namavacakani (NOUNS) Now we know the words are divided into two types as GAM (subantam) and faeqm, (tingantam), And grahas certain qualities like faa - linga, 444 vacana and fafa vibhakti, Now let us know the qraR subantam in detail. gadis of five kinds:- 1, aware - Namavacakam (Noun and proper Noun) 2. aaa Sarvandimam (Pronoun) 3, warez - Bhdva vacakam (Abstract Noun) 4. Rabi - Viseshanam (Adjective) 5, say - Avyayam (Adverb) - (Indeclinable) These are formed either in #474 (Ajantam) or in #74 (Halantam.) Saray (Ajantam) means word ending with vowel. #™- (AC) means Vowel, a=™m- (Antam) means end. #4 + 3-14 (AC+Antam) becomes #474 (Ajantam) in pronunciation. ert] - Halantan means word ending witha crude consonant, #4 - (Hal) means consonant, aay - (Antam) means end, Lard areal : Ajanta Sabdaha (Words ending with Vowels) era wat:- Ajanta Sabdaha (the words ending with vowel) are of five kinds. |, araranty (Akarantam) end with vowel "A" 2. garreq (Ikdrantam) end with vowel "I" 3. gern] (Ukarantam) end with vowel "U" 4, samen (Rkarantam) - end with vowel "R" 5. ararra (Okarantam) - end with vowel "O" Now let us learn some #4nrd #721:- Akardnta Sabdah (words ending with vowel "A") These are get: (Akaranta Sabddh) can be found in all genders.Il. Akaranta pumlinga sabdah Let us first learn some 9#/pumlinga (masculine) words. Majority of these gf (pumlinga) words have visarga (-)at the end. (Visarga is the aspirated sound "h"), This Fri (visarga) is pronounced like the vowel preceeding. That is the rule, Ex oweame= Ramath =Ramaha @&e@+:= Harith = Harhhi westye:= Sambhuth =Sambhuhu Below is a list of some amma (Akaranta) {fev/pumlinga (masculine) words. They are given in wa44 -Eka vacanam (Singular number). am: yu after: qate aaa: R Wa ae Wat: We: - Naradaha ate: - GaneSaha ayaa: - Subrahmanyaha ait Arjunaha am: sala: ‘fre aR: afire: WER: Ara fre: a E Bharadvajaha bos Narayanaha - — Sivaha E - Anjaneyaha err: - — Satyandrayanaha afr: - Saktidharaha wile - Manoharahanea: - Mahadevaha avieda: - Markandeyaha area: - Kartikeyaha aan = Sudhakaraha Ab - Madhavaha yep - Mnruthyunjayaha Taree - Kaliddsaha WR = Bhasaha ya - Suresaha daa - Srikantaha We - Srikanthaha area: - KaSyapaha wae: + Rakeéaha vite - ——Sandilyaha ae Mohanaha woe Suryaha me Chandraha All these above masculine words are the names of some Mythological characters and are still in use as the names of male persons, These are called amara aft Namavacakd ni" “Proper Nouns ". TI. Now we will learn another list of aera-d, yfia aa: /Akaranta, pumlinga Sabdah - (masculine nouns end with vowel"A") These are not proper nouns but Nouns and come under Namavacakas. aaa: Devalayaha - Temple wear: Grandhalayaha - Library oF: . Desaha - Country Ww Gramaha - Village gm - Kugramaha - Hamlet (very small village) Ne - Gehaha - House ae - Lékaha - World Re Vrukshaha - Tree am - Dvipaha - Island aye Samudraha - OceanRPPARS TSAR STEERER RETR AR EAP TT SP ETRE S Nakshatraha Vrushabhaha Mandiikaha Matsyaha Kakaha Maydraha Kapotaha Garudaha Hermitage Planet Star Cloud Well Sky Wave Hill Lake Water tank Pool Lion Tiger Horse Elephant Monkey Tortoise Dog Cat Mouse Cock Fox-Jackal Wolf Donkey Pig Cat Deer OX/Bull Serpent/snake Frog, Fish Crow Parrot Peacock Crane Pegeon/dove EagleBhaktaha - Nicaha - Uttamaha - Murkhaha - Panditaha - Bhikshukaha - Dushtaha - Mallaha - Sreshthaha - Gopilaha - Sevakaha - Viraha - Varaha - Paramahamsaha gq eygeiaggagaeaguatgagavayasas Swan Bee Egg Goat Sheep Man God Immortal Demon Cart Vehicle Chariot Boy Old man Right Side/South Left side/North Devotee Rascal Best person Fool Scholar Beggar Villain ‘Wrestler Great person Cowboy Servant Warrior Boon Saint/sage All these above words are broadly called awarriae: = (Na mavacaka sabdah) i.e, nouns, And also called as afaarmmare: (Jaliva caka Sabdaha) ie., common nouns, TV. Feminine Nouns - senereithramarent: Strilinga NamavacakaNow we willleam some aver (Akaranta), wat fe (Stri linga) words in singular. Majority of Feminine words end with "A'. a afar aptran aI aa =amaT at a aifrar aca ater oa aia ata arr aie el a au Por aat ar nqptaansg Sita Rama Unmila Susila Bhama Ganga Syamala Sarada Durga Subhadra Ambika Satya Nila Chaya Saroja Narmada Sulochana Yaboda Renuka Uma Yamuna Krushna anta Hema Sakuntala Anasiya Priyamvada Kamala Usha . Radha Girija Annaptima Lilatae Devasena ae - Kausalya qa - Sumitra at - Padma 7? - Vasundhara wT Bhramaramba Allthese above feminine proper nouns - "war: (Nimavacaka sabdah) are some mythological characters and are still in useas the names of female persons. v. Now we will learn another list of tamara a: (Strilinga Nama Waicaka sabdaha) which are feminine, common nouns end with vowel "A (a1) ant Devata - Goddess aa - Lata - Creeper am Nauka - Ship sie - Jyotsna - Moonlight wat - Sandhya - Dawn a - Dola - Cradle aa Bala - Young woman ya = Vruddha, - Old woman ze - Karuna - Kindness mT Prabha - Brightness fm Vina - Stringed music instrument. rar Sakha - Branch aera = Balika - Young girl wet Bharya - Wife m7 Kany’ - Virgin wae Mala - Garland fer - Krida - Game a Sena - Amy fem = Nisa - Night wT K Katha - Story w= Ajnd - Order a - Lajja - Shyness.VL Neuter proper nouns - 46 fetvamararenht. - Napumsaka Linga Namavacakani Now we will learn some =i fa (Napumsaka linga), 7ara Hf (Namavacakdni) Le., Neutre gendre common nouns, which end with vowel ‘A’ (a). Majority of these words end with "Am" (393). Note all these words end with "am" (34) GUpMUg PRT AagaAgseragpesagegagy Visvam - Ambaram - Jalam Salilam - Nakshatram—- Abaddham- Satyam - Jianam - Vimanam - Udyanam - Nagaram - Khetram - Soudham - Dvdram - Gavaksham —- Leaf/page Trade Sentence House Cloud Chair ComfortPagdqasasaarpriisaagegasyas Silver Piece Television Friend,Session III Pronoun - 44401: ( Sarvanamaha) L As we understood the basic structure of some nouns in sanskrit, now let us learn some important pronouns also. A pronoun is called as 44m: (sarvanamaha). According to the detailed Sanskrit grammer, the basic #4 (sarvanama) words are forty one. adam words have ft -linga (gender), 7477- vacana (number) and frufft-vibhakti (case termination), They are used to replace a noun in general, or to indicate a group of individuals, animals or things. Here is a list of more oftenly used #414 words in Singular form. Ley - Aham -1 2. Tvam - you (thou) These two are gender free and are used in all genders. IL. if Pumlinga (Masculine) words. 3a - Saha - He (That man) 4m - Eshaha - He (This man) 5, AR - Ayam - This /He (near) 6. wl: - Asauhu ~ He, It (who is present but at a distance) 1% - kaha - Who? B.ad - sarvaha - All 9. Fam: - katamaha - Which or who?(of many) I. eifia Strilinga (Feminine) words: 10. - sa + She (That woman) IL. om - Esha - She (This woman-present and nearer) 12, =m - lyam - This/she (near) 13. sat - Asau - She/ It (present but ata distance) 14a ka - Who? 15. aa ~ sarva ~All 16, ean katama - Who or which (of many) IV. ayaa fe Napumsaka linga (Neuter) words.17. aa - tat - That (which is absent) 18, vaq - Etat - This (whichis nearer) 19, vay - Idam - This (which is near) 20, wa: - Adaha - ltor this (visible at a distance) 21, fe - Kim - What or which one? 22. wa - Sarvam -All 23. aaaq- Katamat - Which one (of many)Session IV A simpe sentence with Noun and pronoun As we are familiar with certain nouns and pronouns, let us now construct some simple sentences. ..... sentences? without a verb?! Yes, without averb. Sanskrit is such an accommodative language. See this sentence with a masculine noun. a am: Saha Ramaha He (is) = Rama The above two words % and w, (a pronoun and a noun) placed together give a meaning of “He is Rama", without using the auxiliary verb "is", Below isa list of such sentences for your study. I. Sentences with Masculine Nouns. FeT: - Aham Ramaha - lam Rama mam fir: - Tvam Sivaha - You are Siva a FO - Saha Krshnaha - That (He who is not present) is krushna. a hide: - Eshaha Govindaha - This (He who is . nearer) is Govinda ait fifa: == Asau Srinivasaha + (He who is a bit far off) It is Srinivasa aan ad: - Ayam Sarpaha - This (which is near) is a snake TAR: - Ayam Sukaraha - This isa pig aa: - Saha