General English for non-English students

11. ---ING FORMS

A. GERUNDS
1. As a Subject : Smoking too much is not good for health.
2. As an Object : I like playing tennis.
3. As a Complement : My hobby is playing tennis.
4. As a Noun Modifier : a reading book / the opening ceremony.
5. After a Preposition : He gained the success by working hard.
6. As a Title : Gardening / Empowering Society / Writing
English Tests

GERUND
Definisi : Kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yang ditambah ing

Fungsi:
1. Sebagai subyek
Contoh:
Reading is my hobby
Swimming makes us healthy
2. Sebagai obyek
Setelah kata kerja berikut ini;
avoid : menghindari keep on : terus menerus
consider : mempertimbangkan mention : menyebutkan
delay : menunda mind : berkeberatan
dislike : tidak suka miss : ketinggalan
escape : melarikan diri postpone : menunda
enjoy : menikmati understand : mengerti
excuse : menuduh appreciate : menghargai
finish : selesai cant resist : tak tahan
forgive : memaafkan cant stand : tak tahan
go on : terus menerus cant help : tak tahan
continue : terus menerus deny : menyangkal
risk : beresiko
General English for non-English students

Contoh:
Would you mind lending me your money?
I cant help falling in love with you.
The quests enjoyed dancing in a party last night.

3. Setelah preposisi

( on, in, of, at, before, after, with, without, over, aginst, etc.)
Contoh:
A lot of students are fond of playing football
He is interested in investigating a special case.
Any lesft home without saying anything

4. Setelah frase sbb:

to be used to (biasa; diwaktu lalu)

to be accustomed to (biasa; diwaktu lalu)
look forward to (berharap)

INFINITIVE
1. Infinitive with to ( to + V1 )
Infinitive dengan to di pakai setelah kata kerja sebagai berikut:
advise hope permit expect
allow inted promise force
ask invite propose need
beg instruct warn tell
decide learn would like urge

Rumus yang digunakan:

a. S + V + to V1 + O
Anton wants to continue his study to a university.
b. S + V + to V1
Agus asked me to close the door.
General English for non-English students

2. Infinitive without to (V1)

Infinitive without to (V1) biasanya ditaruh setelah kata kerja sebagai

berikut: make let have help dan kata kerja yang
berhubungan dengan indra (verbs of perception) misalnya:
see listen hear observe notice watch feel.

Pola yang digunakan yaitu : S + V + O + V1

Contoh:

Father lets me go out at Saturday night.

The teacher had me study hard.

NB:
Verbs of perception dapat diikuti kata kerja bentuk ing dengan
pola S + V + O + V ing.

Contoh:
I saw him crossing the street.

Gerund and Infinitive Exercises

Complete the words in the bracket with gerund, infinitive with

or without to.

1. Let me ( help ) you ( get ) the answer right.

2. We have decided ( allow ) him ( do ) as he pleases.
3. He is fond of ( try ) ( mend ) broken clocks.
4. We hope ( have ) an opportunity of ( see ) him tomorrow.
5. I saw him ( help ) her ( cook ) the dinner.
6. Would you mind ( watch ) the teacher ( demonstrate )?
7. For some time we watched them ( try ) ( catch ) fish.
8. I dont understand him ( ask ) me ( wash ) his car.
9. I enjoy ( rest ) in the afternoon.
10. Have you see them ( watch ) us ( eat ) our dinner?
General English for non-English students

B. PRESENT PARTICIPLES
1. As a Continuous Tense : The Workmen are building a house.
2. As a Noun Modifier : a developing country.
the people living on the island
3. As a Complement : Suddenly I heard a baby crying
4. As a Free Adjunct/Participial Phrase:
Smoking too much, he suffers from cough.
The girl came to the hospital bringing some flowers.

12. FREE ADJUNCTS / PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

A. Contracted forms of adverbial clauses :
When/if/because he smokes too much, he suffers from cough.
----------------- Smoking too much, he suffers from cough.

Because they are very poor, they cannot pay the school-fees.
---- (Being) very poor, they cannot pay the school fees.

As it is built on a hill, the temple looks more elegant and beautiful.

(Being) built on a hill, the temple looks more elegant and beautiful.

After she has finished the work, she went home.

----- Having finished the work, she went home.

B. Replacing a sentence, indicating two actions happening at the same time:

He stood there. He waited for you.
-- He stood there, waiting for you.

The girl came to the hospital. She brought some flowers.

-- The girl to the hospital, bringing some flowers.
General English for non-English students
Exercise 7 :
Read the following passages and pay attention to the use of verb-ing in them.

Text 1
School Life in the United States
American children may enter any government high school without paying for
anything. Going to school is required until the age of fifteen. They know that they
can succeed by studying hard. They may fail in one subject or two, but they never
give up trying harder; they go on doing their lessons as well as they can.
High school students likes sports very much. They enjoy playing many kinds
of games. The most popular sport at the beginning of the year is football is done
after school; and the games are usually played on Saturday afternoon. The
students love swimming. They make swimming popular in the hot months.

