Style

Manual
An official guide to the form and style
of Federal Government publishing | 2016

K e e p i n g A m e r i c a I n f o r m e d | O F F I C I A L | D I G I TA L | S E C U R E
gpost yle @ gpo.gov
Production and Distribution Notes
This publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces.
It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post
consumer waste.
The GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository
Library Program. To find a depository library near you, please go to the Federal
depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp.
The electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at
https://www.govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: United States. Government Publishing Office, author.

Title: Style manual : an official guide to the form and style of federal
government publications / U.S. Government Publishing Office.
Other titles: Official guide to the form and style of federal government
publications | Also known as: GPO style manual
Description: 2016; official U.S. Government edition. | Washington, DC : U.S.
Government Publishing Office, 2016. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016055634| ISBN 9780160936029 (cloth) | ISBN 0160936020
(cloth) | ISBN 9780160936012 (paper) | ISBN 0160936012 (paper)
Subjects: LCSH: PrintingUnited StatesStyle manuals. | Printing,
PublicUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. | Publishers and
publishingUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. | AuthorshipStyle
manuals. | EditingHandbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC Z253 .U58 2016 | DDC 808/.02dc23 | SUDOC GP 1.23/4:ST
9/2016
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055634

Use of ISBN Prex

This is the official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein
identified to certify its authenticity. ISBN 9780160936012 is for U.S.
Government Publishing Office official editions only. The Superintendent
of Documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office requests that any
reprinted edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800
Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001

I S B N 978-0-16-093601-2 (Paper)

ii
 THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL
IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF

THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

Davita E. Vance-Cooks

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

STYLE BOARD
Tony N. Gilbert, Chairman
James E. Bender Michelle R. Overstreet
Peter W. Binns David J. Robare
Kristina Bobe Margaret V. Ross-Smith
Mark C. Czajka Kathleen M. Swigert
Yalanda Johnson Charlotte E. Timmons
Carolyn B. Mitchell

Ex officio
Andrew M. Sherman, Chief of Staff
John W. Crawford, Managing Director, Plant Operations
Gregory Estep, Deputy Managing Director, Plant Operations
Shelley N. Welcher, Production Manager, Plant Operations
Rene Rosa, Manager of Operations, Pre-Press Division

Myra L. Taylor Darlene Rios-Bay Tracy D. Shields

Foreperson Foreperson Foreperson
Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section
Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3

JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING

Representative Gregg Harper, Chairman
Senator Roy Blunt, Vice Chairman
Representative Candice S. Miller Senator Pat Roberts
Representative Rodney Davis Senator John Boozman
Representative Robert A. Brady Senator Charles E. Schumer
Representative Juan Vargas Senator Tom Udall

Previous printings of the GPO Style Manual: 1894, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914,
1917, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1953, 1959, 1962, 1967,
1973, 1984, 2000, 2008
iii
 EXTRACT FROM THE
PUBLIC PRINTING LAW

(TITLE 44, U.S.C.)

1105. Form and style of work for departments

The Director of the Government Publishing
Office shall determine the form and style in which
the printing or binding ordered by a department
is executed, and the material and the size of type
used, having proper regard to economy, work-
manship, and the purposes for which the work is
needed.
(Pub. L. 90620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub.
L. 113235, div. H, title I, 1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,
128 Stat. 2537.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., 216 (Jan. 12,
1895, ch. 23, 51, 28 Stat. 608).

Amendments
2014Pub. L. 113235 substituted Director
of the Government Publishing Office for Public
Printer.

iv
About This Manual
The GPO Style Manual, as it is popularly known, is issued under the
authority of section 1105 of title 44 of the U.S. Code, which requires the
Director of the GPO to determine the form and style in which the printing
. . . ordered by a department is executed, . . . having proper regard to econ-
omy, workmanship, and the purposes for which the work is needed. The
Manual is prepared by the GPO Style Board, composed of proofreading,
printing, and Government documents specialists from within GPO, where
all congressional publications and many other key Government documents
are prepared.
The first GPO Style Manual appeared in 1894. It was developed origi-
nally as a printers stylebook to standardize word and type treatment, and
it remains so today. Through successive editions, however, the Manual has
come to be widely recognized by writers and editors both within and outside
the Federal Government as one of the most useful resources in the edito-
rial arsenal. And now in the 21st century, writers and editors are using the
Manual in the preparation of the informational content of Government
publications that appear in digital formats.
Writers and editors whose disciplines have taught them aspects of style dif-
ferent from those found in the GPO Style Manual will appreciate the
difficulty of establishing a single standard. Users of this Manual should
consider it instead as a general guide. Its rules cannot be regarded as rigid, for
the printed word assumes many shapes and variations in final presentation,
and usage changes over time as language evolves. Periodically the Manual
is updated, as this edition has been, to eliminate obsolete standards, update
form and usage, and adjust the guidance for document preparation and ap-
pearance to current custom.
Comments and suggestions from users of the GPO Style Manual are wel-
comed. All such correspondence may be emailed to the GPO Style Board at
gpostyle@gpo.gov.

v
vi About This Manual

A digital version of this Manual appears on GPOs govinfo at https://www.

govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual. Revisions and updates are made to the on-
line version of this Manual periodically. Accordingly, that document rather
than the printed edition should be consulted as the most up-to-date version
available.
For the purposes of the GPO Style Manual, examples provided through-
out both the printed and digital versions are to be given the same weight as
the enumerated rules.

Acknowledgments
The GPO Style Board would like to thank the following people for assistance
in the production of this edition of the GPO Style Manual:
Special thanks go to Michael M. Shelton, Program Analyst, Office of Policy,
National Park Service, and Member of the U.S. Board on Geographic
Names, for his wealth of knowledge, special consultation, and research dur-
ing the entire revision process of this Manual. He has, indeed, been a true
friend to the Board.
M. Michael Abramson, past Chair of the GPO Style Board, who acted as an
adviser to the present Style Board.
Elizabeth Appel, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior,
for advice on the issue of capitalization of Tribe and Tribal.
Douglas Caldwell, Geospatial Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer
Research and Development Center and Jacqueline Nolan, Geography and
Map Division, Library of Congress, for information on acronyms and car-
tographic names.
The offices of Indiana Senators Dan Coats and Joe Donnelly and Indiana
Governor Mike Pence for information regarding the demonym Hoosier.
Rachel R. Creviston, Chief of Staff, Office of the Secretary of the Senate;
Matthew P. McGowan, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration;
and Corey Plank, Lead CartographerRemote Sensing, Bureau of Land
Management, for consulting on the issue regarding compass directional
abbreviations.
About This Manual vii

Linda Crown, Administrative Specialist, Office of Weights and Measures,

National Institute of Standards and Technology, for information on terms
of measures.
Robert W. Dahl, Cadastral Surveyor, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Land Management, Minerals & Realty Management Directorate,
Division of Lands, Realty & Cadastral Survey (WO350), for his contribu-
tion of the Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States tables,
Chapter 18.
Cynthia L. Etkin, Program Planning Specialist, Office of the Superintendent
of Documents, Government Publishing Office, for her assistance in the pro-
duction of this Manual.
Dean Gardei, Brand and Web Manager, Government Publishing Office, for
the design of the cover and title page.
Solange A. Garvey, Foreign Affairs Officer and Leo Dillon, Office of the
Geographer and Global Issues, U.S. Department of State; and Trent Palmer,
Executive Secretary for Foreign Names, U.S. Board on Geographic Names,
for information on foreign countries and terms.
Jeremy Gelb, IT Specialist, Government Publishing Office, for technical as-
sistance in the production of this Manual.
Christine Jones, Editorial Team Lead, Information Design and Publishing
Staff, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, for information on medical eponyms.
Library Services & Content Management Staff, including Patricia
A. Duplantis, Systems Librarian; Laurie B. Hall, Chief and Acting
Superintendent of Documents; James M. Mauldin, Manager, Office of
Archival Management; and Kelly M. Seifert, Strategic Communications
Coordinator, for their feedback and support.
Christine McMahon, Program Planner, Programs, Strategy and Technology,
Government Publishing Office, for her contribution in updating the GPOs
Digital Information Initiatives.
James Moore, Gibbs & Cox, Inc., for information regarding technical
abbreviations.
viii About This Manual

Kirk Petri and Jon Quandt, Lead Program Planners, Programs, Strategy
and Technology, and John Foley and Jiang (John) Zheng, IT Specialists,
Information Technology, Government Publishing Office, for their contri-
butions in updating the information technology acronyms and initialisms
section in the abbreviations and letter symbols chapter.
Kathleen Swiatek, IT Specialist, IT Product Support, for Bill language
assistance.
Marcia Thompson, Chief, Congressional Record Index Office, Government
Publishing Office, for revisions to the pages relating to the Congressional
Record Index.
Louis Yost, Executive Secretary and Jennifer Runyon, Staff, U.S. Board on
Geographic Names, for help on a variety of names and geographic issues.
Employees of the Production Planning and Control Division, Government
Publishing Office, for their contributions during the preproduction/produc-
tion process.
Employees of the Proof and Copy Markup Section, Government Publishing
Office, for their constant contributions to the GPO Style Manual.
Current users who have contributed many ideas and suggestions that were
incorporated into this edition of the GPO Style Manual.
GPOs Digital Information Initiatives
In the digital age, GPO is responsible for providing public access to the digi-
tal versions of many of the official documents it prints, as well asto the
greatest extent possiblethe digital versions of Government publications
that are not printed but are otherwise made available on other Federal web-
sites. GPO recognizes that a Federal author today often begins the content
creation process at a computer, and frequently publishes the final document
to the web without creating a print version that will make its way to a user's
hands or a library's shelves.

GPO Access
To accommodate this transition in Federal publishing strategies while pre-
serving GPOs core responsibility for ensuring public access to Government
publications, Congress enacted Public Law 10340, the Government
Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993,
which required GPO to establish access to key Government publications in
digital format and provide a system of storage to ensure permanent public
access to the information they contain. Opened to the public in 1994, the
resulting website, GPO Access, was GPO's entrance into the digital age. In
2003, the National Archives and Records Administration formally recog-
nized GPO as an affiliate archive for the digital content on the GPO Access
site. GPO Access operated for 15 years before it was retired following the
introduction of GPOs Federal Digital System (FDsys).

Federal Digital System (FDsys)

To meet continued public demand for access to digital Government publi-
cations, provide for an increased range of search and retrieval options, and
ensure the preservation of official Government information content in the
21st century, GPO embarked on the construction of a more comprehensive
online capability, called the Federal Digital System, or FDsys, available at
www.fdsys.gov.
FDsys was launched as a beta website in 2009 and permanently replaced
GPO Access in 2011. FDsys provides free access to hundreds of thousands

ix
x GPOs Digital Information Initiatives

of official Federal Government publications in digital format from all three

branches of the Federal Government, including congressional bills, the
Congressional Record, the Federal Register, the Compilation of Presidential
Documents, the U.S. Code, the Code of Federal Regulations, and opinions
from more than 100 Federal courts. In 2016, GPO reached a milestone of
two billion retrievals of digital Government information from FDsys (the
equivalent of nine retrievals per second over seven years of operation).

govinfo beta website

In February 2016, GPO launched the next generation of digital public access,
govinfo (at www.govinfo.gov) as a public beta website to eventually replace
the FDsys public website. govinfo is a redesign of FDsys featuring a modern,
easy-to-use look and feel that syncs with the need of todays Government
information users for quick and effective digital access across a variety of
digital platforms. It was developed with a focus on implementing feedback
from users and improving overall search and access to FDsys content. The
redesigned, mobile-friendly website incorporates state-of-the-art innovative
technologies and includes several new features for an overall enhanced user
experience. govinfo is the new front door to accessing the same official, pre-
served content that GPO has made available through GPO Access and FDsys
for more than two decades.
The key new features of govinfo include the capability to link related content,
new ways to browse content, a new open-source search engine, enhance-
ments to the search filters, and more options for sharing pages and content
on social media.

Digital preservation
Content in FDsys and govinfo is preserved to ensure permanent availabil-
ity in electronic form. As a preservation repository, GPO follows archival
system standards to ensure long-term preservation and access to digital
content. GPOs digital stewardship vision is to operate a standards-based
preservation repository and to implement user-friendly, responsive, and in-
novative technologies to ensure that all archived content information can
be obtained, rendered, used, and understood by the designated community
into the future.
GPOs Digital Information Initiatives xi

In 2015, GPO began pursuing certification of its flagship system as a

Trustworthy Digital Repository for Government information under ISO
16363: Audit and Certification of Trustworthy Digital Repositories.

Authentication of digital documents

The increasing use of documents in digital format poses a special challenge
in verifying authenticity, because digital technology makes such documents
easy to alter or copy in unauthorized or illegitimate ways. GPO assures users
that the publications available from GPO websites are as official and authen-
tic as publications that have been printed by GPO for many years. GPO
digital systems operate with established trust relationships between all par-
ties in digital transactions. A visible digital signature, viewed as the GPO
Seal of Authenticity signified by an eagle, verifies document integrity and
authenticity on GPO online Federal documents. The visible digital signature
on PDF documents on FDsys and govinfo signifies a guarantee that the in-
formation in the document is official, authentic, and secure.

XML bulk data repository

Since the launch of FDsys, GPO has worked with partners in the legislative
and executive branches to expand the availability of Government informa-
tion content in support of an open and transparent government. One such
effort involves making content available in machine-readable Extensible
Markup Language (XML) format for bulk download. The effort began in
2009 and has grown to nine collections now available through GPOs bulk
data repository at www.gpo.gov/fdsys/bulkdata. The repository features
data collections including text, summary, and status information for bills
introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate, the annual of-
ficial and unofficial digital versions of the Code of Federal Regulations, the
Federal Register, the U.S. Government Manual, and the Public Papers of the
Presidents of the United States.
Information available on GPOs XML bulk data repository helps maximize
the ways this data can be used or repurposed by users. Making informa-
tion available in XML permits data to be reused and repurposed for mobile
web applications, data mashups, and other analytical tools by third-party
providers, contributing to efforts supporting openness and transparency in
government.
xii GPOs Digital Information Initiatives

Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP)

GPO is responsible for creating a catalog and index for all public documents
published by the Federal Government that are not confidential in character.
This work serves libraries and the public nationwide and enables people to
locate desired Government publications in all formats. The public interface
for accessing these cataloging records is the Catalog of U.S. Government
Publications (CGP), which is available in digital format at http://catalog.gpo.
gov. Using the CGP, anyone can freely access descriptive information for
historical and current Government publications as well as digital links to
their full content. Print versions of U.S. Government publications may be
found by contacting a Federal depository library: https://catalog.gpo.gov/
fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp.

Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government

Bens Guide, available at http://bensguide.gpo.gov, provides learning tools
for K12 students, parents, and educators. The site provides age-specific ex-
planations about how the Federal Government works, explains the use of
the primary source materials available on FDsys and govinfo, and explains
GPO's role in the Federal Government.

Online U.S. Government Bookstore

Government information users may also locate and order publications avail-
able for sale in both print and digitalincluding eBookformats through
GPO's Publication and Information Sales Program. Orders may be placed
online securely at https://bookstore.gpo.gov.

Applicability of the GPO STYLE MANUAL to digital publications

The rules of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and related matters, as stated
in this Manual, will serve well when preparing documents for digital
access. Most of the documents on FDsys and govinfo are derived from data-
bases used in the printing of Government publications. As the availability of
Government publications in digital formats continues to grow, the rules as
stated in this Manual will continue to be GPOs standard for all document
preparation, whether for conventional printing or digital access.
Contents

Chapter Page
About This Manual ......................................................................... v
GPOs Digital Information Initiatives .......................................... ix
1. Advice to Authors and Editors ...................................................... 1
2. General Instructions ....................................................................... 7
3. Capitalization Rules ........................................................................ 27
4. Capitalization Examples ................................................................. 45
5. Spelling .............................................................................................. 81
6. Compounding Rules ....................................................................... 97
7. Compounding Examples ............................................................... 111
8. Punctuation ...................................................................................... 193
9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols................................................ 221
Standard word abbreviations .................................................... 238
Standard letter symbols for units of measure......................... 248
Standard Latin abbreviations ................................................ 252
Information technology acronyms and initialisms ............... 256
10. Signs and Symbols........................................................................... 263
11. Italic ................................................................................................... 269
12. Numerals........................................................................................... 273
13. Tabular Work ................................................................................... 285
14. Leaderwork ...................................................................................... 303
15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines ............................... 307
16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures ........................................... 313
17. Useful Tables .................................................................................... 325
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents......................................... 325
State Populations and Their Capitals ....................................... 326
Principal Foreign Countries ..................................................... 327
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities ........................................ 337
Currency....................................................................................... 339
Metric and U.S. Measures.......................................................... 345
Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents ............... 346
Measurement Conversion ......................................................... 347
18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions ................................ 349
19. Congressional Record..................................................................... 377
Congressional Record Index ......................................................... 413
20. Reports and Hearings ..................................................................... 425
Index .................................................................................................. 441

xiii
1. Advice to Authors and Editors

The GPO Style Manual is intended to facilitate the production of

Government publications. Careful observance of the following suggestions
will aid in expediting your publication and reduce costs.
1.1. Making changes after submission of copy delays the production of
the publication and adds to the expense of the work; therefore, copy
must be carefully edited before being submitted to the Government
Publishing Office.
1.2. Legible copy, not faint reproductions, must be furnished.
1.3. Copy should be on one side only with each sheet numbered con-
secutively. If both sides of copy are to be used, a duplicate set of copy
must be furnished.
1.4. To avoid unnecessary expense, it is advisable to have each page
begin with a new paragraph.
1.5. Proper names, signatures, figures, foreign words, and technical
terms should be written plainly.
1.6. Chemical symbols, such as Al, Cl, Tl are sometimes mistaken for
A1, C1, T1. Editors must indicate whether the second character is a
letter or a figure.
1.7. Footnote reference marks in text and tables should be arranged
consecutively from left to right across each page of copy.
1.8. Photographs, drawings, and legends being used for illustrations
should be placed in the manuscript where they are to appear in
the publication. They should be on individual sheets, as they are
handled separately during typesetting.
1.9. If a publication is composed of several parts, a scheme of the desired
arrangement must accompany the first installment of copy.
1.10. To reduce the possibility of costly blank pages, avoid use of new odd
pages and halftitles whenever possible. Generally these refinements
should be limited to quality bookwork.

1
2 Chapter 1

1.11. Samples should be furnished if possible. They should be plainly

marked showing the desired type, size of type page, illustrations if
any, paper, trim, lettering, and binding.
1.12. In looseleaf or perforated-on-fold work, indicate folio sequence, in-
cluding blank pages, by circling in blue. Begin with first text page
(title). Do not folio separate covers or dividers.
1.13. Indicate on copy if separate or self-cover. When reverse printing in
whole or in part is required, indicate if solid or tone.
1.14. Avoid use of oversize fold-ins wherever possible. This can be done
by splitting a would-be fold-in and arranging the material to appear
as facing pages in the text. Where fold-ins are numerous and can-
not be split, consider folding and inserting these into an envelope
pasted to the inside back cover.
1.15. Every effort should be made to keep complete jobs of over 4 pages to
signatures (folded units) of 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 pages. Where possible,
avoid having more than two blank pages at the end.
1.16. Indicate alternative choice of paper on the requisition. Where pos-
sible, confine choice of paper to general use items carried in inventory
as shown in the GPO Paper Catalogue (https://www.gpo.gov/pdfs/
customers/GPOPaperCatalogue0614.pdf).
1.17. If nonstandard trim sizes and/or type areas are used, indicate head
and back margins. Otherwise, GPO will determine the margins.
1.18. Customers should submit copy for running heads and indicate the
numbering sequence for folios, including the preliminary pages.
1.19. Corrections should be made on first proofs returned, as later proofs
are intended for verification only. All corrections must be indicated
on the R (revise) set of proofs, and only that set should be returned
to GPO.
1.20. Corrections should be marked in the margins of a proof opposite
the indicated errors, not by writing over the print or between the
lines. All queries on proofs must be answered or no change will be
made.
Advice to Authors and Editors 3

1.21. The following GPO publications relate to material included in this

Manual.

Government Paper Specication Standards

The purpose of these standards is to achieve compliance with relevant
statutes regarding printing papers; address environmental, workplace
safety, and paper longevity issues; and achieve maximum savings in the
Governments paper purchases. 2011 (https://www.gpo.gov/pdfs/customers/
sfas/vol12/vol_12.pdf).

GPO Paper Samples

This publication is a supplement to Government Paper Specification
Standards. It includes samples of papers used by GPO. Used as a planning
aid and guide in selecting an adequate grade, weight, and color of paper for
a job of printing. 2011.
4 Chapter 1

1.22. Corrections made to proofs should be indicated as follows:

1
In lieu of the traditional mark tr used to indicate letter or number transpositions, the striking out of the
incorrect letters or numbers and the placement of the correct matter in the margin of the proof is the preferred
method of indicating transposition corrections.
2
Corrections involving more than two characters should be marked by striking out the entire word or number
and placing the correct form in the margin. This mark should be reserved to show transposition of words.
3
The form of any query carried should be such that an answer may be given simply by crossing out the complete
query if a negative decision is made or the right-hand (question mark) portion to indicate an affirmative answer.
Advice to Authors and Editors 5

Note.The system of marking proofs can be made easier by the use of an imaginary vertical line
through the center of the type area. The placement of corrections in the left-hand margin for those
errors found in the left-hand portion of the proof and in the right-hand margin for right-side errors
prevents overcrowding of marks and facilitates corrections.
2. General Instructions

Job planning
2.1. New publications are evaluated by application specialists who re-
view their requirements and design the necessary formats. Each
format is made to conform exactly to the copys specifications for
page dimensions, line length, indentions, typefaces, etc. Upon com-
pletion, sample pages are produced and submitted to the customer.
At this time, customer agencies are requested to indicate precise de-
tails of any style changes because this set of pages serves as a guide
for the copy preparer, the beginning of actual production.
2.2. Changes in the needs of the library community have led to a move
toward uniform treatment of the component parts of publications.
In developing standards to guide publishers of Government docu-
ments, consideration has been given to the changing needs of those
who seek to produce, reference, index, abstract, store, search, and
retrieve data. Certain identifying elements will be printed on all
publications in accordance with this Manual and with standards
developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Publications such as books and pamphlets should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Name of department issuing or creating the publication;
(c) Name of author(s) and editor(s) (department or individual);
(d) Date of issuance;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
(f) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers,
if applicable; and
(g) International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
(See ANSI Standard Z39.15, Title Leaves of a Book.)

7
8 Chapter 2

Reports of a scientific or technical nature should contain:

(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Report number;
(c) Author(s);
(d) Performing organization;
(e) Sponsoring department;
(f) Date of issuance;
(g) Type of report and period covered;
(h) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
and
(i) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers
if applicable.
(See ANSI/NISO Standard Z39.182005 (R2010), Scientific and
Technical ReportsPreparation, Presentation, and Preservation.)
Journals, magazines, periodicals, and similar publications should
contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Volume and issue numbers;
(c) Date of issue;
(d) Publishing or sponsoring department;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
(f) International Standard Serial Number; and
(g) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers
if applicable.
(See ANSI Standard Z39.1, American Standard Reference Data and
Arrangement of Periodicals.)
General Instructions 9

Federal Aviation Sponsoring

organization
Administration

Report DOT/FAA/AM08/6
number
Availability Office of Aerospace Medicine
statement
Washington, DC 20591

Title Use of Weather Information

by General Aviation Pilots,
Part I, Quantitative:
Reported Use and Value of
Providers and Products

Author William R. Knecht

Performing Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
organization
name and Oklahoma City, OK 73125
address

Date March 2008

Type of Final Report

report

Notes:
(1) This sample report cover is reduced in size.
(2) In this sample, items are justified left. Other cover designs and
typefaces are acceptable.
(3) This sample page was prepared according to the guidelines of the
American National Standards Institute, www.ansi.org. Users of
ANSI standards are cautioned that all standards are reviewed pe-
riodically and subject to revision.
10 Chapter 2

Makeup
2.3. The design and makeup of a publication is the responsibility of
the publisher. However, when the following elements occur in
Government publications, they generally appear in the sequence
listed below. The designation new odd page generally refers to
bookwork and is not required in most pamphlet- and magazine-
type publications.
(a) False title (frontispiece, if any, on back).
(b) Frontispiece, faces title page.
(c) Title page (new odd page).
(d) Back of title, blank, but frequently carries such useful biblio-
graphic information as list of board members, congressional
resolution authorizing publication, note of editions and print-
ings, GPO imprint if departmental imprint appears on title
page, sales notice, etc.
(e) Letter of transmittal (new odd page).
(f) Foreword (new odd page), differs from a preface in that it is an
introductory note written as an endorsement by a person other
than the author. An introduction differs from a foreword or a
preface in that it is the initial part of the text; if the book is di-
vided into chapters, it should be the first chapter.
(g) Preface (new odd page), by author.
(h) Acknowledgments (new odd page), if not part of preface.
(i) Contents (new odd page), immediately followed by list of illus-
trations and list of tables, as parts of contents.
(j) Halftitle, new odd page preceding first page of text.
(k) Text, begins with page 1 (if halftitle is used, begins with p. 3).
(l) Glossary (new odd page).
(m) Bibliography (new odd page).
(n) Appendix (new odd page).
(o) Index (new odd page).
General Instructions 11

2.4. Preliminary pages use small-cap Roman numerals. Pages in the

back of the book (index, etc.), use lowercase Roman numerals.
2.5. Booklets of 32 pages or less can be printed more economically with
a self-cover. A table of contents, title page, foreword, preface, etc., is
not usually necessary with so few pages. If some of this preliminary
matter is necessary, it is more practical to combine them (e.g., con-
tents on cover; or contents, title, and foreword on cover 2).
2.6. Widow lines (lines less than full width of measure) at top of pages
are to be avoided, if possible, but are permitted if absolutely neces-
sary to maintain uniform makeup and page depth. Rewording to
fill the line is a preferred alternative.
2.7. Paragraphs may start on the last line of a page whenever necessary.
If it is found necessary to make a short page, the facing page should
be of approximate equal depth.
2.8. A blank space or sink of 6 picas should be placed at the head of
each new odd or even page of 46-pica or greater depth; pages with
a depth of from 36 to 45 picas, inclusive, will carry a 5-pica sink;
pages less than 36 picas, 4 picas.
2.9. When centered top folios are used, the folio on a new page is set 2
points smaller than the top folios, centered at the bottom, and en-
closed in parentheses.
2.10. When running heads with top folios are used, running heads are
included in overall page depth. However, first pages of chapters and
other pages with bottom folios do not include the folios as part of
the overall page depth.
2.11. Jobs that have bottom folios will align them in the margin, including
those on preliminary pages. If at all possible, avoid use of running
heads in conjunction with bottom folios.
2.12. Contents, list of illustrations, preface, or any other matter that
makes a page in itself will retain normal 6-pica sink.
2.13. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines
over tables, unless special orders are given not to do so.
12 Chapter 2

2.14. When a table continues, its headnote is repeated without the word
Continued.
2.15. A landscape or broadside table that continues from an even to an
odd page must be positioned to read through the center (gutter) of
the publication when its size is not sufficient to fill both pages.
2.16. A broadside table of less than page width will center on the page.
2.17. Centerheads, whether in boldface, caps, caps and small caps, small
caps, or italic, should have more space above than below. Uniform
spacing should be maintained throughout the page.
2.18. In making up a page of two or more columns, text preceding a
page-width illustration will be divided equally into the appropriate
number of columns above the illustration.
2.19. All backstrips should read down (from top to bottom).

