Positive Inotropic drugs

o Cardiac glycocides - Digoxin -treats atrial fibrillation or flutter inhibits NA/K

ATPase giving a stronger myocardial contraction

Bronchodilators
B2 adrenoreceptor stimulants
o Salbutamol Short acting agonist
o Salmeterol Long lasting Does not relieve asthma attack that has already
started

Antimuscarinic
o Tiotropium treats COPD - inhalation
o Ipatropium Bromide blocks acetylcholine receptors nebuliser or inhaler
nonselective but doesnt diffuse into blood

Xanthines
o Theophylline Raises cAMP levels. Nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist -
A1, A2, and A3 receptors. IV or orally
o Aminophylline Less potent form of theophylline less adverse effects

Corticosteroid
o Beclametasone glucocorticoid Asthma inhaler Anti-inflammatory
o Fluticasone Same

Antiarrhythmic drugs
o Atropine = Parasympathetic antagonist = increased heart rates + adrenaline
blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
o Adenosine = causes heart block in AVN = treats Tachycardia
o Amiodarone Ventricular Tachycardia
o Flecainide Tachycardia flutter and fibrillation blocks NA channels slows
upstroke
o Quinidine Na+ channel blocker causes bradycardia

Beta-Adrenoceptor blockers
o Bisoprolol Beta blocker treats high blood pressure blocks b1 receptors
o Atenolol selective B1 antagonist does not pass blood brain barrier angina, MI,
tachycardia
o Propranolol - same
 Antihypertensive
o Alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists Doxazocin relaxes smooth muscles
o ACE Inhibitors - Congestive heart failure, MI reduce blood volume - blocks
angiotensin I from converting to II - Lisinopril and Ramipril
o Angiotensin II antagonist Losartan
o Centrally acting hypertensive Methyldopa blocks dopamine from forming
adrenalin decreased neurotransmission in peripheral nervous system
o Satsubitril Valsartan

Nitrates
o GTN -Glycerol Trinitrate treats angina and heart failure and pulmonary oedema,
hypertension and coronary artery spasms (it dilates them)
o Isosorbide mononitrate - Angina

Calcium Channel Blockers

o Reduce heart rate block electrical activity vasodilation of arteries reduce
contractile force of cardiac myocytes Reduced afterload
o Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil or Nifedipine (Fast acting on L-type calcium
channels, rapidly reducing blood pressure)

Sympathomimetic Drugs
o Potassium channel activator Nicorandil vasodilator angina Stimulates cGMP
protein kinase G = reduced calcium sensitivity on smooth muscle in cardiac
myocytes K+ efflux is caused hyperpolarisation increased
o Vasoconstrictor Sympathomimetics - Norepinephrine treats hypotension acts
on alpha receptors causing smooth muscle constriction

Antiplatelet drugs
o Aspirin, Clopidogel anti-inflammatory heart attacks and strokes

Fibrinolytic drugs
o Heart attack, break done fibrin mesh reducing thrombosis Alteplase

Diabetes Drugs
o Biguanides Reduce Hepatic Glucose output. Increase peripheral tissue glucose
uptake. Works by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Metformin.
 o Thiazolidinediones Reduce insulin resistance. Bind to PPARy to uptake fatty
acids. Less fatty acids available to gluconeogenesis, cells primarily glycolysis
reactions for energy.
o Sulfonylureas secretagogues
Increase insulin production in B-cells. Drugs binds to SUR1 receptor.
Inhibits K+ channel opening. K+ gradient interupted. Ca2+ channel opens,
Ca2+ stimulates insulin production.
Glipizide, gliczalide, (Glucotrol, Diamicron).
o Non-Sulfonylureas secretagogues (Meglitinides or Glinides)
Short acting. Bind to K+ channel on different site. Hypoglycaemia risk.
o -glucosidase inhibitors Reduce starch digestion. Less glucose enters
bloodstream. Treats pre-diabtetes. Acarbose, miglitol.
o Incretins Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and gastric inhibitory peptide.
Decrease blood glucose levels. Increase insulin release. Inactivated by DPP-4
(dipeptidyl peptidase-4)

Diuretics
o Reduce water reabsorption. Reduce Na+ reabsorption. Reduce Blood pressure
o Thiazides Bind to Cl- site of Na/Cl symporter in early distule tubule. Increase
tubular flow. bendroflumethiazide, Chlortalidone, Metolazone, Xipamide,
Indapamide.
o Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Reduce H2CO3 breakdown to h+ and
HCO3-. Less stimulation of Na/H antiporter in proximal tubule. Less Na+
reabsorption. Less water reabsorption. Less H+ secretion (causes metabolic
acidosis). Acetazolamide
o Loop (high ceiling) Diuretics Inhibits Na/K/2Cl triporter in thick ascending
limb. Furosemide, Bumetamide, Torasimide. Reduced cortico-medullary osmotic
gradient (less water reabsorbed). Increased flow rate. 25%GFR reduction.
o Potassium Sparing 1) Block Na+ channel in principle cell of distule
tubule/collecting duct. Triamterene, Amiloride. 2) Aldosterone antagonist. Less
Na+ channels. Spironolactone
o Osmotic diuretics Reduced osmotic gradient. Mannitol or glucose.

