Chapter 8

The Skeletal
System

Articulations

Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College

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 Introduction

Bones are designed for support and mobility

Movements are restricted to joints
Joints (articulations) exist wherever two or more
bones meet
Bones may be in direct contact or separated by:
Fibrous tissue, cartilage, or fluid

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 Introduction

Joints are classified based on:

Function
Range of motion
Structure
Makeup of the joint

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 Classification of Joints

Joints can be classified based on their range of

motion (function)
Synarthrosis
Immovable
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
Diarthrosis
Freely movable

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 Classification of Joints

Synarthrosis (Immovable Joint)

Sutures (joints found only in the skull)
Bones are interlocked together
Gomphosis (joint between teeth and jaw bones)
Periodontal ligaments of the teeth
Synchondrosis (joint within epiphysis of
bone)
Binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis
Synostosis (joint between two fused bones)
Fusion of the three coxal bones

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Figure 6.3c The Adult Skull

Major Sutures of
the Skull
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line

Squamous suture Supra-orbital foramen

Frontonasal suture
Sphenoid
Nasal bone
Temporal
Lambdoid suture bone Lacrimal groove of
lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Infra-orbital foramen
Occipital bone Maxilla
External acoustic
Zygomatic bone
meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process
Mandible
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic of temporal bone Mental foramen
arch Temporal process Mental protuberance
of zygomatic bone

Coronal suture

Parietal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid

Supra-orbital foramen
Superior temporal line
Ethmoid

Frontonasal suture
Squamous suture Nasal bone

Lacrimal groove
Squamous part of of lacrimal bone
temporal bone
Infra-orbital foramen
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Maxilla
External occipital
protuberance Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
External acoustic
meatus Zygomatic process of
temporal bone
Mastoid process
Mantal foramen
Styloid process
c Lateral view of the bones of the adult skull Mental protuberance

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Table 8.1 Function and Structural Classification of Articulations

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Figure 6.12a The Maxillae

Frontal process
Zygomatic
process Lacrimal groove
Orbital surface

Infra-orbital foramen

Anterior nasal spine

Body

Alveolar process

a Right maxilla, anterior

and lateral surfaces
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Figure 5.3a Anatomy of a Representative Bone

Epiphysis

Metaphysis

Diaphysis
(shaft)

Metaphysis

Epiphysis

a The femur, or thigh bone, in posterior and sectional views. The femur
has a diaphysis (shaft) with walls of compact bone and epiphyses
(ends) filled with spongy bone. A metaphysis separates the diaphysis
and epiphysis at each end of the shaft. The body weight is transferred
to the femur at the hip joint. Because the hip joint is off center relative
to the axis of the shaft, the body weight is distributed along the bone
so that the medial portion of the shaft is compressed and the lateral
portion is stretched.

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Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle

Ilium

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Pubis
Ischium

Lateral view

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 Classification of Joints

Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable Joints)

Syndesmosis (ligaments that connect two bones
but limit their motion)
Between the radius and ulna
Between the tibia and fibula
Symphysis (bones are separated by a wedge or
pad of cartilage)
Between the pubic bones of the two coxal bones

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Table 8.1 Function and Structural Classification of Articulations

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Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna

ULNA

RADIUS

Interosseous
membrane

d Anterior view of the radius and ulna

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Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (1 of 2)

Hip Bone

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Pubic
symphysis

a Anterior view

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 Classification of Joints

Diarthroses (Freely Movable Joints)

Also called synovial joints
Typically found at the ends of long bones
Examples of diarthroses
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Hip joint
Knee joint

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Table 8.1 Function and Structural Classification of Articulations

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 Classification of Joints

Synovial Joints
All synovial joints have six basic characteristics
A joint capsule
The presence of articular cartilages
A joint cavity with synovial fluid
A synovial membrane
Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, bursae)
Sensory nerves and blood vessels

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Figure 8.1a Structure of a Synovial Joint

Medullary cavity

Spongy bone
Periosteum

Components of
Synovial Joints

Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages

Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid

Compact bone

a Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation

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Figure 8.1b Structure of a Synovial Joint