Copy preparation
2.20. At the beginning of each job the proper formats must be plainly
marked. New Odd or New Page, Preliminary, Cover, Title, or Back
Title should also be plainly indicated.
2.21. Copy preparers must mark those things not readily understood
when reading the manuscript. They must also mark the correct ele-
ment identifier code for each data element, as well as indicate other
matters of style necessary to give the publication good typographic
appearance.
2.22. Preparers must indicate the proper subformat at the beginning of
each extension, verify folios, and plainly indicate references, foot-
notes, cut-ins, etc.
2.23. Quoted or extract matter and lists should be set smaller than text
with space above and below. Quotation marks at the beginning and
end of paragraphs should be omitted. If the same type size is used,
quoted matter should be indented 2 ems on both sides with space
top and bottom, and initial and closing quotes should be omitted.
2.24. In congressional hearings, the name of the interrogator or witness
who continues speaking is repeated following a head set in boldface,
General Instructions 13

a paragraph enclosed in parentheses, or a paragraph enclosed in

brackets.
In a head set in boldface, the title Mr. is not used, and the
Honorable preceding a name is shortened to Hon. Street ad-
dresses are also deleted. Example: Statement of Hon. John P. Blank,
Member, American Bar Association, Washington, DC.
2.25. Paragraph or section numbers (or letters) followed by figures or let-
ters in parentheses will close up, as section 7(B)(1)(a), paragraph
23(a), paragraph b(7), paragraph (a)(2); but section 9(a) (1) and
(2), section 7 a and b. In case of an unavoidable break, division
will be made after elements in parentheses, and no hyphen is used.

Capitalization
2.26. The customer should indicate use of capital and lowercase letters.

Datelines, addresses, and signatures

2.27. Copy preparers must mark caps, small caps, italic, abbreviations,
indentions, and line breaks where necessary. (For more detailed in-
structions, see Chapter 16 Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures.)

Decimals and common fractions

2.28. In figure columns containing both decimals and common fractions,
such decimals and/or fractions will not be aligned. The columns
will be set flush right.

Et cetera, etc., and and so forth

2.29. In printing a speakers language, the words and so forth or et ce-
tera are preferred, but in FIC & punc. matter etc. is acceptable.
If a quoted extract is set in type smaller than that of the preceding
text and the speaker has summed up the remainder of the quota-
tion with the words and so forth or et cetera, these words should be
placed at the beginning of the next line, flush and lowercase, and an
em dash should be used at the end of the extract.
14 Chapter 2

Folioing and stamping copy

2.30. Folios should be placed in the upper right corner, preferably half an
inch from the top.

Headings
2.31. The element identifier codes to be used for all headings must be
marked. Caps, caps and small caps, small caps, caps and lowercase,
sentence case, or italic must be prepared. (See rule 3.53.)

Pickup
2.32. The jacket number of a job from which matter is to be picked up
must be indicated. New matter and pickup matter should conform
in style.

Sidenotes and cut-in notes

2.33. Sidenotes and cut-in notes are set each line flush left and ragged
right, unless otherwise prepared, and are always set solid. Sidenotes
are usually set in 6 point, 4 picas wide. Footnotes to sidenotes and
text should be set 21 picas.
An alleged violation of the rule relating to admission to the floor
Sec. 920. Abuse presents a question of privilege (III, 2624, 2625; VI, 579), but not a
of the rule. higher question of privilege than an election case (III, 2626). In one
case where an ex-Member was abusing the privilege . . . .

Signs, symbols, etc.

2.34. All signs, symbols, dashes, superiors, etc., must be clearly marked.
Names of Greek letters must be indicated, as they are frequently
mistaken for italic letters or symbols.
2.35. Some typesetting systems produce characters that look the same as
figures. A lowercase l resembles a figure 1 and a capital O looks like
a figure 0. Questionable characters will be printed as figures unless
otherwise marked.

Letters illustrating shape and form

2.36. Use the same font for text and capital letters that convey shape and
form, e.g., U-shape(d), A-frame, T-bone, and I-beam.
General Instructions 15

2.37. Plurals are formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter s to letters
illustrating shape and form, such as Ts and Ys. Golf tee(s) should be
spelled, as shape is not indicated.
2.38. A capital letter is used in U-boat, V8, and other expressions which
have no reference to shape or form.

Fol. lit. and FIC & punc.

2.39. After submittal to GPO, manuscript copy is stamped Fol. lit. or
FIC & punc. The difference between these two typesetting in-
structions is explained thus:
Copy is followed when stamped Fol. lit. (follow literally). Copy au-
thorized to be marked Fol. lit. must be thoroughly prepared by the
requisitioning agency as to capitalization, punctuation (including
compounding), abbreviations, signs, symbols, figures, and italic.
Such copy, including even obvious errors, will be followed. The lack
of preparation on copy so designated will, in itself, constitute prepa-
ration. Fol. lit. does not include size and style of type or spacing.
Obvious errors are corrected in copy marked FIC & punc. (follow,
including capitalization and punctuation).
2.40. Bill copy will be followed as supplied and treated as FIC & punc.
(See rule 2.39.) This data is transmitted to the GPO with formatting
codes in place, requiring minimal copy preparation.
2.41. Copy preparers instructions, which accompany each job, are writ-
ten to cover the general style and certain peculiarities or deviations
from style. These instructions must be followed.

Abbreviations
2.42. In marking abbreviations to be spelled, preparers must show what
the spelled form should be, unless the abbreviations are common.
An unfamiliar abbreviation, with spelled-out form unavailable, will
not be changed.
16 Chapter 2

Type composition
2.43. Operators and revisers must study carefully the rules governing
composition.
2.44. In correcting pickup matter, the operator must indicate plainly on
the proof what portion, if any, was actually reset.
2.45. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the soiling of proofs, as it
is necessary for the reviser to see clearly every mark on the margin
of a proof after it has been corrected.
2.46. Queries intended for the author are not to be corrected. Such que-
ries, however, are not to be carried on jobs going directly to press.

Leading and spacing

2.47. Spacing of text is governed by the leading, narrow spacing being
more desirable in solid than in leaded matter.
2.48. Solid matter (text) is defined as those lines set without horizontal
space between them. Leaded text is defined as lines separated by 1
or 2 points of space.
2.49. A single justified word space will be used between sentences (key
one space when typing). This applies to all types of composition.
2.50. Center or flush heads set in caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or
boldface are keyed with regular justified spaces between words.
2.51. Centerheads are set apart from the text by the use of spacing. More
space is always inserted above a heading than below. In 10-point
type, the spacing would be 10 points over and 8 points under a head-
ing; in 8- and 6-point type, the spacing would be 8 points above and
6 points below.
2.52. Unless otherwise marked, flush heads are separated from text by 4
points of space above and 2 points of space below in solid matter,
and by 6 points of space above and 4 points of space below in leaded
matter.
2.53. Full-measure numbered or lettered paragraphs and quoted extracts
are not separated by space from adjoining matter.
General Instructions 17

2.54. Extracts that are set off from the text by smaller type or are indented
on both sides or indented 3 ems on the left side (courtwork only) are
separated by 6 points of space in leaded matter and by 4 points of
space in solid matter.
2.55. Extracts set solid in leaded matter are separated from the text by 6
points.
2.56. Flush lines following extracts are separated by 6 points of space in
leaded matter and by 4 points in solid matter.
2.57. Footnotes and legends are leaded if the text is leaded, and are solid
if the text is solid.
2.58. Leaderwork is separated from text by 4 points above and 4 points
below.

Indents
2.59. In measures less than 30 picas, the paragraph indent is 1 em.
Paragraph indents in cut-in matter are 3 ems, overs are 2 ems.
Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems.
Addresses are set flush left.
2.60. In measures 30 picas or wider, the paragraph indent is 2 ems.
Paragraph indents in cut-in matter are 6 ems, overs are 4 ems.
Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems.
Addresses are set flush left.
2.61. In measures less than 30 picas, overruns in hanging indents are 1
em more than the first line. To avoid conflict with an indent that
follows, such as a subentry or paragraph, the overrun indent is made
1 em more than the following line.
2.62. In measures 30 picas or wider, overruns in hanging indents are 2
ems more than the first line. To avoid conflict with an indent that
follows, such as a subentry or paragraph, the overrun indent is made
2 ems more than the following line.
2.63. Indents of matter set in smaller type should be the same, in points,
as that of adjoining main-text indented matter.
18 Chapter 2

2.64. Two-line centerheads are centered, but heads of three or more lines
are set with a hanging indent.
2.65. Overs in flush heads are indented 2 ems in measures less than 30
picas, and 3 ems in wider measures.

Legends for illustrations

2.66. It is preferred that legends and explanatory data consisting of one or
two lines are set centered, while those with more than two lines are
set with a hanging indent. Legends are set full measure regardless of
the width of the illustration. Paragraph style is acceptable.
2.67. Legend lines for illustrations that appear broad or turn page
(landscape) should be printed to read up; an even-page legend
should be on the inside margin and an odd-page legend on the out-
side margin.
2.68. Unless otherwise indicated, legends for illustrations are set in
8-point roman, sentence case.
2.69. Periods are used after legends and explanatory remarks beneath il-
lustrations. However, legends without descriptive language do not
use a period. (See rule 8.116.)
2.70. At the beginning of a legend or standing alone, Figure preceding the
identifying number or letter is set in caps and small caps and is not
abbreviated.
Figure 5, not Fig. 5 Figure A, not Fig. A

2.71. If a chart carries both a legend and footnotes, the legend is placed
above the chart.
2.72. Letter symbols used in legends for illustrations are set in lowercase
italic without periods.

Proofreading
2.73. All special instructions, layouts, and style sheets must be included
with the first installment of each job.
2.74. If the proofreader detects inconsistent or erroneous statements, it is
their responsibility to query them.
General Instructions 19

2.75. All queries appearing on the copy must be carried to the authors set
of proofs.
2.76. Proofs that are illegible or are in any manner defective must be
called to the attention of the deskperson.
2.77. The manner in which correction marks are made on a proof is of
considerable importance. Straggling, unsymmetrical characters,
disconnected marks placed in the margin above or below the lines
to which they relate, irregular lines leading from an incorrect let-
ter or word to a correction, large marks, marks made with a blunt
pencil, indistinct marks, and frequent use of the eraser to obliter-
ate marks hastily or incorrectly made are faults to be avoided. The
transposition mark should not be used in little-known words or in
figures. It is better to cancel the letters or figures and write them in
the margin in the order in which they are to appear.
2.78. In reading proof of wide tables, the proofreader should place the
correction as near as possible to the error.
2.79. To assure proper placement of footnotes, the proofreader and re-
viser must draw a ring around footnote references on the proofs,
then check off each corresponding footnote number.
2.80. Proofreaders must not make important changes in indents or tables
without consulting the referee.
2.81. Follow the marks of the copy preparer, as they are in a position to
know more about the peculiarities of a job than one who reads but
a small portion of it.
2.82. Any proposed deviation from the prepared manuscript must be
queried to the referee.
2.83. All instructions on copy must be carried on proof by readers.
2.84. Folios of copy must be run by the proofreader and marked on the
proof.
2.85. All instructions, comments, and extraneous notes on both copy
and proofs that are not intended to be set as part of the text must be
circled.
20 Chapter 2

Revising galley proofs

2.86. The importance of revising proofs cannot be overemphasized.
Although a reviser is not expected to read proof, it is not enough to
follow the marks found on the proof. The reviser should detect er-
rors and inconsistencies and must see that all corrections have been
properly made and that words or lines have not been transposed or
eliminated in making the corrections.
2.87. A reviser must not remodel the punctuation of the proofreaders or
make any important changes. If an important change should be
made, the reviser must submit the proposed change to the supervi-
sor for a decision.
2.88. In the body of the work, new pages must be properly indicated on
the proof. (For new-page information, see rule 2.3 Makeup.)
2.89. All instructions and queries on proofs must be transferred to the
revised set of proofs.

Revising page proofs

2.90. Page revising requires great diligence and care. The reviser must see
that the rules governing the instructions of previous workers have
been followed.
2.91. The reviser is responsible for marking all bleed and off-center pages.
2.92. A blank page must be indicated at the bottom of the preceding page.
2.93. Special care must be exercised in revising corrected matter. If it
appears that a correction has not been made, the reviser should
carefully examine each line on the page to see if the correction was
inserted in the wrong place.
2.94. The following rules must be carefully observed:
(a) See that the proof is clean and clear; request another if necessary.
(b) Verify that the galley proofs are in order and that the data on the
galleys runs in properly to facilitate continuous makeup.
General Instructions 21

(c) Make sure that different sets of proofs of the same job are cor-
rectly marked in series (R, 2R, 3R, etc.); where a sheet is
stamped Another proof, carry the same designating R on the
corresponding clean proof. Advance the R, 2R, 3R, etc., on
each set of page proofs returned from the originating office.
(d) Run the page folios, make sure they are consecutive and that
the running heads, if used, are correct. Check connection pages.
Verify correct sequence for footnote references and placement.
It is imperative that footnotes appear or begin on the same page
as their reference, unless style dictates that all footnotes are to
appear together in one location.
(e) Watch for dropouts, doublets, and transpositions.
(f) Legend lines of full-page illustrations that appear broad should
be printed to read upthe even-page legend on the binding or
inside margin and the odd-page legend on the outside margin.
(g) If a footnote is eliminated, do not renumber the footnotes;
change footnote to read Footnote eliminated.
2.95. If a footnote is added in proof, use the preceding number with a
superior letter added, as 15a.
2.96. If a table (with or without footnotes) ends a page that has footnotes
to the text, the text footnotes fall at the bottom of the page, with a
50-point rule above them. (See rule 13.76.)

Press revising
2.97. Press revising calls for the exercise of utmost care. The press re-
viser must be thoroughly familiar with the style and makeup of
Government publications. They are required to OK all forms that
go to pressbookwork, covers, jobwork, etc.and must see that
all queries are answered. Knowledge of the bindery operations re-
quired to complete a book or job and familiarity with all types of
imposition, folds, etc., is helpful. The reviser must be capable of as-
certaining the proper head, back, and side margins for all work, to
ensure proper trimming of the completed job.
22 Chapter 2

2.98. Although speed is essential when forms reach the press reviser, ac-
curacy is still paramount and must not be sacrificed.

Signature marks, etc.

2.99. Unless otherwise indicated, signature marks are set in 6-point low-
ercase and indented 3 ems.
2.100. Figures indicating the year should follow the jacket number in sig-
nature marks:
125327164 11652916vol. 13
11652916pt. 53

2.101. When the allmark () and signature or the imprint and signature
appear on same page, the signature line is placed below the allmark
or imprint. (See rule 2.113.)
2.102. The allmark is placed below the page, bulletin, or circular number
but above the signature line, if both appear on the same page.
2.103. Imprints and signature lines appearing on short pages of text are
placed at the bottom of the page.
2.104. On a congressional job reprinted because of a change, the House
and Senate have approved the following styles:
House of Representatives: Senate:
17234162 17235162 (Star Print)

2.105. The following forms are used for signature marks in House and
Senate documents and reports printed on session jackets:
H. Doc. 73, 1612 S. Doc. 57, 1612
S. Doc. 57, 162, pt. 12 S. Doc. 57, 162, vol. 12
H. Rept. 120, 1628 S. Rept. 100, 1629

2.106. In a document or report printed on other than a session jacket, use

the jacket number, year, and signature number only, omitting the
document or report number. (See rule 2.100.)
General Instructions 23

2.107. For pasters or foldouts, the jacket number, the year, and the page
to be faced by the paster or foldout are used as follows (note
punctuation):
1234416 (Face p. 10)

2.108. On a paster or foldout facing an even page, the marks are placed on
the lower right-hand side; on a paster or foldout facing an odd page,
the marks are placed on the lower left-hand side.
2.109. If more than one paster or foldout faces the same page, they are
numbered as follows:
1234416 (Face p. 19) No. 1
1234416 (Face p. 19) No. 2

2.110. When a paster or foldout follows the text, the allmark is placed on
the last page of the text and never on the paster or foldout.

Imprints
2.111. Unless otherwise stipulated, the GPO imprint must appear on all
printed matter, with the exception of certain classified work.
2.112. The full GPO imprint is used on the title page of a congressional
speech.
2.113. The imprint and allmark are not used together on any page; if one is
used, the other is omitted.
2.114. The imprint is not used on a halftitle or on any page of a cover, with
the exception of congressional hearings.
2.115. If there is a title page, the imprint is placed on the title page; but if
there is no title page, or if the title page is entirely an illustration, the
imprint is placed on the last page of the text 4 ems from flush right
and below the bottom folio.
2.116. The GPO logo is used only on GPO publications. If it is printed on
page ii, the full imprint is used on the title page; if it is printed on the
title page, use the half imprint only, thusWashington : 2016.
24 Chapter 2

Imprint variations
2.117. This is one style of an imprint that can appear on the title page.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: Toll Free 8665121800
DC area 2025121800 Fax: 2025122104
Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 204020001
www.govinfo.gov
2.118. In the event that a title page is not used, the imprint is printed on the
last page and positioned flush left below the text.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing
Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free 8665121800
DC area 2025121800 Fax: 2025122250
Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 204020001
www.govinfo.gov
2.119. Outside-purchase publications are identified by the GPO logo at the
beginning of the imprint line. These lines are positioned 4 ems from
the right margin.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016456789

2.120. Publications purchased outside that are reprinted by the GPO use
an em dash in lieu of the GPO logo.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016456789

2.121. Jobs set on outside purchase but printed by the GPO use an asterisk
in lieu of the GPO logo.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016456789

2.122. Publications produced from camera copy supplied to the GPO are
identified by cc printed at the end of the line.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016123456cc
General Instructions 25

Reprints
2.123. To aid bibliographic identification of reprints or revisions, the dates
of the original edition and of reprint or revision should be supplied
by the author on the title page or in some other suitable place. Thus:
First edition July 2000 Original edition May 2000
Reprinted July 2005 Reprinted May 2005
First printed June 2000 Revised July 2007
Revised June 2005

2.124. The year in the imprint on cover, title page, or elsewhere is not
changed from that in the original print, nor are the signatures
changed, unless other revisions are necessary.

Sales notices
2.125. The use of sales notices is discouraged.

2.126. If there is a cover but no title page, the sales notice is printed on the
cover. Unless otherwise indicated, if there is a title page, with or
without a cover, the sales notice is printed at the bottom of the title
page below a cross rule. If there is no cover or title page, any sales
notice is printed at the end of the text, below the imprint, and the
two are separated by a cross rule.

Franking
2.127. The franking (mailing) privilege on covers for Government publi-
cations should be at least 1 inches from the trim.

Bibliographies or references
2.128. There are many styles available to bibliographers, for there are many
classes of documents.
A Government bulletin citation, according to one authority, would
be treated as follows:
Authors name (if the article is signed); title of article (in quotation marks);
the publication (usually in italic), with correct references to volume, number,
series, pages, date, and publisher (U.S. Govt. Pub. Off.).
26 Chapter 2

Therefore the example would read:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Highlights in history of forest and re-
lated natural resource conservation, Conservation Bulletin, No. 41 (serial
number not italic), Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior (or U.S. Govt. Pub.
Off.), 1997. 1 p. (or p. 1).

Another Government periodical citation would read as follows:

Kirwan, Patrick S., New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle
Credit, Internal Revenue Bulletin, No. 2009-48, pp. 713717 (November 30,
2009), Internal Revenue Service.

Clarity may be maintained by capitalizing each word in book titles,

with only the first word in the title of articles.
Other examples are:
Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade And After: 19141928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1930)
Edward B. Rosa, The economic importance of the scientific work of the
government, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)

or:
Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 19141928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1930)
Edward B. Rosa, The Economic Importance of the Scientific Work of the
Government, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)

Note in this that the principal words in both book titles and titles
of articles are capitalized. Consistency is more important in biblio-
graphic style than the style itself.
The science of bibliography is covered in many texts, and the follow-
ing references are available for study:
The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2010
(www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html).
Words Into Type, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1974.
3. Capitalization Rules
(See also Chapter 4 Capitalization Examples and Chapter 9 Abbreviations and Letter Symbols)

3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every conceivable prob-
lem in capitalization, but, by considering the purpose to be served
and the underlying principles, it is possible to attain a considerable
degree of uniformity. The list of approved forms given in chapter 4
will serve as a guide. Obviously such a list cannot be complete. The
correct usage with respect to any term not included can be deter-
mined by analogy or by application of the rules.

Historic or documentary accuracy

3.2. Where historic, documentary, technical, or scientific accuracy is
required, capitalization and other features of style of the original
text should be followed.

Proper names
3.3. Proper names are capitalized.
Rome John Macadam Italy
Brussels Macadam family Anglo-Saxon

Derivatives of proper names

3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaning are
capitalized.
Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian

3.5. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired independent com-

mon meaning, or no longer identified with such names, are set
lowercased. Since this depends upon general and long-continued
usage, a more definite and all-inclusive rule cannot be formulated
in advance.
roman (type) macadam (crushed rock) italicize
brussels sprouts watt (electric unit) anglicize
venetian blinds plaster of paris pasteurize

27
28 Chapter 3

Common nouns and adjectives in proper names

3.6. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a proper
name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a substitute for
the name of a place or thing is not capitalized.
Massachusetts Avenue; the avenue
Washington Monument; the monument
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Hoover Dam; the dam
Boston Light; the light
Modoc National Forest; the national forest
Panama Canal; the canal
Soldiers Home in Holyoke; the soldiers home
Johnson House (hotel); Johnson house (residence)
Crow Reservation; the reservation
Cape of Good Hope; the cape
Jersey City
Washington City
but city of Washington; the city
Cook County; the county
Great Lakes; the lakes
Lake of the Woods; the lake
North Platte River; the river
Lower California
but lower Mississippi
Charles the First; Charles I
Seventeenth Census; the 1960 census

3.7. If a common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a name

becomes separated from the rest of the name by an intervening
common noun or adjective, the entire expression is no longer a
proper noun and is therefore not capitalized.
Union Station: union passenger station
Eastern States: eastern farming States
United States popularly elected government

3.8. A common noun used alone as a well-known short form of a spe-

cific proper name is capitalized.
the Capitol building in Washington, DC; but State capitol building
the Channel (English Channel)
the Chunnel (tunnel below English Channel)
the District (District of Columbia)
Capitalization Rules 29

3.9. The plural form of a common noun capitalized as part of a proper

name is also capitalized.
Seventh and I Streets
Lakes Erie and Ontario
Potomac and James Rivers
State and Treasury Departments
British, French, and United States Governments
Presidents Washington and Adams

3.10. A common noun used with a date, number, or letter, merely to de-
note time or sequence, or for the purpose of reference, record, or
temporary convenience, does not form a proper name and is there-
fore not capitalized. (See also rule 3.39.)
abstract B figure 7 room A722
amendment 5 first district (not rule 8
apartment 2 congressional) schedule K
appendix C flight 007 section 3
article 1 graph 8 signature 4
book II group 7 spring 1926
chapter III mile 7.5 station 27
chart B page 2 table 4
class I paragraph 4 title IV
collection 6 part I volume X
column 2 phase 3 ward 2
drawing 6 plate IV
exhibit D region 3

3.11. The following terms are lowercased, even with a name or number.
aqueduct irrigation project shipway
breakwater jetty slip
buoy levee spillway
chute lock turnpike
dike pier watershed
dock reclamation project weir
drydock ship canal wharf

Denite article in proper place names

3.12. To achieve greater distinction or to adhere to the authorized form,
the word the (or its equivalent in a foreign language) is capitalized
when used as a part of an official name or title. When such name or
30 Chapter 3

title is used adjectively, the is not capitalized, nor is the supplied at

any time when not in copy.
British Consul v. The Mermaid (title of legal case)
The Dalles (OR); The Weirs (NH); but the Dalles region; the Weirs streets
The Hague; but the Hague Court; the Second Hague Conference
El Salvador; Las Cruces; LEsterel
The National Mall; The Mall (Washington, DC only)
The Gambia
but the Congo, the Sudan, the Netherlands

3.13. Rule 3.12 does not apply in references to newspapers, periodicals,

vessels, airships, trains, firm names, etc.
the Washington Post the U3
the Times the Los Angeles
the Atlantic Monthly the Hotel Roanoke
the Mermaid the National Photo Co.

