Nutrition Journal BioMed Central

Research Open Access

Effect of rye bread breakfasts on subjective hunger and
satiety: a randomized controlled trial
Hanna Isaksson*1,2, Helena Fredriksson2, Roger Andersson1, Johan Olsson3
and Per man1

Address: 1Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, 2Lantmnnen R&D, St
Gransgatan 160 A, SE-104 25 Stockholm, Sweden and 3KPL Good-Food-Practice AB, Dag Hammarskjlds vg 10B, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
Email: Hanna Isaksson* - Hanna.Isaksson@lantmannen.com; Helena Fredriksson - Helena.Fredriksson@lantmannen.com;
Roger Andersson - Roger.Andersson@lmv.slu.se; Johan Olsson - Johan.Olsson@good-food-practice.com; Per man - Per.Aman@lmv.slu.se
* Corresponding author

Published: 26 August 2009 Received: 14 April 2009

Accepted: 26 August 2009
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-39
This article is available from: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39
2009 Isaksson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract
Background: Several studies report that dietary fibre from different sources promotes the feeling
of satiety and suppresses hunger. However, results for cereal fibre from rye are essentially lacking.
The aim of the present study was to investigate subjective appetite during 8 h after intake of iso-
caloric rye bread breakfasts varying in rye dietary fibre composition and content.
Methods: The study was divided into two parts. The first part (n = 16) compared the satiating
effect of iso-caloric bread breakfasts including different milling fractions of rye (bran, intermediate
fraction (B4) and sifted flour). The second part (n = 16) investigated the dose-response effect of
rye bran and intermediate rye fraction, each providing 5 or 8 g of dietary fibre per iso-caloric bread
breakfast. Both study parts used a wheat bread breakfast as reference and a randomised, within-
subject comparison design. Appetite (hunger, satiety and desire to eat) was rated regularly from
just before breakfast at 08:00 until 16:00. Amount, type and timing of food and drink intake were
standardised during the study period.
Results: The Milling fractions study showed that each of the rye breakfasts resulted in a
suppressed appetite during the time period before lunch (08:3012:00) compared with the wheat
reference bread breakfast. At a comparison between the rye bread breakfasts the one with rye
bran induced the strongest effect on satiety. In the afternoon the effect from all three rye bread
breakfasts could still be seen as a decreased hunger and desire to eat compared to the wheat
reference bread breakfast.
In the Dose-response study both levels of rye bran and the lower level of intermediate rye fraction
resulted in an increased satiety before lunch compared with the wheat reference bread breakfast.
Neither the variation in composition between the milling fractions nor the different doses resulted
in significant differences in any of the appetite ratings when compared with one another.
Conclusion: The results show that rye bread can be used to decrease hunger feelings both before
and after lunch when included in a breakfast meal. Rye bran induces a stronger effect on satiety
than the other two rye fractions used when served in iso-caloric portions.
Trial Registration: Trial registration number NCT00876785