Quadriceps
tendon
Accessory
Patella Structures of
Joint capsule Femur a Knee Joint
Synovial Bursa
membrane
Joint cavity Fat pad
Articular Meniscus
cartilage
Ligaments
Tibia
Extracapsular
ligament (patellar)
Intracapsular
ligament (cruciate)

b A simplified sectional view of the knee joint

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 Classification of Joints

Joints can be classified based on their

histological structure
Bony fusion (fusion of the frontal bone)
Fibrous joint (skull sutures)
Cartilaginous joint (pubic symphysis)
Synovial joint (ball-and-socket joints and hinge
joints)

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Table 8.1 Function and Structural Classification of Articulations

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 Classification of Joints

Synovial Fluid
Lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages
and reduces friction
Nourishes the chondrocytes by entering and
exiting the articular cartilages due to the forces
acting on the joint
Acts as a shock absorber

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 Classification of Joints

Accessory Structures of Synovial Joints

Accessory structures are:
Menisci
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae

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Figure 8.15b The Knee Joint, Part I

Knee extensors
(Quadriceps femoris muscles)
Femur
Suprapatellar bursa
Plantaris muscle
Quadriceps tendon
Synovial Patella
membrane Prepatellar bursa
Articular capsule
Infrapatellar fat pad
Popliteus muscle Anterior cruciate ligament
Lateral meniscus
Gastrocnemius Infrapatellar bursa
muscle Patellar ligament
Soleus muscle Tibial tuberosity
Tibia
Tibialis posterior
muscle
b A diagrammatic parasagittal section
through the extended right knee
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Figure 8.16c The Knee Joint, Part II

Articular Patellar
Patellar surface
cartilage surface
Articular cartilage Ligaments that Stabilize
the Knee Joint

Lateral Posterior cruciate ligament

Menisci Medial Lateral Medial
condyle condyle condyle condyle
Anterior cruciate ligament Medial
Lateral meniscus
Medial Tibial collateral ligament
Lateral Tibial
meniscus collateral
Fibular collateral Fibular collateral ligament
ligament
ligament
Cut tendon of Patellar ligament (cut) Tibia
biceps femoris
muscle
Fibula
Fibula
Tibia

c Anterior views of the right knee at full flexion after removal

of the joint capsule, patella, and associated ligaments

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 Classification of Joints

Strength versus Mobility

A highly mobile joint is not very strong
Diarthrosis
A fairly immovable joint is strong
Synarthrosis
Limited mobility reduces the chance of injury

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 Articular Form and Function

Types of Movement
Linear movements
Angular movements
Circumduction
Rotation
Special movements

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 Articular Form and Function

Linear Movements
Two bones gliding past each other
Carpal/carpal
Tarsal/tarsal
Clavicle/sternum
Angular Movements
Abduction/adduction
Flexion/extension

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (5 of 10)

Gliding joint Description: Examples:

Gliding joints, or planar joints, Monaxial Sternoclavicular and
have flattened or slightly curved Movement: acromioclavicular joints
surfaces that slide across one Intercarpal and intertarsal
Slight linear
Manubrium joints
another, but the amount of motion Vertebrocostal joints
movement is very slight. Sacro-iliac joints

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Figure 8.3a Angular Movements

Abduction

Abduction Adduction
Adduction

Abduction

Adduction

Abduction

Adduction

a Abduction/adduction
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Figure 8.3b Angular Movements

Flexion Extension

Flexion
Flexion

Extension
Extension

Flexion Extension

b Flexion/extension
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 Articular Form and Function

Rotational Movements
Pronation/supination
Circumduction Movements
Moving the joint in a circular manner

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Figure 8.4 Rotational Movements

Head rotation

Right Left
rotation rotation

Lateral
(external) Medial Supination Pronation
rotation (internal)
rotation

Supination

Pronation

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Figure 8.3d Angular Movements

d Circumduction

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 Articular Form and Function