Particles in names of persons

3.14. In foreign names such particles as d, da, de, della, den, du, van,
and von are capitalized unless preceded by a forename or title.
Individual usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.
Da Ponte; Cardinal da Ponte
Den Uyl; Johannes den Uyl; Prime Minister den Uyl
Du Pont; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Van Rensselaer; Stephen van Rensselaer
Von Braun; Dr. Wernher von Braun
but dOrbigny; Alcide dOrbigny; de la Madrid; Miguel de la Madrid

3.15. In anglicized names such particles are usually capitalized, even if

preceded by a forename or title, but individual usage, if ascertain-
able, should be followed.
Justice Van Devanter; Reginald De Koven
Thomas De Quincey; William De Morgan
Henry van Dyke (his usage)
Samuel F. Du Pont (his usage); Irne du Pont

3.16. If copy is not clear as to the form of such a name (for example, La
Forge or Laforge), the two-word form should be used.
Capitalization Rules 31

3.17. In names set in capitals, de, von, etc., are also capitalized.

Names of organized bodies

3.18. The full names of existing or proposed organized bodies and their
shortened names are capitalized; other substitutes, which are most
often regarded as common nouns, are capitalized only in certain
specified instances to indicate preeminence or distinction.
National governmental units:
U.S. Congress: 114th Congress; the Congress; Congress; the Senate; the House;
Committee of the Whole, the Committee; but committee (all other con-
gressional committees)
Department of Agriculture: the Department; Division of Publications, the
Division; similarly all major departmental units; but legislative, execu-
tive, and judicial departments
Bureau of the Census: the Census Bureau, the Bureau; but the agency
Environmental Protection Agency: the Agency
Geological Survey: the Survey
Government Publishing Office: the Publishing Office, the Office
American Embassy, British Embassy: the Embassy; but the consulate; the con-
sulate general
Treasury of the United States: General Treasury; National Treasury; Public
Treasury; the Treasury; Treasury notes; New York Subtreasury, the
subtreasury
Department of Defense: Military Establishment; Armed Forces; All-Volunteer
Forces; but armed services
U.S. Army: the Army; All-Volunteer Army; the Infantry; 81st Regiment;
Army Establishment; the Army Band; Army officer; Regular Army of-
ficer; Reserve officer; Volunteer officer; but army shoe; Grants army;
Robinsons brigade; the brigade; the corps; the regiment; infantryman
U.S. Navy: the Navy; the Marine Corps; Navy (Naval) Establishment; Navy
officer; but naval shipyard; naval officer; naval station
U.S. Air Force: the Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard: the Coast Guard
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry; French Army; British Navy
American Indian and Alaska Native federally recognized entities:
Shawnee Tribe, the Tribe; Cherokee Nation, the Nation; Alturas Indian
Rancheria, the Rancheria; Cahuilla Band of Indians, the Band; Takotna
Village, the Village; Akiak Native Community, the Community
International organizations:
United Nations: the Council; the Assembly; the Secretariat
32 Chapter 3

Permanent Court of Arbitration: the Court; the Tribunal (only in the proceed-
ings of a specific arbitration tribunal)
Hague Peace Conference of 1907: the Hague Conference; the Peace Conference;
the Conference
Common-noun substitutes:
Virginia General Assembly: the assembly
California State Highway Commission: Highway Commission of California;
the highway commission; the commission
Montgomery County Board of Health: the Board of Health, Montgomery
County; the board of health; the board
Common Council of the City of Pittsburgh: the common council; the council
Buffalo Consumers League: the consumers league; the league
Republican Party: the party
Southern Railroad Co.: the Southern Railroad; Southern Co.; Southern Road;
the railroad company; the company
Riggs National Bank: the Riggs Bank; the bank
Metropolitan Club: the club
Yale School of Law: Yale University School of Law; School of Law, Yale Uni-
versity; school of law

3.19. The names of members and adherents of organized bodies are capi-
talized to distinguish them from the same words used merely in a
descriptive sense.
a Representative (U.S.) a Shriner a Boy Scout
a Republican a Socialist a Knight (K.C., K.P., etc.)
an Elk an Odd Fellow
a Federalist a Democrat

Names of countries, domains, and administrative divisions

3.20. The official designations of countries, national domains, and their
principal administrative divisions are capitalized only if used as
part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper adjectives.
(See Chapter 17, Principal Foreign Countries table.)
United States: the Republic; the Nation; the Union; the Government; also
Federal, Federal Government; but republic (when not referring specifi-
cally to one such entity); republican (in general sense); a nation devoted
to peace
New York State: the State, a State (a definite political subdivision of first rank);
State of Veracruz; Balkan States; six States of Australia; State rights; but
state (referring to a federal government, the body politic); foreign states;
church and state; statehood; states evidence
Capitalization Rules 33

Territory: territory of American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands; Yukon,

Northwest Territories; the Territory(ies), Territorial
Dominion of Canada: the Dominion; but dominion (in general sense)
Ontario Province, Province of Ontario: the Province, Provincial; but prov-
ince, provincial (in general sense)

3.21. The similar designations commonwealth, confederation (federal),

government, nation (national), powers, republic, etc., are capitalized
only if used as part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper
adjectives.
British Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Virginia: the Commonwealth;
but a commonwealth government (general sense)
Swiss Confederation: the Confederation; the Federal Council; the Federal
Government; but confederation, federal (in general sense)
French Government: the Government; French and Italian Governments: the
Governments; but government (in general sense); the Churchill govern-
ment; European governments
Cherokee Nation: the Nation; but Greek nation; American nations
National Government (of any specific nation); but national customs
Allied Powers, Allies (in World Wars I and II); but our allies, weaker allies;
Central Powers (in World War I); but the powers; European powers
Republic of South Africa: the Republic; but republic (in general sense)

Names of regions, localities, and geographic features

3.22. A descriptive term used to denote a definite region, locality, or geo-
graphic feature is a proper name and is therefore capitalized; also
for temporary distinction a coined name of a region is capitalized.
the North Atlantic States the Continental Divide
the Gulf States Deep South
the Central States Midsouth
the Pacific Coast States the Far East
the Lake States Far Eastern
East North Central States the East
Eastern North Central States Middle East
Far Western States Middle Eastern
Eastern United States Mideast
the West Mideastern (Asia)
the Midwest Near East (Balkans, etc.)
the Middle West the Promised Land
the Far West the Continent (continental Europe)
the Eastern Shore (Chesapeake Bay) the Western Hemisphere
the Badlands (SD and NE) the North Pole
34 Chapter 3

the North and South Poles Western Europe, Central Europe)

the Temperate Zone (political entities)
the Torrid Zone but
the East Side lower 48 (States)
Lower East Side (sections of a city) the Northeast corridor

3.23. A descriptive term used to denote direction or position is not a

proper name and is therefore not capitalized.
north; south; east; west
northerly; northern; northward
eastern; oriental; occidental
east Pennsylvania
southern California
northern Virginia; but Northern Virginia (D.C. suburbs)
west Florida; but West Florida (17631819)
eastern region; western region
north-central region
east coast; eastern seaboard
northern Italy
southern France
but East Germany; West Germany (former political entities)

Names of calendar divisions

3.24. The names of calendar divisions are capitalized.
January; February; March; etc.
Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; etc.
but spring; summer; autumn (fall); winter

Names of holidays, etc.

3.25. The names of holidays and ecclesiastic feast and fast days are
capitalized.
April Fools Day Fourth of July; the Fourth
Arbor Day Halloween
Armed Forces Day Hanukkah
Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Inauguration Day (Federal)
Christmas Day, Eve Independence Day
Columbus Day Labor Day
Fathers Day Lincolns Birthday
Feast of the Passover; the Passover Memorial Day (also
Flag Day Decoration Day)
Capitalization Rules 35

Mothers Day St. Valentines Day

New Years Day, Eve Thanksgiving Day
Patriot Day Veterans Day
Presidents Day Washingtons Birthday
Ramadan Yom Kippur
Rosh Hashanah but election day, primary day

Trade names and trademarks

3.26. Trade names, variety names, and names of market grades and
brands are capitalized. Some trade names have come into usage
as generic terms (e.g., cellophane, thermos, and aspirin); when ref-
erence is being made to the formal company or specific product
name, capitalization should be used. (See Chapter 4 Capitalization
Examples trade names and trademarks.)
Choice lamb (market grade) Xerox (the company)
Red Radiance rose (variety) but photocopy (the process)

Scientic names
3.27. The name of a phylum, class, order, family, or genus is capitalized.
The name of a species is not capitalized, even if derived from a
proper name. (See rule 11.9.)
Arthropoda (phylum), Crustacea (class), Hypoparia (order), Agnostidae
(family), Agnostus (genus)
Agnostus canadensis; Aconitum wilsonii; Epigaea repens (genus and species)

3.28. In scientific descriptions coined terms derived from proper names

are not capitalized.
aviculoid menodontine

3.29. Any plural formed by adding s to a Latin generic name is capitalized.

Rhynchonellas Spirifers

3.30. In soil science the 12 soil orders are capitalized.

Alfisols Gelisols Oxisols
Andisols Histosols Spodosols
Aridisols Inceptisols Ultisols
Entisols Mollisols Vertisols
36 Chapter 3

3.31. Capitalize the names of the celestial bodies as well as the planets.
Sun Mars Alpha Centauri
Moon the Big Dipper Orion
Saturn Ceres the Milky Way
Earth Kepler-1647b but the moons of Jupiter
3.32. In general, names of diseases, viruses, and syndromes are not capi-
talized. An exception is when the disease is named for the person
who discovered it or the geographic location where the disease
occurred.
Alzheimer(s) disease Hodgkin lymphoma
cancer Lyme disease
diabetes measles
Down syndrome Parkinson(s) disease
Ebola virus West Nile virus
group A strep infection; Zika virus
hepatitis C; herpes B virus

Historical or political events

3.33. Names of historical or political events used as a proper name are
capitalized.
Battle of Bunker Hill Holocaust, the Renaissance
Christian Era Middle Ages the American
Cold War New Deal Revolution; the
D-Day New Federalism Revolution
Dust Bowl New Frontier V-E Day
Fall of Rome Prohibition War of 1812
Great Depression Restoration War on Poverty
Great Society Reformation
but Korean war; Vietnam war; Gulf war

Personication
3.34. A vivid personification is capitalized.
The Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from New York;
but I spoke with the chair yesterday.
For Nature wields her scepter mercilessly.
All of a sudden,
Time stood still.
Capitalization Rules 37

Religious terms
3.35. Words denoting the Deity except who, whose, and whom; names
for the Bible and other sacred writings and their parts; names of
confessions of faith and of religious bodies and their adherents; and
words specifically denoting Satan are all capitalized.
Heavenly Father; the Almighty; Lord; Thee; Thou; He; Him; but himself; You,
Your; Thy, Thine; [Gods] fatherhood
Mass; Communion
Divine Father; but divine providence; divine guidance; divine service
Son of Man; Jesus sonship; the Messiah; but a messiah; messiahship; messi-
anic; messianize; christology; christological
Bible, Holy Scriptures, Scriptures, Word; Koran; Talmud; also Biblical;
Scriptural; Koranic; Talmudic
New Testament; Ten Commandments
Gospel (memoir of Christ); but gospel music
Apostles Creed
Episcopal Church; an Episcopalian; Catholicism; a Protestant
Christian; also Christendom; Christianity; Christianize
Black Friars; Brother(s); Kings Daughters; Daughter(s); Ursuline Sisters;
Sister(s)
Satan; the Devil; but a devil; the devils; devils advocate

Titles of persons
3.36. Civil, religious, military, and professional titles, as well as those of
nobility, immediately preceding a name are capitalized.
President Obama Dr. Bellinger
Queen Elizabeth II Nurse Joyce Norton
Ambassador Acton Professor Leverett
Lieutenant Fowler Examiner Jones (law)
Chairman Williams Vice-Presidential candidate Smith
but baseball player Harper; maintenance person Flow; foreperson Taylor

3.37. To indicate preeminence or distinction in certain specified in-

stances, a common-noun title immediately following the name of a
person or used alone as a substitute for it is capitalized.
Title of a head or assistant head of state:
Barack Obama, President of the United States: the President; the President-
elect; the Executive; the Chief Magistrate; the Commander in Chief;
ex-President Bush; former President Reagan; similarly the Vice President;
the Vice-President-elect; ex-Vice-President Cheney
38 Chapter 3

Terry McAuliffe, Governor of Virginia: the Governor of Virginia; the

Governor; similarly the Lieutenant Governor; but secretary of state of
Idaho; attorney general of Maine
Title of a head or assistant head of an existing or a proposed National governmental
unit:
John Kerry, Secretary of State: the Secretary; similarly the Acting Secretary;
the Under Secretary; the Assistant Secretary; the Director; the Chief or
Assistant Chief; the Chief Clerk; but Secretaries of the military depart-
ments; secretaryship
Titles of the military:
General of the Army(ies): United States only; Supreme Allied Commander;
General Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Joint
Chiefs of Staff; Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force; the Chief of Staff; but the com-
manding general; general (military title standing alone not capitalized)
Titles of members of diplomatic corps:
Walter S. Gifford, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: the
American Ambassador; the British Ambassador; the Ambassador; the
Senior Ambassador; Her Excellency; similarly the Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the Minister; the Charg
dAffaires; the Charg; Ambassador at Large; Minister Without Portfolio;
but the consul general; the consul; the attach
Title of a ruler or prince:
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland: the Queen; the Crown; Her Most Gracious Majesty; Her Majesty;
similarly the Emperor; the Sultan
Charles, Prince of Wales: the Prince; His Royal Highness
Titles not capitalized:
Charles F. Hughes, rear admiral, U.S. Navy: the rear admiral
Steven Knapp, president of The George Washington University: the president
C.H. Eckles, professor of dairy husbandry: the professor
Barbara Prophet, chairwoman of the committee; the chairman; the chairper-
son; the chair

3.38. In formal lists of delegates and representatives of governments, all

titles and descriptive designations immediately following the names
should be capitalized if any one is capitalized.
3.39. A title in the second person is capitalized.
Your Excellency Mr. Chairman but not conversational salutations
Your Highness Madam Chairman my dear General
Your Honor Mr. Secretary my dear sir
Capitalization Rules 39

Titles of publications, papers, documents, acts, laws, etc.

3.40. In the full or short English titles of periodicals, series of publica-
tions, annual reports, historic documents, and works of art, the first
word and all important words are capitalized.
Statutes at Large; Revised Statutes; District Code; Bancrofts History; Journal
(House or Senate) (short titles); but the code; the statutes
Atlantic Charter; Balfour Declaration; but British white paper
Chicagos American; but Chicago American Publishing Co.
Readers Digest; but New York Times Magazine; Newsweek magazine
Monograph 55; Research Paper 123; Bulletin 420; Circular A; Article 15:
Uniform Code of Military Justice; Senate Document 70; House Resolution
45; Presidential Proclamation No. 24; Executive Order No. 24; Royal
Decree No. 24; Public Law 891; Private and Union Calendars; Calendar
No. 80; Calendar Wednesday; Committee Print No. 32, committee print;
but Senate bill 416; House bill 61; Congressional Record
Annual Report of the Government Publishing Office, 2015; but seventh an-
nual report, 19th annual report
Declaration of Independence; the Declaration
Constitution (United States or with name of country); constitutional; but New
York State constitution: first amendment, 12th amendment
Kellogg-Briand Pact; North Atlantic Pact; Atlantic Pact; Treaty of Versailles;
Jay Treaty; but treaty of peace, the treaty (descriptive designations); treaty
of 1919
United States v. Four Hundred Twenty-two Casks of Wine (law)
American Gothic, Nighthawks (paintings)

3.41. All principal words are capitalized in titles of addresses, albums, ar-
ticles, books, captions, chapter and part headings, editorials, essays,
headings, headlines, motion pictures and plays (including television
and radio programs), papers, short poems, reports, songs, subhead-
ings, subjects, and themes. The foregoing are also quoted.
3.42. In the short or popular titles of acts (Federal, State, or foreign) the
first word and all important words are capitalized.
Revenue Act; Walsh-Healey Act; Freedom of Information Act; Classification
Act; but the act; Harrison narcotic law; Harrison narcotic bill; interstate
commerce law; sunset law

3.43. The capitalization of the titles of books, etc., written in a foreign

language is to conform to the national practice in that language.
40 Chapter 3

First words
3.44. The first word following a comma or a colon that introduces a com-
plete sentence or a direct quotation is capitalized. (See also rule 3.45)
The question is, Shall the bill pass?
He asked, And where are you going?
The following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?
His only rule was this: Chickens are not allowed past the front parlor.

3.45. The first word following a colon, an exclamation point, or a question

mark is not capitalized if the matter following is merely a supple-
mentary remark making the meaning clearer.
Revolutions are not made: they come.
Intelligence is not replaced by mechanism: even the televox must be guided
by its masters voice.
But two months dead! nay, not so much; not two.
What is this? Your knees to me? to your corrected son?

3.46. The first word of a fragmentary quotation is not capitalized.

She objected to the phraseology, not to the ideas.
The President, he said, will veto the bill.

3.47. The first word of a line of poetry is capitalized.

Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.

3.48. The first word of a run-in list following a colon is not capitalized.
(For lists that are not run in, see rule 8.28.)
There are three primary pigment colors: magenta, yellow, and cyan.
The vote was as follows: in the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.
His goals were these: (1) learn Spanish, (2) see the Grand Canyon, and (3)
climb Mt. Everest.

3.49. The first word following Whereas in resolutions, contracts, etc., is

not capitalized; the first word following an enacting or resolving
clause is capitalized.
Whereas the Constitution provides . . . ; and
Whereas, moreover, . . . : Therefore be it
Whereas the Senate provided for the . . . : Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That . . . ; and be it further
Resolved (jointly), That . . .
Capitalization Rules 41

Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That . . . .

(Concurrent resolution, Federal Government.)
Resolved by the Senate of Oklahoma (the House of Representatives concurring
therein), That . . . . (Concurrent resolution, using name of State.)
Resolved by the senate (the house of representatives concurring therein), That . . . .
(Concurrent resolution, not using name of State.)
Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California (jointly), That . . . .
(Joint resolution, using name of State.)
Resolved by the Washington Board of Trade, That . . .
Provided, That . . .
Provided further, That . . .
Provided, however, That . . .
And provided further, That . . .
Ordered, That . . .
Be it enacted, That . . .

Centerheads and sideheads

3.50. Unless otherwise marked, centerheads are set in capitals, and side-
heads are set in sentence case. In centerheads making two lines,
wordbreaks should be avoided. The first line should be centered and
set as full as possible.
3.51. In heads set in caps, a small-cap c or ac, if available, is used in such
names as McLean or MacLeod; otherwise a lowercase c or ac is used.
In heads set in small caps, a thin space is used after the c or the ac.
3.52. In such names as LeRoy, DeHostis, LaFollette, etc. (one-word forms
only), set in caps, the second letter of the particle is made a small
cap, if available; otherwise lowercase is used. In heads set in small
caps, a thin space is used.
3.53. In matter set in caps and small caps or caps and lowercase, capital-
ize all principal words, including parts of compounds which would
be capitalized standing alone. The articles a, an, and the; the prepo-
sitions at, by, for, in, of, on, per, to, and up; the conjunctions and, as,
but, if, or, and nor; and the second element of a compound numeral
are not capitalized. (See also rule 8.133.)
World en Route to All-Out War
Curfew To Be Set for 10 oClock (To capitalized in an infinitive verb)
Man Hit With 2-Inch Pipe
No-Par-Value Stock for Sale
42 Chapter 3

Yankees May Be Winners in Zig-Zag Race

Ex-Senator Is To Be Admitted
Notice of Filing and Order on Exemption From Requirements
but Building on Twenty-first Street (if spelled)
One Hundred Twenty-three Years (if spelled)
Only One-tenth of Shipping Was Idle
Many 35-Millimeter Films in Production
Built-Up Stockpiles Are Necessary (Up is an adverb here)
The Per Diem Was Increased (Per Diem is used as a noun here); Lower Taxes
per Person (per is a preposition here)

3.54. If a normally lowercased short word is used in juxtaposition with a

capitalized word of like significance, it should also be capitalized.
Buildings On and Near the National Mall

3.55. In a heading set in caps and lowercase or in caps and small caps, a
normally lowercased last word, if it is the only lowercased word in
the heading, should also be capitalized.
All Returns Are In

3.56. Verbs and the first element of an infinitive are capitalized.

Controls To Be Applied
but Aid Sent to Disaster Area (to is a preposition here)

3.57. In matter set in caps and small caps, such abbreviations as etc., et al.,
and p.m. are set in small caps; in matter set in caps and lowercase,
these abbreviations are set in lowercase.
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
James Bros. et al.
James, Nelson, et al.

3.58. Paragraph series letters in parentheses appearing in heads set in

caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or in caps and lowercase are
to be set as in copy.
section 1.580(f)(1)

Addresses, salutations, and signatures

3.59. The first word and all principal words in addresses, salutations, and
signatures are capitalized. See Chapter 16 Datelines, Addresses,
and Signatures.
Capitalization Rules 43

Interjections
3.60. The interjection O is always capitalized. Other interjections
within a sentence are not capitalized.
Sail on, O Ship of State!
For lo! the days are hastening on.
But, oh, how fortunate!
4. Capitalization Examples

A Administration, with name; capitalized

A-bomb standing alone if Federal unit:
abstract B, 1, etc. Farmers Home
Academy: Food and Drug
Air Force; the Academy Maritime
Andover; the academy Transportation Security
Coast Guard; the Academy but Obama administration;
Merchant Marine; the Academy administration bill, policy, etc.
Military; the Academy Administrative Law Judge Davis; Judge
National Academy of Sciences; the Davis; an administrative law judge
Academy of Sciences; the academy Admiralty, British, etc.
Naval; the Academy Admiralty, Lord of the
but service academies Adobe Acrobat Reader
accord, Paris peace (see Agreement) Adviser, Legal (Department of State)
accords, Helsinki Africa:
Act (Federal, State, or foreign), short or east
popular title or with number; the act: East Coast
Affordable Care north
Appropriations South
Classification South-West (Territory of)
Clear Skies West Coast
Economy African American (noun)
Flood Control African-American (adjective)
Military Selective Service Agency, if part of name; capitalized
No Child Left Behind standing alone if referring to
Organic Act of Virgin Islands Federal unit:
Panama Canal Central Intelligence; the Agency
PATRIOT Agent Orange
Revenue Age(s):
Sarbanes-Oxley Age of Discovery
Stockpiling Dark Ages
Tariff Elizabethan Age
Trademark Golden Age (of Pericles only)
Walsh-Healey Act; but Walsh-Healey Middle Ages
law (or bill) but atomic age; Cambrian age; copper
act, labor-management relations age; ice age; missile age; rocket age;
Acting, if part of capitalized title space age; stone age; etc.
Active Duty Agreement, with name; the agreement:
Adjutant General, the (see The) General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT); the general agreement

45
46 Chapter 4

International Coffee Agreement; the Western Powers

coffee agreement Allied (World Wars I and II):
North American Free-Trade armies
Agreement (NAFTA) Governments
Status of Forces; but status-of-forces Nations
agreements peoples
United States-Canada Free-Trade Powers; the powers; but European
Agreement; the free-trade agreement powers
but the Geneva agreement; the Potsdam Supreme Allied Commander
agreement; Paris peace agreement Allies, the (World Wars I and II); also
Air Force: members of Western bloc (political
Air National Guard (see National) entity); but our allies; weaker allies,
Base (with name); Air Force base (see etc.
Base; Station) al-Qaida
Civil Air Patrol; Civil Patrol; the patrol Alzheimer(s) disease
Command (see Command) Ambassador:
One (Presidential plane) British, etc.; the Ambassador; the
Reserve Senior Ambassador; His Excellency
Reserve Officers Training Corps Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary;
Airport: LaGuardia; Reagan National; the Ambassador; Ambassador at
the airport Large; an ambassador
Alaska Native: amendment:
the Native; but Ohio native, a Baker amendment
native of Alaska, etc. Social Security Amendments of 1983;
Al Jazeera 1983 amendments; the Social Security
Alliance, Farmers, etc.; the alliance amendments; the amendments
alliances and coalitions (see also powers): to the Constitution (U.S.); but First
Allied Powers; the powers (World Amendment, 14th Amendment, etc.;
Wars I and II) the Amendment
Atlantic alliance American:
Axis, the; Axis Powers; the powers Federation of Labor and Congress of
Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Industrial Organizations (AFLCIO);
Luxembourg) the federation
Big Four (European); of the Pacific Gold Star Mothers, Inc.; Gold Star
Big Three Mothers; a Mother
Central Powers; the powers (World Legion (see Legion)
War I) National Red Cross; the Red Cross
Coalition of the Willing War Mothers; a Mother
European Economic Community AmeriCorps Program
Fritalux (France, Italy, Benelux Amtrak (National Railroad Passenger
countries) Corporation)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; a
(see Organization) Mason; a Freemason
Capitalization Examples 47

Annex, if part of name of building; the National Cemetery (see Cemetery)

annex Arm, Infantry, etc. (military); the arm
Antarctic Ocean (see Arctic; Ocean) Armed Forces (synonym for overall
appendix 1, A, II, etc.; the appendix; but Military Establishment):
Appendix II (when part of title); British
Appendix II: 1 Education Directory Retirement Home (AFRH)
appropriation bill (see also bill): of the United States
deficiency armed services
Department of Agriculture armistice
for any governmental unit Armory, Springfield, etc.; the armory
independent offices Army, American or foreign, if part of name;
aquaculture; acquiculture capitalized standing alone only if
Arab States referring to U.S. Army:
Arabic numerals Active; Active-Duty
Arboretum, National; the Arboretum Adjutant General, the
Archipelago, Philippine, etc.; the All-Volunteer
archipelago Band (see Band)
Architect of the Capitol; the Architect branches; Gordon Highlanders; Royal
Archivist of the United States; the Archivist Guards; etc.
Arctic: Brigade, 1st, etc.; the brigade;
Circle Robinsons brigade
currents Command (see Command)
Ocean Command and General Staff College
zone (see College)
but subarctic Company A; A Company; the company
arctic (descriptive adjective): Confederate (referring to Southern
clothing Confederacy); the Confederates
conditions Continental; Continentals
fox Corps, Reserve (see Corps)
grass District of Washington (military); the
night district
seas Division, 1st, etc.; the division
Area, if part of name; the area: Engineers (the Corps of Engineers); the
Cape Hatteras Recreational Engineers; but Army engineer
White Pass Recreation; etc. Establishment
but area 2; free trade area; Metropolitan Field Establishment
Washington area; bay area; Field Forces (see Forces)
nonsmoking area Finance Department; the Department
Arlington: 1st, etc.
Memorial Amphitheater; the Memorial General of the Army; but the general
Amphitheater; the amphitheater General Staff; the Staff
Memorial Bridge (see Bridge) Headquarters, 1st Regiment
1
The colon is preferred; a dash is permissible;
but a comma is too weak.
48 Chapter 4

Headquarters of the; the headquarters Astrophysical Observatory (see

Regiment, 1st, etc.; the regiment Observatory)
Regular Army officer; a Regular Atlantic (see also Pacific):
Revolutionary (American, British, Charter (see Charter)
French, etc.) coast
service Coast States
Surgeon General, the (see Surgeon community
General) Destroyer Flotilla; the destroyer flotilla;
Volunteer; the Volunteers; a Volunteer the flotilla
army: Fleet (see Fleet)
Lees army; but Clarks 5th Army mid-Atlantic
mobile North
mule, shoe, etc. seaboard
of occupation; occupation army slope
Red South
Arsenal, Rock Island, etc.; the arsenal time, standard time (see time)
article 15; but Article 15, when part of title: but cisatlantic; transatlantic
Article 15: Uniform Code of Attorney General (U.S. or foreign country);
Military Justice but attorney general of Maine, etc.
Articles: attorney, U.S.
of Confederation (U.S.) Authority, capitalized standing alone if
of Impeachment; the articles referring to Federal unit:
Asian American (noun) National Shipping; the Authority
Asian-American (adjective) Port Authority of New York and New
Assembly (see United Nations) Jersey; the port authority; the
Assembly of New York; the assembly (see authority
also Legislative Assembly) Tennessee Valley; the Authority
Assistant, if part of capitalized title; the Auto Train (Amtrak)
assistant autumn
assistant, Presidential (see Presidential) Avenue, Constitution, etc.; the avenue
Assistant Secretary (see Secretary) Award:
Associate Justice (see Supreme Court) Academy
Association, if part of name; capitalized Distinguished Service
standing alone if referring to Merit
Federal unit: Mother of the Year
American Association for the the award (see also decorations, etc.)
Advancement of Science; the Axis, the (see alliances)
association Ayatollah; an ayatollah
Federal National Mortgage (Fannie
Mae); the Association B
Young Womens Christian; the baby boomer
association Badlands (SD and NE)
Balkan States (see States)
Capitalization Examples 49

Baltic States (see States) battlefield, Bull Run, etc.