Page 1 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

Background Materials and methods

Energy-dense foods that require little effort to consume Participants
and that are rapidly digested may cause passive over-con- The criteria for inclusion were the following: age between
sumption by failure to provide a feeling of fullness corre- 20 and 60 years; body mass index (BMI) 1827 kg/m2; a
sponding to the energy content. A diet that is habit of consuming breakfast, lunch and dinner everyday;
predominantly based on such foods may lead to over- fasting plasma glucose 4.06.1 mmol/L; haemoglobin
weight. It is therefore important to identify properties of (Hb) in men 130170 g/L, in women 120150 g/L; alani-
foods that facilitate energy balance by creating a high sati- naminotransferase (ALT) in men 0.151.1 kat/L, in
ety per calorie. A number of studies have confirmed that women 0.150.75 kat/L; thyroid-stimulating hormone
foods naturally rich in dietary fibre promote the feeling of (TSH) 0.34.0 mlE/L and willingness to comply with the
fullness and reduce hunger in the short term [1]. A recent study procedures. Exclusion criteria were the following:
review [2] concluded that a diet rich in whole grain cereals intake of medicine likely to affect appetite or food intake;
was associated with a lower body mass index and a lower any medical condition involving the gastrointestinal tract;
risk for overweight. In the Western world the majority of eating disorder; smoking; consumption of more than
the whole grain products eaten are based on wheat, while three cups of coffee per day; change in body weight of
the consumption of oats and especially rye and barley is more than 10% three months prior to screening; con-
much lower. Oats are mainly consumed in Northern sumption of any restricted diet such as vegan, gluten-free,
Europe, Northern America and Australia, whereas rye con- slimming etc.; and pregnancy, lactation or wish to
sumption is essentially limited to the Northern, Central become pregnant during the study period. Information
and Eastern Europe [3]. Wheat is consequently the most about the study was first sent out by e-mail, to employees
studied whole grain cereal in relation to health status at Lantmnnen, Jrna, Sweden. Potential participants
including satiety and weight regulation. Very few studies were screened in a telephone interview and undertook a
have compared the satiating capacity of dietary fibre from health control before being recruited. A total of eleven
different types of cereal grains or cereal fractions. One participants is the minimum number to detect a differ-
study showed that rye consumed as whole boiled kernels ence of 10 mm in hunger ratings over 4.5 h [10]. Smaller
resulted in higher ratings of subjective satiety compared differences than this may be irrelevant in a real life and we
with wheat kernels [4]. Results from a smaller investiga- chose not to power the study to detect differences much
tion [5] indicated that whole grain rye is more satiating below 10 mm. In all, 16 participants, 14 female and 2
than whole grain oats, when eaten as porridge made from male, met the criteria and were included in the Milling
rolled flakes. That rye possibly has superior satiating prop- fractions study (table 1). A different group of 19 partici-
erties may be due to its high dietary fibre content and pos- pants, 15 female and 4 male, were recruited to the Dose-
sibly fibre composition. The main dietary fibre response study.
components of whole grain rye are arabinoxylan (AX)
(8.012%), fructan (4.66.6%), -glucan (1.32.2%) and cel- Study design
lulose (1.01.7%) [3]. The AX structure varies within differ- A randomised, crossover design was used to compare the
ent parts of the grain and a higher degree of water- effects on subjective appetite 8 h after consumption of iso-
extractable AX is found in the endosperm and a lower caloric breakfast meals. The aim of the study and the con-
degree in the outer parts of the grain. Rye has been shown tent of the test products were not known to the partici-
to elicit a lower rise in post-prandial insulin compared pants. Each participant acted as his/her own control and
with wheat, despite a similar rise in blood glucose [6]. The received each of the bread breakfasts in a randomised
relatively low insulin response was evident for bread with order on different occasions, separated by six to eight
intact grains of rye [7] as well as for bread made with days. In the time between the test days, the participants
whole grain rye flour [8]. The insulin response does not kept their ordinary diet. On the day prior to each test day,
seem to be related to any specific part of the rye grain but participants were instructed not to conduct any vigorous
has been shown to occur after consumption of bran as physical activity or drink any alcoholic beverages; not to
well as sifted flour [9]. This difference in metabolic eat or drink after 20:00 and to eat similar type and
response between rye and wheat may also affect satiety. amount of evening meal. During the test day the partici-
pants were asked to fill out a diary, briefly noting their
In the present study we investigated subjective appetite food and beverage consumption and exercise patterns
(hunger, satiety and desire to eat) during 8 h after con- from the previous evening, to ensure that instructions had
sumption of iso-caloric rye bread breakfasts. The study been followed. Upon arrival on the morning of the test
was performed in two parts. The first part (Milling frac- days (08:00) the participants were served one of the
tions study) compared different milling fractions of rye. breads together with additional breakfast foods, identical
The second part (Dose-response study) included different on all test occasions in both parts of the study. During
levels of dietary fibre from rye. intake of the breakfast, the participants were seated in

Page 2 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

Table 1: Participant characteristics

Milling fractions study1 Dose-response study2

Mean SD Range Mean SD Range

Age (years) 35 10 2459 38 12 2360

Body mass index (kg/m2) 22 2.8 1827 23 2.0 1926
Capillary fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) 5.1 0.5 4.15.9 5.4 0.4 4.66.1
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (mlE/L) 1.6 0.7 0.93.8 1.3 0.6 0.32.6
Haemoglobin (g/L) 136 6.0 125148 142 9.0 127156
Alaninaminotransferase (kat/L) 0.3 0.1 0.20.7 0.6 0.2 0.31.1