Special Movements
Inversion/eversion
Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
Lateral flexion
Protraction/retraction
Opposition
Depression/elevation

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Figure 8.5a Special Movements

Eversion Inversion

a Eversion/inversion

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Figure 8.5b Special Movements

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

b Dorsiflexion/
plantar flexion

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Figure 8.5c Special Movements

c Lateral flexion

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Figure 8.5d Special Movements

Retraction Protraction
d Retraction/protraction

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Figure 8.5e Special Movements

e Opposition

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Figure 8.5f Special Movements

Depression Elevation
f Depression/elevation

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 Articular Form and Function

Classification of Synovial Joints

Gliding joint (clavicle and manubrium)
Pivot joint (the joint at C1 and C2)
Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint)
Hinge joint (elbow and knee joints)
Ellipsoid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint)
Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder and hip joints)

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (5 of 10)

Gliding joint Description: Examples:

Gliding joints, or planar joints, Monaxial Sternoclavicular and
have flattened or slightly curved Movement: acromioclavicular joints
surfaces that slide across one Intercarpal and intertarsal
Slight linear
Manubrium joints
another, but the amount of motion Vertebrocostal joints
movement is very slight. Sacro-iliac joints

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (6 of 10)

Pivot joint Description: Examples:

Pivot joints permit Monaxial Atlanto-axial joint
Atlas Proximal radioulnar
rotation only. Movement
:
Rotation joint
Axis

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (7 of 10)

Saddle joint Description: Example:

Saddle joints have complex Biaxial First carpometacarpal
articular faces. Each one Movement: Metacarpal
joint
III II
resembles a saddle Angular motion bone of
concave on one axis and thumb
convex on the other. Trapezium

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (8 of 10)

Hinge joint Description: Examples:

Hinge joints permit Monaxial Elbow joint
Humerus Knee joint
angular motion in a Movement:
single plane, like the Angular motion Ankle joint
opening and closing Ulna Interphalangeal joint
of a door.

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (9 of 10)

Ellipsoid joint Description: Examples:

In an ellipsoid joint, an Biaxial Metacarpophalangeal
oval articular face nestles Movement: Scaphoid
joints 25
within a depression on Angular motion Radiocarpal joint
bone
the opposing surface. Metatarsophalangeal
Ulna joints
Radius

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Figure 8.2 Joint Motion (10 of 10)

Ball-and-socket joint Description: Examples:

In a ball-and-socket joint, Triaxial Shoulder joint
the round head of one Movement: Scapula Hip joint
bone rests within a Angular motion,
cup-shaped depression circumduction,
in another. and rotation.
Humerus

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 Temporomandibular Joint

Known as the TMJ

Consists of the condylar process of the mandible
and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Stylomandibular ligament
Connects the tips of the spinous processes
together
Lateral ligament
Connects zygomatic arch to the mandibular
condyle
Sphenomandibular ligament
Connects the sphenoidal spine to the medial side
of the ramus
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Figure 8.6a The Temporomandibular Joint

Zygomatic arch
Zygomatic bone
Coronoid process
External acoustic
meatus
Articular capsule
Mastoid process

Styloid process
Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibular
ligament
Stylomandibular
ligament
Ramus of mandible

a Lateral view of the right temporomandibular joint

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Figure 8.6b The Temporomandibular Joint

Articular surface
of mandibular
fossa
Articular disc
Condylar process

Neck of mandible

Articular capsule

Coronoid process

Zygomatic bone

b Sectional view of the same joint

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 Intervertebral Articulations

Adjacent vertebrae articulate at their superior and

inferior articular processes.
Adjacent vertebral bodies are separated by
intervertebral discs

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 Intervertebral Articulations

Intervertebral Ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Connects all the anterior surfaces of the vertebral
bodies
Interspinous ligament
Connects the spinous processes of adjacent
vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament
Connects the tips of the spinous processes
together

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 Intervertebral Articulations

Intervertebral Ligaments (continued)

Posterior longitudinal ligament
Connects all the posterior surfaces of the vertebral
bodies
Ligamentum flavum
Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae within
the vertetebral arch