Band, if part of name; the band: battleground, Manassas, etc.
Army, Marine, Navy Bay, San Francisco Bay area; the bay area
Bank, if part of name; the bank; capitalized Belt, if part of name; the belt:
standing alone if referring to Bible
international bank: Farm
Export-Import Bank of the United States; Rust
Ex-Im Bank; the Bank Sun
Farm Loan Bank of Dallas; Dallas Farm but money belt
Loan Bank; farm loan bank; farm loan Beltway, capitalized with name; the beltway
bank at Dallas Bench (see Supreme Bench)
Farmers & Mechanics, etc. Benelux (see alliances)
Federal Land Bank of Louisville; Bible; Biblical; Scriptures; Ten
Louisville Federal Land Bank; land Commandments; etc. (see also book)
bank at Louisville; Federal land bank bicentennial
Federal Reserve Bank of New York; bill, Kiess; Senate bill 217; House bill 31 (see
Richmond Federal Reserve Bank; also appropriation bill)
but Reserve bank at Richmond; Bill of Rights (historic document); but GI
Federal Reserve bank; Reserve bill of rights
bank; Reserve city Bizonia; bizonal; bizone
First National, etc. Black (African American)
German Central; the Bank Black Caucus (see Congressional)
International Bank for Reconstruction bloc (see Western)
and Development; the Bank block (grants)
but blood bank, central reserve, soil bank Bluegrass region, etc.
Bar, if part of name; Maryland (State) Bar Bluetooth
Association; Maryland (State) bar; the Bnai Brith
State bar; the bar association Board, if part of name; capitalized standing
Barracks, if part of name; the barracks: alone only if referring to Federal or
Carlisle international board:
Disciplinary (Leavenworth) Employees Compensation Appeals
Marine (District of Columbia) Federal Reserve (see Federal)
but A barracks; barracks A; etc. Military Production and Supply
Base, Andrews Air Force; Air Force base; (NATO)
the base (see also Naval); but Sandia National Labor Relations
Base of Directors (Federal unit); but board of
Basin (see geographic terms) directors (nongovernmental)
Battery, the (New York City) of Health of Montgomery County;
Battle, if part of name; the battle: Montgomery County Board of Health;
of Gettysburg; but battle at Gettysburg; the board of health; the board
etc. of Regents (Smithsonian)
of Fallujah; of the Marne; of the of Visitors (Military and Naval
Wilderness; of Waterloo; etc. Academies)
50 Chapter 4

on Geographic Names message

Railroad Retirement performance-type
Boko Haram Presidents
bond: Budget of the United States Government,
Government the Budget (publication)
savings Building, if part of name; the building:
series EE Capitol (see Capitol Building)
Treasury Colorado
book: House (or Senate) Office
books of the Bible Investment
First Book of Samuel; etc. Russell Senate Office
Good Book (synonym for Bible) Cannon House Office
book 1, I, etc.; but Book 1, when part of title: Pentagon
Book 1: The Golden Legend the National Archives; the Archives
Boolean: Treasury; Treasury Annex
logic Bulletin 420; Farmers Bulletin No. 420
operator Bureau, if part of name; capitalized
search standing alone if referring to Federal
border, United States-Mexican or international unit:
Borough, if part of name: Borough of the of Customs (name changed to U.S.
Bronx; the borough Customs and Border Protection)
Botanic Garden (National); the garden (not of Engraving and Printing
Botanical Gardens) of Indian Affairs
Bowl, Dust, Rose, Super, etc.; the bowl
Boy Scouts (the organization); a Boy Scout; C
a Scout; Scouting; Eagle Scout; CSPAN
Explorer Scout Cabinet, American or foreign, if part of
Branch, if part of name; capitalized name or standing alone (see also
standing alone only if referring to a foreign cabinets):
Federal unit: British Cabinet; the Cabinet
Accounts the Presidents Cabinet; the Cabinet;
Public Buildings Cabinet officer, member
but executive, judicial, or legislative Calendar, if part of name; the calendar:
branch Consent; etc.
Bridge, if part of name; the bridge: House
Arlington Memorial; Memorial; No. 99; Calendars Nos. 1 and 2
Francis Scott Key; Key of Bills and Resolutions
but Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge Private
Brother(s) (adherent of religious order) Senate
budget: Unanimous Consent
department Union
estimate Wednesday (legislative)
Federal Cambrian age (see Ages)
Capitalization Examples 51

Camp Lejeune; David, etc.; the camp 2000 census

Canal, with name; the canal: 2000 Census of Agriculture; the census
Cross-Florida Barge of agriculture; the census
Isthmian the 23d and subsequent decennial
Panama censuses
Cape (see geographic terms) Center, if part of name; the Center
Capital, Capital City, National Capital (Federal); the center (non-Federal):
(Washington, DC); but the capital Agricultural Research, etc.; the Center
(State) (Federal)
Capitol Building (with State name); the Kennedy Center for the Performing
capitol Arts; the Kennedy Center; the
Capitol, the (Washington, DC): Center (Federal)
Architect of the Lincoln Center; the center (non-
Building Federal)
caucus room central Asia, etc.
Chamber Central America
Cloakroom Central Europe
dome Central States
Grounds central time (see time)
Halls (House and Senate) century, first, 21st, etc.
Halls of Congress Chairman, Chairwoman, Chair:
Hill; the Hill of the Board of Directors; the
Police (see Police) Chairman (Federal); but chairman of
Power Plant the board of directors (non-Federal)
Prayer Room of the Committee of the Whole House;
Press Gallery, etc. the Chairman
rotunda of the Federal Trade Commission; the
Senate wing Chairman
stationery room Vice
Statuary Hall chairman, chairwoman, chair
the well (House or Senate) (congressional):
west front of the Appropriations Committee
catch-22 of the Subcommittee on Banking
Caucasian (see White) but Chairman Rogers, Chairwoman
caucus: Republican; but Congressional Capito
Black Caucus (incorporated name); Chair, the, if personified
Sun Belt Caucus Chamber of Commerce; the chamber:
CD of Ada; Ada Chamber of Commerce;
Cemetery, if part of name: Arlington the chamber of commerce
National; the cemetery of the United States; U.S. Chamber of
Census: Commerce; the chamber of
Twenty-third Decennial (title); commerce; national chamber
Twenty-third (title); the census Chamber, the (Senate or House)
52 Chapter 4

channel 3 (TV); the channel Circular 420

Chaplain (House or Senate); but Navy cities, sections of, official or popular names:
chaplain East Side
chapter 5, II, etc.; but Chapter 5, when French Quarter (New Orleans)
part of title: Chapter 5: Research and Latin Quarter (Paris)
Development; Washington chapter, North End
Red Cross Northwest Washington, etc. (District
Charg dAffaires, British, etc.; the Charg of Columbia); the Northwest; but
dAffaires; the Charg northwest (directional)
chart 2, A, II, etc.; but Chart 2, when part of the Loop (Chicago)
legend: Chart 2.Army strength City, if part of corporate or popular name;
Charter, capitalized with name; the charter: the city:
Atlantic Kansas City; the two Kansas Citys
United Nations Mexico City
cheese: Camembert, Cheddar, Parmesan, New York City; but city of New York
Provolone, Roquefort, etc. Twin Cities
Chief, if referring to head of Federal unit; Washington City; but city of Washington
the Chief: Windy City (Chicago)
Clerk but Reserve city (see Bank)
Forester (see Forester) civil action No. 46
Intelligence Office civil defense
Judge Civil War (see War)
Justice (U.S. Supreme Court); but chief Clan, if part of tribal name; Clan
justice (of a State) MacArthur; the clan
Magistrate (the President) class 2, A, II, etc.; but Class 2 when part of
of Division of Publications title: Class 2: Leather Products
of Engineers (Army) Clerk, the, of the House of Representatives;
of Naval Operations of the Supreme Court of the United
of Staff States
Christian; Christendom; Christianity; clerk, the, of the Senate
Christianize; but christen client
church and state client-server
church calendar: cloud computing; the cloud
Christmas coal sizes: pea, barley, buckwheat, stove, etc.
Easter coalition; coalition force; coalition
Lent members, etc.
Pentecost (Whitsuntide) coast: Atlantic, east, gulf, west, etc.
Church, if part of name of organization or Coast Guard, U.S.; the Coast Guard;
building Coastguardsman Smith; but a
Circle, if part of name; the circle: coastguardsman; a guardsman;
Arctic Reserve
Logan Coastal Plain (Atlantic and Gulf)
but great circle
Capitalization Examples 53

Code (in shortened title of a publication); Commandos, the; Commando raid; a

the code: commando
District Commission (if part of name; capitalized
Federal Criminal standing alone if referring to Federal
Internal Revenue (also Tax Code) or international commission):
International (signal) International Boundary, United States
of Federal Regulations and Canada
Penal; Criminal; etc. of Fine Arts
Pennsylvania State Public Buildings
Radio Commissioner, if referring to Federal or
Television international commission; the
Uniform Code of Military Justice Commissioner:
United States Land Bank; but land bank
ZIP Code (copyrighted) commissioner loans
but civil code; flag code; Morse code of Customs and Border Protection
codel (congressional delegation) U.S. (International Boundary
collection, Brady, etc.; the collection Commission, etc.)
collector of customs but a U.S. commissioner
College, if part of name; the college: Committee (or Subcommittee) (if part of
Armed Forces Staff name; the Committee, if referring to
Command and General Staff international or noncongressional
Gettysburg Federal committee or to the
National War Committee of the Whole, the
of Bishops Committee of the Whole House, or
but electoral college the Committee of the Whole House on
college degrees: bachelor of arts, masters, etc. the state of the Union):
Colonials (American Colonial Army); but American Medical Association
colonial times, etc. Committee on Education; the
Colonies, the: committee on education; the
Thirteen committee
Thirteen American Appropriations, etc.; the committee;
Thirteen Original Subcommittee on Appropriations; the
but 13 separate Colonies subcommittee; subcommittee of the
colonists, the Appropriations Committee
Command, capitalize with name; the Democratic National; the national
command: committee; the committee;
Air Force Materiel Democratic national committeeman
Army Democratic policy committee; the
Central (CENCOM) committee
Naval Space Joint Committee on Printing; the Joint
Zone of Interior Committee; the committee; but a joint
Commandant, the (Coast Guard or Marine committee
Corps only)
54 Chapter 4

of Defense Ministers (NATO); the Concor

Committee (see also Organization, Confederacy (of the South)
North Atlantic Treaty) Confederate:
of One Hundred, etc.; the committee Army
on Finance; the committee flag
Presidents Advisory Committee on Government
Management; the Committee soldier
Republican National; the national States
committee; the committee; Confederation, Articles of
Republican national committeeman Conference, if referring to governmental
Republican policy committee; the (U.S.) or international conference:
committee Bretton Woods; the Conference
Senate policy committee Judicial Conference of the United
Subcommittee on Immigration; the States; U.S. Judicial Conference;
subcommittee Judicial Conference; the Conference
but Baker committee Tenth Annual Conference of the
ad hoc committee United Methodist Churches; the
conference committee conference
Committee Print No. 32; Committee Prints Congress (convention), if part of name;
Nos. 8 and 9; committee print capitalized standing alone if referring
Common Cause to international congress:
Common Core State Standards Initiative; of Industrial Organizations
Common Core of Parents and Teachers, National; the
Commonwealth: congress
British Commonwealth; the Congress (legislature), if referring to
Commonwealth national congress:
of Australia of Bolivia, etc.; the Congress
of Kentucky of the United States; First, Second,
of Massachusetts 10th, 103d, etc.; the Congress;
of Pennsylvania Library of
of Virginia Congressional:
Communist Party; a Communist Black Caucus; the Black Caucus; the
compact, U.S. marine fisheries, etc.; the caucus
compact Directory, the directory
Company, if part of name; capitalized District, First, 10th, etc.; the First
standing alone if referring to unit of District; the congressional district; the
Federal Government: district
Procter & Gamble Co.; the company Medal of Honor (see decorations)
Comptroller of the Currency; the but congressional action, committee, etc.
Comptroller Congressman; Congresswoman;
Comptroller General (U.S.); the Congressman at Large; Member of
Comptroller Congress; Member; membership
Comsat Conservative Party; a Conservative
Capitalization Examples 55

Constitution, with name of country; Rand Corp.; the corporation

capitalized standing alone when Saint Lawrence Seaway Development
referring to a specific national (American)
constitution; but New York State St. Lawrence Seaway Management
Constitution; the constitution (Canadian)
constitutional Union Carbide Corp.; the corporation
consul, British, general, etc. Virgin Islands
consulate, British, etc. Corps, if part of name; the corps, all other
Consumer Price Index (official title); the uses:
price index; the index; but a Adjutant Generals
consumers price index (descriptive) Army Reserve
Continent, only if following name; Chemical
North American Continent; the Finance
continent; but the Continent Foreign Service Officer (see Foreign
(continental Europe) Service)
Continental: Job
Army; the Army Judge Advocate Generals
Congress; the Congress Marine (see Marine Corps)
Divide (see Divide) Medical
Outer Continental Shelf Military Police
Shelf; the shelf; a continental shelf Nurse
continental Europe, United States, etc. of Cadets (West Point)
Continentals (Revolutionary soldiers) of Engineers; Army Engineers; the
Convention, governmental (U.S.), Engineers; but Army engineer; the
international, or national political; corps
the convention: Ordnance
89th National Convention of the Peace; Peace Corpsman; the corpsman
American Legion Quartermaster
Constitutional (United States, 1787); Reserve Officers Training (ROTC)
the Convention VII Corps, etc.
Democratic National; Democratic Signal
Genocide (international) Transportation
on International Civil Aviation Youth
Republican National; Republican but diplomatic corps
Universal Postal Union; Postal Union corpsman; hospital corpsman
also International Postal; Warsaw corridor, Northeast
copper age (see Ages) Council, if part of name; capitalized
Corporation, if part of name; the standing alone if referring to Federal
Corporation, if referring to unit of or international unit (see also United
Federal Government: Nations):
Commodity Credit Boston City; the council
Federal Deposit Insurance Her Majestys Privy Council; the Privy
National Railroad Passenger (Amtrak) Council; the Council
56 Chapter 4

National Security; the Council Tax Court; the court

of Foreign Ministers (NATO); the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District
Council of Columbia; the court
of the Organization of American States; Covenant, League of Nations; the covenant
the Council Creed, Apostles; the Creed
Philadelphia City; the council Crown, if referring to a ruler; but crown
counsel; general counsel colony, lands, etc.
County, Prince Georges; county of Prince Current, if part of name; the current:
Georges; County Kilkenny, etc.; Humboldt
Loudoun and Fairfax Counties; the Japan
county North Equatorial
country customhouse; customs official
Court (of law) capitalized if part of name; czar; czarist
capitalized standing alone if referring
to the Supreme Court of the United D
States, to the Court of Impeachment D-Day
(U.S. Senate), or to an international Dalai Lama
court: Dalles, The; but the Dalles region
Circuit Court of the United States for the Dark Ages (see Ages)
Tenth Circuit; Circuit Court for the Daughters of the American Revolution;
Tenth Circuit; the circuit court; the a Daughter
court; the tenth circuit daylight saving time
Court of Appeals for the State of North Declaration, capitalized with name:
Carolina, etc.; the Tenth Circuit Court of Independence; the Declaration
of Appeals; the court of appeals; the of Panama; the declaration
court decorations, medals, etc., awarded by
Court of Claims; the court United States or any foreign national
Court of Impeachment, the Senate; the government; the medal, the cross, the
Court ribbon (see also Award):
District Court of the United States for Air Medal
the Eastern District of Missouri; the Bronze Star Medal
district court; the court Commendation Ribbon
International Court of Justice; the Court Congressional Medal of Honor
Permanent Court of Arbitration; the Croix de Guerre
Court Distinguished Flying Cross
Superior Court of the District of Distinguished Service Cross
Columbia; the superior court; the Distinguished Service Medal
court Good Conduct Medal
Supreme Court of the United States (see Legion of Merit
Supreme Court) Medal for Merit
Supreme Court of Virginia, etc.; the Medal of Freedom
supreme court; the court Medal of Honor
Capitalization Examples 57

Purple Heart derivatives of proper names:

Silver Star Medal alaska seal (fur) holland cloth
angora wool hoolamite detector
Soldiers Medal angstrom unit hudson seal (fur)
Victoria Cross argyle wool india ink
artesian well india rubber
Victory Medal astrakhan fabric italic type
but oakleaf cluster babbitt metal jamaica ginger
benday process japan varnish
also Carnegie Medal; Olympic Gold bologna jersey fabric
Medal; Mother of the Year ; bordeaux johnin test
bourbon whiskey joule
but gold medal bowie knife knickerbocker
Decree (see Executive); Royal Decree braille kraft paper
brazil nut lambert
Deep South brazilwood leghorn hat
Defense Establishment (see Establishment) brewers yeast levant leather
bristolboard levantine silk
Deity, words denoting, capitalized brussel sprouts lilliputian
Delegate (U.S. Congress) brussels carpet logan tent
bunsen burner london purple
Delegates, Virginia House of burley tobacco lyonnaise potatoes
delegate (to a conference); the delegate; the canada balsam macadamized road
(microscopy) mach (no period)
delegation carlsbad twins number
Delta, Mississippi River; the delta (petrography) madras cloth
cashmere shawl maginot line
Democratic Party; a Democrat castile soap (nonliteral)
Department, if part of name; capitalized cesarean section manila paper
chantilly lace maraschino cherry
standing alone if referring to a Federal chesterfield coat mason jar
or international unit: china clay maxwell
chinese blue melba toast
of Agriculture collins (drink) mercerized fabric
of the Treasury congo red merino sheep
cordovan leather molotov cocktail
of Veterans Affairs coulomb morocco leather
Yale University Department of curie morris chair
degaussing apparatus murphy bed
Economics; the department of delftware navy blue
economics; the department derby hat nelson, half nelson, etc.
diesel engine, dieselize neon light
Department of New York, American dixie cup newton
Legion dotted swiss nissen hut
epsom salt norfolk jacket
department: fedora hat oriental rug
executive frankfurter oxford shoe
french chalk panama hat
judicial french dressing parianware
legislative french-fried potatoes paris green
fullers earth parkerhouse roll
Depot, if part of name; the depot (see also gargantuan pasteurized milk
Station) gauss persian lamb
georgette crepe petri dish
Depression, Great german silver pharisaic
Deputy, if part of capitalized title; but the gilbert philistine
deputy glauber salt photostat
gothic type pitman arm
graham cracker pitot tube
herculean task plaster of paris
hessian fly prussian blue
58 Chapter 4

quisling stillson wrench myasthenia gravis

quixotic idea surah silk
quonset hut swiss cheese Parkinson(s) disease
rembert wheel timothy grass post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
roentgen turkey red
roman candle turkish towel spina bifida
roman cement utopia, utopian Zika virus
roman type vandyke collar
russia leather vaseline Distinguished Service Medal, etc. (see
russian bath venetian blind decorations)
rutherford venturi tube
sanforize victoria (carriage) District, if part of name; the district:
saratoga chips vienna bread Alexandria School District No. 4;
scotch plaid, but virginia reel
Scotch tape wedgwoodware school district No. 4
(trademark) wheatstone bridge Congressional (with number)
shanghai wilton rug
siamese twins zeppelin Federal (see Federal)
spanish omelet Los Angeles Water; the water district
but customs district No. 2; first assembly
dial-up district; public utility district
Diet, Japanese (legislative body) District of Columbia; the District:
diplomatic corps (see also Corps; service) Anacostia Flats; the flats
Director, if referring to head of Federal or Arlington Memorial Bridge; the
international unit; the Director: Memorial Bridge; the bridge
District Director of Internal Revenue Childrens Hospital; the hospital
of the Government Publishing Office District jail; the jail; DC jail
of the Fish and Wildlife Service Ellipse, the
of National Intelligence Mall, The National; The Mall
of the Mint Mayor (when pertaining to the District
Office of Management and Budget of Columbia only)
but director, board of directors Metropolitan Police; Metropolitan
(nongovernmental) police officer; the police
Director General of Foreign Service; the police court
Director General; the Director Public Library; the library
diseases and related terms (see rule 3.32): Reflecting Pool; the pool
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency Tidal Basin; the basin
syndrome) Washington Channel; the channel
Alzheimer(s) disease Divide, Continental (Rocky Mountains);
autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) the divide
cerebral palsy Divine Father; but divine guidance, divine
Down syndrome providence, divine service
Ebola virus Division, Army, if part of name: 1st Cavalry
German measles Division; 1st Air Cavalry Division; the
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) division
Hodgkin: lymphoma; disease Division, if referring to Federal
Lyme disease governmental unit; the Division:
Marfan syndrome Buick Motor Division; the division;
Mniers disease a division of General Motors
Capitalization Examples 59

Passport; the Division easterner

but Trinity River division Ebola virus
(reclamation); the division eBook
Dixie EE bond
docket No. 66; dockets Nos. 76 and 77 electoral college; the electors
Doctrine, Monroe; the doctrine; but Elizabethan Age (see Ages)
Truman, Eisenhower doctrine email (lowercase within a sentence)
doctrine, fairness Email (uppercase E to start a sentence)
Document, if part of name; the document: Emancipation Proclamation (see
Document No. 130 Proclamation)
Document Numbered One Hundred Embassy, British, etc.; the Embassy
Thirty Emperor, Japanese, etc.; the Emperor
draconian Empire, Roman; the empire
drawing II, A, 3, etc.; but Drawing 2 when Engine Company, Bethesda; engine
part of title: Drawing 2. company No. 6; No. 6 engine
Hydroelectric Power Development company; the company
dumpster Engineer officer, etc. (of Engineer Corps);
Dust Bowl (see Bowl) the Engineers
Engineers, Chief of (Army)
E Engineers, Corps of (see Corps)
Earth (planet) Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
East: Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the
Coast (Africa) Minister
Middle, Mideast (Asia) Equator, the; equatorial
Near (Balkans) Establishment, if part of name; the
Side of New York establishment:
South Central States Army
the East (section of United States) Army Field
east: Defense
Africa Federal
coast (U.S.) Military
Pennsylvania Naval
Eastern: Naval Establishments Regs
Gulf States Navy
Middle, Mideastern (Asia) Postal
North Central States Regular
Shore (Chesapeake Bay) Reserve
States Shore
United States but civil establishment; legislative
eastern: establishment
France Estate, Girard (a foundation); the estate
seaboard estate, third (the commons); fourth
Wisconsin (the press); tax; etc.
60 Chapter 4

Eurodollar, euro Fed, the (no period)

Excellency, His, Her; Their Excellencies Federal (synonym for United States or other
Exchange, New York Stock; the stock sovereign power):
exchange; the exchange Depository Library Program but Federal
Executive (President of United States): depository library, libraries
Chief Digital System
Decree No. 100; Decree 100; but District (Mexico)
Executive decree; direction Establishment
Mansion; the mansion; the White House Government (of any national
Office; the Office government)
Order No. 34; Order 34; but Executive grand jury; the grand jury
order land bank (see Bank)
power Register (publication); the Register
executive: Reserve Board, the Board; also Federal
agreement Reserve System, the System; Federal
branch Reserve Board Regulation W, but
communication Federal regulation W
department but a federal form of government
document federally
paper fellow, fellowship (academic)
privilege Field, Wrigley, Frank Wiley, etc.; the field
exhibit 2, A, II, etc.; but Exhibit 2, when figure 2, A, II, etc. (illustration); but Figure
part of title: Exhibit 2: Capital 2, when part of legend: Figure 2.
Expenditures, 193549 Market scenes
Expedition, Byrd; Lewis and Clark; the firewall
expedition firm names:
Exposition, California-Pacific ACDelco
International, etc.; the exposition Amazon
America Online (AOL)
F Apple
Fair Deal Bausch & Lomb Inc.
Fair, Worlds, etc.; the fair; Texas State Fair BP
fall (season) Bristol-Myers Squibb
Falls, Niagara; the falls Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.
Far East, Far Eastern; Far West (U.S.); but Coldwell Banker
far western Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Farm, if part of name; the farm: Comcast
Johnson Farm; but Johnsons farm DIRECTV
San Diego Farm Dow Jones & Co., Inc.
Wild Tiger Farm Dun & Bradstreet
Fascist; fascism eBay
Father of our Country (Washington) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
FDsys Facebook
Capitalization Examples 61

FedEx flags, foreign:

GlaxoSmithKline Tricolor (French)
Google Union Jack (British)
Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, Inc. United Nations
Hartmarx Corp. Fleet, if part of name; the fleet:
Hewlett-Packard Atlantic
Houghton Mifflin Co. Channel
Ingersoll-Rand Co. Grand
Intel Corp. High Seas
J.C. Penney Co., Inc. Marine Force
Johns-Manville Corp. Naval Reserve
Kennecott Exploration Co. Pacific
Kmart 6th Fleet, etc.
Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. U.S.
LinkedIn flex fuel
Macmillan Co. floor (House or Senate)
Merck & Co., Inc. flyway; Canadian flyway, etc.
Merrill Lynch Force(s), if part of name; the force(s):
Microsoft Active Forces
Pfizer Inc. Active-Duty
Phelps Dodge Corp. Air (see also Air Force)
PricewaterhouseCoopers All-Volunteer
Procter & Gamble Co. Armed Forces (synonym for overall
Rand McNally & Co. U.S. Military Establishment)
Rolls-Royce Army Field Forces; the Field Forces
Sun Microsystems Fleet Marine
3M Navy Battle (see Navy)
Twitter Navy Scouting (see Navy)
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Rapid Deployment
Walmart Task Force 70; the task force; but task
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. force report
Weyerhaeuser Co. United Nations Emergency; the
Xerox Corp. Emergency Force; the Force; but
YouTube United Nations police force
First Family (Presidential) foreign cabinets:
First Lady (wife of President) Minister of Foreign Affairs; Foreign
First World War (see War) Minister; the Minister
flag code Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry
flag, U.S.: Office of Foreign Missions; the Office
Old Flag, Old Glory Minister Plenipotentiary
Stars and Stripes Premier
Star-Spangled Banner Prime Minister
Foreign Legion (French); the legion
62 Chapter 4