1n = 16; 14 female, 2 male

2n = 16; 13 female, 3 male

individual booths and instructed not to talk to one pant makes along the scale to a number between 0 and
another. At 12:00 the participants were given a standard- 100. Written informed consent was obtained from each
ised lunch meal. The breakfast and lunch meals had to be participant. The study was carried out in compliance with
consumed entirely within 30 min. At 14:00 they were the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethics
allowed to drink coffee or tea. The hot drink, along with a Committee at Uppsala University.
voluntary choice of milk and sugar, was kept identical for
each of the participants on all test occasions. Subjective Rye and wheat material
feelings of appetite (hunger, satiety and desire to eat) were Three rye milling fractions were used (table 2): rye bran
assessed every half hour, starting at 08:00 and continuing (20% of the total grain), an intermediate rye fraction (B4)
until 16:00. The first recording was made in the fasted taken from the fourth brake roll in the milling process and
state immediately before breakfast at 08:00. The data were sifted rye flour (80% of the total grain). The rye bran was
collected using a specially designed programme [11] on a high in dietary fibre, dark brown in colour and had a dis-
palm computer (z22, China). At each appetite recording tinct taste of rye. The intermediate rye fraction, with a
an alarm went off to remind the participant and these lower content of dietary fibre, was lighter in colour and
three questions were presented in sequence: 'How hungry much milder in flavour as the outermost part of the grain
do you feel right now?'; 'How full do you feel right now?' was absent. This fraction was chosen after a screening of
and 'How strong is your desire to eat right now?', along ten milling fractions (analysed at Nordmills, Malm, Swe-
with three respective scales marked at opposite ends: not den) because of its relatively high content of extractable
at all hungry/extremely hungry, not at all full/extremely dietary fibre. The sifted rye flour had the lowest content of
full, extremely strong/not at all strong. The computer dietary fibre of the three, was lightest in colour and had an
mimics the use of pen and paper as it is operated by tap- even milder flavour. After the milling process, the rye bran
ping on the screen with a rubber pen. Like the conven- contained larger particles than the intermediate rye frac-
tional 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) [12], the tion and sifted rye flour. To reduce the possible effects of
computerised system translates the mark that the partici- structure/particle size, the rye bran was milled to a fine
Table 2: Nutritional composition of the rye and wheat milling fractions used in the breads (per 100 g)1

Rye Wheat

Bran Intermediate fraction Sifted flour Sifted flour

Energy kJ (kcal) 1000 (240) 1250 (300) 1370 (330) 1430 (340)
Water (g) 10.5 12.2 12.9 13.8
Protein (g) 16 13 8.1 11
Fat (g) 4.4 2.9 1.7 2.0
Available carbohydrate (g) 33 54 69 68
Ash (g) 3.6 1.4 0.8 0.6
Total dietary fibre (g) 32.2 16.4 8.0 2.5
extractable (g) 5.2 7.2 3.5 0.7
unextractable (g) 27 9.2 4.5 1.8

1The samples were analysed in duplicate by AnalyCen, Lidkping, Sweden. Total dietary fibre was analysed according to AOAC 45.4.07 and
unextractable dietary fibre according to AOAC 32.1.16. Extractable dietary fibre was calculated by difference. Available carbohydrate was
calculated by difference (total weight minus water, protein, fat, ash and total dietary fibre).