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Figure 8.7 Intervertebral Articulations

Superior articular
process Superior
articular facet
Intervertebral Intervertebral
foramen Disc
End plate
Intervertebral
Ligaments Anulus fibrosus

Ligamentum Nucleus pulposus

flavum

Spinal cord
Posterior
longitudinal
ligament
Spinal nerve
Interspinous
ligament

Supraspinous
ligament

Anterior
longitudinal
ligament

a Anterior view b Lateral and sectional view

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 Intervertebral Articulations

The Intervertebral Discs

Pads of cartilage between the vertebral bodies of
adjacent vertebrae

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Figure 8.7b Intervertebral Articulations

Superior
articular facet
Intervertebral Intervertebral
foramen Disc
End plate
Intervertebral
Anulus fibrosus
Ligaments
Ligamentum Nucleus pulposus
flavum

Spinal cord
Posterior
longitudinal
ligament
Spinal nerve
Interspinous
ligament

Supraspinous
ligament

Anterior
longitudinal
ligament

b Lateral and sectional view

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 Intervertebral Articulations

Vertebral Movements
Anterior flexion
Bending forward
Extension
Bending backward
Lateral flexion
Bending to the side
Rotation
Twisting

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 The Shoulder Complex

Consists of:
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus

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 The Shoulder Complex

Sternoclavicular Joint
Sternoclavicular ligament
Connects clavicle to the manubrium
Anterior and posterior ligaments
Interclavicular ligament
Interconnects the clavicles
Costoclavicular ligament
Extends from the clavicle to the first rib

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Figure 8.8 The Sternoclavicular Joint

1st rib Interclavicular Sternal end

Anterior ligament of clavicle
sternoclavicular
ligament
Clavicle
Subclavius Articular
muscle disc
Costoclavicular
ligament
Costal Manubrium
cartilages of sternum
2nd rib

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 The Shoulder Complex

The Shoulder Joint (or Glenohumeral Joint)

Ball-and-socket joint
Glenohumeral ligament
Connects humerus to the glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament
Connects head of humerus to the coracoid process
Coracoclavicular ligament
Connects the clavicle to the coracoid process

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 The Shoulder Complex

The Shoulder Joint

Coracoacromial ligament
Makes a connection between the coracoid process
and the acromion
Acromioclavicular ligament
Connects the clavicle to the acromion

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 The Shoulder Complex

The Shoulder Joint (Bursae)

Subdeltoid bursa
Forms a cushion between the deltoid muscle and
the greater trochanter when the arm is abducted
Subacromial and subcoracoid bursae
Form a cushion between the acromion/coracoid
process and the joint capsule

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Figure 8.9a The Glenohumeral Joint

Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular
ligament ligaments
Clavicle

Acromioclavicular
ligament
Acromion
Subacromial bursa

Coracoid process
Subdeltoid bursa
Subcoracoid bursa
Tendon of
Coracohumeral
supraspinatus
ligament
muscle
Transverse Articular capsule
humeral
ligament Glenohumeral
Tendon of ligaments
subscapularis Scapula
muscle
Tendon of biceps Subscapular
brachii muscle Humerus bursa

a Anterior view of the right shoulder joint

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Humerus
Abduction/Adduction

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Humerus
Circumduction

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Humerus Rotation

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 The Elbow and Radioulnar Joints

Elbow Joint (Hinge Joint)

Radial collateral ligament
Connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to
the radius
Ulnar collateral ligament
Connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to
the ulna
Annular ligament
Connects the head of the radius to the ulna

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Elbow Flexion/
Extension

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Elbow Pronation/
Supination

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Figure 8.10a The Elbow Joint

Radial
collateral
Humerus ligament Antebrachial
Radial interosseous
tuberosity membrane

Radius

Ulna

Capitulum Annular ligament

(covering head and
a Lateral view. neck of radius)

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Figure 8.10b The Elbow Joint