Foreign Service; the Service: but civil service retirement fund;

officer highway trust fund; mutual security
Officer Corps; the corps fund; national service life insurance
Reserve officer; the Reserve officer fund; revolving fund
Reserve Officer Corps; the Reserve
Corps; the corps G
Staff officer; the Staff officer Gadsden Purchase
Staff Officer Corps; the Staff Corps; the Gallery of Art, National (see National)
corps Gallup Poll; the poll
Forest, if part of name; the national forest; Gambia, The
the forest: GAO (Government Accountability Office)
Angeles National Geiger counter
Black General Order No. 14; General Orders No.
Coconino and Prescott National Forests 14; a general order
but State and National forests (see General Schedule
System) Generation X
Forester (Chief of Forest Service); the Chief; gentile
also Chief Forester Geographer, the (State Department)
form 2, A, II, etc.; but Form 2, when part of geographic terms (terms, such as those
title: Form 1040: Individual Income listed below, 2 are capitalized if part of
Tax Return; but withholding tax form name; are lowercased in general sense
Fort McHenry, etc.; the fort (rivers of Virginia and Maryland)):
Archipelago Cascade
Foundation, if part of name; capitalized Area Cave
standing alone if referring to Federal Arroyo Cavern
Atoll Channel; but
unit: Bank Mississippi River
Chemical; the foundation Bar channel(s)
Basin, Upper (Lower) Cirque
Ford; the foundation Colorado River, Coulee
National Science; the Foundation etc. (legal entity); Cove
but Hansen Crag
Russell Sage; the foundation flood-control basin; Crater
Founding Fathers; Founders/Founder (of Missouri River Creek
basin (drainage); Crossroads
this Nation, Country) upper Colorado Current (ocean
four freedoms River storage project feature)
Bay Cut
Framers (of the U.S. Constitution; of the Bayou Cutoff
Bill of Rights) Beach Dam
Bench Delta
free world Bend Desert
Frisco (for San Francisco; no apostrophe) Bight Divide
Bluff Dome (not geologic)
Fritalux (see alliances) Bog Draw (stream)
Fund, if part of name; capitalized standing Borough (boro) Dune
Bottom Escarpment
alone if referring to international or Branch (stream) Estuary
United Nations fund: Brook Falls
Butte Fault
Democracy (United Nations); the Fund Canal; the canal Flat(s)
International Monetary; the Fund (Panama) Floodway
Canyon Ford
Cape Forest
2
List compiled with cooperation of the U.S.
Board on Geographic Names.
Capitalization Examples 63

Fork (stream) Palisades department, officials, -owned,

Gap Park
Geyser Pass publications, etc. (U.S. Government)
Glacier Passage National and State Governments
Glen Peak
Gorge Peninsula Printing Office (historical)
Gulch Plain Publishing Office (see Office)
Gulf Plateau
Gut Point U.S.; National; Federal; Tribal
Harbor Pond Government information product
Head Pool
Hill Port (water body) government:
Hogback Prairie Churchill
Hollow Range (mountain)
Hook Rapids Communist
Horn Ravine District (of Columbia)
Hot Spring Reef
Icefield Reservoir European governments
Ice Shelf Ridge Federal, State, and municipal
Inlet River
Island Roads (anchorage) governments
Isle Rock insular; island
Islet Run (stream)
Keys (Florida only) Sea local
Knob Seaway military
Lagoon Shoal
Lake Sink seat of
Landing Slough State
Ledge Sound
Lowland Spit State and Provincial governments
Marsh Spring Territorial
Massif Spur
Mesa Strait governmental
Monument Stream Governor:
Moraine Summit
Mound Swamp of Louisiana, etc.; the Governor; a
Mount Terrace Governor; State Governor(s);
Mountain Thoroughfare
Narrows Trench Governors conference
Neck Trough of Puerto Rico; the Governor
Needle Valley
Notch Volcano of the Federal Reserve Board; the
Oasis Wash Governor
Ocean Waterway
Oxbow Woods Governor General of Canada; the Governor
General
Geological Survey (see Survey) govinfo (always bold)
GI bill of rights grand jury (see Federal)
Girl Scouts (organization); a Girl Scout; a Grange, the (National)
Scout; Scouting grant, Pell
G-man graph 2, A, II, etc.; but Graph 2, when part
Gold Star Mothers (see American) of title: Graph 2.Production levels
Golden Age (see Ages) Great:
Golden Rule Basin
Gospel, if referring to the first four books of Depression
the New Testament; but gospel music Divide
Government: Lakes; the lakes; lake(s) traffic
British, etc.; the Government Plains; but southern Great Plains
64 Chapter 4

Seal (any nation) Hemisphere, Eastern; Western; etc.; the

Society hemisphere
War (see War) Hezbollah
White Way (New York City) High Church
great circle (navigation) High Commissioner
Greater Los Angeles, Greater New York High Court (see Supreme Court)
gross national product (GNP) high definition
Group: High School, if part of name: Western; the
G8 (Group of 8) (representatives of the high school
eight leading industrial nations) Highway No. 40; Route 40; State Route 9;
Helsinki Monitoring; the group the highway
Military Advisory Group; the group Hill (the Capitol)
Standing (see Organization) Hispanic
World Bank Holocaust, the (World War II); a holocaust
group 2, II, A, etc.; but Group 2, when part Holy Scriptures; Holy Writ (Bible)
of title: Group II: List of Counties by home page
States Hoosier
Guard, National (see National) Hospice, if part of name
guardsman (see Coast Guard; National Hospital, if part of name; the hospital:
Guard) Howard University
Gulf: St. Elizabeths (no apostrophe)
Coast States; but gulf coast but naval (marine or Army) hospital
of Mexico; the gulf hospital corpsman (see corpsman)
States House, if part of name:
Stream; the stream Blair
Johnson house (private residence)
H of Representatives; the House (U.S.)
Hague, The Office Building (see Building)
Hall (U.S. Senate or House) Ohio (State); the house
Halls of Congress but both Houses; lower (or upper)
H-bomb; H-hour House (Congress)
Headquarters: House of Representatives (U.S.), titles of
Alaskan Command; the command officers standing alone capitalized:
headquarters Chairman (Committee of the Whole)
4th Regiment Headquarters; regimental Chaplain
headquarters Clerk; but legislative clerk, etc.
32d Division Headquarters; the division Doorkeeper
headquarters Official Reporter(s) of Debates
hearing examiner Parliamentarian
Heaven (religious); heaven (place) Postmaster
Heimlich maneuver post office
hell (place) Sergeant at Arms
Hells (no apostrophe) Canyon
Capitalization Examples 65

Speaker pro tempore interface

Speaker; speakership International Court of Justice; the Court
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban international:
Development) banks (see Bank)
Hudsons Bay Co. boundary
Hurricane Andrew, Katrina, Rita, etc. dateline
law
I Morse code (see Code)
ice age (see Ages) internet (lowercase within a sentence)
imam Internet (uppercase I to start a sentence)
Independent Party; an Independent Internet of Things
Indians (see 3.18): Interstate 95; I95; the interstate
Absentee Shawnee Intracoastal Waterway; the waterway (see
Alaska (see Native) also waterway)
Eastern (or Lower) Band of Cherokee; intranet
the Band intrastate
Five Civilized Tribes; the Tribes Irish potato
Native Americans Iron Curtain; the curtain
Shawnee Tribe; the Tribe Islam; Islamic
Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) Isthmian Canal (see Canal)
Tribe (if federally recognized) Isthmus of Panama; the isthmus
Initiative, Caribbean Basin; but strategic
defense initiative J
Inquisition, Spanish; the Inquisition Japan Current (see Current)
inspector general Java (computer language)
Institute, if part of name; capitalized Jersey cattle
standing alone if referring to Federal Job Corps
or international organization: Joint Chiefs of Staff; Chiefs of Staff
National Cancer; the Cancer Institute; Joint Committee on Printing (see
the Institute Committee)
National Institutes of Health; the Journal clerk; the clerk
Institutes Journal (House or Senate)
of International Law; the Institute Judge Advocate General, the
Womans; the institute judge; chief judge; circuit judge; district
Institution, if part of name; capitalized judge; but Judge Judy
standing alone if referring to judiciary, the
Federal unit: Justice; Justice Alito, etc.
Brookings; the institution
Carnegie; the institution K
Smithsonian; the Institution kaffiyeh (Arabic headdress)
insular government; island government King of Thailand, etc.; the King
intercoastal waterway (see waterway) Koran, the; Koranic
interdepartmental Krugerrand
66 Chapter 4

L Lightship, if part of name; the lightship:

Laboratory, if part of name; capitalized Grays Reef
standing alone if referring to Federal North Manitou Shoal
unit: Forest Products; the Laboratory; Light Station, if part of name; the light
but laboratory (non-Federal) station; the station:
Lake: Erie, of the Woods, Great Salt; the lake Minots Ledge
Lane, if part of name: Maiden; the lane Watch Hill
Latino, Latina Line(s), if part of name; the line(s):
Latter-day Saints Greyhound (bus)
law, copyright law; Ohms, etc. Holland America (cruises)
League, Urban; the league Maginot (fortification)
Legion: line:
American; the Legion; a Legionnaire Mason-Dixon line or Mason and
French Foreign; the legion Dixons line
Legislative Assembly, if part of name: State
of New York; of Puerto Rico, etc.; the listserv
legislative assembly; the assembly Local:
legislative branch, clerk, session, etc. Columbia Typographical Union,
Legislature: Local 101
National Legislature (U.S. Congress); International Brotherhood of Electrical
the Legislature Workers Local 180; but local No. 180
Ohio Legislature; Legislature of Ohio; local time, local standard time (see time)
the State legislature; the legislature locator service
Letters Patent No. 378,964; but patent No. Loop, the (see cities)
378,964; letters patent Louisiana Purchase
Liberal Party; a Liberal Low Church
Libertarian Party; a Libertarian Lower, if part of name:
Liberty Bell California (Mexico)
Librarian of Congress; the Librarian Colorado River Basin
Library: Egypt
Army; the library Peninsula (of Michigan)
Harry S. Truman; the library lower:
of Congress; the Library 48 (States)
Hillsborough Public; the library House of Congress
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, etc.; the Mississippi
Lieutenant Governor
Light, if part of name; the light: M
Boston Madam:
Buffalo South Pier Light 2; but light No. Chair
2; light 2 Chairman
but Massachusetts Bay lights Chairwoman
Lighthouse (see Light Station) Magna Carta
Majesty, His, Her, Your; Their Majesties
Capitalization Examples 67

Majority Leader McConnell; Majority Merchant Marine Reserve; the Reserve;

Leader McCarthy; but the majority but U.S. merchant marine; the
leader (U.S. Congress) merchant marine
Mall, The National; The Mall (District of Metroliner
Columbia) Metropolitan Washington, etc.; but
Mansion, Executive (see Executive) Washington metropolitan area
map 3, A, II, etc.; but Map 2, when part of midcontinent region
title: Map 2.Railroads of Middle Middle Ages (see Ages)
Atlantic States Middle Atlantic States
mariculture Middle East; Mideast; Mideastern; Middle
Marine Corps; the corps: Eastern (Asia)
Marines (the corps); but marines Midwest (section of United States);
(individuals) Midwestern States; but midwestern
Reserve; the Reserve farmers, etc.
also a marine; a woman marine; the Military Academy (see Academy)
women marines (individuals); soldiers, Military Establishment (see Establishment)
sailors, coastguardsmen, and marines milkshed, Ohio, etc. (region)
Maritime Provinces (Canada) (see Province) millennials
Marshal (see Supreme Court) millennium
marshal (U.S.) Minister Plenipotentiary; the Minister;
medals (see decorations) Minister Without Portfolio (see also
Medicaid foreign cabinets)
MediCal Ministry (see foreign cabinets)
Medicare Act; Medicare plan Minority Leader Reid; Minority
Medicare Plus Leader Pelosi; but the minority
Medicare Program leader (U.S. Congress)
Medigap Mint, Philadelphia, etc.; the mint
Member, if referring to Senator, minutemen (colonial)
Representative, Delegate, or Resident missiles: capitalize such missile names as
Commissioner of U.S. Congress; also Hellfire, Sparrow, Tomahawk, Scud,
Member at Large; Member of Trident, etc.; but cruise missile, air-to-
Parliament, etc.; but membership; air missile, surface-to-air missile, etc.
member of U.S. congressional Mission, if part of name; the mission:
committee Gospel
Memorial: but diplomatic mission; military mission;
Jefferson Jones mission
Lincoln Monument:
Vietnam Bunker Hill; the monument
WWII Grounds; the grounds (Washington
Korean Monument)
Franklin D. Roosevelt etc.; the memorial National (see National)
Washington; the monument (District
of Columbia)
68 Chapter 4

Mountain States Park Service

mountain time, mountain standard time Park, Yellowstone, etc.; Yellowstone Park;
(see time) the national park; the park
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) Treasury; the Treasury
Mr. Chairman; Mr. Secretary; etc. War College
Mujahedeen Womans Party
mullah Zoological Park (see Zoological)
Museum, capitalize with name; the national:
museum: agency check (NAC)
Field anthem, customs, spirit, etc.
National British, Mexican, etc.
National Air and Space; the Air Museum defense agencies
National Museum of African American stockpile
History and Culture water policy
National Museum of the American Native: Alaska; American; but Ohio native,
Indian etc.
Naval, if part of name:
N Academy (see Academy)
Nation (synonym for United States); but a Air Station (NAS) Patuxent River;
nation; nationwide; also French Pensacola; etc.
nation, Balkan nations Base Guam; the naval base
nation, in general, standing alone Observatory (see Observatory)
National, in conjunction with capitalized Reserve; the Reserve; a reservist
name: Reserve Force; the force
Academy of Sciences (see Academy) Reserve officer; a Reserve officer
Archives and Records Administration; Shipyard (if preceding or following name):
the National Archives; the Archives Brooklyn Naval Shipyard; Naval
Capital (Washington); the Capital; but Shipyard, Brooklyn; but the naval
national capital area shipyard
Endowment for the Arts; the Volunteer Naval Reserve
Endowment War College; the War College; the college
Gallery of Art; the National Gallery; naval, in general sense:
the gallery command (see Command)
Grange; the Grange expenditures, maneuvers, officer,
Guard, Ohio, etc.; Air National; the service, stores, etc.
National Guard; the Guard; a petroleum reserves; but Naval
guardsman; Reserve; but a National Petroleum Reserve No. 2 (Buena
Guard man; National Guardsman Vista Hills Naval Reserve); reserve No. 2
Legislature (see Legislature) navel orange
Muir Woods National Monument, etc.; Navy, American or foreign, if part of name;
the national monument; the capitalized standing alone only if
monument referring to U.S. Navy:
Museum (see Museum) Admiral of the; the admiral
Capitalization Examples 69

Battle Force; the Battle Force; the force numbers capitalized if spelled out as part of
Establishment; the establishment a name:
Hospital Corps; hospital corpsman; the Air Force One (Presidential plane)
corps Charles the First
Regular Committee of One Hundred
Seabees (construction battalion); a Twenty-third Census (see Census)
Seabee
navy yard O
Nazi; Nazism Observatory, capitalized with name:
Near East (Balkans, etc.) Astrophysical; the Observatory
network Lick; the observatory
New Deal; anti-New Deal (nongovernmental)
New England States Naval; the Observatory
New Federalism Occident, the; occidental
New Frontier Ocean, if part of name; the ocean:
New World; but new world order Antarctic
North: Arctic
Atlantic Atlantic
Atlantic States North Atlantic, etc.
Atlantic Treaty (see Treaty) Pacific
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Southern
(see Organization) South Pacific, etc.
Equatorial Current (see Current) Southwest Pacific, etc.
Korea Oceanographer (the Hydrographer), Navy
Pole Office, if referring to unit of Federal
Slope (Alaska) Government; the Office:
Star (Polaris) Executive
the North (section of United States) Foreign and Commonwealth (U.K.)
north: Government Printing; the Printing
Africa Office (historical)
Ohio, Virginia, etc. Government Publishing; the Publishing
north-central region, etc. Office; the Office
Northeast corridor Naval Oceanographic
northern Ohio of Chief of Naval Operations
Northern States of General Counsel
northerner of Management and Budget
Northwest Pacific of Personnel Management
Northwest Territory (1799) of the Secretary (Defense); Secretarys
Northwest, the (section of the United States) Office
Northwest Washington (see cities) Patent and Trademark
Northwestern: but New York regional office (including
States branch, division, or section therein);
United States the regional office; the office
70 Chapter 4

officer: Basin
Army coast
Marine; but naval and marine officers Coast States
Navy; Navy and Marine officers Northwest
Regular Army; Regular; a Regular rim
Reserve seaboard
Old Dominion (Virginia) slope
Old South South
Old World States
Olympic Games; Olympiad; XXXI Olympic time, Pacific standard time (see time)
Games but cispacific; transpacific
ombudsman, Maryland (State) pan-American games; but Pan American
online Day
Operation Iraqi Freedom, Desert Storm Pan American Union (renamed; see
Order of Business No. 56 (congressional Organization of American States)
calendar) Panel, the Federal Service Impasses
Ordnance: (Federal), etc.; the Panel
Corps (see Corps) Panhandle of Texas; Texas Panhandle; the
Department; the Department panhandle; etc.
Organization, if part of name; capitalized papers, Woodrow Wilson, etc.; the papers;
standing alone if referring to but white paper
international unit: Parish, Caddo, etc.; but parish of Caddo
International Labour (ILO) (Louisiana civil division); the parish
North Atlantic Treaty (NATO): Park, Fairmount, etc.; the park (see also
Chiefs of Staff National)
Committee of Defense Ministers Park Police, U.S.; park policeman
Council Park Service
Council of Foreign Ministers Park, Zoological (see Zoological)
Defense Committee Parkway, George Washington Memorial;
Military Committee the memorial parkway; the parkway
Pact Parliament, Houses of; the Parliament
Regional Planning Group; the Group Parliamentarian (U.S. Senate or House)
Standing Group; the Group part 2, A, II, etc.; but Part 2, when part of
of American States (OAS) title: Part 2: Iron and Steel Industry
United Nations Educational, Scientific, Party, if part of name; the party
and Cultural (UNESCO) Pass, Brenner, capitalized if part of name;
but nongovernmental organization (NGO) the pass
Orient, the; oriental (objects) patent (see Letters Patent)
Osama bin Laden Peninsula Upper (Lower) (Michigan); the
Outer Continental Shelf (see Continental) peninsula
Penitentiary, United States; the penitentiary
P petrodollar
Pacific (see also Atlantic): phase 2; phase I
Capitalization Examples 71

Philippines, Republic of the Preserve, Sullys Hill, National Game

Pilgrim Fathers (1620); the Pilgrims; a Presidency (office of the head of Government)
Pilgrim President:
Place, if part of name: Jefferson Place; the of the United States; the Executive; the
place Chief Magistrate; the Commander
Plains (Great Plains), the in Chief; the President-elect; ex-
plan: President; former President; also
controlled materials preceding name
5-year of any other country; the President of
Marshall (European Recovery Program) Federal or international unit
Planetarium, Fels, Hayden; the planetarium but president of the Norfolk Southern
plant, United States Steel, etc. Railway; president of the Federal
plate 2, A, II, etc.; but Plate 2, when part of Reserve Bank of New York
title: Plate 2.Rural Structures Presidential assistant, authority, order,
Plaza, Union Station (Washington, DC); proclamation, candidate, election,
the plaza timber, year, etc.
Pledge of Allegiance; the pledge Prime Minister (see foreign cabinets)
Pole: North, South; the pole; subpolar Prison, New Jersey State; the prison
Pole Star (Polaris); polar star Privy Council, Her Majestys (see Council)
Police, if part of name; the police: Prize, Nobel, Pulitzer, etc.; the prize
Capitol Proclamation, Emancipation; Presidential
Park, U.S. Proclamation No. 24; Proclamation
White House No. 24; the proclamation; but
political action committee (PAC) Presidential proclamation
political parties and adherents (see specific Program, if part of name:
political party) European Recovery
Pool, Northwest Power, etc.; the pool Fulbright
Pope; but papal, patriarch, pontiff, primate Mutual Defense Assistance
Port, if part of name; Port of Norfolk; but universal military training;
Norfolk Port; the port (see Authority) government bailout
Post Office, Chicago, etc.; the post office Progressive Party; a Progressive
P.O. Box (with number); but post office box Project:
(in general sense) Gutenberg
Postmaster General Manhattan
PostScript; but a postscript Vote Smart
Powers, if part of name; the powers (see Proposition 13
also alliances): Prosecutor; Special Prosecutor (Federal)
Allied (World Wars I and II) Province, Provincial, if referring to an
Axis (World War II) administrative subdivision: Ontario
Western Province; Province of Ontario;
but European powers Maritime Provinces (Canada); the
precinct; first, 10th precinct Province
Premier (see foreign cabinets)
72 Chapter 4

Proving Ground, Aberdeen, etc.; the Brahman

proving ground Buddhist
Public Law; Public Law 110161, etc. Catholic; Catholicism; but catholic
Public Printer; the Government Printer; (universal)
the Printer (historical) Christian
public utility district (see District) Christian Science
Pueblo, Santa Clara; the pueblo (place); Evangelical United Brethren
the Pueblo (Tribe) Hindu; Hinduism
Purchase, Gadsden, Louisiana, etc. Islam; Islamic
Puritan; puritanical Jewish
Pyrrhic victory Latter-day Saints
Muslim: Shiite; Sunni
Q New Thought
Quad Cities (Davenport, Rock Island, Protestant; Protestantism
Moline, East Moline, and Bettendorf) Scientology
query Seventh-day Adventists
queue Seventh Day Baptists
R Sikh
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Zoroastrian
Railroad, Alaska; the railroad Renaissance, the (era)
Ranch, King, etc.; the ranch Report, if part of name (with date or
Range, Cascade, etc. (mountains); the range number); the annual report;
Rebellion, if part of name; the rebellion: the report:
Boxer 2015 Report of the Chief of the Forest
Whisky Service
Reconstruction period (post-Civil War) 9/11 Commission Report
Red army Annual Report of the Secretary of
Red Cross, American, American National Defense for the year ended
Reds, the; a Red (political) September 30, 2015
Reformatory, Michigan; the reformatory Presidents Economic Report; the
Refuge, Blackwater National Wildlife, etc.; Economic Report
Blackwater Refuge; the refuge Railroad Retirement Board Annual
region, north-central, etc.; first region, Report, 2015; but annual report of
10th region; region 7; midcontinent the Railroad Retirement Board
Regular Army, Navy; a Regular (see also Report No. 31
officer) United States Reports (publication)
regulation: Reporter, the (U.S. Supreme Court)
greenhouse gas Representative; Representative at Large
W (see also Federal Reserve Board) (U.S. Congress); U.N.
but Veterans Entitlements Regulations Republic, capitalized if part of name;
religious terms: capitalized standing alone if referring
Bahai to a specific government:
Baptist Czech
Capitalization Examples 73

French Revised Statutes (U.S.); Supplement to the

Irish Revised Statutes; the statutes; Statutes
of Bosnia and Herzegovina at Large (U.S.)
of Panama Revolution, Revolutionary (if referring to
of the Philippines the American, French, or English
Slovak Revolution) (see also War)
also the American Republics; South rim; the Pacific rim
American Republics; the Latin Road, if part of name: Benning; the road
American Republics; the Republics Roman numerals, common nouns used
Republican Party; a Republican with, not capitalized:
Reservation (forest, military, or Indian), if book II; chapter II; part II; etc.
part of name; the reservation: but Book II: Modern Types (complete
Hill Military heading); Part XI: Early Thought
Standing Rock (complete heading)
Reserve, if part of name; the Reserve (see Route 66, State Route 9 (highways)
also Air Force; Army Corps; Coast rule 21; rule XXI; but Rule 21, when part of
Guard; Foreign Service; Marine title: Rule 21: Renewal of Motion
Corps; Merchant Marine; Naval; Rules:
National Guard): of the House of Representatives; but rules
Active of the House; House rule X
Air Force Standing Rules of the Senate
Army (publication); but rules of the Senate
bank (see Bank) also Commission rules
Board, Federal (see Federal)
city (see Bank) S
components Sabbath; Sabbath Day
Enlisted savings bond (see bond)
Establishment schedule 2, A, II, etc.; but Schedule 2, when
Inactive part of title; Schedule 2: Open and
Naval Prepay Stations
officer School, if part of name; the school:
Officers Training Corps any school of U.S. Armed Forces
Ready Hayes
Retired Pawnee Indian
Standby Public School 13; P.S. 13
Strategic school district (see District)
Reserves, the; reservist Scriptures; Holy Scriptures (the Bible)
Resolution, with number; the resolution: Seabees (see Navy)
House Joint Resolution 3 seaboard, Atlantic, eastern, etc.
Senate Concurrent Resolution 18 seasons:
War Powers Resolution (short title) autumn (fall)
but Tonkin resolution spring
summer
winter
74 Chapter 4

seaway (see geographic terms; Corporation) Sermon on the Mount

Second World War (see War) server
Secretariat (see United Nations) Service, if referring to Federal unit; the
Secretaries of the Army and the Navy; but Service:
Secretaries of the military Extension
departments; secretaryship Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Secretary, head of national governmental Fish and Wildlife
unit: Foreign (see Foreign Service)
of Defense; of State; etc.; the Secretary Forest
of State for Foreign Affairs (British); for Internal Revenue
the Commonwealth, etc.; the Marshals
Secretary National Park
of the Smithsonian Institution; the Natural Resources Conservation
Secretary Postal
also the Assistant Secretary; the Secret (Homeland Security)
Executive Secretary Selective (see also System); but selective
Secretary General; the Secretary General: service, in general sense; selective
Organization of American States service classification 1A, 4F, etc.
United Nations Senior Executive
section 2, A, II, etc.; but Section 2, when service:
part of title: Section 2: Test airmail
Construction Theory Army
Selective Service (see Service; System) city delivery
Senate (U.S.), titles of officers standing consular
alone capitalized: customs
Chaplain diplomatic
Chief Clerk employment (State)
Doorkeeper extension (State)
Official Reporter(s) general delivery
Parliamentarian naval
Postmaster Navy
President of the parcel post
President pro tempore postal field
Presiding Officer rural free delivery; rural delivery; free
Secretary delivery
Sergeant at Arms special delivery
Senate, Ohio (State); the senate star route
Senator (U.S. Congress); but lowercased if Shelf, Continental (see Continental)
referring to a State senator, unless ship of state (unless personified)
preceding a name Sister(s) (adherent of religious order)
senatorial Six Nations (see Indians)
Sergeant at Arms (U.S. Senate or House) Smithsonian Institution (see Institution)
Capitalization Examples 75