Murkhaha - Heisa fool aa isa: - Tvam Panditaha - You are a scholar a: ARE - Saha Vanaraha - That isa monkey re AT: - Aham Ganesaha - lam Ganesha wa Fa - Eshaha Sevakaha - He is a servant II. Sentences with feminine nouns: aa atten - Aham Sita - Tam Sita aM - Tvam Radha - You are Radha a1 al - Sa Sarala - That is Sarala- This is Urmila - This is Lalitha - Itis Kamala -Itisa Ship - Thisis a Branch - That is a Goddess ~ Thisis a creeper - Lama young woman - You are an old woman ~ That is a flower - This a fruit ~ This a chair ~ Itis an airplane - Allis water - Allis gold -Itisadish ~ This ajewel - This is food - That is a book TV. Simple sentences with a question form using nouns and pronouns oar fifa - Esha Urmila gan afer - lyam Lalita al axa - Asau Kamala aa tar - Asau Nauka ea Sra - Esha sakha a aaa - Sa Devata Sar aa - lyam Lata HER ara - Aham Bala OT - Tvam Vruddha I. Sentences with Neuter gender Nouns: aa Pan, - ‘Tat Pushpam Waa a, - Etat Phalam =a SAR, - Idam Asanam we: fara - Adaha Vimanam Tea ey : Sarvam Jalam adn gai, - Sarvam Suvarnam Te aH, - Adaha Patram cca - Idam Ratnam aq Fr . Etat Annam TA SETA - Tat Pustakam only. Question Masculine gender. i: FEA, - Kaba Aham a - Kaha Tvam FG: . Kaha Saha Hi UG: - Kaha Eshaha R: FA, - Kaha Ayam a: oa - Kaha Asau mA: = Kaha Ramaha a: fara - Kaha Sivaha am: fete: - Kaha Simhaha - Who (am) I? - Who are you? - Who is that? (Absent) - Who is this? (Nearer) - Who is this? (Near) ~ Whois it? (far) ~ Who is Rama? - Who is Siva? ~ What is Lion?/i: Al: - Kaha Kakaha i Fal: - Kaha Vrukshaha BH: Ae: - Kaha Matsyaha What lion? - What is Crow?/ What crow? - What is Tree?/ What tree? - What is Fish?/ What fish? The Same masquline question form can be used in the reverse order also - as AeA: - Aham kaha ea Fi: - Tvam kaha aK: Fi - Vanaraha kaha RE Fh: - Sukaraha kaha UF: - Saha kaha Ue: i - Eshaha kaha Fa: - Ayam kaha aah a: - Asau kaha BN: Fi - Krushnaha kaha TA “. Ramaha kaha V. Question form in Feminine Gender: al TEA, - Ka Aham FT - Ka Tvam Al GT - Ka sa Al GT - Ka Esha Al a - Ka lyam al Tat - Ka Asau aa ata - Ka Sita aiftitet — - Ka Girija Al TT - Ka Kanya - Who am 1? - Who are you? ~ What is a monkey? - What is a Pig? - Whois that? - Who is this? - Whois this? - Who is it? - Who is krushna? - Who is Rama? - Who am 1? - Who are you ?(she) - Who is that?(she) - Whois this ? (nearer) - Whois this ? (near) - Who is it? (far) - Who is Sita? - Who is Girija? - Who is Virgin?aT NST aT aar Fl ATH Ka Krida Ka Sena Ka Ajna - What is game?/ What game? - What is an army?/ What army? + What is an order?/ What order? The Same feminine question form can be used in a reverse order also: eA aT RAT aa Qa AT Eo cal aa at Ta aT BGT I al FT TTA aT Aham Ka Tvam Ka Sa Ka Esha Ka Tyam Ka Asau Ka Radha Ka Sarala Ka Katha Ka Mala Ka VI. Question form in Neuter Gender: Paya Fam foam Par ae: Fram Fae, Par rere, Fam APR fea aa Kim Tat Kim Etat Kim Idam Kim adaha Kim Viswam Kim Nakshatram Kim Nagaram Kim Kshetram - Who am 1? - Who are you? - Who is that? - Who is this ? (nearer) - Who is this ? (near) - Whois it? (far) - Who is Radha? - Who is Sarala? - What is the story? - What is a garland? - What is that? - What is this? (Nearer) - What is this? (Near) ~ What is it? (far) ~ What is Universe? ~ What is a Star?/ Which star? - Whatis a city?/ Which city? - What is a field?/ Which field?The same Neuter gender question form can be used ina reverse order also. et Par - Tat kim - What is that? Gad faa Etat kim - What is this?(Nearer) mt C- Idam kim - What is this? (Near) wat; Adaha kim ~ What is it? (far) sara fay Udayanam kim - What is a garden? arte aa. Vanijyam kim - What is a trade? are fe Vakyam kim - What is a sentence? qealan Pa Diradarsanamkim —_ - Whatis a television? VIL The question form of pronoun 414 (katama) is used in numerals. We can learn it later along with numerals. VID. With the learnt TW4lth 3a): (Namavacaka Sabdaha) and aaa a: (Sarvanama Sabdah) now you can slart building some simple sentences on your own. Hereis a an easy exercise for your practice: Exercise J, Translate these Sanskrit sentences into English. oA TA: - Tvam Ramaha arate - Sa Sita Star ATA: - Aham Balaha aT: - Ayam Gramaha Te: Fea: - Eshaha Aswaha oa: : Saha Gajaha Tae - Saha Vanaraha aT - Si kanya a Fea : $4 Vruddha crete Esha Bharya maim; lyam Vindat 2a: - Asau Hamsaha anit Bar - Asau Sena aq ante Tat Asanam Fer at - Idam Kshiram Be: TA - Adaha Ratnam ami HE: - Kaha Markhaha ora - Asau Kaha aa Tat - Ka Asau fe OTL - Kim Papam aa gata - Sarvam Suvamam PR} Kim Rajatam fat | Kim Saudham Gqqay - Etat Sukham qari eccehay, Etat Diradarsanam Exercise 2. Translate these English Sentences into Sanskrit. Tam Krushna - She is Radha . That is Govinda - This (nearner) is a book - It is a flower - Itisa girl - Itis Govinda - That is Ganesa - You are an oldman - You area young girl - That is a monkey - lama scholar - This (near) is a city = What is a pen? - What is ship? - He (nearer) is Siva . She (near) is Girija -She (nearer) is Girjja « She (near) is Ganga - ltisanege - Itisa bee - What is vehicle? lama Virgin - Itisa game - This isa friend . Session V feat - Kriya(VERB) in the previous session, we learnt to construct sentences using only AHareray - Namavacakam (Noun) and aera -Sarvanamam (Pronoun). Now let us go for a Verb - in IlIrd person. Averbis called Bat Kriya / or BATRA /Kriyapadam. BREATH means ‘the Verbal form’. BRaT2H- Kniyapadam has T#A4/Vacanam (Number), IAM / Kalam (tense) and J@4/ Purusha (person) but not fT / Linga (gender). So, a fRarqaA / Kriyapadam can be used for all genders in the same form, Every Gpal / Kriya is derived from the source of 1g: / Dhatuhu. ‘ld: - means the root verb. ( “1a: /Dhatavaha is the plural form) Below isalist of some important BRAT / Kriyapadani (verbal forms) with their “1c4:/ Dhatavaha (Root verbs). These forms are given in 1274 Je / Pradhama Purusha ({IIrd person), waa / Eka Vacanam (Singular Number), 4H 4104 /Vartamanaka lam (present tense) It is the easier way to follow and it is the traditional way also. fa (ti) joins at the end of the root verb to form IlIrd person Singular Verb.Tst lesson: aid: Dhatuhu Gear ceh/Kriya © Meaning: either (Root verb) padam (Verbal form ‘Simple present’ or in [rd person _ ‘Present continuous’ W- Path toread WSlal- Pathati Reads-Reading fA@-Likh — towrite ERAT -Likhati writes -writing qq - Vad to speak aafe - Vadati Speaks - speaking @q -Khad toeat wiaia-Khadati eats - eating aT -Pa = tedrink = af -Pibati drinks - drinking Z -Su —tohear ~=—-WUitfet-Srunoti__hears - hearing ad - Cal tomove Wafa- Calati moves - moving WH - Car towalk — Wfe- Carati walks - walking 4 -Dhiv = tonn SMfa- Dhavati runs - running si+f-Upatvis. to sit akrafe-Upavisati sits - sitting Sot -Shtha — to stand fesafdl-Tishthati stands - standing 7 -Gam = togo aeala- Gacchati go - going anvay- Atgam tocome — amraft-Agacchati comes - coming R -Knm todo ala- Karoti does - doing We -Grah totake © Welfd-Grunhati takes -taking a -Di togive Fall-Dadati —_gives- giving at -Ni to take aa. Nayati takes away - away taking away att -Atnt — tobring arrata- Anayati — brings-bringing aa - Vas ~—storeside «© Falel- Vasati resides - residing fr -Mil tomeet rafal Milati meets - meeting fy -Smnu—to BRIA. Smarati remembers - remember remembering fiery - Vitsmru toforget AARTA-Vismarati forgets - forgettingq+ Thi a Ya ea - Tyaj ea - Has ra - Krand y -Mru Wa - Pac eK Feat - Vitkri Wea, - Pracch aR. -Nam * -Gai J -Nnut 7 -Tad iS -krid @ -Khan Fra, - Cint M7 -Gan at di lL - Dad J -Dhm oy --Jiv TH -Sruyj a4 -Budh 35 -Presh a -Hve amt - Marj to cross to travel to leave tolaugh to cry tokill to cook to buy to sell to question to salute to sing to dance to beat to play to dig to think to count to win to bite to wear to live to create to teach to send to invite to sweep aRa- Tarati ala. Yati waraifa- Tyajati ald- Hasati airaie- Krandati aRata- Marayati Wald- Pacati arma. Krinati fashronfet. Vikrinati Jeafa- Prucchati aAfa - Namati mrafat - Gayati arate - Nnutyati areal - Tadayati afrela - Kridati wala - Khanati frarfa- Cintayati aoa fa- Ganayati ware. Jayati zarfa- Dasati “Rfa- Dharati fate. Jivati