Tendon of biceps Articular Humerus

brachii muscle capsule
Antebrachial
interosseous
membrane Medial epicondyle

Radius Ulnar collateral

ligament

Ulna Olecranon
of ulna
Annular
ligament
Radial
tuberosity
Medial epicondyle

Ulnar collateral
Radius ligament

Ulna Olecranon
of ulna

b Medial view. The radius is shown pronated;

note the position of the biceps brachii tendon,
which inserts on the radial tuberosity.
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 The Joints of the Wrist and Hand

The Joints of the Wrist

Palmar radiocarpal ligament
Connects radius to anterior scaphoid and lunate
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
Connects radius to posterior scaphoid and lunate
Ulnar collateral ligament
Connects styloid process of the ulna to the
triquetrum
Radial collateral ligament
Connects the styloid process of the radius to the
scaphoid

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Figure 8.12b The Joints of the Wrist and Hand

Distal radioulnar joint

Articular disc
Radiocarpal joint
Radial collateral Ulnar collateral
ligament ligament

Intercarpal joints

Carpometacarpal Carpometacarpal
joint of thumb joint of little finger

Interosseous
metacarpal
ligaments
b Sectional view through the wrist showing the
radiocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joints

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Figure 8.12c The Joints of the Wrist and Hand

Radius Ulna

Palmar radiocarpal
ligament
Lunate
Radial collateral
Ulnar
ligament
collateral
Scaphoid ligament
Intercarpal Pisiform
ligaments Hamate
Digitocarpal
Trapezium
ligaments
Capitate

I II III IV V

c Stabilizing ligaments on the anterior (palmar)

surface of the wrist
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 The Joints of the Wrist and Hand

The Joints of the Hand

Carpometacarpal joint
Connects the metacarpals to the distal carpals
Intercarpal joint
Connects one carpal bone to another
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Connects metacarpals to the proximal phalanges
Interphalangeal joint
Joint between the proximal, middle, and distal
phalanges

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Figure 8.12d The Joints of the Wrist and Hand

Radius

Radiocarpal Ulna
joint

Radial Ulnar collateral

collateral ligament
ligament
Intercarpal Carpo-
I metacarpal joint
joint
V
IV Interosseous
II III metacarpal
Collateral ligaments
ligaments
Metacarpo-
phalangeal
joint
Interphalangeal
joints

d Sectional view of the bones that form the wrist and hand
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 Representative Articulations

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Wrist Flexion/
Extension

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Wrist
Circumduction

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Hand Opposition

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 The Hip Joint

Hip Joint (Ball-and-Socket Joint)

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
The above ligaments connect the femur to the
acetabular rim
Transverse acetabular ligament
Connects the femur to the inferior acetabular rim
Ligament of the femoral head
Connects the fovea capitis to the transverse
acetabular ligament

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Figure 8.13b The Hip Joint

Pubofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Iliofemoral
ligament

Lesser
trochanter

b Anterior view of the right hip joint. This

joint is extremely strong and stable, in
part because of the massive capsule.
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Figure 8.13c The Hip Joint

Iliofemoral
ligament

Ischiofemoral
ligament

Greater
trochanter

Lesser
trochanter
Ischial tuberosity

c Posterior view of the right hip joint showing additional

ligaments that add strength to the capsule.
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Figure 8.14a Articular Structure of the Hip Joint

Articular surface
Fat pad of acetabulum

Ligament of the Acetabular

femoral head labrum

Articular capsule

Greater
Transverse trochanter
acetabular
ligament
Synovial
membrane
Femur
Articular
capsule

a View showing the position and orientation

of the ligament of the femoral head
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 The Knee Joint

Supporting Ligaments
Tibial collateral ligament
Formerly called the medial collateral
Fibular collateral ligament
Formerly called the lateral collateral
Patellar ligament
Patellar retinaculum
Popliteal ligaments
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

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 The Knee Joint

Supporting Ligaments
Tibial collateral ligament
Connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the
tibia
Fibular collateral ligament
Connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the
fibula
Patellar ligament
Connects the tibial tuberosity to the patella
This is an extension of the rectus femoris tendon