Social Security Administration (U.S.), special agent

application, check, number, pension, specialist
trust fund, system, etc. Special Order No. 12; Special Orders, No.
Socialist Party; a Socialist 12; a special order
Society, if part of name; the society: Spirit of 76 (painting); but spirit of 76 (in
American Cancer Society, Inc. general sense)
of the Cincinnati Sputnik
soil bank Square, Lafayette, etc.; the square
soil orders (see rule 3.30) Staff, Foreign Service (see Foreign Service);
Soldiers Home; the soldiers home; (see Air (U.K.)
Armed Forces Retirement Home) standard time (see time)
Solicitor for the Department of Labor, etc.; Star of Bethlehem
the Solicitor Star-Spangled Banner (see flag)
Solicitor General (Department of Justice) State:
Son of Man (Christ) Champion
Sons of the American Revolution government
(organization); a Son; a Real Son legislature (see Legislature)
South: line, Iowa; Ohio-Indiana, etc.
American Republics (see Republic) New York
American States of Israel
Atlantic of Maryland
Atlantic States of the Union Message/Address
Deep South (U.S.) of Veracruz
Korea out-of-State (adjective); but out-of-stater
Midsouth (U.S.) prison
Pacific Vatican City
Pole state:
the South (section of United States); church and
Southland of the art: state-of-the-art technology
Southeast Asia welfare
southern California, southeastern also downstate, instate, multistate,
California, etc. statehood, statehouse, stateside,
Southern States statewide, substate, tristate, upstate
Southern United States States attorney
southerner states evidence
Southwest, the (section of United States) states rights (international)
space shuttle; the shuttle States:
space station Arab
spam (email) Balkan
Spanish-American War (see War) Baltic
Speaker of the House of Representatives; East North Central
the Speaker East South Central
76 Chapter 4

Eastern; but eastern industrial States stone age (see Ages)

Eastern Gulf storage facility
Eastern North Central, etc. Stream, Gulf (see Gulf; geographic terms)
Far Western Street, if part of name; the street:
Gulf; Gulf Coast I Street (not Eye Street)
Lake 110th Street
Latin American U Street (not You Street)
lower 48 subcommittee (see Committee)
Middle subtropical, subtropic(s) (see tropical)
Middle Atlantic summit meeting; Earth summit
Middle Western Sun; a sun
Midwestern Super Bowl
Mountain Superfund; the fund
New England Superintendent, if referring to head of
North Atlantic Federal unit; the Superintendent:
Northwestern, etc. of Documents (Government
Organization of American Publishing Office)
Pacific of the Naval (or Military) Academy
Pacific Coast Supplement to the Revised Statutes (see
rights (U.S.) Revised Statutes)
South American Supreme Bench; the Bench; also High
South Atlantic Bench; High Tribunal
Southern Supreme Court (U.S.); the Court; also High
the six States of Australia; a foreign state Court; titles of officers standing alone
Thirteen Original; original 13 States capitalized:
Western; but western Gulf; western Associate Justice
farming States Chief Justice
Station, if part of name; the station; not Clerk
capitalized if referring to surveying Marshal
or similar work: Reporter
Grand Central but Ohio Supreme Court; the supreme
Naval Air Engineering court
television station WSYRTV Surgeon General, the (Air Force, Army,
Union; Union Depot; the depot Navy, and Public Health Service)
WAMU station; station WMAL; radio Survey, if part of name of Federal unit; the
station WSM; broadcasting station Survey: Geodetic; Geological
WJSV System, if referring to Federal unit; the
station 9; substation A System:
Statue of Liberty; the statue Federal Home Loan Bank; the System
Statutes at Large (U.S.) (see also Revised Federal Reserve; the System
Statutes) National Forest; the System
Stealth: bomber, fighter National Highway; Interstate Highway;
Stockpile, Strategic National the System
Capitalization Examples 77

National Park; the System Thirteen Original States

National Trails; the System Thruway, New York State; the thruway
National Wild and Scenic Rivers; the time:
System Alaska, Alaska standard
Regional Metro System; Metro system Atlantic, Atlantic standard
Selective Service (see also Service) central, central standard
State and National forests eastern, eastern daylight, eastern daylight
but Amtrak railway system; Amtrak saving (no s), eastern standard
system; the system Greenwich mean time (GMT)
also Federal land bank system Hawaii-Aleutian standard
local, local standard
T mountain, mountain standard
table 2, II, A, etc.; but Table 2, when part of Pacific, Pacific standard
title: Table 2: Degrees of Land universal
Deterioration title 2, II, A, etc.; but Title 2, when part of
task force (see Force) title: Title 2: General Provisions
Team, USAREUR Technical Assistance, Tomb:
etc.; the team Grants; the tomb
television station (see Station) of the Unknowns; of the Unknown
Telnet Soldier; Unknown Soldiers Tomb;
Ten Commandments the tomb (see also Unknown Soldier)
Territorial, if referring to a political Tower, Eiffel, etc.; the tower
subdivision Township, Union; township of Union
Territory: trade names and trademarks:
Northwest (1799); the territory
Blu-Ray MasterCard
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; Coca-Cola TiVo
Pacific Islands Trust Territory; the Dr Pepper U-Haul
Hersheypark UNIX
trust territory; the territory iPhone VISA
Yukon, Northwest Territories; the iPod Yahoo!
iTunes ZIP Code (Postal)
Territory(ies), Territorial (Canada)
but territory of: American Samoa, Guam, Trade Representative (U.S.)
Virgin Islands transatlantic; transpacific; trans-Siberian,
The, part of name, capitalized: etc.; but Transjordan; Trans-Alaska
The Dalles; The Gambia; The Hague; Treasurer, Assistant, of the United States;
The Weirs; but the Dalles Dam; the the Assistant Treasurer; but assistant
Dalles region; the Hague Conference; treasurer at New York, etc.
the Weirs streets Treasurer of the United States; the Treasurer
but the Adjutant General; the National Treasury notes; Treasurys
Archives; the Archives; the Times; the Treasury, of the United States; General;
Mermaid National; Public
Third World Treaty, if part of name; the treaty:
Thirteen American Colonies, etc. (see Jay
Colonies) North Atlantic; North Atlantic Defense
78 Chapter 4

of Versailles but a painters union; printers union

but treaty of 1919 United Nations:
triad Charter; the charter
Tribe; Tribal (federally recognized) Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
(see Indians) Organization (UNESCO) (see
Tribunal, standing alone capitalized only in Organization)
minutes and official reports of a Food and Agriculture Organization
specific arbitration; also High (FAO)
Tribunal; the Tribunal (Supreme General Assembly; the Assembly
Court) International Childrens Emergency
Tropic of Cancer, of Capricorn; the Tropics Fund (UNICEF)
tropical; neotropic, neotropical, sub- International Court of Justice; the Court
tropic(s), subtropical Permanent Court of Arbitration (see
Trust, Power, etc. Court)
trust territory (see Territory) Secretariat, the
Tunnel, Lincoln, etc.; the tunnel; but Secretary General
irrigation, railroad, etc., tunnel Security Council; the Council
Turnpike, Pennsylvania, etc.; the turnpike World Employment Conference
Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) World Health Organization (WHO);
the Organization
U universal:
U-boat military training (see Program)
Under Secretary, if referring to officer of time (see time)
Federal Government; the Under University, if part of name: Stanford; the
Secretary: university
of Agriculture Unknown Soldier; Unknown of World War
of State II; World War II Unknown;
of the Treasury Unknown of Korea; Korea
Uniform Code of Military Justice (see Code) Unknown; the Unknowns (see also
Union (if part of proper name; capitalized Tomb)
standing alone if synonym for United Upper, if part of name:
States or if referring to international Colorado River Basin
unit): Egypt
Columbia Typographical Peninsula (of Michigan)
European but upper House of Congress
Pan American (former name; see U.S.S.R. (former Union of Soviet Socialist
Organization of American States) Republics)
Station; but union passenger station;
union freight station V
Teamsters; the Teamsters; the Valley, Shenandoah, etc.; the valley; but the
union; also the Auto Workers, etc. valleys of Virginia and Maryland
Universal Postal; the Postal Union VE Day; VJ Day; V-chip
Womans Christian Temperance veteran, World War II; Vietnam
Capitalization Examples 79

Veterans Affairs, Department of (see War College, National (see College)

Department) War Mothers (see American)
Vice Chairman, etc. (same as Chairman) ward 1, 2, etc.; first, 11th, etc.
vice consul, British, etc. Washingtons Farewell Address
Vice President (same as President) water district (see District)
Voice of America; the Voice waterway, inland, intercoastal, etc.; but
volume 2, A, II, etc.; but Volume 2, when Intracoastal Waterway
part of title; Volume 2: Five Rivers in web (lowercase within a sentence):
Americas Future #address
#page
W site
War, if part of formal name: Web (upper case W to start a sentence)
Between the States Week, Fire Prevention; etc.
Civil Weirs, The; but the Weirs streets
First World War; World War I; World welfare state
War; Great War; Second World War; West:
World War II Bank (Jordan)
for Independence (1776) Coast (Africa); but west coast (U.S.)
French and Indian (175463) End, etc. (section of city)
Mexican Europe (political entity)
of 1812 Far West; Far Western States
of the Rebellion; the rebellion Florida (17631819)
on Crime Middle (United States); Midwest
on Drugs South Central States, etc.
on Poverty the West (section of United States; also
on Terrorism, Global world political entity)
Revolutionary; of the Revolution; the west, western Pennsylvania
Revolution Western:
Seven Years bloc
Six-Day (Arab-Israeli) civilization
Spanish-American countries
the two World Wars Europe(an) (political entity)
also post-World War II Hemisphere; the hemisphere
war, descriptive or undeclared: ideas
cold, hot Powers
European States
French and Indian wars United States
Indian World
Korean but far western; western farming States
Persian Gulf; Gulf (U.S.)
third world; world war III westerner
Vietnam Whip, Majority; Minority
with Mexico Whisky Rebellion (see Rebellion)
80 Chapter 4

White (see Caucasian) Y

White House: year, calendar, fiscal
Blue Room Your Excellency; Your Honor; Your
East Room Majesty; etc.
Oval Office Youth Corps; the Corps
Police (see Police)
Red Room Z
Rose Garden Zika virus
State Dining Room ZIP Code number; ZIP+4
white paper, British, etc. Zone, if part of name; the zone:
Wi-Fi British (in Germany)
Wilderness, capitalized with name; San Canal (Panama)
Joaquin Wilderness, CA; the Eastern, Western (Germany)
wilderness; but the Wilderness Frigid
(Virginia battlefield) Hot (infectious area)
Wood, if part of name: of Interior (see Command)
Belleau Temperate, Torrid; the zone
County U.S. Foreign Trade; Foreign
Fort Leonard Trade Zone; but the foreign trade
World: New, Old, Third; but free world zone, free trade zone
World Bank; the Bank zone:
World Series Arctic
World War (see War) eastern standard time
World War II veteran no-fly
world wide web, the web polar
tropical
X Zoological Park (National); the zoo;
x ray (note: no hyphen) the park
5. Spelling
(See also Chapter 7 Compounding Examples and Chapter 9 Abbreviations and Letter Symbols)

5.1. GPO uses Websters Third New International Dictionary as its

guide for the spelling of words not appearing in the GPO Style
Manual. Colloquial and dialect spellings are not used unless re-
quired by the subject matter or specially requested. The tendency
of some producers of computer-assisted publications to rely on the
limited capability of some spell-checking programs adds impor-
tance to this list.

Preferred and difcult spellings

5.2. In addition to indicating the preferred forms of words with variant
spellings, the list also contains other words frequently misspelled or
causing uncertainty.
A adviser ambidextrous athenaeum
abattoir advisor (law) amoeba attester
aberration adz ampoule autogiro
abetter aegis analog awhile (for some
abettor (law) aesthetic analogous time)
abridgment affect (influence, v.) anemia a while (a short
absorb (take in) effect (result, anesthetic time)
adsorb (adhesion) finish, n., v.) aneurysm ax
abysmal afterward(s) anomalous aye
a cappella afterword anonymous B
accede (yield) aging antediluvian backward
exceed (surpass) aid (n., v.) antibiotics (n.) baloney (nonsense)
accepter aide antibiotic (adj.) bologna (sausage)
acceptor (law) aide-de-camp anyway (adv.) bandanna
accessory albumen (egg) anywise (adv.) bargainer
accommodate albumin appall, -ed, -ing bargainor (law)
accordion (chemistry) appareled, -ing baritone
accouter align aquatic bark (boat)
accursed allottee aqueduct barreled, -ing
acetic (acid) all ready (prepared) archaeology bastille
ascetic (austere) already (previous) arrester bathyscaph
acknowledgment all right artifact battalion
acoustic altogether artisan bazaar (event)
adapter (completely) ascendance, -ant bizarre (strange or
adjurer all together ascent (rise) absurd)
adjuster (collectively) assent (consent) behoove
ad nauseam aluminum assassinate beneficent

81
82 Chapter 5

benefited, -ing calligraphy channeled, -ing consummate

bettor (wagerer) callus (n.) chaperon(e) contradicter
beveled, -ing callous (adj.) chautauqua control, -lable, -ling
biased, -ing calorie chauvinism converter
blessed canceled, -ing chiffonier conveyor
bloc (group) cancellation chile con carne cookie
block (grants) candor chili (pepper) cornetist
blond(e) canister chiseled, -ing corollary
bluing cannot chlorophyll corvette
born (birth) canoeing cigarette councilor (of
borne (carried) cantaloupe citable council)
bouillon (soup) canvas (cloth) cite (quote) counselor
bullion (metal) canvass (solicit) site (place) (adviser)
boulder capital (city, money) clamor counseled, -ing
bourgeoisie capitol (building) climactic (climax) cozy
breach (gap) carabao (sing., pl.) climatic (climate) crawfish
breech (lower part) carat (gem weight) cocaine creneled, -ing
brier caret (omission coconut crystaled, -ing
briquet, -ted, -ting mark) cocoon crystalline
Britannia karat (gold weight) coleslaw crystallize
broadax carbureted, -ing colloquy cudgeled, -ing
bronco carburetor colossal cyclopedia
brunet(te) Caribbean combated, -ing czar
buccaneer caroled, -ing commenter
carotene commentor (law) D
buncombe
carrot commingle darndest
bunion
cartilage commiserate debarkation
bur
caster (roller) complement decaffeinated
burned
castor (oil) (complete) decalogue
bus, bused, buses,
casual (informal) compliment defense
busing
causal (cause) (praise) deliverer
butadiene
catalog, -ed, -ing confectionery deliveror (law)
C cataloger confidant(e) demagogue
caffeine catsup confident (sure) demarcation
calcareous caviar confirmer de minimis
calcimine caviled, -er, -ing confirmor (law) dependent
caldron center conjurer descendant (n., adj.)
calendar centipede connecter desecrater
calender (paper centrifugal connector (road) desiccate
finish) cesarean connoisseur desuetude
caliber chairmaned consecrator (suspended)
caliper chaise longue; consensus destitute (bereft)
calk (spike) lounge consignor detractor
caulk (seal) chancellor consulter develop, -ment
Spelling 83

device (contrivance) duffelbag engraft F

devise (convey) dullness enroll, -ed, -ing, fantasy
dextrous (syllable dumbfound -ment farther (distance)
division) dwelt enshade further (degree)
diaeresis dyeing (coloring) ensheathe favor
diaeretic dying (death) ensnare fecal
diuretic (water pill) ensure (guarantee) feces
diagramed, -ing E insure (protect) fetal
diagrammatic eastward entrench fetish
dialed, -ing ecstasy entrepreneur fetus
dialogue edema entrust fiance(e)
dialysis edgewise entwine fiber
diaphragm electronics (n.) envelop (v.) fiche (microfiche)
diarrhea electronic (adj.) envelope (n.) filigree
dickey eleemosynary enwrap finable
dietitian elicit (to draw) eon finagle
diffuser illicit (illegal) epaulet, -ed, -ing financier
dike embarrass epiglottis fjord
dilettante embed epilogue flammable (not
dinghy (boat) embellish equaled, -ing inflammable)
diphtheria emboweled, -ing erysipelas flection
discreet (prudent) emboweler escallop fledgling
discrete (distinct) emigrant (go from) escapable flextime
disheveled, -ing immigrant (go esophagus flier
disc (computer) into) etiology flotage
dispatch emigree evacuee flotation
dissension eminent (famous) evanescent fluorescent
distention imminent (soon) eviscerate focused, -ing
distill, -ed, -ing, emoji evocative folderol
-ment employee exhibitor forbade
distributor enameled, -ing exhilarate forbear (endurance)
diverter encage exonerate forebear (ancestor)
divorcee (masc., encase exorbitant foresee
fem.) encave expellant forgettable
doctoral enclasp expos (n., forgo (relinquish)
doctrinaire enclose exposure) forego (precede)
doggerel enclosure expose (v., to lay format, formatted,
dossier encumber open) formatting
doweled, -ing encumbrance exsiccate forswear
downward encyclopedia extant (in existence) fortissimo
dreadnought endorse, -ment extent (range) forward (ahead)
dreamed endwise extoll, -ed, -ing foreword (preface)
drought enfeeble eyeing fricassee
dueled, -ing enforce, -ment eyrie fuchsia
84 Chapter 5

fueler H inferable kidnapped, -ing

fulfill, -ed, -ing, hallelujah infold kidnapper
-ment hara-kiri ingenious (skillful) kilogram
fulsome harass ingenuous (simple) knapsack
fungus (n., adj.) harebrained innocuous kopek
funneled, -ing healthful (for innuendo kumquat
furor health) inoculate L
fuse (all meanings) healthy (with inquire, inquiry labeled, -ing
health) install, -ed, -ing,
fuselage lacquer
heinous -ment
fusillade landward
hemoglobin installation lath (wood)
G hemorrhage instill, -ed, -ing lathe (machine)
gaiety hiccup insure (protect) laureled
gaily highfalutin ensure (guarantee) leukemia
galosh hijack intelligentsia leveled, -ing
gamboled, -ing homeopath interceptor leveler
homogeneity interment (burial)
garrote liable (responsible)
homogeneous internment (jail)
gauge libel (legal)
(mixed uniformly) intern
gazetteer liaison
homogenous (of intervener
gelatin libelant
similar origin) intervenor (law)
genealogy libeled, -ing
homologue intransigent (n., adj.)
generalissimo libelee
hors doeuvre in vitro
germane libeler
hypocrisy in vivo
glamorous license
hypotenuse
iridescent licenser (issuer)
glamour
I italic licensor (grantor)
glycerin
idiosyncrasy licorice
gobbledygook J
idle (inactive) likable
goodbye jalopy
idol (statue) lilliputian
govinfo jalousie
idyll linage (lines)
(always bold) jerry-(built)
imminent (soon) lineage (descent)
graveled, -ing jury-(rigged)
eminent (famous) liquefy
gray jeweled, -ing, -er
impaneled, -ing liquor
grievous jewelry
impasse liqueur
groveled, -ing judgeship
imperiled, -ing liter
gruesome judgment
impostor livable
guarantee (n., v.) jujitsu
impresario loath (reluctant)
guaranty (n., law) juxtaposition loathe (detest)
imprimatur
guerrilla (warfare) inculcate K lodestar
gorilla (ape) indict (to accuse) karat lodestone
guesstimate indite (to compose) kerneled, -ing lodgment
guttural inequity (unfairness) kerosene logistics (n.)
gypsy iniquity (sin) ketchup logistic (adj.)
Spelling 85

louver millenary (1,000) octet perquisite (privilege)

luster millinery (hats) offal prerequisite
lyonnaise millennium offense (requirement)
minable omelet personal (individual)
M ophthalmology personnel (staff)
missilery
madam opossum perspective (view)
misspell
Mafia prospective
miter orangutan
maim (expected)
mnemonic orbited, -ing
maize (corn) petaled, -ing
moccasin ordinance (law)
maze (labyrinth) pharaoh
modeled, -ing ordnance
maneuver pharmacopeia
modeler (military)
manifold phoenix
mold organdy
manikin (dwarf) phlegm
mollusk overseas or oversea
mannequin (model) phony
molt P
mantel (shelf) phosphorus (n.)
moneys pajamas
mantle (cloak) phosphorous (adj.)
monogramed, -ing palate (mouth)
marbleize photostated
monologue palette (colors)
marijuana pickax
mortise pallet (bed or
marshaled, -ing picnicking
marshaler movable freight)
pipet
marveled, -ing mucilage paleontology
plaque
marvelous mucus (n.) paneled, -ing
plastics (n.)
material (goods) mucous (adj.) paraffin
plastic (adj.)
materiel (military) Muslim paralleled, -ing
pledger
meager mustache parallelepiped
pledgor (law)
medaled, -ing parceled, -ing plenitude
N
medalist partisan pliers
naphtha
medieval pastime plow
Navajo
meme patrol, -led, -ling poleax
Nazism
metaled, -ing peccadillo pollination
neophyte
metalize pedant (n.) pommeled, -ing
niacin
meteorology pedantic (adj.) pontoon
nickel
(weather) peddler porcelaneous
niter
metrology penciled, -ing practice (n., v.)
nonplused
(weights and pendant (n.) precedence
northward
measures) pendent (u.m.) (priority)
Novocain
meter percent precedents (usage)
(trademark)
mil (11000 inch) peremptory prerogative
novocaine (decisive)
mill (11000 dollar) pretense
(anesthetic) preemptory
mileage preventive
miliary O (preference) principal (chief)
(tuberculosis) obbligato perennial principle
milieu obloquy periled, -ing (proposition)
milk cow ocher permittee privilege
86 Chapter 5

proffer renaissance sextet stubbornness

programmatic reparable Shakespearean stultify
programmed, -mer, repellant (n.) shellacking stupefy
-ming repellent (adj.) shoveled, -ing subpoena, -ed
prologue requester shriveled, -ing subtlety
promissory requestor (law) sideward succor
pronunciation rescission signaled, -ing sulfur (also
propel, -led, -ling responder siphon derivatives)
propellant (n.) (electronics) site (place) sulfanilamide
propellent (adj.) responser cite (quote) sulfureted, -ing
prophecy (n.) (electronics) sizable supererogation
prophesy (v.) reveled, -er, -ing skeptic surfeit
ptomaine rhyme, rhythmic skillful surreptitious
pubic (anatomy) RIFing, RIFed, RIFs skulduggery surveillance
pulmotor rivaled, -ing sleight (deft) swiveled, -ing
pusillanimous roweled, -ing slight (meager) sylvan
ruble smolder synonymous
Q
sniveled, -ing syrup
quarreled, -ing S snorkel
quartet saccharin (n.) T
soliloquy
quaternary saccharine (adj.) taboo
sometime
questionnaire sacrilegious tactician
(formerly)
queue salable tasseled, -ing
some time (some
R sandaled, -ing time ago) tattoo
raccoon savable some times (at taxied, -ing
racket (all meanings) savanna times) technique
rapprochement savior southward teetotaler
rarefy Saviour (Christ) spacious (space) tercentenary
rarity scalloped, -ing specious theater
ratable schizophrenia (deceptive) therefor (for it)
rational (adj.) scion (horticulture) specter therefore (for that
rationale (n.) scurrilous spirituous (liquor) reason)
rattan seismology spirochete thiamine
raveled, -ing selvage (edging) spoliation thralldom
reconnaissance salvage (save) stationary (fixed) thrash (beat)
reconnoiter sentineled, -ing stationery (paper) thresh (grain)
recyclable separate (v., adj.) statue (sculpture) threshold
referable sepulcher stature (height) tie, tied, tying
refuse seriatim statute (law) timber (wood)
registrar settler staunch timbre (tone)
reinforce settlor (law) stenciled, -ing tinseled, -ing
relater sewage (waste) stenciler titer
relator (law) sewerage (drain stifling tonsillitis
remodeler system) stratagem tormenter
Spelling 87

totaled, -ing triptych V vying

toward trolley vacillate
toweled, -ing troop (soldiers) valance (drape) W
toxemia troupe (actors) valence wainscoting
trafficking troweled, -ing (chemistry) warranter
trammeled, -ing tryptophan veld warrantor (law)
tranquilize(r) tularemia veranda warranty
tranquillity tunneled, -ing vermilion weeviled, -ing
transcendent tunneler vicissitude welder
transferable turquoise victualed, -ing westward
transferor typify victualer whimsy
transferred tyrannical vilify whiskey, -s
transonic tyro villain willful
transponder visa, -ed, -ing withe
(electronics) U vitamin woeful
transshipment unctuous vitrify woolen
traveled, -ing unwieldy volcanism woolly
traveler upward voluntarism worshiped, -er, -ing
travelogue uremia votable
usable

Anglicized and foreign words

5.3. Diacritical marks are not used with anglicized words.

A caique critique etude

abaca canape critiquing
cause celebre F
aide memoire
D facade
a la carte chateau
debacle faience
a la king cliche
debris faux pas
a la mode cloisonne
debut fete
angstrom comedienne
debutante fiance (masc., fem.)
aperitif comme ci
decollete frappe
applique comme ca
dejeuner
apropos communique
denouement G
auto(s)-da-fe confrere
depot garcon
consomme
B dos-a-dos glace
cortege
blase grille
coulee E
boutonniere gruyere
coup de grace eclair
brassiere
coup detat eclat H
C coupe ecru habitue
cabana creme elan
cafe crepe elite I
cafeteria crepe de chine entree ingenue
88 Chapter 5

J N pousse cafe seance

jardiniere naive premiere senor
naivete
L protege (masc., fem.) smorgasbord
nee
laissez faire puree
soiree
litterateur O R souffle
M opera bouffe rale
opera comique suede
materiel recherche
matinee regime T
P
melange risque table dhote
papier mache
melee role tete-a-tete
piece de resistance
rotisserie tragedienne
menage pleiade
mesalliance porte cochere roue V
metier porte lumiere S vicuna
moire portiere saute vis-a-vis

5.4. Foreign words carry the diacritical marks as an essential part of

their spelling.
lamricaine charg daffaires entrept pass (masc., fem.)
attach cong expos pt
bton crdit foncier longron pre
bless crdit mobilier maana pia
calche cur mat prcis
caada dj vu mre raisonn
caon dtente nacr rsum
charg doa outr touch

Plural forms
5.5. Nouns ending in o immediately preceded by a vowel add s to form
the plural; nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es to
form the plural, except as indicated in the following list.
albinos falsettos merinos sextodecimos
armadillos gauchos mestizos sextos
avocados ghettos octavos siroccos
banjos halos octodecimos solos
cantos indigos pianos tangelos
cascos infernos piccolos tobaccos
centos juntos pomelos twos
didos kimonos provisos tyros
duodecimos lassos quartos virtuosos
dynamos magnetos salvos zeros
escudos mementos
Spelling 89