wale- Srujati arefi- Bodhati gaala- Preshayati areata Alwayati arate. Marjayati crosses - crossing travels - travelling leaves - leaving laughs - laughing cries - crying kills - killing cooks - cooking buys - buying sells - selling questions - questioning Salutes - Saluting Sings - singing dances - dancing beats - beating Plays - playing digs - digging thinks - thinking count - counting wins - winning bites - biting wears - wearing lives - living creates - creating teaches - teaching sends - sending invites - inviting sweeps - sweepinga - Cur to steal @@ -Dah tobum 74 -Raksh to protect %A - Kart ~— tocut avg -Khand to break Tq - Pat to fall m+ - Uttpat to fly @4-langh ~—tojump el - Snd to bathe Zl_s-Dmus_—tosee ateea-Aruh — toclimb wa+e- Avaruh to get down AI - Bhi to Shine qY -Bhi tobe We - As to be Lession I aVala- Corayati steals - stealing efa- Dahati burs - burning @afa- Rakshati protect- protecting data. Kartayati cuts - cutting avgafa- Khandayati breaks - breaking Tafa Patati falls - falling Fevafe- Utpatati flies - flying quate. langhayati jumps - jumping alfa Snati bathes - bathing aeafa- Pasyati sees - seeing, amiféa- Arohati climbs - climbing area Avarohati gets down - getting down wife. Bhati shines - shining waft-Bhavati is aed Asti is Upto now, we leamt more than sixty commonly used verbs (BRATHT / Kriyapadani) with their Singular form (3% 7474 / Eka Vacanam) in Hird person (74H Jee / Prathama purusha) Now let us use them in sentences with Noun (Waray / Nama va cakam) and pronoun aay Sarvandmam). We already know verb do not change with gender (fa77/ Lingam). So, below are some sentences in all genders (@afe7 / Sarva linga) They are in Singular (% 744 / Eka vacana) [rd person (744 Fea / Pratama purusha).Meaning carries either ‘Simple Present’ or Present continuous’ ant IGT / Vartamana kalam). 7: aeta ~ Ramaha Pathati + Rama is reading/Rama reads Hien Tata - Sita Pathati - Sitais reading/ Sita reads @ Taft - Saha Pathati - He (that) is reading wa: af - Eshaha Pathati - He (this)is reading arvefi — - Sa Pathati - She (that)is reading wae - Esha Pathati - She (this)is reading Her Wee - Ayam Pathati - He (near) is reading FA Tah - lyam Pathati - She (near) is reading 3: TSA - Asauhu Pathati - He (far) is reading wat For - Asau Pathati - She (far) is reading, Like this, every noun and pronoun can be used with every verb in the above manner. III. For further study, follow the below sentences: 3501: @lefa- Krushnaha Khadati ~ Krushna is eating/Krushna eats ater: evafa - Ganesaha Dhavati - Ganesha is running aya: wafa- Arjunaha jayati - Aqjunais winning apaferare: farafa- Kiliddisaha likhati - Kalidasa is writing ft: qeata- Sivaha Nrutyati + Siva is dancing, ava: Wafd- Naradaha gayati - Narada is singing “arm: @ufel- Chandraha Hasati - Chandra is laughing a: “Wala- Suryaha Calati - Surya is moving Tai: fa- Gajaha Carati - Elephant is walking at: d4afd- Vanaraha langhayati - Monkey is jumping a4: aaifa- Sarpaha Dasati - Snakeis biting mr vate - Rama pacati - Ramaa is cookingWAT Gala - Bhima khadati aera Alsi - Balika kridati gear arate - Vruddha Bodhati gattar arial - Susala marjayati ater zefat - Nauka Dahati eq Tifa - Kanya snati @a7 Safa - Send Jayathi frre Treat - Nida gacchati war areal - Prabha Agacchati art Reel - Vanaraha Arohati flan fafa - Mitram milati faery serafa - Vimanam Utpatati aay Sela - Aranyam dahati aH TEA - Jalam Asti Fan gala -Phalam patati oery zeae - Punyam rakshati SAW Wale - Jina bhavati wean ata - Satyam jayati aa aaa - Netram Pasyati SAE Ae - Jyotsnd bhati ¥ IV. Sentences in question form : a: ofa - Kaha pathati aa wale - Ka Pathati farm Gata - Kim pathati aii Glafel - Kaha Khadati - Bhama is eating ~ Young girl is playing + Old woman is teaching ~ Suseelais sweeping, - Ship is burning - Virginis bathing - Army is winning - Nightis going ~ Light is coming -Monkey is climbing - Friend is meeting - Airplane is flying - Forest is burning - Water is there (There is water) ~ Fnuitis falling ~ Good deed is protecting ~ Knowledge is there. (There is knowledge) - Truthis winning ~ Eye is seeing ~ Moonlight is shining. - Who (He) is reading? - Who (she) is reading? - What is reading? - Who (he) is eating?al Fafa - Ka pacati fram aR - Kim karoti ai: ill - Kaha karoti al aalfel - Ka Karoti a aTTeufa - Kaha Ahvayati ant Paeraia- Ka cintayati far cata - Kim patati fpr ele - Kim Dahati fala - Kim Dakati far serait - Kim Utpatati aI Tafa - Ka gayati a: sbrefa - Kaha kridati 7ALaTShA - Ka kridati 3p: avREfa - Kaha Avarohati and so on, -Who (she) is cooking? - What is doing? - Who (he) is doing? - Who (she) is doing? - Who (he) is inviting? -Who (she) is thinking? - What is falling? - What is burning? - What is biting? - What is flying? - Who (she) is singing? - Who (he) is playing? - Who (she) is playing? - Who (he) is getting down? V. Upto now we learnt sentences with two words. Now let us write a sentence with three words :- (using the verbs [afd - Pathati and Tala - patati) @: 74: Tels - Saha Ramaha Pathati 3: TH: Weta - Eshaha Ramaha Pathati aren: Wale - Ayam Ramaha Pathati aa: 1H: Wald - Asauhu Ramaha Pathati arate gait - Sa Sita Pathati - That Rama (absent) reads (or) That Rama (absent) is reading, - This Rama (nearer) is reading - This Rama (near) is reading - This Rama (far) is reading - That Sita (absent) isreading wa etal Tafel - Esha Sita Pathati - This Sita (nearer) is reading gan iter Tale - lyam Sita Pathati - This Sita (near) is reading ara ata gate - Asau Sita Pathati - This Sita (far) is reading aa FA Tea - Tat Phalam Patati - That fruit (Absent) is falling ele HAA ella - Etat Phalam Patati - This fruit (nearer) is falling 44 KAT Tela - Idam Phalam Patati - This fruit (near) is falling H@: Fay Tafa - Adaha Phalam Patati —_- This fruit (far) is falling VIL For the above sentences, the question form will be like this: i: TH: Weld - Kaha RAmaha Pathati - Which Rama is reading? api titel Yard - Ka Sita Pathati - Which Sita is reading? fear Ha. Tall - Kim Phalam Patati - Which fruit is fallg? Session VI VERB - Ist person Now let us learn how to use the fIT- kriya (Verb) in TA eT - Uttama purusha (Ist person) of Sh FAIA - Eka vacanam (singular number) in aaa "AIT - vartamana kalam (present tense) 1 Any Ig: - Dhatuhu (Root verb) added with 3 - Ami becomes ‘SAA JSR - Uttam purusha (Ist person) verb. And it is used as [5 4444 - Eka vacanam (singular) in ada Fla, - vartamana kalam(present tense). Example: 46+ Sf /Path + Ami =" / Pathami = am reading fera. + Sf / Likh + Ami= fer@ttt / Likhami= am writing In this way, all first person verbs are formed. They are common for ail genders.He - Ahham (1) is the Ist person Singular. [t could be Male, female or Neuter. But the verb is the same. Follow the list :- (Present tense includes present continuous also) aa - Srujimi - Create, am creating, qa - Vadami - Speak, am speaking wat = - Khadami - eat, am eating fiat =~ Pibami - drink, am drinking anit - Srunomi ~ hear, am hearing aalt - Calami - Move, am moving mI - Cardmi - walk, walking ara = - Dhavami - Tun, am running safaenf - Upavisimi - Sit, am sitting fase = - Tishthami - Stand, am standing Tea = - Gacchimi - go, am going arreatf - Agacchami - come, am coming aalty -Karomi - do, am doing. avert ~ Grunhami - take, am taking wat = - Dadami - give, am giving way = - Nayami - take away, am taking away arranft - Anayami - bring, am bringing aarti - Vasami - reside, am residing fem = - Milami - meet, am meeting eR - Smarami - remember, am remembering feAT = Vismarami - forget, am forgetting aah - Tarami = cross, am crossing anti - Yami - travel, am travelling erat - Tyajami - leave, am leavingzat - Hasami o ay - Krandami area = - Marayami a Tah - Pacami ey - Krinami Fehon - Vikrinami ec - Prucchami wae - Namami area = - Gayami gem = - Nrutyami areal = - Tadayami spree -Kridami erie - Khanami Rea - Cintayami TOM = - Ganaydmi sen - Jayami aa - Dasami ey -Dharami aa - Sivami ata] = - Bodhami erty - Preshayami area - Ahvayami arate = - Marjayimi ary = - Corayami weet = - Dahami rater - Rakshami aT - Bhami - laugh, am laughing - ery, am crying - kill, am killing - cook, am cooking - buy, am