Anticoagulants
o Parenteral anticoagulants Heparin, Enoxaparin, Tinzaparin
o Oral Anticoagulants Warfarin, Dabigatran
o Antiplatelets Asprin, Clopodigrel
o NOAC's - Riveroxiban, Dabigatran, Apixaban

Lipid Lowering
 o Statins Inhibit HMG-CoA Reductase (enzyme which leads to cholesterol
synthesis) Reduce LDL cholesterol levels. Reduce VLDL production. Increased
LDL receptor activity.
Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin. pravastatin for liver disease.
Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin for kidney disease.
o Fibrates Reduce triglycerides. Treat hypercholesterolemia,
hypertriglyceridaemia. Increase liprotein lypolysis. Increase fatty acid uptake.
Reduce LDL, increase HDL. Increases bilary cholesterol scretion. Activate PPAR
alpha. Bezafibate.
o Bile Acid Binding Resins Interupt enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.
Increase LDL receptor activity.
Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Colesevalem
o Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor Ezetimibe. Give if patient intolerable to
statins.
o Nicotinic acid Increase HDL, not used anymore.

Antihistamines
o Cetirizine, Chlorphenamine. For allergies. Reduce swelling and vascular
permeability. May have to give epinephrine or hydrocortisone.

Antacids
o Aluminum Hydroxide Decrease stomach acidity.

Anti-Diarrhoeal
o Loperamide Decrease motility. Usage is discouraged. Opiates have same effects.
Atropine also reduces motility.

Aminosalicylates
o Ulcerative colitis treatment Anti-inflammatory. May lead to remission.
Mesalazine.

Laxatives
o Omsmotic or Stimulant Gut flux.

Thyroid Hormone Replacement

o T4 or Levothyroxine for hypo. Carbimazole for hyper.
o NSAID (non-steroidal anti-Inflammatory Drugs) Naproxen, Ibuprofen.
o Acne Benzoyl peroxide (topical). Oxytetracycline or Isotretinoin (oral).

Proton Pump Inhibitors

 o Omeprazole, lansoprazole. Reduce gastric acid secretion. Treat ulcers, h. pylori,
GORD, Barretts oesophagus

Prostoglandin Antagonist
o Misoprostol - Treat stomach ulcers, cause abortions, induce labour

Dopamine Antagonist Prokinetic Agents

o Domperidone, Metoclopramide, Erythromycin. Enhance gastric motility. Treat IBS,
gastritis, GORD.

H2 Receptor Antagonist
o Block histamine receptors in parietal stomach cells. For Ulcers, GORD and
dyspepsia. Cimetidine, Ranitidine

Opiates
o Hydromorphone, Fentanyl, Meperidine, Morphine , Tapentadol

Antiemetics
o Domperidone - Parkinson's - Peripherally acting dopamine antagonist
o Metoclopramide - With morphine in MI

NSAIDS

Immune Suppressant Drugs

o Azothioprine, Mercaptopurine , Mycophenolate, Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus,
Predinisone
o Steroids - Methotrexate
o Infliximab - monoclonal antibody.
o Steroid Foam - Misalazine, Cortisone - Reduce inflammation - ulcerative colitis. My
induce Cushing's syndrome

Antivirals
o Ribavirin - Hepatitis C
o Interferon - Hepatitis C
o Lamivudine - Hepatitis B
o Adefovir - Hepatitis B

Antidotes
o Acetylcysteine - Paracetamol overdose
o Naloxone - Block the effects of opioids - Heroin

Epilepsy
o Carbamazepine Focal. Also Schizophrenia and Bipolar. Na+ inhibitor
o Sodium Valproate - also Migraine. Increase GABA. Side effects
 o Ethosuxamide - Absence seizures
o Lamotrogine Focal
o Midazolam - Also anxiety and as anaesthesia
o Phenyatoin, Phenobarbitone
o Gabapentine - Also for neuropathic pain (diabetes, neuralgia), hot flashes and
restless leg syndrome

Cyclizine - Antihistamine drug for nausea, vomiting, dizziness and vertigo

Anastrozole - Aromatase Inhibitor - Breast cancer oestrogen receptive.
Penicillamine - Wilson's Disease
Triptam's - Immigram - 5HT3 antagonists, relax arterial spasm in temporal region.
Tablets, wafer, nasal spray form to avoid nausea. Try three

Naloxone - Block the effects of opioids.

Antidepressants
o Fluoxetine - Antidepressant. Depression, OCD, anaemia
o Amitriptilline - Tricyclic Antidepressant - Depression, Neuropathic pain
o Triazolam - Benzodiazepine - CNS depressent - insomnia,
o Trazodone - Antidepressant

Neuroleptics (Antipsychotics)
o Major Tranquilisers. Manage psychosis in bipolar and schizophrenia
o Haloperidol - Antipsychotic

Parkinson's Drugs
o Levodopa
o Dopamine agonists
o MAOB inhibitors
o COMT inhibitors
o Amantadine - antiviral and antiparkinson's, weak effect
o Domperidone - Dopamine antagonist, peripherally acting for nausea and vomiting

DMARDs (Disease modifying)

o Methotrexate - monitor anaemia and bone marrow in case of infection. Carefull
with live vaccines
o Sulfasalazine

Anti-TNF drugs
o Entanercept
o Adalimumab

Antibiotics
o Nitrofurantoin - Bladder infections. May cause breathlessness
 Antithyroid drugs
o Carbimazole - Teratogenic, agranulocytosis risk
o Propylthiouracil - PTU

Allopurinol or fuboxustat
Tinzaparin/Clexane then Warfarin or Rivaroxiban
Colchicine - Anti-inflammatory - diarhoea
Lidocaine - Numbing agent