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 The Knee Joint

Supporting Ligaments
Patellar retinaculum
Connects the medial and lateral edge of the patella
to the tibia

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 The Knee Joint

Knee Joint
Popliteal ligament
Connects the femur to the head of the tibia and the
head of the fibula
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Connects the tibia to the lateral edge of the
intercondylar fossa of the femur
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Connects the tibia to the medial edge of the
intercondylar fossa of the femur

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Figure 8.16c The Knee Joint, Part II

Articular Patellar
Patellar surface
cartilage surface
Articular cartilage Ligaments that Stabilize
the Knee Joint

Lateral Posterior cruciate ligament

Menisci Medial Lateral Medial
condyle condyle condyle condyle
Anterior cruciate ligament Medial
Lateral meniscus
Medial Tibial collateral ligament
Lateral Tibial
meniscus collateral
Fibular collateral Fibular collateral ligament
ligament
ligament
Cut tendon of Patellar ligament (cut) Tibia
biceps femoris
muscle
Fibula
Fibula
Tibia

c Anterior views of the right knee at full flexion after removal

of the joint capsule, patella, and associated ligaments

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Figure 8.16b The Knee Joint, Part II

Femur

Ligaments that Stabilize

the Knee Joint Fibular
collateral
Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral
Medial ligament
Tibial collateral ligament condyle
condyle
Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral
meniscus
Medial
meniscus
Head of
fibula

Tibia

b Posterior view of the right knee at full extension

after removal of the joint capsule
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 The Joints of the Ankle and Foot

The Ankle Joint (Talocrural Joint)

Tibiotalar joint
Joint between the tibia and the talus
Fibulotalar joint
Joint between the lateral malleolus and the lateral
edge of the talus

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 The Joints of the Ankle and Foot

Ligaments of the Ankle

Deltoid ligament
Connects the tibia to the navicular, calcaneus, and
the talus on the medial side
Lateral ligaments
Calcaneofibular: connects the fibula to the
calcaneus
Anterior talofibular: connects the fibula to the
anterior edge of the talus
Posterior talofibular: connects the fibula to the
posterior edge of the talus

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Figure 8.18c The Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II

Lateral malleolus
Fibula
Posterior tibiofibular Tibia
ligament Anterior tibiofibular ligaments
Anterior talofibular Talus
ligament
Intertarsal ligaments
Posterior talofibular
Lateral
ligament Tarsometatarsal
ligaments
Calcaneofibular ligaments
ligament
Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus

Calcaneocuboid Cuboid Metatarso- Interphalangeal

ligament phalangeal ligaments
ligaments
c Lateral view of the right foot showing
ligaments that stabilize the ankle joint.

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Figure 8.18d The Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II

Tibiotalar joint Tibia

Talonavicular joint Deltoid ligament
Naviculocuneiform joint Subtalar joint
Tarsometatarsal joint
Calcaneal tendon

Calcaneus

d Medial view of the right ankle showing the medial ligaments.

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 The Joints of the Ankle and Foot

The Joints of the Foot

Intertarsal joint
Joint between one tarsal and another tarsal
Tarsometatarsal joint
Connects the tarsal bones to the metatarsal bones
Metatarsophalangeal joint
Connects the metatarsals to the digits

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Foot Dorsiflexion/
Plantar Flexion

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 ANIMATION Articulations: Foot Inversion/
Eversion

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Figure 8.18a The Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II

Tarso- Metatarso-
Talonavicular Intertarsal metatarsal phalangeal Interphalangeal
joint joints joints joints joints

I
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus II
III
IV
V
Navicular
Calcaneocuboid Cuboid Cuneiform Metatarsal bones
joint bones (IV)
a Superior view of bones and joints of the right foot.

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 Aging and Articulations

As we age, joints are subjected to wear and tear

Rheumatism
Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system,
muscular system, or both
Arthritis
Includes all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial
joints
Involves damage to the articular cartilages

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 Bones and Muscles

Musculoskeletal System
The skeleton and muscles are structurally and
functionally interdependent

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