5.6. When a noun is hyphenated with an adverb or preposition, the plu-

ral is formed on the noun.
comings-in hangers-on markers-up
fillers-in listeners-in passers-by
goings-on lookers-on swearers-in

5.7. When neither word is a noun, the plural is formed on the last word.
also-rans go-betweens run-ins
come-ons higher-ups tie-ins

5.8. In forming the plurals of compound terms, the significant word

takes the plural form.
Significant word first: rights-of-way
adjutants general secretaries general
aides-de-camp sergeants at arms
ambassadors at large sergeants major
attorneys at law solicitors general
attorneys general surgeons general
billets-doux
bills of fare Significant word in middle:
brothers-in-law assistant attorneys general
chargs daffaires assistant chiefs of staff
chiefs of staff assistant comptrollers general
commanders in chief assistant surgeons general
comptrollers general
consuls general Significant word last:
courts-martial assistant attorneys
crepes suzette assistant commissioners
daughters-in-law assistant corporation counsels
governors general assistant directors
grants-in-aid assistant general counsels
heirs at law brigadier generals
inspectors general deputy judges
men-of-war deputy sheriffs
ministers-designate general counsels
mothers-in-law judge advocates
notaries public judge advocate generals
pilots-in-command lieutenant colonels
postmasters general major generals
presidents-elect provost marshals
prisoners of war provost marshal generals
reductions in force quartermaster generals
90 Chapter 5

trade unions men employees

under secretaries secretaries-treasurers
vice chairmen women aviators

Both words equally significant: No word significant in itself:

Bulletins Nos. 27 and 28 not forget-me-nots
Bulletin Nos. 27 and 28 but hand-me-downs
Bulletin No. 27 or 28 jack-in-the-pulpits
coats of arms man-of-the-earths
masters at arms pick-me-ups
men buyers will-o-the-wisps

5.9. Nouns ending with ful form the plural by adding s at the end; if it
is necessary to express the idea that more than one container was
filled, the two elements of the solid compound are printed as sepa-
rate words and the plural is formed by adding s to the noun.
five bucketfuls of the mixture (one bucket filled five times)
five buckets full of earth (separate buckets)
three cupfuls of flour (one cup filled three times)
three cups full of coffee (separate cups)

5.10. The following list comprises other words the plurals of which may
cause difficulty.
addendum, addenda cherub, cherubs
adieu, adieus cicatrix, cicatrices
agendum, agenda Co., Cos.
alga, algae coccus, cocci
alumnus, alumni (masc.); alumna, consortium, consortia
alumnae (fem.) corrigendum, corrigenda
antenna, antennas (antennae, crisis, crises
zoology) criterion, criteria
appendix, appendixes curriculum, curriculums, curricula
aquarium, aquariums datum (singular), data (plural, but
automaton, automatons singular in collective sense)
axis, axes desideratum, desiderata
bandeau, bandeaux dilettante, dilettanti
basis, bases dogma, dogmas
bateau, bateaux ellipsis, ellipses
beau, beaus equilibrium, equilibriums
cactus, cactuses (equilibria, scientific)
calix, calices erratum, errata
cargo, cargoes executrix, executrices
chassis (singular and plural) flambeau, flambeaus
Spelling 91

focus, focuses parenthesis, parentheses

folium, folia phenomenon, phenomena
formula, formulas phylum, phyla
forum, forums plateau, plateaus
fungus, fungi podium, podiums
genius, geniuses procs-verbal, procs-verbaux
genus, genera radius, radii
gladiolus (singular and plural) radix, radixes
helix, helices referendum, referendums
hypothesis, hypotheses sanatorium, sanatoriums
index, indexes (indices, scientific) sanitarium, sanitariums
insigne, insignia septum, septa
italic (singular and plural) sequela, sequelae
Kansas Citys seraph, seraphs
lacuna, lacunae seta, setae
larva, larvae ski, skis
larynx, larynxes stadium, stadiums
lens, lenses stimulus, stimuli
lira, lire stratum, strata
locus, loci stylus, styluses
madam, mesdames syllabus, syllabuses
Marys symposium, symposia
matrix, matrices synopsis, synopses
maximum, maximums, maxima tableau, tableaus
medium, mediums or media taxi, taxis
memorandum, memorandums, terminus, termini
memoranda testatrix, testatrices
minimum, minimums, minima thesaurus, thesauri
minutia, minutiae thesis, theses
monsieur, messieurs thorax, thoraxes
nucleus, nuclei vertebra, vertebras (vertebrae,
oasis, oases zoology)
octopus, octopuses virtuoso, virtuosos
opus, opera vortex, vortexes

Endings ible and able

5.11. The following words end in ible; other words in this class end in able.
abhorrible appetible coctible combustible
accendible apprehensible coercible comestible
accessible audible cognoscible commonsensible
addible avertible cohesible compactible
adducible bipartible collapsible compatible
admissible circumscriptible collectible(s) competible
92 Chapter 5

compossible distractible impersuasible inexpressible

comprehensible divertible implausible infallible
compressible divestible impossible infeasible
conducible divisible imprescriptible inflexible
conductible docible imputrescible infractible
confluxible edible inaccessible infrangible
congestible educible inadmissible infusible
contemptible effectible inapprehensible innascible
controvertible effervescible inaudible inscriptible
conversable (oral) eligible incircumscriptible insensible
conversible eludible incoercible instructible
(convertible) erodible incognoscrible insubmergible
convertible evasible incombustible insuppressible
convincible eversible incommiscible insusceptible
corrigible evincible incompatible intactible
corrodible exemptible incomprehensible intangible
corrosible exhaustible incompressible intelligible
corruptible exigible inconcussible interconvertible
credible expansible incontrovertible interruptible
crucible explosible inconvertible intervisible
cullible expressible inconvincible invendible
decoctible extensible incorrigible invertible
deducible fallible incorrodible invincible
deductible feasible incorruptible invisible
defeasible fencible incredible irascible
defectible flexible indefeasible irreducible
defensible fluxible indefectible irrefrangible
delible forcible indefensible irremissible
deprehensible frangible indelible irreprehensible
depressible fungible indeprehensible irrepressible
descendible fusible indestructible irresistible
destructible gullible indigestible irresponsible
diffrangible horrible indiscernible irreversible
diffusible ignitible indivertible legible
digestible illegible indivisible mandible
dimensible immersible indocible marcescible
discernible immiscible inducible miscible
discerpible impartible ineffervescible negligible
discerptible impatible ineligible nexible
discussible impedible ineludible omissible
dispersible imperceptible inevasible ostensible
dissectible impermissible inexhaustible partible
distensible imperscriptible inexpansible passable (open)
Spelling 93

passible (feeling) reflectible sensible transmissible

perceptible reflexible sponsible transvertible
perfectible refrangible suasible tripartible
permissible remissible subdivisible unadmissible
persuasible renascible submergible uncorruptible
pervertible rendible submersible unexhaustible
plausible reprehensible subvertible unexpressible
possible repressible suggestible unintelligible
prehensible reproducible supersensible unresponsible
prescriptible resistible suppressible unsusceptible
producible responsible susceptible vendible
productible reversible suspensible vincible
protrusible revertible tangible visible
putrescible risible tensible vitrescible
receptible runcible terrible
redemptible sconcible thurible
reducible seducible traducible

Endings ise, ize, and yze

5.12. A large number of words have the termination ise, ize, or yze. The
letter l is followed by yze if the word expresses an idea of loosening or
separating, as analyze; all other words of this class, except those end-
ing with the suffix wise and those in the following list, end in ize.
advertise compromise excise prise (to force)
advise demise exercise prize (to value)
affranchise despise exorcise reprise
apprise (to inform) devise franchise revise
apprize (to disenfranchise improvise rise
appraise) disfranchise incise supervise
arise disguise merchandise surmise
chastise emprise misadvise surprise
circumcise enfranchise mortise televise
comprise enterprise premise

Endings cede, ceed, and sede

5.13. Only one word ends in sede (supersede); only three end in ceed (ex-
ceed, proceed, succeed); all other words of this class end in cede
(precede, secede, etc.).
94 Chapter 5

Doubled consonants
5.14. A single consonant following a single vowel and ending in a
monosyllable or a final accented syllable is doubled before a suffix
beginning with a vowel.
bag, bagging red, reddish but
format, formatting rob, robbing total, totaled, totaling
input, inputting transfer, transferred travel, traveled, traveling

5.15. If the accent in a derivative falls upon an earlier syllable than it does
in the root word, the consonant is not doubled.
refer, reference prefer, preference infer, inference

Indenite articles
5.16. The indefinite article a is used before a consonant and an aspirated
h; an is used before a silent h and all vowels except u pronounced as
in visual and o pronounced as in one.
a historic occasion an herbseller but
a hotel an hour an H-U-D directive
a human being an honor a HUD directive
a humble man an onion
a union an oyster

5.17. When a group of initials begins with b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y,

or z, each having a consonant sound, the indefinite article a is used.
a BLS compilation a GAO limitation a WWW search
a CIO finding a UFO sighting

5.18. When a group of initials begins with a, e, f, h, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, or x,

each having a vowel sound, the indefinite article an is used.
an AEC report an NSC (en) proclamation
an FCC (ef) ruling an RFC (ahr) loan

5.19. Use of the indefinite article a or an before a numerical expression

is determined by the consonant or vowel sound of the beginning
syllable.
an 11-year-old an VIII (eight) classification
a onetime winner a IVF (four ef) category (military draft)
a III (three) group a 4H Club
Spelling 95

Geographic names
5.20. The spelling of geographic names must conform to the decisions
of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) (http://geonames.
usgs.gov). In the absence of such a decision, the U.S. Directory of
Post Offices is to be used.
5.21. If the decisions or the rules of the BGN permit the use of either
the local official form or the conventional English form, it is the
prerogative of the originating office to select the form that is most
suitable for the matter in hand; therefore, in marking copy or read-
ing proof, it is required only to verify the spelling of the particular
form used. GPOs preference is for the conventional English form.
Copy will be followed as to accents, but these should be consistent
throughout the entire job.

Nationalities, etc.
5.22. The table on Demonyms in Chapter 17 Useful Tables shows forms
to be used for nouns and adjectives denoting nationality.
5.23. In designating the natives of the States, the following forms will be
used.
Alabamian Kentuckian North Dakotan
Alaskan Louisianian Ohioan
Arizonan Mainer Oklahoman
Arkansan Marylander Oregonian
Californian Massachusettsan Pennsylvanian
Coloradan Michiganian Rhode Islander
Connecticuter Minnesotan South Carolinian
Delawarean Mississippian South Dakotan
Floridian Missourian Tennessean
Georgian Montanan Texan
Hawaii resident Nebraskan Utahn
Hoosier Nevadan Vermonter
(Indiana) New Hampshirite Virginian
Idahoan New Jerseyan Washingtonian
Illinoisan New Mexican West Virginian
Iowan New Yorker Wisconsinite
Kansan North Carolinian Wyomingite
96 Chapter 5

5.24. Observe the following forms:

Alaska Native
Asian American
Black or African American
Hispanic or Latino
Native American or American Indian
Native Hawaiian
Pacific Islander
Puerto Rican
White

Native American words

5.25. Words, including Tribal and other proper names of Indian, Alaska
Native, Hawaiian, and other groups, are to be followed literally as to
spelling and the use of spaces, diacriticals, hyphens, etc.

Transliteration
5.26. In the spelling of nongeographic words transliterated from Chinese,
Japanese, or any other language that does not have a Latin alphabet,
copy is to be followed literally.
6. Compounding Rules
(See also Chapter 7 Compounding Examples)

6.1. A compound word is a union of two or more words, either with

or without a hyphen. It conveys a unit idea that is not as clearly or
quickly conveyed by the component words in unconnected succes-
sion. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but
also separates the component words; it facilitates understanding,
aids readability, and ensures correct pronunciation. When com-
pound words must be divided at the end of a line, such division
should be made leaving prefixes and combining forms of more than
one syllable intact.
6.2. In applying the rules in this chapter and in using the list of ex-
amples in the following chapter, Compounding Examples, the
fluid nature of our language should be kept in mind. Word forms
constantly undergo modification. Although it is often the case that
hyphenated compound words eventually lose their hyphen, many
of them start out unhyphenated.
6.3. The rules, therefore, are somewhat flexible. Exceptions must nec-
essarily be allowed. Current language trends continue to point to
closing up certain words which, through either frequent use or
widespread dissemination through modern media exposure, have
become fixed in the readers mind as units of thought. The tendency
to merge two short words continues to be a natural progression to-
ward better communication.

General rules
6.4. In general, omit the hyphen when words appear in regular order
and the omission causes no ambiguity in sense or sound.
banking hours eye opener real estate
blood pressure fellow citizen rock candy
book value living costs training ship
census taker palm oil violin teacher
day laborer patent right

97
98 Chapter 6

6.5. Words are usually combined to express a literal or nonliteral (figura-

tive) unit idea that would not be as clearly expressed in unconnected
succession.
afterglow forget-me-not right-of-way
bookkeeping gentleman whitewash
cupboard newsprint

6.6. A derivative of a compound retains the solid or hyphenated form of

the original compound unless otherwise indicated.
coldbloodedness outlawry Y-shaped
footnoting praiseworthiness
ill-advisedly railroader

6.7. A hyphen is used to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant,

except after the short prefixes co, de, pre, pro, and re, which are gen-
erally printed solid. (See also rules 6.29 and 6.32.)
cooperation semi-independent shell-like
deemphasis brass-smith hull-less
preexisting Inverness-shire but
anti-inflation thimble-eye co-occupant
micro-organism ultra-atomic cross section

Solid compounds
6.8. Print solid two nouns that form a third when the compound has
only one primary accent, especially when the prefixed noun consists
of only one syllable or when one of the elements loses its original
accent.
airship cupboard footnote
bathroom dressmaker locksmith
bookseller fishmonger workman

6.9. Print solid a noun consisting of a short verb and an adverb as its sec-
ond element, except when the use of the solid form would interfere
with comprehension.
blowout builddown flareback
breakdown cooldown giveaway
hangover runoff but
holdup setup cut-in
makeready showdown phase-in
markoff thowaway run-in
pickup tradeoff sit-in
Compounding Rules 99

6.10. Compounds beginning with the following nouns are usually

printed solid.
book mill snow
eye play way
horse school wood
house shop work

6.11. Compounds ending in the following are usually printed solid, espe-
cially when the prefixed word consists of one syllable.
berry keeping room
bird land shop
blossom light site
board like skin
boat line smith
book load stone
borne maid store
bound maker tail
box making tight
boy man time (not clock)
brained master ward
bug mate ware
bush
mill water
cam
mistress way
craft
field monger wear
fish over weed
flower owner wide
fly but #ownership wise
girl person woman
grower picker wood
headed picking work
hearted piece worker
holder plane working
hopper power worm
house proof worthy
keeper roach writer
100 Chapter 6

6.12. Print solid any, every, no, and some when combined with body,
thing, and where. When one is the second element, print as two
words if meaning a single or particular person or thing. To avoid
mispronunciation, print no one as two words at all times.
anybody everywhere somebody
anything everyone something
anywhere nobody somewhere
anyone nothing someone
everybody nowhere
everything no one
but any one of us may stay; every one of the pilots is responsible; every body was
accounted for

6.13. Print compound personal pronouns as one word.

herself oneself yourself
himself ourselves yourselves
itself themselves
myself thyself

6.14. Print as one word compass directions consisting of two points, but
use a hyphen after the first point when three points are combined.
northeast north-northeast
southwest south-southwest
also north-south alignment

Unit modiers
6.15. Print a hyphen between words, or abbreviations and words, com-
bined to form a unit modifier immediately preceding the word
modified, except as indicated in rule 6.16 and elsewhere throughout
this chapter. This applies particularly to combinations in which one
element is a present or past participle.
agreed-upon standards Federal-State-local cooperation
Baltimore-Washington road German-English descent
collective-bargaining talks guided-missile program
contested-election case hearing-impaired class
contract-bar rule high-speed line
cost-of-living increase large-scale project
drought-stricken area law-abiding citizen
English-speaking nation long-term loan
fire-tested material line-item veto
Compounding Rules 101

long-term-payment loan U.S.-owned property; U.S.-flagship

low-cost housing 1-inch diameter; 2-inch-diameter
lump-sum payment pipe
most-favored-nation clause a 4-percent increase, the 10-percent
multiple-purpose uses rise
no-par-value stock
one-on-one situation but
part-time personnel 4 percent citric acid
rust-resistant covering 4 percent interest. (Note the absence
service-connected disability of an article: a, an, or the. The
state-of-the-art technology word of is understood here.)
supply-side economics
tool-and-die maker
up-or-down vote

6.16. Where meaning is clear and readability is not aided, it is not nec-
essary to use a hyphen to form a temporary or made compound.
Restraint should be exercised in forming unnecessary combina-
tions of words used in normal sequence.
atomic energy power national defense appropriation
bituminous coal industry natural gas company
child welfare plan per capita expenditure
civil rights case Portland cement plant
civil service examination production credit loan
durable goods industry public at large
flood control study public utility plant
free enterprise system real estate tax
ground water levels small businessman
high school student Social Security pension
elementary school grade soil conservation measures
income tax form special delivery mail
interstate commerce law parcel post delivery
land bank loan speech correction class
land use program
life insurance company but no-hyphen rule (readability
mutual security funds aided); not no hyphen rule

6.17. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate (either adjective or

noun) whose second element is a present participle.
The duties were price fixing. The shale was oil bearing.
The effects were far reaching. The area is used for beet raising.
102 Chapter 6

6.18. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective the second

element of which is a past participle. Omit the hyphen in a predicate
modifier of comparative or superlative degree.
The area is drought stricken. This material is fire tested.
The paper is fine grained. The cars are higher priced.
Moderately fine grained wood. The reporters are better informed.

6.19. Print without a hyphen a two-word modifier the first element of

which is a comparative or superlative.
better drained soil but
best liked books uppercrust society
higher level decision lowercase, uppercase type
highest priced apartment upperclassman
larger sized dress bestseller (noun)
better paying job lighter-than-air craft
lower income group higher-than-market price

6.20. Do not use a hyphen in a two-word unit modifier the first element
of which is an adverb ending in ly, nor use hyphens in a three-word
unit modifier the first two elements of which are adverbs.
eagerly awaited moment but
wholly owned subsidiary ever-normal granary
unusually well preserved specimen ever-rising flood
very well defined usage still-new car
longer than usual lunch period still-lingering doubt
not too distant future well-known lawyer
most often heard phrase well-kept secret

6.21. Proper nouns used as unit modifiers, either in their basic or derived
form, retain their original form; but the hyphen is printed when
combining forms.
Latin American countries Seventh-day Adventists
North Carolina roads but
a Mexican American Minneapolis-St. Paul region
South American trade North American-South American
Spanish-American pride sphere
Winston-Salem festival French-English descent
African-American program WashingtonWilkes-Barre route
Anglo-Saxon period or Washington/Wilkes-Barre
Franco-Prussian War route
Compounding Rules 103

6.22. Do not confuse a modifier with the word it modifies.

elderly clothesman well-trained schoolteacher
old-clothes man elementary school teacher
competent shoemaker preschool children (kindergarten)
wooden-shoe maker pre-school children (before school)
field canning factory rezoned wastesite
tomato-canning factory hazardous-waste site
brave servicemen
service men and women but
light blue hat (weight) common stockholder
light-blue hat (color) stock ownership
average taxpayer small businessman
income-tax payer working men and women
American flagship (military) steam powerplant site
American-flag ship meat packinghouse owner

6.23. Where two or more hyphenated compounds have a common basic

element but this element is omitted in all but the last term, the hy-
phens are retained.
2- to 3- and 4- to 5-ton trucks
2- by 4-inch boards, but boards 2 to 6 inches wide
8-, 10-, and 16-foot boards
6.4-, 3.1-, and 2-percent pay raises
moss- and ivy-covered walls, not moss and ivy-covered walls
long- and short-term money rates, not long and short-term money rates
but twofold or threefold, not two or threefold
goat, sheep, and calf skins, not goat, sheep, and calfskins
intrastate and intracity, not intra-state and -city
American owned and managed companies
preoperative and postoperative examination

6.24. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier consisting of a foreign

phrase.
ante bellum days ex officio member per diem employee
bona fide transaction per capita tax prima facie evidence

6.25. Do not print a hyphen in a unit modifier containing a letter or a

numeral as its second element.
abstract B pages class II railroad point 4 program
article 3 provisions grade A milk ward D beds
104 Chapter 6

6.26. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier enclosed in quotation marks

unless it is normally a hyphenated term, but quotation marks are
not to be used in lieu of a hyphen.
blue sky law but
good neighbor policy right-to-work law
tie-in sale line-item veto

6.27. Print combination color terms as separate words, but use a hyphen
when such color terms are unit modifiers.
bluish green bluish-green feathers
dark green iron-gray sink
orange red silver-gray body

6.28. Do not use a hyphen between independent adjectives preceding a

noun.
big gray cat a fine old southern gentleman

Prexes, sufxes, and combining forms

6.29. Print solid combining forms and prefixes, except as indicated
elsewhere.
afterbirth infrared peripatetic
Anglomania interview planoconvex
antedate intraspinal polynodal
antislavery introvert postscript
biweekly isometric preexist
bylaw macroanalysis proconsul
circumnavigation mesothorax pseudoscholastic
cisalpine metagenesis reenact
cooperate microphone retrospect
contraposition misstate semiofficial
countercase monogram stepfather
deenergize multicolor subsecretary
demitasse neophyte supermarket
excommunicate nonneutral thermocouple
extracurricular offset transonic
foretell outbake transship
heroicomic overactive tricolor
hypersensitive pancosmic ultraviolet
hypoacid paracentric unnecessary
inbound particoated underflow
Compounding Rules 105

6.30. Print solid combining forms and suffixes, except as indicated

elsewhere.
portable geography innermost
coverage manhood partnership
operate selfish lonesome
plebiscite meatless homestead
twentyfold outlet northward
spoonful wavelike clockwise
kilogram procurement

6.31. Print solid words ending in like, but use a hyphen to avoid tripling a
consonant or when the first element is a proper name.
lifelike girllike Scotland-like
lilylike bell-like McArtor-like

6.32. Use a hyphen or hyphens to prevent mispronunciation, to ensure

a definite accent on each element of the compound, or to avoid
ambiguity.
anti-hog-cholera serum re-creation (create again)
co-occurrence re-lay (lay again)
co-op re-sign (sign again)
mid-decade re-sorting (sort again)
multi-ply (several plies) re-treat (treat again)
non-civil-service position un-ionized
non-tumor-bearing tissue un-uniformity
pre-midcourse review
pre-position (before) but
pro-choice rereferred
pro-life rereviewed
re-cover (cover again)

6.33. Use a hyphen to join duplicated prefixes.

re-redirect sub-subcommittee super-superlative

6.34. Print with a hyphen the prefixes ex, self, and quasi.
ex-governor quasi-argument
ex-serviceman quasi-corporation
ex-son-in-law quasi-young
ex-vice-president
self-control but
self-educated selfhood
quasi-academic selfsame
106 Chapter 6

6.35. Unless usage demands otherwise, use a hyphen to join a prefix or

combining form to a capitalized word. (The hyphen is retained in
words of this class set in caps.)
anti-American non-Federal
pro-British
un-American but
non-Government nongovernmental
neo-Nazi overanglicize
post-World War II transatlantic
or post-Second World War

Numerical compounds
6.36. Print a hyphen between the elements of compound numbers from
twenty-one to ninety-nine and in adjective compounds with a nu-
merical first element.
twenty-one three-and-twenty
twenty-first two-sided question
6-footer multimillion-dollar fund
6-foot-11-inch man 10-dollar-per-car tax
24-inch ruler thirty- (30-) day period
3-week vacation
8-hour day but
10-minute delay one hundred twenty-one
20th-century progress 100-odd
3-to-1 ratio foursome
5-to-4 vote threescore
.22-caliber cartridge foursquare
2-cent-per-pound tax $20 million airfield
four-in-hand tie second grade children

6.37. Print without a hyphen a modifier consisting of a possessive noun

preceded by a numeral. (See also rule 8.14.)
1 months layoff 3 weeks vacation
1 weeks pay 1 minutes delay
2 hours work but a 1-minute delay
Compounding Rules 107

6.38. Print a hyphen between the elements of a fraction, but omit it

between the numerator and the denominator when the hyphen ap-
pears in either or in both.
one-thousandth twenty-three thirtieths
two-thirds twenty-one thirty-seconds
two one-thousandths three-fourths of an inch

6.39. A unit modifier following and reading back to the word or words
modified takes a hyphen and is printed in the singular.
motor, alternating-current, 3-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt
glass jars: 5-gallon, 2-gallon, 1-quart
belts: 2-inch, 1-inch, -inch, -inch

Civil and military titles

6.40. Do not hyphenate a civil or military title denoting a single office,
but print a double title with a hyphen.
ambassador at large secretary-treasurer
assistant attorney general sergeant at arms
commander in chief treasurer-manager
comptroller general under secretary
Congressman at Large but under-secretaryship
major general vice president
notary public but vice-presidency
secretary general

6.41. The adjectives elect and designate, as the last element of a title, re-
quire a hyphen.
President-elect (Federal) ambassador-designate
Vice-President-elect (Federal) minister-designate
Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development-designate
108 Chapter 6

Scientic and technical terms

6.42. Do not print a hyphen in scientific terms (names of chemicals, dis-
eases, animals, insects, plants) used as unit modifiers if no hyphen
appears in their original form.
carbon monoxide poisoning whooping cough remedy
guinea pig raising but
hog cholera serum Russian-olive plantings
methyl bromide solution Douglas-fir tree
stem rust control
equivalent uranium content

6.43. Chemical elements used in combination with full-size figures use a

hyphen; chemical symbols do not.
235 234
polonium-210 U U92
90
uranium-235 Sr

6.44. Note use of hyphens and closeup punctuation in chemical formulas.

9-nitroanthra(1,9,4,10)bis(1)oxathiazone-2,7-bisdioxide
Cr-Ni-Mo
2,4-D

6.45. Print a hyphen between the elements of technical or contrived com-

pound units of measurement.
candela-hour light-year work-year
crop-year passenger-mile but kilowatthour
horsepower-hour staff-hour

Improvised compounds
6.46. Print with a hyphen the elements of an improvised compound.
blue-pencil (v.) George Pay-As-You-Go Miller
18-year-old (n., u.m.) stick-in-the-mud (n.)
know-it-all (n.) let-George-do-it attitude
know-how (n.) how-to-be-beautiful course
lick-the-finger-and-test-the-wind hard-and-fast rule
economics penny-wise and pound-foolish policy
make-believe (n., u.m.) first-come-first-served basis
one-man-one-vote principle but a basis of first come, first served
roll-on/roll-off ship
Compounding Rules 109

6.47. Use hyphens in a prepositional-phrase compound noun consisting

of three or more words.
cat-o-nine-tails man-of-war but
government-in-exile mother-in-law heir at law
grant-in-aid mother-of-pearl next of kin
jack-in-the-box patent-in-fee officer in charge

6.48. When the corresponding noun form is printed as separate words,

the verb form is always hyphenated.
cold-shoulder blue-pencil cross-brace

6.49. Print a hyphen in a compound formed of repetitive or conflicting

terms and in a compound naming the same thing under two aspects.
boogie-woogie hanky-panky young-old
comedy-ballet murder-suicide but
dead-alive nitty-gritty bowwow
devil-devil pitter-patter dillydally
even-stephen razzle-dazzle hubbub
farce-melodrama walkie-talkie nitwit
fiddle-faddle willy-nilly riffraff

6.50. Use a hyphen in a nonliteral compound expression containing an

apostrophe in its first element.
asses-eyes bulls-eye crows-nest
asss-foot cats-paw

6.51. Use a hyphen to join a single capital letter to a noun or a participle.

H-bomb C-section but
I-beam V-necked x ray
T-shaped S-iron x raying
U-boat T-square S turns
C-chip X-ed out

6.52. Print idiomatic phrases without hyphens.

come by insofar as nowadays
inasmuch as Monday week
7. Compounding Examples

7.1. The following examples are based on the rules for compounding
found in chapter 6. Obviously, this list or any other list of compound
words could not possibly be a complete reference due to sheer vol-
ume. However, an analogy of the words listed with like prefixes and
suffixes together with an application of the rules will result in easier
handling of those compound words not listed.
7.2. In order to keep the list from becoming cumbersome, certain re-
strictions had to be adopted.
7.3. The listing of hyphenated compounds ending in ed was kept to a
minimum. The rationale was to provide one or two examples under
a keyword rather than needless repetition.
7.4. Similarly, many two-word forms which create no difficulty were
omitted.
7.5. Care was exercised to achieve fuller coverage of solid compounds,
particularly when the adopted form is different than that of
Websters Third New International Dictionary. This dictionary is
GPOs guide for spelling with the exception of those words listed in
rule 5.2. It is not GPOs guide to compounding.
7.6. A distinction exists between words used in a literal sense and a non-
literal sense. With few exceptions, one-word forms usually express
a nonliteral interpretation, while two-word forms invariably convey
a literal meaning. For example, a person may have an interesting
sideline or hobby, but be forced to sit on the side line during periods
of inactivity.
7.7. Distinction should also be made in the compounding of two words
to form an adjective modifier and the use of the same words as a
predicate adjective; e.g., crystal-clear water, but the spring water
is crystal clear; fire-tested material, but the material is fire
tested.