buying - sell, am selling - question, am questioning - salute, am saluting - sing, am singing - dance, am dancing - beat, am beating - play, am playing, - dig, am digging - think, am thinking - count, am counting, - win, am winning - bite, am biting = wear, ain wearing - live, am living - teach, am teaching - send, am sending - invite, am inviting - sweep, am sweeping - steal, am stealing - burn, am burning - protect, am protecting - shine, am shiningante yt Arohayami - climb, am climbing sacar - ‘Avarohayami - get down, am getting down aad Kartayami - cut, am cutting qrent - Khandayami - break, am breaking vari = - Patami - fall, am falling STA - Utpatimi - fly, am flying we - langhayami -jump,am jumping ay - §nami - bathe, am bathing wea; Pasyami - see, am seemg, wate - Bhavami - am, being (something) aka - Asmi - am, being (something) (somebody) Allthese above Paamvaitt- kriyapadani (verb forms) can be used only in uttama purusha (Ist person), Eka vacanam (singular)- That is "I". IL. The examples of the usage are given below: aren Tanta -Ahampathami —- I read, (or) ] am reading aren craft -Aham Smarami —- [remember (or) 1 am remembering aren ATOM - Aham krinami + T buy (or) [am buying men ropa - Aham ganayami = - [ count (or) Tam counting wea -Ahamgayami —-- [sing (or) Lam singing ater Tear -AhamNrutyami - I dance (or) ] am dancing weq eta -AhamRakshami - [ protect (or) Iam protecting FETT eam = - Aham upavisami - [ sit (or) ] am sitting ren oem -Aham Tyajimi —- [leave (or) lam leavingSession VIII Verbs In Ind person Now we will start using verb in HE4H JeS- Madhyama purusha (Ind person), Th F447 -Eka vacanam (Singular Number), aH ATA Vartamana kalam (present tense). [. Generally fii- (si) is added to the original SRAT- kriyd (verb), and it becomes F®17 Jea- Madhyama purusha (IInd person), 4 T4449 - Eka vacanam (singular) in FTAA vartama na kalam (present tense). Sometimes fa -Si becomes f- shi Be fea + ft / Likh+ si =ferattt / Likhasi / are writing wa +f / Path + si ="9Rt/ Pathasi /are reading eR - tvam (you) is the IInd person singular. There isno gendre rule for “you". [t could be Male, female or Neutre, So the verb is the same. Follow the list: Singular (Present & Present continuous) areaht - Khadasi - eat, are eating fafa - Pibasi - drink, are drinking aos - Srunoshi - hear, are hearing wat. Calasi - move, are moving a - Carasi ~ walk, are walking arafa- Dhavasi - fun, are running, safer fat - Upavisasi - sit, are sitting farate - Tishthasi - stand, are standing teal - Gacchasi - gO, are going arena - Agacchasi - come, are coming aaa - Karoshi - do, are doing We - Grunhasi - take, are takingzalfa - Dadasi arate - Nayasi arate - Anayasi mala - Vasasi feat - milasi ar - Smarasi far - Vismarasi a - Tarasi ART - Yasi aria - Tyajasi zara - Hasasi arate - Krandasi arate - Marayasi Tala - Pacasi ARNOTT - Krindsi FashIOne ~ Vikrindsi ote - Prucchasi aafat - Namasi aaa - Gayasi Tat - Nrutyasi areala - Tadayasi ahtela - Kridasi wae - Khanasi Faraafa - Cintayasi Toate - Ganayasi wala - Jayasi ZAI - Dasasi - give, are giving - take away, are taking away - bring, are bringing - reside, are residing - meet, are meeting - remember, are remembering - forget, are forgetting = cross, are crossing - travel, are travelling - leave, are leaving ~ laugh, are laughing ~ ory, are crying - kill, are killing - cook, are cooking - buy, are buying - sell, are selling ~ gestion, are questioning - salute, are saluting - sing, are singing - dance, are dancing - beat, are beating - play, are playing - dig, are digging - think, are thinking + count, are counting ~ win, are winning - bite, are bitingaft - Dharasi stata - Jivasi aTaRT - Bodhasi areata - Preshayasi area - Ahvayasi arsrafe - Marjayasi aa - Corayasi aR - Dahasi wala - Rakshasi adam - Kartayasi @ueatti - Khandayasi Taf - Patasi SeTaTe - Utpatasi arate - langhayasi wala - Snasi Trae - Pasyasi anefa - Arohasi aAele - Avarohasi anf - Bhasi waft - Bhavasi am - Asi ~ wear, are wearing = live, are living - teach, are teaching - send, are sending - invite, are inviting - sweep, are sweeping - steal, are stealing - bum, are burning ~ protect, are protecting - cut, are cutting - break, are breaking - fall, are falling - fly, are flying - jump, are jumping - bathe, are bathing - see, are seeing ~ climb, are climbing - get down, are getting down - shine, are shining -are, being (something/somebody) -are, being (something/somebody) Allthese verbal forms ( faTTa0Ft - kriyd padani) can be used only in Heaq Jes - madhyama purusha (IInd person), [ T47 Ekavacanam (singular). Thatis "you", I. The examples of the usage are given below: an tala - Tvam pathasi STL aR - Tvam smarasi - you read (or) you are reading - you remember (or) you areremembering oan somes - Tvam krinasi - you buy (or) you are buying wan Toa - Tvam ganayasi - you count (or) you are counting eaH TARA - Tvam gdyasi - you sing (or) you are singing ar aca - Tvam nrutyasi - you dance (or) you are dancing START - Tyam rakshasi - you protect (or) you are protecting rar saree - Tvam upavisasi - you sit (or) you are sitting SLIT - Tvam tyajasi ~ you leave (or) you are leaving IIL Excercises with verb. Upto now, we learnt a good number of verbs (BRaTIqIA—- kriyapadani). we know how to use them in present tense (aA IEA - vartamdnakalam) singular number (Vi F474 - Eka vacanam), So, now let us practice them in every gender ( ferry, - lingam) and person (§@4 - purusha). Here are some simple sanskrit sentences. Translate them into English. wen aan - Aham langhayami a are aaata - Saha vanaraha langhayati amare - Tvam yasi arfeea Arsrate - Balik marjayati re: areahet - Markhaha Tadayati OST ate Saher - Esha Bala sniti TA BTA ate - Sarvam suvarnam asti vad ay sera - Etat vimdnam utpatati mq aol - Tvam Agacchasi arr etl - Ayam karotiIV. Here are some simple English sentences, Translate them into Sanskrit: Youare digging Tam cutting He (that) is going She (nearer) is dancing It (neuter) is falling This boy (near) is erying This girl (near) is playing This fruit (nearer) is falling It (far)is a ship This (far) snake is bitingSession VIII Wear - Avyayam (Indeclinable) Though Faq - Avyam is understood broadly as adverb, it is to be called the "indeclinable". [ts form remains the same in all the genders, numbers and cases, It undergoes no change. So itis called "indeclinable” The 32 - Avyayam (indeclinable) comprises five parts, (1) Prepositions, (2) Adverbs, (3) Particles, (4) Conjunctions and (5) interjections. Now let us learn some important sear - Avyayani (indeclinables) or adverbial words. |, F244 - Avyayam Meaning 3 - Atra Here WA - tatra There PA - Kutra Where, in which place? A - Yatra Where ever Una - Ekatra in one place, together Swaz - Ubhayatra in both places aA - Sarvatra Every where Fay - Anyatra else where - Purvatra before Ova - Uttaratra after 4@4 - Bahutra in many places ara - Kvacit somewhere St: - Antaha inside ale: - Bahihi outside it: - Purataha before, in front, ahead, forward OFald - Pascat behind, afterwards, backwardsSAR - Upari 4, 374: - Adha, Adhaha FERAT - Nikasha ante, - Arat qe - Duram Gd: - Ataha ¥: - itaha aa: - Yataha a: - tataha ci: - kutaha Whd: - Ekataha Wad: - Anyataha aad: - Sarvataha iat: - Parvataha tod: - Prushthataha sya: - Ubhayataha aa Hit - Agrataha-Agre Ged: - Parsvataha 41: - Vamataha afer: - Dakshinataha Ha - Atha (Not 274- Adha) Zola - hathat Wa: - sadyaha up, upside, next below, down very near near, inthe vicinity of ina distance from here, from this, because of this hence, from this time since, from somewhere, wherefore, for which reason. Therefore, consequently, because of that. wherefrom, what for from one side from another side, from other side from all sides, on all sides, perfectly in front of, before, in the east, to the east, from front side from backside from both sides at first, foremost, in the top in the side of left side right side Then, afterwards, after that suddenly at once3a - iddnim aa, aeriy - 1ada, tadanim deldel - Tadatada hal - kada Ual - yada al Gal - yada yada aa - sada ASAT - tasmat 744_- Katham al - Pura Wha - Ekada TET - Anyada aralfadt - Kadacit Ja: - Punaha Ya: FA: - Punah punaha Wg: - Muhuhu Aa: - Adyaha 4: - Svaha eee: - Parasvaha @: - Hyaha Gea: - Prahyaha ag]: - Purvedyuhu tq: - Paredyuhu aay: - Anyedyuhu Uid: - Prataha aaa - Sayam feat - Diva now then then always when? when ever, when. when ever always therefore How? once upon a time, in former ‘times at one time at a different time in sometime again again and again, repeatedly again and again, frequently today tomorrow day after tomorrow yesterday day before yesterday previous day next day another day Morning evening, inthe evening in the dayTHA Naktam 23 - ishat ya - Sakrut OTR: - Prayasaha ait: ~ Sanaihi afta - Si'ghram eu - sahasa Fae - Ciram faRF - Cirdya BPRM, - Acirat, SRR, Aciraya ator, , Acirena q- Na ale - Nahi al - No oT. Ma aa - Alam 3a - Kevalam aq - Jatu maf - Prabhruti 357: - Kramasaha VEE: - Bhagasaha arin. Artham aq. Artham ae - Saha fA - Vina faetp - Tiryak by the night slightly, little rare, rarely mostly, regularly gently, slowly quickly, fastly immediately along time for a long time not long since recently no, never not at all not nay, no, don't enough, sufficient only perhaps and others, and the rest slowly, step by step, respectively partly for half along with, with without, except acrossSet: - Uccaihi aPe: - Nicaibi aA - Taram ABA - Mandram TA - Ninam qe - Taishnim A-Evam TRA - Parasparam Jaq - Veutha aad - Yavat FMT - Yugapat fant - Kimapi apart - Kutrapi math - Kadapi aT - Va ait - Api ae - iti Wd - Eva 4 -Iva @g - Khalu feet - Kila fe-Hi aTaI- Nana a-Ca aq - Bata rR - Dhik Sd - Uta loudly, highly, upper lowly, quietly, lower inthe high pitch in the low pitch, quietly definitely, most probably silently in this way, like this mutual waste, in vain as much as, as long as simultaneously even abit, anything at any place at any time either also, even in this manner, 50 this itself, that itself, only like this certainly, yes assuredly, yes surely, yes various and Alas! Bah! Bloody! not onlyAq - Nanu @-He @ - Hai @-Ho Sl - Aho t-Re aR - Are @-ReRe at. Arere éed - Hanta aft: - Bhoh Isn't it? Hai! hellow |! Surah! Hurrah! Hellow sir!Session [X Exercises with noun, pronoun and verb using indeclinable I. Here are some small sentences with their translation, study them carefully, Avyam is underlined am: 3a Tela - Ramaha atra pathati - Rama is reading here a: ca fe - Saha tatra pat hati - He is reading there 1 aa Tele - Sa atra pathati - She is reading here a1 sari Grala - Sa idanim khadati - She is eating now tat se arale - Sita adya khadati - She is eating today arr ahead Teak ~ Ganedaha kwacit gacchati - Ganesa is going somewhere war Tea: wala - Radha uccaihi hasati - Radhais laughing loudly HEA: FoI - Aham punaha pathami - [Tam reading again ama af - Tvam na dhivasi - You are not running ase sta Wala - Bhojanam alam bhavati - Food is enough az: vay - area - Viraha evam tadayasi - Warrior is beating like this oat amen rata - Esha Taram gayati - She is singing in high pitch &: ade fephtonie - Saha Ardham vikrinati - Heis selling halfaft] SP arteata - Bhoh! Tvam dgacchasi - Hellow Sir! you are coming at wa att apTeata - Bhoh! Tvam api Tgacchasi - Hellow Sir! you are also coming way Sea fa - Sarvatra jyotsnd bhati + Everywhere moonlight is shining et GEM TSM - Aham sahasd gacchami - lam going immediately 09: Gem (a arvafa - Eshaha Sahada na Anayati - He is not bringing immediately dian sitar - Sita sighram carati - Sita is walking fastly aT Gal / Toke - Esha sada pathati - She is always reading 30H: Af - Aham Ramaha nahi - 1am not Rama Tt: 34: Tele - Gajaha sanaihi gacchati - Elephant is walking slowly Practising Exercises Il. Here are some Sanskrit sentences. Translate them into English: Trea ara Tate - Radha adya gayati war garth ate - Esha Idanim carati ar ada reat - Tvam Sarvatra gachhati ay Teal Tote - Ayam Sahasd pathati arom: ahha eat ~ Krishnaha sighram snati a: ia: ae - Saha bhimaha nahi ast ae sate + Arjunaha sada jayati Ae aR eracian ead - Bhoh! Tvam Daradarsanam pasyatiWAR Fit: a Teal an ora aiereata Fea Tea arferat Fa: rahe aga: wala goa we: wala ara: aie aah ae arate: ae aan aaa ae Rory afr serate aire HA Take AY ca att rafal gen: area shone ar: A: arreaet TAR 3a GEL wen are a arate ae: Gan aaa - Ayam bilaha sanaih gacchati - Tvam atra dgacchasi - Aham tatra gacchami - Balika punaha karoti - Kiirmaha sanaihi calati - Vruddhaha mandraha vadati - Balaha Taram vadati - Ayam marjalaha nahi - Esha Devata nahi - Vimanam sighram utpatati - Gopalaha naktam khadati - Bhoh! Tvam api khadati + Sure3aha ardham krindti - Viraha punaha Agacchati - Tvamadya khadasi - Aham adya na dhavami ~ Markhaha evam kartayati III, Here are some Sanskrit sentences, with blank spaces. Fill them up with proper arama - Avyaydni (indeclinables). For easy practice the meaning of the 374 - Avyayam (indeclinable) is given in the blank space. 1, 8377: (not) 2. WHAT (not) 3. AIsie: (half) areal 4, (Alas!) 4%: areata 5, *RifaeRA: (here) Foraker 6. FE: (there) Aft + Saha Ramaha ( ) -Esha Sita ( ) ~ Marjalaha ( ) khadati -( ) Vanaraha Corayati - Kalidasaha ( )likhati + Candraha ( ) bhati7.7 (rarely) Fa - Tvam ( ) karoti ) yasi x ) ) calati ) vasati ) gacchati ) carati ) Tishthati ) 2gacchati ) karoti ) naydmi ) karoti ) bhati ) dagacchati 8. (silently) 1a - Saha ( 9. &: (for a long time) - Saha ( (there) aatt vasati 10, SAT (fastly) afer - Sena ( 11. 4%: (elsewhere) Fala - Bhimaha ( 12. FS: (everywhere) weal — - Krishnaha ( 13, tat (in front) AFA - Sita ( 14, Fl (below) fasata - Asau ( 15. %: (from backside) SPTeSa - Saha ( 16. ATet: (at once) apathe - Balaha ( 17. FEA (now) FATA - Aham ( 18, TM (always) Atle - Bala ( 19, FFE (partly) Ake - Candraha ( 20, =F (also) aTPTeBLE ~ Tvam ( IV. Here are some English sentences. Translate them into Sanskrit 1. Ramais not coming 2, This girl is crying loudly 3 Tam not Krishna 4. Monkey is jumping quickly 5. He is coming immediately 6. He is residing elsewhere 7. Sheis cutting slowly 8. Cat is running immediately 9. Alas! The house is burning 10. Lam going elsewhere 11. Hellow Sir! you are coming 12. Hellow Sir! you are also coming 13. lamcoming today 14. Heisalwayswalking 15. Foolis cutting like this16. Sheis singing in high pitch 17. Catis standing there 18. Air planeis flying fastly 19. Lam coming again 20. Heiseating foralong time V. Question form Ge / Prasnd with Hea / Avyayam (indeclinable) Now let us separately learn the question ("HT - Prana) forms of 3-444, - Avyayam (indeclinable) a - Kaha - Who (Male)? I -Ka - Who (female)? fam, -Kim ~ Which? -What?- Who? (neuter) za - Kutra - Where?- in which place? -Whither? hal - Kada - When? a -Katham - How? anfet - Kati - How many? Hea: - Kutaha - from where? Sdaq, = - Katamat - which of many? A: -Katamaha — - Who of many? (Male) Al - Katamd - Who of many? (Female) faq = -Kimartham —- what for, for what? why? aq - Nanu ~ Isn't?/ aren't? VI. Examples: i: Uh: A? - Kaha saha balaha Who is that boy? =I Tea 7 - Ka Radha Whois Radha?Bl PAT AereaT ? - Ka esha balika ? Who is this girl? aren Pare ail ? - Aham kim karomi? What am doing? aan Par ratte 7 - Tvam kim karosi ? What are you doing? a: Pan ifr? - Saha kim karoti? Whatis he doing? aT fam aati 7 - Sa kim karoti? What is she doing? a ga eald 7 - Saha kutra gacchati? Where is he going? am: Ba Tea 7 - Ramaha kutra gacchati? Where is Rama going? dint ga Teak? - Sita kutra gacchati? Where is Sita going? Fea] AA TBAT) - Kada tvam Agacchasi? When are you coming? a: Hal watt 7 ~ Saha kada pathati? When is he reading?aa ae ta? - Tvam katham karosi? How are you doing? THR et: APTA) - Tvam kutaha agacchasi? From where you are coming? fare aH TAR 7 - Kimartham Tvam Dhavasi? Why are you running? ~~ ee I TT? - Katham tvam gacchasi? How are you going? TA AY? - Tvam Ramaha, Nanu? You are Rama, aren't you? ad FA AI? - Etat phalam, nanu? Thisis a fruit, isn't it? Ta AAT, 7H? - Esha Bhama, nanu? She is Bhama, isn't she? FAA: TY? - Ayam Ramaha, nanu? He is Rama, isn't he? aR ee safe? - Tvam katham asti? How are you? a: ea aifea? - Saha katham asti? How is he?OT HAR AA? ~ $4 katham asti? How is she? VIL Exercise: Translate these english sentences into Sanskrit. He is Bhima, isn't he? How is Krishna? From