Page 3 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

flour, similar to that of the intermediate rye fraction and available carbohydrate composition (table 4). The main
sifted rye flour. Sifted wheat flour of high quality (Bageriv- difference was dietary fibre content and subsequently the
etemjl, Nordmills, Malm, Sweden) was used in all weight of each portion.
breads.
Meals
Test breads Food intake was standardised in terms of type, amount
To create breads with acceptable palatability and relatively and timing during the test day. The rye breads and the
soft texture, the amount of rye that could be used was lim- wheat reference bread were served in random order on
ited to 60% of the total amount of flour for rye bran and separate occasions as breakfast meals with identical addi-
75% for the intermediate rye fraction. A higher content of tional foods: 10 g of margarine (40% fat), 25 g of apricot
rye resulted in compact breads with low ability to rise dur- marmalade, 15 g cheese (26% fat), 200 g of milk (0.5%
ing fermentation. fat) and one cup of tea or coffee. The participants were
allowed to choose between coffee and tea on the first test
When baking each type of bread, the amounts of ingredi- day and then received the same type of drink for the fol-
ents (table 3) were scaled up. Rye and wheat flour were lowing test days. The breakfast meal provided in total
mixed with gluten and salt, after which rape seed oil, 1960 kJ (470 kcal). Although dietary fibre is known to
syrup, yeast and water (25C) were added. The dough was contribute energy from short-chain fatty acids following
kneaded for 7 min using a kitchen food processor (Varim- colonic fermentation at around 8.4 kJ/g (2 kcal) [13],
ixer, Bjorn, Wodschow & Co, Denmark) and then left to there is no universally agreed value and for this reason it
rise for 40 min (34C). Thereafter the dough was divided was not included in the energy values given for the cereal
into pieces corresponding to the portion sizes used and flour. The standardised lunch consisted of a ready-made
left to rise for another 40 min (rye bran and intermediate vegetarian pasta dish (Pasta pomodoro e mozarella,
rye fraction breads) or 25 min (the sifted rye flour bread Gooh!, Stockholm, Sweden) (400 g, 2040 kJ/480 kcal, 21
and wheat reference bread). The breads were baked at a g protein, 64 g carbohydrates, 16 g fat), 50 g of cocktail
temperature of 200C for 10 min. After cooling for tomatoes and 50 g of cucumber. At 14:00 the participants
approximately one hour the breads were stored frozen had a banana (Milling fractions study) or an apple (Dose-
until the night before each test breakfast. response study) and could choose to drink a cup of tea or
coffee, the drink was then being kept identical on the fol-
The different types of breads contained the same amount lowing test days.
of energy per portion and were similar in protein, fat and
Table 3: Cereal ingredients (g) and water (g) used in one bread portion1 (1090 kJ2/260 kcal)

Rye Wheat Water4

Bran Intermediate Fraction Sifted flour Sifted flour 3

Milling fractions study5

Rye bran bread 42 - - 30 80

Intermediate rye fraction bread - 34 - 30 70
Sifted rye flour bread - - 31 30 45
Wheat reference bread - - - 60 40

Dose-response study6

Rye bran bread (8 g dietary fibre) 25 - - 42 60

Rye bran bread (5 g dietary fibre) 16 - - 49 55
Intermediate rye fraction bread (8 g dietary fibre) - 49 - 17 70
Intermediate rye fraction bread (5 g dietary fibre) - 30 - 33 70
Wheat reference bread - - - 60 40

1Additional ingredients used for each bread portion were: 3 g syrup, 3 g rape seed oil, 4 g gluten, 4 g yeast and 1 g salt.
2The energy value of the breads were calculated based on the energy values of the ingredients using Dietist XP, version 3.0, Bromma, Sweden.
3 The amount of wheat flour was adjusted to equalise the amount of energy (kJ) per bread portion.
4 The water content was adjusted to create a good dough consistency. More water was required at higher levels of dietary fibre, especially
extractable.
5 The amount of rye corresponded to 240 kJ (100 kcal) per portion.
6The amount of rye corresponded to the two levels of dietary fibre.

Page 4 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

Table 4: Nutrient content per bread portion. One portion equals 1090 kJ (260 kcal)1

Portion size (g) Protein (g) Fat (g) Available carbohydrates Total dietary fibre (g) Dietary fibre from rye (g)
(g)

Milling fractions study

Rye bran bread 133 13.5 5.5 38 14.5 13.6

Intermediate rye fraction 120 11.0 4.5 42 6.5 5.6
bread
Sifted rye flour bread 100 9.5 4.0 45 3.5 2.5
Wheat reference bread 98 10.0 4.0 44 1.5 0

Dose-response study

Bran bread 121 12.0 5.0 40 9.0 8.0

(8 g dietary fibre)
Bran bread 114 11.5 4.5 42 6.0 5.0
(5 g dietary fibre)
Intermediate fraction 126 11.5 4.5 41 8.5 8.0
bread (8 g dietary fibre)
Intermediate fraction 123 11.0 4.5 42 6.0 5.0
bread (5 g dietary fibre)
Wheat reference bread 98 10.0 4.0 44 1.5 0

1Nutrient and energy content were calculated based on the ingredients included (Dietist XP, version 3.0, Bromma, Sweden). The composition of
the rye and wheat flours was analysed by AnalyCen, Lidkping, Sweden) and nutrient composition for additional ingredients were manufacturer's
values. Thus, any alteration in composition that occurred during the baking process was not taken into account.

