Unit3: Art show s & holidays : Grammar

Tenses:

Present simple Form: Singular Subject + verb+ s

Plural Subject + verb
Negative Form: singular subject +doesnt/does not +verb (infinitive)
Plural Subject+ dont/do not + verb (infinitive)
*Adverbs of frequency: sometimes *General truth /habits /
/usually/always/often Traditions
* Automatic results

Present

Simple

*Every day/month/ week /year * Habitual action in general and

EX: She lives in London and work s as a teacher.
Simple Past Form: singular/plural Subject +verb + ed
Negative Form: Subject +didnt/did not +verb (infinitive)
*Dont forget to revise your irregular verbs

*Last year /mont h/ week * number +months/years ago

* Two years ago

Simple

Past

* Yesterday /the previous days/ * In+ date in the past(in 2004)

EX: They travelled a lot last year.

The present perfect:

Form: singular subject + has +past participle (regular verb +ed)
Plural subject +have + past participle
Negative Form: singular subject + hasnt /has not +past partic iple
Plural subject +havent/have not + past participle

Present
*since +point of time * for+ period of time
*recently/already/ lately Perfect *throughout the last decade
* Just/never /ever /yet * my lifelong
EX: We have never dreamt of visiting the space.
Since his childhood, he has planned to follow his fathers steps to be an astronaut.
The Past perfect:

Form: Subject +had + past participle

Negative Form: subject +hadnt /had not +past participle
*Before anot her past action * After a past action

Past
perfect

rd
*3 type of the conditional : Had he work ed hard, he wouldnt have failed.
If he had work ed hard, he wouldnt have failed.

The Future: Form: subject +will +verb (infinitive)

Subject +be going to +verb (infinitive)
Negative Form: subject +wont / will not+ verb (infinitive)
*Later /soon *Next week /year / month
*In +date in the future *I hope +subject
(in 2050) The
Future

EX: I feel I will be a very successful person.

Models
Can/must /should /had better +bare infinitive She must respect her parent
Neednt /could / would + bare infinitive They neednt switch off their computer .
Have to/ought to + bare infinitive
Compound Adjective:

adverb-verb +ing
adj -noun
hard-working pupils
ardinary-level exam

noun-verb+ing adj-past participle

a car -producing company ready-made clothes

adj-part of a whole +ed

a blue-eyed girl
a four- day conference

Compari son
Comparatives

*Short adjective +er +than He is taller than his brother* More or less +long
adjective + than A plane ticket is more expensive than a train one .

Irregular Adjective

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good better The best

Bad worse The worst

Much more The most

Many more The more

Little less The least

far Farther/further The farthest /furthe st

Superlative *The +Short adjective +est The sun is the hotte st place ever .

*The most/least +long adjective The most comfortable place for everyone is hi s
country .

Negative Prefixes

impossible
im immature

unforgettable
uncertain dislike
disadvantageous
un
dis
 incapabbl
irrespo
insufficent
in nsible
ir irregul illegal
ar
illiterate
il

Addition
*Both and..
Youll find information which is both use ful and important.
Youll find information which is not only useful but al so important .
*Not onl y .but al so
Travelling abroad not only broadens our sphere of knowledge but also provides us with
new acquaintances.
Travelling abroad both broadens our sphere of knowledge and provides us with new
acquaintances.
 Unit2: Education matters : Grammar

Unless we help poor children, they cant have a good future.

If we dont help poor children, they cant have a good future
If they dont get an education, they will not live a decent life.
Unless they get an education, they will not live a decent life.

They are too poor to send their children to school.

They are such poor families that they can not send
their children to school.
You are too busy to finish all the things you planned
to.
Its such a late time that we cant go to the cinema .

Adjective +prepositions

on in About from For of With To at by

Proud / concious / aware / independent X
Ashamed / jealous / made/ deprived
Good / bad / skilled X
Interested / successful / engaged X
Dependent / based / keen / imposed X
Responsible / sorry / qualified X
Used / accustomed / similar / eager / X
likely /addicted /indebted /able
Pleased /angry /disappointed X
/compared /familiar /bored
Free /different X
Appointed /written X
 Unit3: Creative, Inventive Minds : Grammar

Past habit something that was

true but no longer
is.
I used to smoke a packet a day but I no longer There used to be a cinema in the town but
smoke now. now there isn't.
Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since
She used to have really long hair but she's
his promotion, he doesn't.
had it all cut off.
I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.
I didn't use to like him but now I do.

to say that something

Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is is normal, not unusual.
used to driving on the left now.
They've alwI'm used to living on my own. I've done
it for quite a long time.
ays lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the
cold weather here.

We use so that to introduce a clause indicating a purpose. So that is often used with can or could. ( In order is also
used for purpose.)

Action Purpose
We stayed out all night so that we could watch a meteor storm.
We brought some blankets so that we could keep warm.

We use so that to place emphasis on the the cause. Use an adverb or adjective after so.
Cause Effect
We stayed out so long (adv) that we were cold and tired in the morning.
The starts were so bright (adj) that we were amazed.
 to emphasize urgency or importance
Examples:
I suggest that he study.
INFINITIVE ( without to )
Is it essential that we be there?
Don recommended that you join the committee.
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive
to advise (that) It is best (that)
to ask (that) It is crucial (that)
to insist (that) It is essential (that)
to suggest (that) It is important (that)
to urge (that) It is recommended (that)
to recommend (that) It is imperative (that)
 Unit 4: Li fe Issue s : Grammar

absence of necessity in the present Neednt+ verb You neednt come early

*absence of necessity in the past Neednt+ have You neednt have cooked

*you did s.th but it wasnt + past participle

necessary

Obligation/ necessity Need+to + verb I need to get some sleep

Form: if+ simple present , will + infinitive

The first type conditional is used:
-When the situation in the if clause is likely to happen.
If I have time, I will study English.
If I have time, I am going to study English. (I don't know if I will have time or not.
If I have time, I study English. (Sometimes I have time.)

Form: if+ simple past, would+ infinitive

The second type conditional is used:
1- When the situation in the if clause is unlikely to happen or is the expression of a
hypothetical possibility
Ex: If I won the lottery, I would stop working (but I dont believe I will win).
2- When referring to an unreal or highly improbable present or future situation.
E X: if it rained every day of the year, the earth would be flooded.(but it surely doesnt rain every day
of the year)

Form: if+ past perfect , would+ have +past participle

The third type conditional is used:
When the situation in the if clause was unlikely to happen or not to happen in the past

If I had had time, I would have studied English.

(I didn't have time.)

The +Comparative.,the +comparative . .

The more . The more . /The less,the less.
The harder you work the more chances of success you get.
The sooner ,the better .
Cont rast
We use although and Despite to express: contrast
Despite / in spite of + noun, clause.
Ex: Despite my tiredness, I will help you.
Although+ clause (subject +verb ) ,clause .
Ex: although I am tired, I will help.