where he is coming? How are you? Who is Rama? What are you doing? Where is she going? When is he buying? PAA Sey =Session X LL Gh TAH, - Eka vacanam (singular) Ya Ge- Bhita kalam (past tense) 1. As we are familiar with aA array - vartamana kalam (Present tense) now let us go for 4 ley - Bhuita kalam (past tense) In Ilrd person (747 Je - prathama purusha) & (ti) joins at the end of the root verb (fq: - Dhatuhu) to form present tense. In past tense, 4 (t) remains in the place of fa (ti) at the end, and 3 (A) joins in the beginning. Ex: H+%6+¢_ (Atpathatt) (Apathat) Below is the list of some 417M - Bhita kala (past tense) BAT Gait - kriya padani (verbs) They are in GHA - Eka vacanam (singular) 349 964 - Prathama purusha (IIIrd person) IlIrd person - (He, She and it) singular - past SSq, — - Apathat - Read afer - Alikhat - Wrote Tareq, = - Akhddat = - ate aed —- Avadat - spoke afta - Apibat - drank any, «= Asninot ~~ heard Wadd - Acalat -moved HRT - Acarat - walked ward = -Adhavat = ran SOE, - Upavisat — - sat acre, = Atishthat —_- stoodard - Agacchat arrest - Agacchat are - Akarot TPE, - Agrunhat Seah, - Adadat eT, - Anayat aaa - Anayat Aa, - Avasat afta - Amilat AGT - Asmarat RT = - Vyasmarat AR, - Atarat Fan, - Ayat ASE - Atyajat Head, - Ahasat Spa, - Akrandat FARA, - Amarayat ara = =- Apacat aia, - Akrinat TIL - Vyakrinat ayes - Aprucchat aT ~ Anamat SPTad —- Agayat Wied - Anrutyat area - Atadayat aphte — - Akridat SRR, - Akhanat - went - came - did - took - gave ~ took away - brought - resided (did reside) ~met - remembers - forgot - crossed - travelled -left - laughed - cried ~ killed - cooked - bought - sold - questioned - saluted - sang _> danced - beat ~ played -dugaifdaad -Acintayat — - thought oma = -Aganayat = - counted Hac - Ajayat - won eT - Adasat - bit HAR, - Adharat = wore amid - Ajivat - lived SYS - Asrujat - created 31a, Abodhat ~—-- taught SUSI «- Apreshayat - sent aletd,— - Ahvayat - invited STARTER -Améarjayat - swept ara - Acorayat - stole Seq - Adahat - burnt Wald ~- Arakshat - protected ara - Akartayat = - cut aeeaq, - Akhandayat - broke aT, - Apatat - fell Senet, -Udapatat - flew RTTa «-Alanghayat - jumped Se = - Asnat - bathed AUT - Apasyat - saw ST, - Abhat - shone amet - Arohat - climbed SRE - Avarohat ~—-- got down. aria, - Asit - was Sad, - Abhavat - was (became) LL. Here are some simple sentences for your study.TH: FR, - Ramaha Akarot Rama did it. So AT esc, - Esha Aprucchat She questioned a TA, - Vanaraha Alanghayat The Monkey jumped ae: aera - Balaha Alikhat The boy wrote AAT ATCT, - Bala Anrutyat The young woman danced OAT Sa, - Sena Ajayat The army won fre after, - Mitram amilat The friend met a FT SATS, ~ Sa kanya Agayat That virgin sang aoa: ATT, - Vruddhaha apacat The oldman cooked Aaah: SAAS, - sevakaha amarjayat The servant sweptGfea: rarer, - Panditaha abodhat The scholar taught ate: AGE, - Dushtaha adahat The villian burnt Tara: ATSC, - Gopdlaha Ahvayat The cow boy invited PTA Sener, - Vimanam udapatat The airplane flew aTfecat 73a, - Balika apathat The young girl read TR: FA - Uttamaha asmarat The good person remembered AG: eR, - Mirkhaha vyasmarat The fool forgot Ara: aaa, - Nicaha Amarayat The rascal killed Praga: Saree - Bhikshukaha Akrandat The begger cried TREE: FETT, - Paramahamsaha ahasat The saint laugheda: Gfea: aT, - Saha panditaha abhavat He became a scholar LI. Question form (S21 - Prasna) (Past tense [ird person) aE: pA acts, 7 - Saha kutra atyajat? Where did he leave? AT RA BRT? - $4 katham akarot? How did she do? TH: Hal STOR P - Ramaha kada aprucchat? When did Rama question? - Radha kutra apathat? Where did Radha read? WE: Ha: APSA? - Gopalaha kutaha Agacchat? Where from Gopala did come? arate: PRA TTA? - Balakaha kim Anayat? What did the boy bring? dad Sasa, AG? - Devata asrujat, Nanu? Goddess created, isn't it? i: PRA SATURN? - Saha kim agrunhat? What did he take? fan Bay saa 7 - Vimanam katham udapatat? How did the airplane fly?FF: FA AOR? - Uttamaha katham asmarat? How did a good person forget? Exercise IV. Here are some english sentences. Translate them into English She went. She came. The boy did it. The begger ran. The young girl gave. Bhima took. Moonlight shone. Army protected. Snake bit. Krishna travelled, The old woman cooked The dog jumped, Heleft. That fruit fell (down). The scholar thought. The cowboy travelled. The young girl counted, The Airplane flew. He gave. She took He heard. V. Here are few Sanskrit sentences. Translate them into English TACHA, - Saha Atyajat at STA, - Sd Asmunot we: Fez, - Sarpaha Ad asat We: AAA, - Grahaha Acalat FET ATA, ~ Vruddha ApasyatSession XI (aT - Kriya (Verb) IN AeA eq - Madhyama purusha (Ind person) As we know, the verbal form changes according to "Person", Now let us learn the verbal form of Yq Al - Bhota Kalam (Past tense) for WEAR ee - Madhyama Purusha (IInd person). In IInd preson (4244 984 - Madhyama purusha) fa (si) joins at the end of the root verb ( “Id; - Dhatuhu) to form present tense, In past tense (:) FeT- Visarga remains in the place of 4 (si) at the end, and (A) joins inthe beginning. Ex: A+8+: (A+Pathatha) = 319: (Apathaha) Here is alist in [& T4744 - Eka vacanam (singular) of verbal form, I. Lind person (You) - Singular - Past Tense AWB: - Apathaha - Read afta: - Alikhaha - Wrote ETE: - Akhadaha -ate Hae: - Avadaha - spoke afta: - Apibaha - drank aru: - Aérunoh ~ heard Wa: - Acalaha - moved aa: - Acaraha - walked a: - Adhavaha -ran RICE - Upavisaha = Sat safes - Atishthaha - stood ATS: ~- Agacchaha ~ went Ricnin - Akaroh - didAPTS: - Agacchaha ore: ~ Agrunhaha Heel: - Adaddha aaa: - Anayaha aaa: - Anayaha focred - Avasaha afta: - Amilaha FAR ~ Asmaraha BTR: - Vyasmaraha Ad: - Ataraha Har: - Ayaha ATs: - Atyajaha Feat: - Ahasaha aha: - Akrandaha ara: - Amarayaha aa: - Apacaha akin: - Akeindha =a: + Vyakringha Aes: - Aprucchaha aaa: - Anamaha aT: - Agayaha Wea: - Anrutyaha Wares: - Atadayaha ophre: - Akridaha aA: - Akhanaha aaa: - Acintayaha SA: - Aganayaha - came - took - gave - took away - brought - resided - met - remembered - forgot - crossed ~ travelled - left - laughed - cried - killed - cooked - bought ~ sold - questioned - saluted ~ sang - danced + beat - played -dug ~ thought ~ countedaa: - Ajayaha -won FER: - Adasaha -bit Fa: - Adharaha - wore arsita: - Ajivaha - lived ay - Asrujaha created aaa: - Abodhaha «taught Bee: - Apreshayaha -sent wre: - Ahvayaha ~ invited aaa: - Amarjayaha ~ swept ara: - Acorayaha - stole Fae: - Adahaha - burnt Fat: - Arakshaha - protected anda: - Akartayaha cut wae: - Akhandayaha - broke aaa: - Apataha - fell sane: - Udapataha -flew aaa: - Alanghayaha - jumped eT: - Asnaha - bathed BUR: - Apasyaha - saw ar: ~ Abhaha - shone ane: - Arohaha - climbed wave: - Avarohaha -got down a: - Abhavaha - were(became) at: + Asihi - were IL. Here are some simple sentences for your study. wa afore: -Tvam Alikhaha ——_- you wrote CA SRaTe: -Tvam Akhadaha = - you ateway Aaa: -Tvam Adhavaha —- you ran TAH TS: -Tvam Agacchaha = - you went TAH STS: -Tvam Agacchaha - you came waA ATA: -Tvam Anayaha - you brought =a aftr: -Tvam Amilaha - you met TAR a: - Tvam Ayaha - you travelled eauaifiaa: = -Tvam Acintayaha —- you thought wa area: - Tvam Ajayaha ~ you won. TAH ST: - Tvam Asrujaha - you created Ta aR: -Tvam Arakshaha —- you protected AGT - Tvam Asnaha - you bathed Tar Ose: at: - Tvam Panditaha Abhavaha You became a scholar. IA: AIS: - Tvam hyaha Apathaha You read yesterday TH. Question form (in past tense) SH PA ATED? - Tvam Kutra Agacchaha? Where did you go? Ta HA AVAL? - Tvam Kutra Apataha? Where did you fall? wan far ae? - Tvam Kim Akaroh? What did you do? TAY Hea: SPT :? + Tvam Kutaha Agacchaha Where did you come from?A AT? - Tvam Katham alanghayaha? How did you jump? Hal ST SE? - Kada Tvam Akhadaha? When did you eat? Paarl car ata? - Kimardham Tvam Akartayaha? For What did you cut ? (or) Why did you cut? Tar eM ARE? - Tvam Katham Arohaha? How did you climb? T¥. Exercise Translate these English Sentences into in Sanskrit You saw. ‘You Jumpted. You broke. You cut You played. You sold, You cooked. You sang. You danced, You remembered. When did you jump? Where did you