Data analysis bread breakfast was used as reference. All of the 16 partic-
Ratings for satiety, hunger and desire to eat were analysed ipants recruited initially (table 1) complied with the study
using Minitab (version 15, LEAD Technologies, Inc, USA). procedures and completed the study.
The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. ANOVA was
performed as paired t-tests and Tukey comparisons using In the morning (08:3012:00) the rye bran bread breakfast
participants as random effect and type of breakfast and induced the strongest effect on satiety, stronger than that
time points as fixed effects. Separate analysis was done for of the intermediate rye fraction and sifted rye flour bread
the morning (08:3012:00) and afternoon ratings breakfasts (figure 1, table 5). Further, each of the three rye
(12:3016:00). bread breakfasts resulted in an increased satiety, decreased
hunger and decreased desire to eat compared to the wheat
Results reference bread breakfast.
All participants finished the breakfast and lunch meals
completely according to instructions. No adverse events In the afternoon (12:3016:00), after the standardised
were recorded and no one had problems finishing the test lunch, type of breakfast bread did not affect satiety. How-
meals well within 30 min. ever, hunger and desire to eat was lower after consump-
tion of each of the three rye bread breakfasts compared
Before breakfast the mean ratings for hunger, satiety or with the wheat reference bread breakfast. When the three
desire to eat were similar between test days. Appetite rat- rye bread breakfasts were compared with each other, no
ings showed a clear effect of time after breakfast and after significant differences were seen in any of the appetite
lunch, i.e. the VAS ratings visibly demonstrated that the measures during the afternoon.
participants responded with lessened hunger and
increased satiety directly after the meals and then consec- Dose-response study
utively rated less satiety and stronger hunger as the time The Dose-response study was designed to investigate the
for the next meal approached. satiating capacity of four rye bread breakfasts with rye
bran and intermediate rye fraction, each in amounts pro-
Milling fractions study viding 5 or 8 g of rye dietary fibre/portion. Of the 19 par-
The Milling fractions study was designed to compare the ticipants recruited initially, 16 completed the study (table
satiating capacity of iso-caloric portions of three rye mill- 1). The three exclusions were due to failure to comply
ing fractions included in bread breakfasts. Sifted wheat with the study procedures.

Page 5 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

Table 5: Statistical evaluation of appetite ratings (n = 16) for satiety was seen after the breakfast with rye bran, followed
time intervals following bread breakfasts (Milling fractions by the other two rye bread breakfasts. In the second part
study)1
no differences between the rye breads were found, despite
Time intervals differences in the amount and composition of rye. This
may be explained by some property present in all of the
08:3012:00 12:3016:00 rye breads, for instance relating to bread structure [9].