Text 2
Being a very big city, London is very noisy; so wanting to live quietly, many
people working in London prefer to live outside it. A small flat in London costs a
lot of money; living outside it, they can buy a little house at the same price.
People living outside London have to go to work by train, car, or bus. They
have to get up early in the morning and arrive home late in the evening; but
avoiding staying in the noisy city, they can sleep better at night.
Going to and coming back from their work, they can read interesting books or
newspaper.
Being in the country, they can enjoy watching the grass and trees; and
breathing the clean air, they feel fresh and healthy. On Sunday afternoons, having
no work and being fond of gardening, they may cultivate their gardens.
General English for non-English students

13. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

I. John said, "I am busy today. (direct)

John said (that) he was busy that day. (indirect)

II. a. He always asks me, "When will you get married?

He always asks me when I will get married.
b. The host asked us, "Will you stay the night here?
The host asked us whether we would stay the night there.
if
III. The doctor said to me, "Have a rest for a few days and
dont smoke too much.
The doctor told me to have a rest for a few days and
not to smoke too much.

Perubahan Tenses
Kal langsung Kal tak langsung
No
Kal langsung Kal tak langsung
Pesent Past Past Perfect
1 Present simple Past simple Past perfect
2 Present continuous Past continuous Past perfect continuous
3 Present future Past future Past perfectr future
4 Present Perfect Past perfect Past perfect

Kalimat tak langsung akan mengalami perubahan tenses bila kata kerja
dalam induk kalimat berbentuk past, misalnya:

he told me, She said to me., They asked heretc.

General English for non-English students

Perubahan kata keterangan

Kalimat langsung Kalimat tak langsung
Today That day
Now Then
Yesterday The day before / the previaus day
Last week The week before / the previous week
Last year The year before / the previous year
Tomorrow The day after / the following day
Next month The month after / the following month
Next year The year after / the following year
Here there

I. STATEMENT (BERITA)

He said to me I dont have any money

He said to me that he didnt have any money.
II. QUESTION (PERTANYAAN)
A. Yes / No Question
They asked me, Are you happy today?
They asked me if / wether I was happy that day.
B. Why Question
She asked him, Why did you come late yesterday?
She asked him why he had come late the day before?

III. COMMAND / PROHABITITION (PERITAH/ LARANGAN)

He ordered me, meet me at seven tonight

He ordered me to meet him at seven tonight.

She warned me, Dont sit at that chair!

She warned me not to sit on that chair.
General English for non-English students

Reported Speech Exercise

Change the direct sentences into indirect ones.

1. He said to me, I want to speak to you.

2. The teacher told her, Your friends have done
their homework well.
3. He told me, I am living in another house now
4. He ordered her. Dont speak until you are spoken
to!
5. He asked me Why did you tell her about it?
6. Mira asked her sister, Where have you put my
pencil?
7. Rini asked me, Do I look all right?
8. They asked us, Can you hear a noise?
9. Tini ordered her brother, Close the window,
please!
10.She said, I was very ill yesterday.
General English for non-English students

14. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type 1 : [ If S --- V1, S ----will + infinitive ] Future Possibilities

If they come, I will phone you.

If the prices are low, people will buy more.

Type 2 : [ If S ---V2, S --- would + infinitive ] Present Impossibilities

If he lived here, we would easily contact him.
If she were a flower, I would be the beetle.
Were we to leave today, we would get there by Sunday.

Type 3 : [ If S had + V3, S would have + V3] Past Impossibilities

If they had informed us before, we would have arrived earlier.
Had it been sunny yesterday, we would have gone for a picnic.

[ S wish S --- V2] --------- Present Unfulfilled Hope

We wish he lived here.

[ S --- wished S --- had + V3] ------- Past Unfulfilled Hope

I wished you had come to the party last night.
General English for non-English students

Exercise 8 :
1. If he (run) he (get) there in time. (future possibility)
2. The cat (scratch) you if you (pull) her tail. (future possibility)
3. If the fog (get) thicker the plane (be diverted). (future possibility)
4. If someone (try) to blackmail me I (tell) the police. (present/future
unexpected)
5. I if (live) near my officer I (be) in time for work. (But I dont live near my
office)
6. If I (be) you I (plant) some trees round the house. (But I am not you)
7. If I (know) you were coming I (meet) you at the airport. (But I didnt know
you were coming)
8. If we (find) him earlier we (save) his life. (But we didnt find him earlier)
9. If you have finished dinner I will ask the waiter for the bill. (future possibility)
10.If he (take) my advice he (be) a rich man now. (But you didnt take my advice,
so you are not rich now).

IF CLAUSE CONDITIONAL
( Kalimat Pengandaian )
Type 1
Fungsi : Untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang terjadi dimasa yang akan datang
Rumus: If Present Simple, Present Future
S + is/am/are + Adj/Adv/N S + will.shall + V1
S + V1 s/es S + will/shall + be + Adj/Adv/N
S + do/does not + V1

Contoh: If I am a rich man , I will buy a big house.

If She graduates , he will be very happu.