go? What did you count? What did you see? You saw yesterday.Session XIT STA Ge - Uitama purusha (Ist person) Wd Hie, - Bhita kalam (past tense) Now let us learn Yd RT Ra - Bhuta kala kriya (past tense, verbal form) for St14 34 - Uttama purusha (Ist person). In Ist person (STAT FSq - Uttama purusha) 21 (Ami) joins at the end of the root verb (Td: - Dhatuhu) to form present tense. In past tense, 379 (Am) remains in the place of aT (Ami) at the end, and 31 (A) joins in the beginning. Ex: H+08+H (AtPathatm) = 3964, (Apatham) 1 Belowisalist in Th F444 - Eka vacanam (singular) Singular Ist person (I) - Past Tense aA, - Apatham ~ Read Tea, - Alikham ~ Wrote aE - Akhadam - ate aqeA, - Avadam - spoke antar, - Apibam - drank SRT - Asrunavam - heard ay, - Acalam - moved aR, - Acaram - walked Hay, - Adhavam Tan Sara, - Upavigam = sat afenar, - Atishtham - stood ra - Agaccham - went TTR, - Agaccham -cameERE - Akaravam - did yer, - Agrunham - took wey, - Adadim - pave FT, - Anayam - took away ara - Anayam - brought aa, - Avasam - did reside (resided) ara - Amilam - met a, - Asmaram - remembered aa, - Vyasmaram - forgot AGA, - Ataram - crossed aT, - Ayam - travelled aoa, - Atyajam - left Fe - Ahasam + laughed aarar - Akrandam - cried aR -Amarayam _- killed ara - Apacam - cooked SeRTOTR, - Akrindm ~ bought SAO - Wakrinam - sold Wea - Apruccham - questioned SAA - Anamam - saluted STIR, ~ Agayam ~ sang aIcH, - Anrutyam - danced ae, ~ Atadayam. + beat oer - Akridam - played SH, - Akhanam - dug, aaa, - Acintayam - thought FRR - Aganayam - countedaa, - Ajayam - won \ FET - Adagam = bit SERA - Adharam - wore aia - Ajivam - lived aga - Asrujam - created aaa - Abodham - taught ape, -Apreshayam —- sent FTTH, - Abvayam - invited SAT - Amarjayam - swept area, - Acorayam + stole RA, - Adaham - but Ray, - Araksham - protected aaday, -Akartayam —-- cut ora, -Akhandayam — - broke a, - Apatam - fell gende, - Udapatam + flew TTA, -Alanghayam —_- jumped Fer - Asnim - bathed aaa, - Apasyam -saw ar - Abham -shone ae, - Aroham - climbed RI, - Avaroham - got down Circle - Abhavam - was (became) STA, - Asam - was IL. Here are some Simple Sentences for your study. eA AAA - Aham Asam - was here weqafeay, — - Aham Alikham - [wroteHe ATA, oe FF ATRL FER TAT, TER STAM FE A FEF STII EL IREH, SEA ASAT, - Aham Adhavam - Aham Agaccham et dd Serer - Aham tatra Agaccham FEA Fa FPP, - Aham Atra Agaccham - Aham Anayam - Aham Amilam - Aham Ayam - Aham Acintayam - Aham Ajayam - Ahma Asrujam - Aham Araksham - Aham Asnam eA fea SET - Aham Panditam Abhavam He Wa: ATA - Aham prahyaha Apatham ILL. Question forms FEA PA SETA 7 - Aham kutra Agaccham ? Where did [ go? er fear area) - Aham kim Akaravam? What did I do? we ga so - Aham kutra upavigam? Where did I sit? FE TRA? - Aham katham vyasmaram? How did I forget? - Tran -I went - I went there - [came here - [brought - [met - travelled - I thought -Iwon - lereated - 1 protected - | bathed ~T became a Scholar - Tread day before yesterdayFel AEH SH) -Kada Aham Akhadam? How did I eat? Parpely otex Star 9 - Kimardham Aham Adhavam? Why did I run? FEA HT FT) - Aham Katham Ayam? How did I travel? EM he: HAH] - Aham kutaha Ataram? Where from did I cross? TV. Translate these English sentences into Sanskrit. I saw. I jumped. broke. I danced. Isang. I fell. How did I jump? Where did I go? What did] cut? Linvited .Session XIII Verb in [rd person ‘faera HA - Bhavishyat kalam (Future Tense) Now in this session, let us learn 43 Te, - Bhavishyat ka lam (Future tense) fe TaN - Kriya padani (verbal forms) in WA Ge - Prathama purusha (IIrd person). Here 3fal (ishyati) joins the roct verb at the end. Ex: 9S+35aa =Path+isyati Tea = Pathshyati Of course, there are some exceptions with [la (Syati) Below is the list in Th T4_- Eka vacanam (singular) L IlIrd person singular (He, she and it) - Future tense - Pathishyati - will read feraearfet - Likhishyati - will write wea - Khadishyati - will eat afeeara - Vadishyati - will speak orate - Pasyati -will drink areata - Sroshyati "will hear aferata - Calishyati - will move aheata - Carishyati -will walk efereater - Dhavishyati - will run oraeati - Upavekshyati -will sit Para - Sthasyati -will stand afheate = Gamishyati -will go amtteatt - Agamishyati -will come aaleoata - Karishyati - will do- Grahishyati ~ will take - Disyati - will give + Neshyati - will take away - Aneshyati - will bring ~ Melishyati = will mect - Smarishyati - will remember - Vismarishyati - will forget - Tarishyati - will cross ~ Yasyati - will travel - Tyakshyati - will leave ~ Hasishyati - will laugh - Krandishyati - will cry - Marayishyati - will kill - Pakshyati - will cook ~ Prakshyati - will question - Kreshyati - will buy - Vikreshyati - will sell ~ Namsyati/Namasyati - will salute ~ gasyati - will sing - Tadayishyati - will beat - Nartishyati - will dance - Kridishyati - will play - Khanishyati - will dig - Cintayishyati = will think - Ganayishyati - will count - Jeshyati = will win - Dharishyati - will wearsheaf - Jivishyati - will live weal - Srakshyati - will create anfeeata - Bodhishyati - will teach pakreate - Preshyishyati - will send arehreata - Ahvayishyati - will invite aml eat - Marjayishyati - will sweep areata - Corayishyati - will steal aeate -Dhakshyati - will bum aerate - Drakshyati - will see aerate -Dankshyati - will bite aerate ~ Rakshishyati - will protect aadftrata - Kartayishyati - will cut wekrata -Khandayishyati - will break ofereartat - Patishyati - will fall seafteate - Utpatishyati - will fly wafteata - Langhayishyati - will jump erate - Snasyati - will bathe wear - Bhasyati - will shine aaa - Aruhyati - will climb ae - Avaruhyati - will get down afr - Bhavishyati - will be (will become) In the case of Sea (Asti), there is no separate form of future tense, Afeaft (Bhavishyati) is used for both. L. Here are some simple sentences in [1rd person for your study. aH aEA - Ramaha RakshishyatiRama will protect ae Ream Aa oferta - Tat phalam atra patishyati That fruit will fall here a: are: Shea: Wiese - Saha Balakaha panditaha Bhavishyati That boy will become a scholar aah: geatet - Ayam Sarpaha Dankshyati This snake will bite Bam arferenr aeteatet - lyam Balika nartishyati This girl will dance ar orate ~ Sa pisyati She will drink BAe: areata - Saha Murkhaha tadayishyati That fool will beat sfc aoa ~ Bhimaha Khanishyati Bhima will dig anja: data - Arjunaha Jeshyati Agjuna will win wea: areas - Vruddhaha bodhishyati Old man will teach ILL. 3241 - Prana (Question form) : (Future [1rd person) a: ofsvatey?~ Kaha pathishyati? Who (male) will read? ant Gfeserter? - Ka pathishyati? Who (female) will read? am: Fa ofoeater? - Ramaha kim pathishyati? What will Rama read?/ (What is it Rama will be going to read?) aie 3a ererata? - Sita Kutra Khadishyati? Where Sita will eat? Bae: I TAA? - Saha Balaha katham pasyati? How that boy will drink? ar afer a: aaa? - SABalika kutaha Agamishyati? Where from will that girl come? aoe: eer afer - Gopalaha katham gamishyati ? How Gopala will go? Panna. afieata? - Kimartham Saha Nartishyati? For what he is dancing (or) Why is he dancing? IV, Translate these English sentences into Sanskrit wee = * He will come. She will eat. How did that boy cut? Where Rama will go? Why she will do? Translate the Sanskrit sentences into English,Laat - Saha Sthsyati 2, a eat - Si Neshyati 3, ames eet - Sarpaha Damkshyati 4 aeata - Bala Snisyati 5. fea: fate - Saha panditaha Bhavishyati Session XIV Verbs in IInd person wfrere BTA - Bhavishyat kalam (Future Tense) Now let us learn 42a FM, - Bhavishyat kalam (Future tense) Bran VaTft - Kriya Padani( Verb forms)in 27 94 - Madhyama purusha {Und person) Here 22174 (ishyasi) joins the root verbat the end. Ex: W+74t= Path +ishyasi WI = Pathishyasi. Ofcourse, there are some exceptions witha (Syasi) and aan (kshyasi) L. Below is a list in Fh THM_- Ekavacanam (Singular) - Singular ind person (you) - Future cofscafis - Pathishyasi - will read Ferfeaear - Likhishyasi - will write areata ~ Khidishyasi - will eat afarata + Vadishyasi - will speak area - Pasyasi - will drink areas - Sroshyasi - will hear safer - Calishyasi - will move aheati - Carishyasi - will walk- Dhavishyasi - will run - Upavekshyasi - will sit - Sthasyasi - will stand - Gamishyasi - will go - Agamishyasi - will come - Karishyasi - will do - Dasyasi - will give - Neshyasi - will takeaway - Aneshyasi - will bring - Melishyasi - will meet ~ Smarishyasi - will remember - Vismarishyasi -will forget » Tarishyasi - will cross - Yasyasi - will travel - Tyakshyasi - willleave - Hasishyasi - willlaugh - Krandishyasi = will cry ~ Marayishyasi ~ will kill - Pakshyasi - will cook - Prakshyasi - will question - Kreshyasi - will buy - Vikreshyasi - will sell - Namsyasi/Namasyasi - will salute - Gasyasi - will sing - Tadayishyasi - will beat - Nartishyasi - will dance - Kridishyasi - will playRea - Khanishyasi faafireaftr - Cintayishyasi aorkamahet - Ganayishyasi seater - Jeshyasi aaa - Dankshyasi aeahet - Drakshyasi qeafe - Dhakshyasi afeeae - Dharishyasi sftfaeates - Jivishyasi aaa - Srakshyasi afiferer hz - Bodhishyasi palaeae -Preshayishyasi arrerereat - Ahvayishyasi arsifaeater - Marjayishyasi aR ereay - Corayishyasi Tara - Rakshishyasi ape area he - Kartayishyasi aekrart - Khandayishyasi ofereal fer - Patishyasi aeafersafe - Utpatishyasi arreaeate - Langhayishyasi arate - Snasyasi areatet - Bhasyasi apart - Aruhyasi aaah - Avaruhyasi asa - Bhavishyasi - will dig = will think = will count - will win - will bite - will see - will bum - will wear - will live - will create - will teach - will send = will invite - will sweep - will steal - will protect - will cut - will break - will fall = will fly - will jump - will bathe - will shine - will climb - will get down - willbe (will become) Inthe case of Hf (Asi), there is no separate form of future tense.fara (Bhavishyasi) is used for both. I]. Here are some simple sentences for your study in Ind person. (You) aan eas - Tvam Pathishyasi - You will read am fafereata - Tvam likhishyasi - you will write amureata - Tvam pasyasi - you will drink ar area -Tvam Dhivishyasi — - you will run aa Sea -Tvam Upavekshyasi —- you will sit an aera -Tvam Aneshyasi - you will bring amet -Tvam Smarishyasi —_- you will remember ar raat - Tvam Sthisyasi - you will stand a aan - Tvam yasyasi - you will travel ay ea -Tvam Tyakshyasi ~ you will leave aa ear - Tvam Pakshyasi - you will cook aH eae - Tvam prakshyasi - you will question a cea -TvamDankshyasi —_- you willl bite Pan wea -Tvam drakshyasi - you will see aay eae -Tvam Dhakshyasi - you will burn aan site -Tvam Jivishyasi - you will live wan fereatts -Tvamrakshishyasi —_- you will protect ar seater - Tvam utpatishyasi ~you will fly - Tvam panditaha bhavishyasi you will become a scholar, TAA A: TART - Tvam Svaha jeshyasi you will win tomorrow may ove: ates- Tvam parasvaha bodishyasi you will teach day after tomorrow Ta aT: Sree - Tvam Sanaihi Avaruhyasi you will get down slowly TEE. S341 - Prasnd Question form : eo - Tvam kutra gamishyasi? Where will you go? oar BPA ae? - Tvam kutra sthasyasi? Where will you stand? cary Pa eae? - Tvam kim karishyasi? What will you do? cary Fear area? - Tvam kim dasyasi? What will you give? wary ape: eae? - Tvam kutaha Tyakshyasi? Where from will you leave? aay rey ape? - Tvam katham Tarishyasi? How will you cross? aay ape rae] - Tvam katham langhayishyasi? How will you jump? mal a aah? - Kada tvam Aneshyasi? When will you bring?may a fears? - Tvam katham ganayishyast? How will you count? FT TA APTA? ~ Kadatvam Agamishyasi? When will you come? Exercise IV. Translate these Sanskrit sentences into English: am enieratr - Tvam Khidishyasi. Ta TERT - Tvam Snasyasi. am area - Tvam pasyasi. eam Rar afte ay -Tvam kim karishyasi, aaa Ron treat -Tvam kim gasyasi. TAA TAH: BTR -Tvam uttamaha Bhavishyasi. Ta: TART -Tvam $vaha Dhavishyasi. a aT aa -Tvam kad Khadishyasi, way feerae aieerey = - Tvam kimartham karishyasi. V. Translate these English Sentences into Sanskrit You will run, You will walk. You will read. You willbecome a scholar. You will dance. How will you do? What will you see? When will you go? For what will you question? Where will you go? BPP ND Be wh 2Session XV Verb in Ist person aera Fre - Bhavishyat kalam (Future tense) Now let us learn aReae ATA - Bhavishyat kalam (Future) Bear ral - kriya padani (verb forms) in StH Je9 - Uttama punisha (ist person) Here aR (ishy4mi) joins the root verb at the end. Ex: a+ = Path +ishydmi Tseaht= Pathishyami, Of course, there are some exceptions with Baie /Syami - Eq / shydmi- and @Ft/ kshyami Below isa list in [ T47 - Eka vacanam (Singular) Ist person Singular Future ofecarhy - Pathishyami will read feaervatiy ~ Likshishyami will write enfecantit - Khadishyami will eat afepartt - Vadishydmi will speak areata - Pasyami will drink Fonts - Sroshyami will hear array - Calishyami will move saree - Carishyami will walk arreariy - Dhavishyami willrun soqeTT - Upavekshyami will sit vara - Sthasydmi willstand apes - Gamishyami will go arifearty - Agamishyami will come aateeantt -Karishyami willdo aren - Dasyami will giveeat - Neshyami area - Aneshyami afer - Melishyami arf - Smarishyami eater - Vismarishyami afrenta - Tarishyami ana - Yasyami mae - Tyakshyami eka - Hasishyami safe - Krandishyami AREA - Marayishyami eat - Pakshyami meaty - Prakshyami Srey - Kreshyami fase - Vikreshyami aca ae - Namsyami/Namasyami area - Gisyami arefrentt - Tadayishyami aaa - Nartishyami fifecantts - Kridishyami arreata - Khanishyami Prater - Cintayishyami rrorferearity - Ganayishyami apart - Jeshyami zea - Dankshyami meaty - Drakshyami weit - Dhakshyami will take away will bring will meet will remember will forget will cross will leave willl laugh will cry will kill will cook will question will buy will sell will salute will sing, will beat will dance will play will dig will think will count will win will bite will see will bumrape ufaeaniiy - Dhanishyami - Jivishyami - Srakshyami - Bodhishyami - Preshayishyami - Abvayishydmi - Marjayishyami - Corayishyami - Rakshishyami - Kartayishyami - Khandayishyami - Patishyami - Utpatishyami - Langhayishyami - Snasyami - Bhasyami - Anuhyami - Avaruhuyami - Bhavishyami will wear will live will create will teach will send willinvite will sweep will steal will protect will cut will break will fall will fly will jump will bathe will shine will climb will get down will be (will become) In the case of Sf@1 (Asmi), there is no separate form of future tense, HA=f (Bhavishyami) used for both, IL Here are some Simple sentences for your study: in Ist person en ope HER TTA Fen aT wen ater Fey aaa - Aham pat hishyami - Aham pasyami - Aham Soshyami - Aham carishyami - Aham Sthasyami [will read I will drink L will hear Twill walk I will standFey Wea: referer wea ye: a afar II. Question form eA A AAT? ater Prati? wen fea eat? FER Ba: THAT? - Aham Neshyami I willtake away -Aham Smarishyami | will remember - Aham Tarishyami Iwill cross - Aham Yasyami Iwill travel -Aham Tyakshyami —_L willleave - Aham Pakshyami Iwill cook - Aham Svaha kreshyami 1 will buy tomorrow - Aham parasvaha preshayishyami I will send day after tomorrow - Aham panditaha Bhavishyami 1 will become a scholar - Aham Murkhaha na bhavishyami I will not be a fool - Aham kutra gamishyami? Where willl go? - Aham kim karishyami? What will Ido? - Aham kim tyakshyami? What will I leave? - Aham kutaha tyakshyami?Where from | will leave? Hen ery aa? - Aham katham vadishyami? How will | tell? are] SEH aoa? - Kada Aham Nartishyami? When will I dance? IV. Exercise : Here are some Sanskrit sentences. Translate them into English. wen aherty - Aham carishyami. wenn meet? = - Aham katham gamishyami. en ea: Afrenf = - Aham parasvaha melishyami. sen eaten - Aham Smarishyami. Rey ee - Aham drakshyami. wena: auf = - Aham mirkhaha na Bhavishyani. onan eee - Aham vikreshyami wen srafereatt - Aham Ahvayishyami aren apa ate - Aham kutra gamishyami? aren fag het, - Aham kim karishyami? V. Translate these English Sentences into Sanskrit. een aws wn om will travel . on 10. How willl go? What willl do? 11. Where from | will leave? I vill shine. 12. When will cross? ae oe down 13. Where will I travel? " 14. bwillrun. Twill walk. 15. Lwillplay. [will give tomorrow. I will meet day after tomorrow, Lwill bring.