Hunger The levels of rye used in the breads were based on realistic
amounts to create palatable, voluminous bread. The
Rye bran bread a a bread portion, together with additional breakfast foods,
Intermediate rye fraction bread a a comprised what would be considered a normal breakfast
Sifted rye flour bread a a
Wheat reference bread c c
meal. The amount of calories corresponded to recom-
Satiety mended breakfast intake. These considerations somewhat
limited the amount of rye that could be used in the break-
Rye bran bread a a fast meals. Nevertheless, in both parts of the study the rye
Intermediate rye fraction bread b a breads had an affect on appetite compared with the wheat
Sifted rye flour bread b a reference bread indicating that the method was suffi-
Wheat reference bread c a ciently sensitive.
Desire to eat
In an earlier study [14] with similar design we showed
Rye bran bread a a
that a rye breakfast (porridge made from whole grain rye
Intermediate rye fraction bread a a
Sifted rye flour bread a a flakes) was followed by an increased satiety not only in
Wheat reference bread c c the morning but also in the afternoon, following a stand-
ardised lunch. When designing the present study we were
1Different letters within columns indicate significant difference (p < interested in this effect, hence the standardised lunch and
0.05). continued appetite assessment in the afternoon. The
results were not as clear as in the previous study, but a
On comparisons with the wheat reference bread breakfast reduced hunger and desire to eat in the afternoon was evi-
the results demonstrated a significantly increased satiety dent for all the rye bread breakfasts in the Milling fractions
(08:3012:00) even at the lower levels of rye bran and study. The effect may in part be related to processing and
intermediate rye fraction, as well as for the rye bran bread food preparation, since in the previous study rye flakes
breakfast, that provided 8 g of rye dietary fibre/portion were used to make the porridge whereas in the present
(figure 2). The intermediate rye fraction breakfast, which study finely milled flour was baked into breads.
provided 8 g of rye dietary fibre/portion, did not signifi-
cantly increase satiety. No effects were seen on hunger or The mechanisms underlying the satiating effects were not
desire to eat (data not shown). investigated in the present study. However, the satiating
properties of dietary fibre have been related to several
In the afternoon (12:3016:00), after the standardised stages in the physiological processes of short-term appe-
lunch, type of breakfast bread did not significantly affect tite regulation [15]. These include bulking effects resulting
appetite. No significant differences were seen in any of the in increased extension of the stomach and, for some vis-
appetite measures, when the four rye bread breakfasts cous dietary fibre, delayed gastric empting causing the
were compared with each other. However, in the late after- early signals of satiation to increase. Furthermore, pre-
noon there was tendency for increased satiety for all the absorptive hormonal signalling at the level of the small
rye bread breakfasts compared to the wheat reference intestine is essential in the induction and maintenance of
breakfast. satiety. Dietary fibre that delay absorption of nutrients
may therefore lead to prolonged satiety by increasing the
Discussion time that macronutrients are in contact with the absorp-
The aim of this study was to investigate subjective appetite tive surfaces. Finally, end products caused by colonic fer-
during 8 h after intake of iso-caloric rye bread breakfasts. mentation of dietary fibre, such as acetate and propionate,
Finely milled rye fractions were compared at different lev- have been suggested to affect satiety [16]. How this effect
els. When the appetite ratings after intake of the rye bread is mediated is not clear. Suggested mechanisms are stimu-
breakfasts were compared with those after consumption lated release of satiety hormones (GLP-1, PYY) by L-cells
of the wheat reference bread breakfast, significant effects in the colon [16]. The increased satiety during the after-
on appetite were apparent in both studies. At comparison noon, several hours after the test breakfast, may be
between the three milling fractions, a distinct effect on explained by colonic events.

Page 6 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

100

90
Rye bran
80 Intermediate rye fraction
Sifted rye flour
70
Sifted wheat flour
60
Hunger

50

40

30

20

10

0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Time

100

90

80

70

60
Satiety

50

40

30

20

10

0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Time

100

90

80

70
Desire to eat

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
Time

Figurefractions
Milling 1 study
Milling fractions study. Mean appetite ratings (n = 16) after consumption of the four breakfast meals including breads with
rye and wheat milling fractions.

Page 7 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)
Nutrition Journal 2009, 8:39 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/8/1/39

100 Rye bran (8 g df/p)

Intermediate rye fraction (8 g df/p)
References
90
Rye bran (5 g df/p)
1. Slavin J, Green H: Dietary fibre and satiety. Nutr Bull 2007,
Intermediate rye fraction (5 g df/p) 32(suppl 1):32-42.
80
Sifted wheat flour 2. Williams PG, Grafenauer SJ, O'Shea JE: Cereal grains, legumes,
70 and weight management: a comprehensive review of the sci-
60 entific evidence. Nutr Rev 2008, 66:171-182.
3. Kamal-Eldin A, man P, Zhang J-X, Bach Knudsen K-E, Poutanen K:
Satiety

50
Rye bread and other rye products. In Technology of functional
40 cereal products Edited by: Hamaker BR. Cambridge: Woodhead Pub-
30
lishing Limited; 2007:233-260.
4. stman E, Silva LB, Bjrck I: Influence of food form on acute and
20 second-meal glucose tolerance to wheat and rye products.
10 Poster presented at International ICC Conference on Rye 2007 [http://
www.appliednutrition.lth.se/forskning/postrar/].
0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
5. Isaksson H, Fredriksson F, man P: The effect of cereal based
Time breakfast meals on satiety and voluntary energy intake. Pro-
ceedings of the Nordic Nutrition Conference: 14 June 2008; Copenhagen
2008:69.
Figure 2
Dose-response study 6. Leinonen K, Liukkonen K, Poutanen K, Uusitupa M, Mykknen H: Rye
Dose-response study. Mean satiety ratings (n = 16) after bread decreases postprandial insulin response but does not
consumption of the five breakfast meals including breads with alter glucose response in healthy Finnish subjects. Eur J Clin
Nutr 1999, 53:262-267.
rye and wheat milling fractions (df/p refers to dietary fibre/ 7. Liljeberg H, Granfeldt Y, Bjrck I: Metabolic responses to starch
portion). in bread containing intact kernels versus milled flour. Eur J
Clin Nutr 1992, 46:561-575.
8. Juntunen KS, Niskanen LK, Liukkonen KH, Poutanen KS, Holst JJ,
Mykknen HM: Postprandial glucose, insulin, and incretin
In a broader perspective it is important to consider responses to grain products in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr
2002, 75:254-262.
whether a dietary pattern providing a high satiety per cal- 9. Juntunen KS, Laaksonen DE, Autio K, Niskanen LK, Holst JJ, Savol-
orie is potent enough to affect energy intake in real life, ainen KE, Liukkonen KH, Poutanen KS, Mykknen HM: Structural
differences between rye and wheat breads but not total fiber
and in the long run facilitate weight maintenance and/or content may explain the lower postprandial insulin response
weight loss. It is evident that satiety signals are being over- to rye bread. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:957-964.
whelmed to a certain degree by the potency of external 10. Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A: Reproducibility, power
and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appe-
cues to eating [17]. Longer term experimental studies tite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab
show that an increased intake of dietary fibre results in a Disord 2000, 24:38-48.
spontaneously lowered energy intake and a loss of body 11. Stratton RJ, Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, King N, Blundell JE, Elia M: Com-
parison of the traditional paper visual analogue scales ques-
weight [18]. These results from experimental studies are tionnaires with an Apple Newton electronic rating system
also supported by observational studies that a diet low in (EARS) in free living subjects feeding ad libitum. Eur J of Clin
Nutr 1998, 52:737-741.
dietary fibre is associated with an increased risk of obesity 12. Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Rowley E, Reid C, Elia M, Strat-
[19,20]. ton R, Delargy H, King N, Blundell JE: The use of visual analogue
scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: a
review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of
The present study provides support for altering appetite new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking
towards an increased satiety for up to 8 h by including rye of appetite ratings. Br J Nutr 2000, 84:405-415.
13. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 66: Carbohydrates in human
breads in a breakfast meal. nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation.
Rome 1998.
Competing interests 14. Isaksson H, Sundberg B, man P, Fredriksson H, Olsson J: Whole
grain rye porridge breakfast improves satiety compared to
The study was financed by the producer of the test prod- refined wheat bread breakfast. Food Nutr Res [Online] 2008, 52:0.
ucts, Lantmnnen. HI and HF are employed by Lantmn- 15. Burton-Freeman B: Dietary fibre and energy regulation. J Nutr
nen R&D. The authors declare that the data presented in 2000, 130(Suppl 2):272-275.
16. Peters HPF, Mela DJ: The role of the gastrointestinal tract in
this publication represent a complete, true and faithful satiation, satiety, and, food intake: evidence from research in
representation of the work performed. humans. In Appetite and food intake: behavioural and physiological con-
siderations Edited by: Harris RBS, Mattes RD. Boca Raton: Taylor &
Francis; 2008:187-211.
Authors' contributions 17. Blundell JE: Perspective on the central control of appetite.
HI, HF, RA, P and JO participated in designing the study. Obesity 2006, 14(Suppl 4):160-163.
18. Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB: Dietary fibre and weight
HI recruited the participants and performed the study. RA regulation. Nutr Rev 2001, 59:129-139.
and HI analysed the data. HI wrote the manuscript. All 19. WHO Technical Report Series No 916: Diet, Nutrition and the
Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva 2003.
authors participated in revising the manuscript and read 20. Lairon D: Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascu-
and approved the final manuscript. lar disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:1185-1194.

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Nilla Fors at Good Food Practice, Uppsala, for tak-
ing the anthropometric measures and blood samples.

Page 8 of 8
(page number not for citation purposes)