111
112 Chapter 7

7.8. Caution should be exercised when distinguishing whether a succes-

sion of words is being used as a compound or whether they simply
appear together. Consider, for example, We know someone should
do it and who that some one ought to be.
7.9. Combining forms and prefixes are usually printed solid. For greater
readability, the hyphen is sometimes used to avoid doubling a vowel
(anti-inflation, naso-orbital); to facilitate a normally capitalized word
(mid-April, non-European); to assure distinct pronunciation of each
element of a compound or ready comprehension of intended mean-
ing (contra-ion, un-ionized); or to join a combining form or prefix to
a hyphenated compound (equi-gram-molar, pro-mother-in-law).
7.10. As nouns and adjectives, holdup, calldown, layout, makeup, and
similar words should be printed solid. Their er derivatives, (holder-
up, caller-down, layer-out, and maker-up) require hyphens. Such
compounds as run-in, run-on, and tie-in resist quick comprehen-
sion when solid. They are therefore hyphenated.
7.11. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, such as tear-dimmed
and tearsheet, wind tunnel and windup, are listed under the same
keyword.
7.12. Words printed flush in the following list combine with the words
which follow to indicate solid or hyphenated compounds. A space-
mark (#) appearing before an indented entry indicates a two-word
form, but two-word forms appearing in the adjective position usu-
ally take a hyphen.
7.13. To indicate word function, several abbreviations have been ap-
pended. They are: adv., adverb; n., noun; v., verb; u.m., unit modifier;
pref., prefix; c.f., combining form; and conj., conjunction.
Compounding Examples 113

A addle -cooled (u.m.) -slaked (u.m.)

brain course sleeve
A
BC(s) (n.) head crew space
BC (u.m.) pate -dried (u.m.) speed
-bomb add-on (n., u.m.) -driven (u.m.) stream
-day adeno (c.f.) drome strike
-flat all one word drop strip
-frame aero (c.f.) -dry (u.m., v.) #time (radio and
-pole -otitis fare TV)
-sharp rest one word -floated (u.m.) wave
a afore flow woman
borning, etc. all one word foil worthy
foot after (c.f.) -formed (u.m.) alder-leaved (u.m.)
while (adv.) all one word frame ale
abdomino (c.f.) agar-agar freight cup
all one word age gap -fed (u.m.)
able less glow glass
-bodied (u.m.) long hammer alkali#land
-minded (u.m.) -old (u.m.) head all
about-face -stricken (u.m.) hole -absorbing (u.m.)
above -weary (u.m.) hose -aged (u.m.)
-cited (u.m.) agribusiness lane -American
deck ague lift -clear (n., u.m.)
-found (u.m.) -faced (u.m.) #line (line for air) -fired (u.m.)
-given (u.m.) -plagued (u.m.) line (aviation) -flotation
ground (u.m.) -sore (u.m.) liner (mining)
-mentioned (u.m.) aide-de-camp link #fours
-named (u.m.) air locked #in
-said (u.m.) bag mail -inclusive (u.m.)
-water (u.m.) base mark (v.) mark (printing)
-written (u.m.) bill marker -out (u.m.)
absentminded blast mass -possessed (u.m.)
ace-high (u.m.) -blasted (u.m.) minded -round (u.m.)
acid blown park spice
fast brake path -star (u.m.)
-treat (v.) brush photo time (u.m.)
works burst port (all wise
ack-ack cargo meanings) alleyway
acre -clear (u.m.) #raid allo (c.f.)
-foot coach scoop all one word
-inch -condition (all ship almsgiver
actino (c.f.) forms) show along
all one word -cool (v.) sick ship
114 Chapter 7

shore food -life arc

side angio (c.f.) -missile-missile -over (n., u.m.)
alpen all one word (u.m.) -weld (v.)
glow angle missile arch (pref.)
stock hook -New#Deal, etc. band
alpha meter personnel bishop
-cellulose wing trust, etc. duke
-iron worm rest one word enemy
-naphthol Anglo (c.f.) antro (c.f.) -Protestant
also-ran (n., u.m.) -American, etc. all one word archeo (c.f.)
alto rest one word anvil all one word
cumulus anhydr(o) (c.f.) -faced (u.m.) archi (pref.)
relievo all one word -headed (u.m.) all one word
stratus ankle any archo (c.f.)
amber bone body all one word
-clear (u.m.) -deep (u.m.) how areo (c.f.)
-colored (u.m.) jack one all one word
-tipped (u.m.) ant #one (one thing aristo (c.f.)
ambi (c.f.) eater or one of all one word
all one word hill a group) arithmo (c.f.)
amidships ante (pref.) place (adv.) all one word
amino #bellum, etc. aorto (c.f.) arm
#acid -Christian, etc. all one word band
as prefix, all one #mortem apo (pref.) bone
word mortem all one word chair
ampere (nonliteral) apple hole
-foot rest one word cart lift
-hour antero (c.f.) jack pit
meter all one word #juice plate
-minute anthra (c.f.) sauce rack
-second all one word -scented (u.m.) rest
amphi (pref.) anthropo (c.f.) April-fool (v.) -shaped (u.m.)
all one word all one word aqua armor
amylo (c.f.) anti (pref.) culture -clad (u.m.)
all one word -American, etc. lung -piercing (u.m.)
anchor -choice marine plate
hold christ meter -plated (u.m.)
#light god puncture smith
plate -hog-cholera tint arms-length (u.m.)
angel (u.m.) tone arrow
cake -icer aquo (c.f.) head
-eyed (u.m.) -imperial -ion -leaved (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.) -inflation, etc. rest one word plate
Compounding Examples 115

-shaped (u.m.) authorship breaker staff

shot auto (c.f.) cap stage
-toothed (u.m.) -logon chain stairs
arseno (c.f.) matic#backup charge stamp
all one word -objective -country (u.m.) stay
art-colored (u.m.) -observation cross stitch
arterio (c.f.) -omnibus date stop
all one word -ophthalmoscope down (n., u.m.) strap
arthro (c.f.) rest one word drop -streeter
all one word awe face stretch (n.)
artillery -bound (u.m.) feed string
man -filled (u.m.) fill strip (book)
woman -inspired (u.m.) fire stroke
asbestos some flap -swath (v.)
-covered (u.m.) ax flash swept
-packed (u.m.) -adz flow swing
ash -grinding (u.m.) -focus (v.) tack
bin hammer furrow talk
can head ground tender
-colored (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) hand tenter
-free (u.m.) axletree haul -titrate (v.)
-gray (u.m.) axo (c.f.) -in (n., u.m.) track (v.)
#heap all one word lash trail
pan azo (c.f.) list (v.) up (n., u.m.)
pile -orange log wall
pit -orchil lotter wash
tray -orseilline packer (n.) water
assembly rest one word paddle (v.) backer
#line pay -down
man B payment -off
#room B-flat pedal (v.) -up
astro (c.f.) baby plate bag
all one word #boomer rest boy
attorney#at#law face (n.) road -cheeked (u.m.)
audio #food run girl
frequency sit (v.) saw pipe
gram sitter scatter -shaped (u.m.)
meter back set baggage
tape ache shift man
visual band slide #rack
auri (c.f.) bite (v.) space #room
-iodide biter spin #train
rest one word bone spread bailout (n., u.m.)
116 Chapter 7

bake tender bath hide

oven -wound (u.m.) mat hound
pan bare robe off (n., u.m.)
shop -armed (u.m.) #towel trap
bald back tub beater
faced bone batswing (cloth) -out
head (n.) faced battercake -up
ball foot battle beauty
field handed ax -blind (u.m.)
#game legged -fallen (u.m.) -clad (u.m.)
-like necked front #shop
park (nonliteral) worn ground beaverpelt
#park (literal) barge-laden (u.m.) -scarred (u.m.) bed
player bark ship board
point (n., u.m.) cutter stead bug
stock peel wagon chair
ballot#box -tanned (u.m.) baybolt chamber
band barley beach clothes
aid corn comber cord
box mow head cover
cutter #water wagon -fallen (u.m.)
saw barnstormer bead fast
stand barrel flush fellow
string head roll frame
-tailed (u.m.) -roll (v.) beak lamp
wagon -shaped (u.m.) head linen
width base iron pad
bandy ball -shaped (u.m.) pan
ball ball#bat beam plate
-legged (u.m.) line filling post
bangup (n., u.m.) #line (surveying) -making (u.m.) quilt
bank -minded (u.m.) bean rail
book basi (c.f.) bag #rest
note all one word cod ridden
#paper basketball -fed (u.m.) rock
side (stream) bas-relief pole sheet
bantamweight bat pot sick
bar blind setter side
#bit -eyed (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) sore
code fowl stalk space
keeper wing bear spread
maid batch#file baiting spring
post herd stand
Compounding Examples 117

stead belly name (top rank) #date

straw ache (n., u.m.) day
time band bill mark
bee buster back place
bread button beetle right
-eater fed (u.m.) broker #year
herd pinch fold biscuit-shaped
hive belowstairs head (u.m.)
keeper belt hook bismuto (c.f.)
line -driven (u.m.) poster all one word
way saw sticker bit
beechnut bench billet coin
beef fellow -doux -mapped
eater -hardened (u.m.) head stock
#extract made (u.m.) billingsgate bitter
-faced (u.m.) mark (nonliteral) bio (c.f.) -ender
head #mark (surveying) -aeration head
steak warmer -osmosis sweet
bees #warrant rest one word -tongued (u.m.)
wax bentwing (n., u.m.) birchbark black
wing benzo (c.f.) bird ball (nonliteral)
beet all one word bath -bordered (u.m.)
field berry-brown (u.m.) bander -eyed (u.m.)
#sugar best cage guard
beetle #man call jack
-browed (u.m.) seller (n.) catcher leg
head beta #dog (literal) list
stock -glucose dog (nonliteral) mail
before tron -eyed (u.m.) mark
-cited (u.m.) between -faced (u.m.) #market (n.)
hand decks life -market (u.m., v.)
-mentioned (u.m.) whiles lime -marketer
-named (u.m.) bi (pref.) lore out (n., u.m.)
behindhand -iliac mouthed plate (printing)
bell rest one word seed print
-bottomed (u.m.) big shot -robed (u.m.)
crank -eared (u.m.) watcher #sheep (all
-crowned (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) birds meanings)
hanger head (ego) -eye shirted
hop horn (sheep) #nest (literal) (n.) snake
mouthed -horned (u.m.) -nest (n., u.m., v.) strap (n.)
ringer -leaguer birth -tie (u.m.)
wether mouthed bed top
118 Chapter 7

#widow hound bonnet shop

blast letting book (nonliteral) side
hole mobile bottle swain
plate -red (u.m.) coat (n.) wright
blasto (c.f.) ripe -eyed (u.m.) yard
all one word shed gill bob
bleach shot grass cat
ground spiller -gray (u.m.) sled
works spot -green (u.m.) stay
blear stain -hot (u.m.) tail
eye stock jack white
-eyed (u.m.) stream jacket bobby
-witted (u.m.) sucker nose pin
blepharo (c.f.) thirsty -pencil (v.) -soxer
all one word -warm (u.m.) point (oyster) body
blight-resistant bloody print
(u.m.) -nosed (u.m.) bearer
stocking
blind -red (u.m.) bending
streak (nonliteral)
-bomb (v.) blossom builder
tongue (n.)
-flying (u.m.) -bordered (u.m.) -centered (u.m.)
blunder
fold -laden (u.m.) guard
buss
-loaded (u.m.) blow -mind
head
#man back plate
blunt
spot by (n., u.m.) bog
-edged (u.m.)
stitch cock -eyed (u.m.)
story down (n., u.m.) -spoken (u.m.)
land
blink-eyed (u.m.) gun boar
man
blithe-looking (u.m.) hard (n.) spear
staff trot (v.)
blitzkrieg hole
board boil
block iron
#foot down (n., u.m.)
buster lamp
rack off (n., u.m.)
head off (n., u.m.)
walk out (n., u.m.)
hole (v.) out (n., u.m.)
boat over (n., u.m.)
ship pipe
builder boiler
blood spray
-alcohol (u.m.) through (u.m.) crew -off
bath torch head -out
beat tube hook plate
curdling up (n., u.m.) house works
-drenched (u.m.) blue loader boiling#house
-giving (u.m.) -annealed (u.m.) owner bold
guilty beard (n.) #people face (printing)
-hot (u.m.) blood setter -spirited (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 119

bolt mark bow brandy

cutter mobile back -burnt (u.m.)
head plate bent wine
hole rack grace brass
-shaped (u.m.) rest head -armed (u.m.)
strake sale knot -bold (u.m.)
bomb seller legged -smith
drop shelf -necked (u.m.) works
fall stack pin brave
shell stall shot hearted
sight stamp sprit -looking (u.m.)
thrower stand stave -minded (u.m.)
-throwing (u.m.) stitch string brazen
bone -stitching (u.m.) wow -browed (u.m.)
ache -taught (u.m.) box face
#ash wright bread
car
black boom basket
haul
breaker town crumb
head (printing)
-bred (u.m.) truck earner
truck
-dry (u.m.) boondoggling fruit
boxer
-eater boot #knife
-off
-hard (u.m.) black liner
-up
head hose plate
brachio (c.f.)
lace jack seller
all one word
meal lace stuff
brachy (c.f.)
set last #tray
all one word
shaker leg winner
-white (u.m.) lick brain break
boobytrap strap cap away (n., u.m.)
boogie-woogie bore child ax
book hole -cracked (u.m.) back (n., u.m.)
binder safe pan bone (fever)
case sight sick #circuit
dealer bosom -spun (u.m.) down (n., u.m.)
#end -deep (u.m.) storm -even (u.m.)
fair -folded (u.m.) -tired (u.m.) fast
-fed (u.m.) -making (u.m.) wash fast#room
fold bottle brake front
-learned (u.m.) -fed (u.m.) drum -in (n., u.m.)
-lined (u.m.) neck head neck
list -nosed (u.m.) meter off (n., u.m.)
lore bottom#land shoe out (n., u.m.)
lover boughpot brandnew (u.m.) point
120 Chapter 7

through (n., u.m.) bribe bringer-up -making (u.m.)

up (n., u.m.) -free (u.m.) bristle stick
wind (n.) giver cone (u.m.) brother
breaker taker -pointed (u.m.) hood
-down bric-a-brac broad -in-law
-off brick acre brow
-up bat ax beat
breast -built (u.m.) band (n., u.m.) point
band -colored (u.m.) -beamed (u.m.) post
beam kiln brim brown
bone layer cast back
-deep (u.m.) liner cloth -eyed (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.) mason head out (n., u.m.)
feed -red (u.m.) #jump print
-high (u.m.) setter leaf (n.) brush
hook work -leaved (u.m.) ball
mark yard loom #holder
piece bride minded off (n., u.m.)
pin bed -mouthed (u.m.) -treat (v.)
plate bowl share (n., v.) #up
plow cake sheet (n.) brusher
rail chamber side -off
rope cup sword -up
work groom wife buck
breath knot woven eye
-blown (u.m.) lace broken -eyed (u.m.)
-tainted (u.m.) maiden -down (u.m.) horn
taking stake -legged (u.m.) hound
breech bridge -mouthed (u.m.) passer
block builder bromo (c.f.) plate
cloth head all one word pot
loader pot bronchio (c.f.) saw
-loading (u.m.) tree all one word shot
lock #wall broncho (c.f.) skinned
pin work all one word stall
plug briefcase broncobuster stay
sight bright bronze stove
breeze -colored (u.m.) -clad (u.m.) tooth
-borne (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) -covered (u.m.) wagon
-lifted (u.m.) brilliant -red (u.m.) wash
-swept (u.m.) -cut (u.m.) broom bucketshaped (u.m.)
way -green (u.m.) #handle buff
brine-soaked (u.m.) -leaved (u.m.) -tipped (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 121

ware -foot saw cabbagehead

-yellow (u.m.) bumble stock cabinet
bug bee strap maker
bear foot -weld (v.) making
bite kite butter cable-laid (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.) bung ball caco (c.f.)
build hole -colored (u.m.) all one word
down (n., u.m.) start fat cage#bird
up (n., u.m.) burn fingers cake
built -in (n., u.m.) head baker
-in (u.m.) out (n., u.m.) milk bread
-up (u.m.) up (n., u.m.) mouth -eater
bulb-tee (u.m.) burned-over (u.m.) nut mixer
bulbo (c.f.) burner-off print -mixing (u.m.)
all one word burnt -rigged (u.m.) pan
bulk -out (u.m.) scotch walk
head -up (u.m.) -smooth (u.m.) calci (c.f.)
-pile (v.) bus -yellow (u.m.) all one word
weigh (v.) boy button calk-weld (v.)
bull #conductor -eared (u.m.) call
baiting driver -headed (u.m.) back (n., u.m.)
dog fare hold box
doze girl hole down (n., u.m.)
-faced (u.m.) line hook -in (n., u.m.)
fight mold note
load
frog by -off (n., u.m.)
bush
head -and-by out (n., u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.) beater -the-way (n., -over (n., u.m.)
neck buck u.m.) up (n., u.m.)
nose fighter -your-leave (n., camshaft
pen -grown (u.m.) u.m.) camel
ring hammer rest one word back (rubber)
#terrier -backed (u.m.)
-leaguer C
toad case
-voiced (u.m.) ranger C driver
whack whacker -sharp -faced (u.m.)
whip bustup (n., u.m.) -star camels-hair (u.m.)
bullet busy -tube camp
head body cab fire
maker -fingered (u.m.) driver ground
proof head fare stool
bulls butt #owner can
-eye (nonliteral) -joint (v.) stand capper
122 Chapter 7

not jacker woven caster

#opener lot carpo (c.f.) -off
canalside -mile -olecranal -out
candle owner rest one word castlebuilder
bomb pool carriage-making (nonliteral)
-foot port (u.m.) cat
holder sick carrot back
-hour wash -colored (u.m.) beam
lighter carbo (c.f.) head (nonliteral) bird
lit all one word juice call
-meter carbol (c.f.) top (nonliteral) -eyed (u.m.)
power all one word carry face (n.)
-shaped (u.m.) carcino (c.f.) all (n., u.m.) fall
stand all one word around (n., u.m.) gut
stick card back (n., u.m.) head
wick case forward (n.) hole
wright -index (u.m., v.) -in (n., u.m.) hook
candystick player out (n., u.m.) -ion
cane sharp over (n., u.m.) like
-backed (u.m.) stock cart nap
brake cardio (c.f.) load nip
crusher -aortic wheel (coin) -o-nine-tails
cutter rest one word whip stitch
#sugar care wright walk
canker free case CAT scan
-eaten (u.m.) giver bearer catch
-mouthed (u.m.) -laden (u.m.) finding all (n., u.m.)
cannonball taker hammer -as-catch-can
canvas-covered -tired (u.m.) harden (u.m.)
(u.m.) worn load cry
cap carpet mated penny
-flash (v.) bagger worker plate
nut beater caser-in up (n., u.m.)
screw #cleaner cashflow weight
sheaf -cleaning (u.m.) cast word
shore -covered (u.m.) away (n., u.m.) cater
car fitter back (n., u.m.) corner
barn layer -by (u.m.) wauling
break -smooth (u.m.) off (n., u.m.) cats
builder -sweeping (u.m.) out (n., u.m.) -eye (nonliteral)
fare weaver -ridden (u.m.) -paw (nonliteral)
goose -weaving (u.m.) -weld (v.) cattle
hop web #boat
Compounding Examples 123

feed cerato (c.f.) off (n., u.m.) cloth

-raising (u.m.) all one word out (n., u.m.) curd
yak cerebro (c.f.) chartbook cutter
cauliflower -ocular chattermark head
-eared (u.m.) rest one word cheapskate lip
#ware certificate holder check parer
causeway cervico (c.f.) bite plate
cave -occipital forger chemico (c.f.)
dweller -orbicular hook all one word
-dwelling (u.m.) rest one word -in (n., u.m.) chemo (c.f.)
#fish cess list all one word
-in (n., u.m.) pipe mark cherry
cease-fire (n., u.m.) pit nut -colored (u.m.)
cedar-colored (u.m.) pool off (n., u.m.) stone (nonliteral)
celi (c.f.) chaffcutter out (n., u.m.) #stone (literal)
all one word chain passer (n.) chestnut
celio (c.f.) #belt point -colored (u.m.)
all one word -driven (u.m.) rack -red (u.m.)
cell #gang rail chicken
cement stitch rein bill
-covered (u.m.) chair ring -billed (u.m.)
mason fast roll #breast
-temper (v.) mender rope breasted
census person row #coop
#taker -shaped (u.m.) sheet #farm
-taking warmer strap feed
center chalk string heart
#field (sports) cutter up (n., u.m.) pox
head (printing) line washer #yard
line -white (u.m.) weigher chief
most chamber writer #justice
piece maid checker -justiceship
-second woman -in #mate
centi (c.f.) changeover -off child
all one word chapfallen -out bearing
centimeter-gram- chapelgoing -up bed
second char cheek birth
centri (c.f.) broiler bone care
all one word coal strap crowing
centro (c.f.) pit cheerleader hood
all one word woman cheese kind
cephalo (c.f.) charge burger life
all one word #book cake -minded (u.m.)
124 Chapter 7

ridden out (n., u.m.) circuitbreaker pan

#support point circum (pref.) pit
wife strap arctic, pacific, works
chill-cast (u.m., v.) chole (c.f.) etc. clean
chin all one word -Saturnal, etc. -cut (u.m.)
band chondro (c.f.) rest one word handed
-bearded (u.m.) -osseous cirro (c.f.) out (n., u.m.)
-chin rest one word all one word -shaved (u.m.)
cloth chop cis (pref.) -smelling (u.m.)
cough -chop alpine up (n., u.m.)
-high (u.m.) stick atlantic clear
rest chowchow -trans (u.m.) cole
strap Christ rest one word -cut (u.m.)
china -given (u.m.) city cut (forestry) (n.,
-blue (u.m.) -inspired (u.m.) -born (u.m.) v.)
#shop like -bred (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.)
ware chromo (c.f.) folk headed
Chinatown all one word #man -sighted (u.m.)
chipmunk chrono (c.f.) scape up (n., u.m.)
chiro (c.f.) all one word clam wing
all one word chuck bake clearinghouse
chisel hole shell cleft
-cut (u.m.) plate clampdown (n., -footed (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.) wagon u.m.) -graft (v.)
#maker church clap client/server
chitchat #choir net cliff
chitter-chatter goer trap dweller
chloro (c.f.) like clasphook -dwelling (u.m.)
all one word work class hanger
chock yard book side
ablock churn -conscious (u.m.) top
-full (u.m.) -butted (u.m.) #consciousness -worn (u.m.)
chocolate milk #day clinch-built (u.m.)
-brown (u.m.) cigar work clink-clank
-coated (u.m.) case claw clinker-built (u.m.)
#maker cutter bar clip
choir -shaped (u.m.) -footed (u.m.) -clop
boy cigarette hammer -edged (u.m.)
#master #holder hatchet sheet
choke #maker -tailed (u.m.) clipper-built (u.m.)
bore -making (u.m.) clay cloak
chain cine (c.f.) bank -and-dagger (n.,
damp all one word -colored (u.m.) u.m.)
Compounding Examples 125

room clover ship -colored (u.m.)

clock bloom #tar -growing (u.m.)
case leaf #truck pot
face seed yard room
-minded (u.m.) sick coastside cofferdam
setter club coat cogwheel
#speed #car hanger coin-operated
watcher foot rack (u.m.)
close hand tailed cold
bred haul cob blooded
-connected (u.m.) mobile head -chisel (v.)
cross ridden meal cuts
-cut (u.m.) room shed -draw (v.)
down (n.) root web finch
-fertilize (v.) -shaped (u.m.) cock -flow (v.)
fisted co (pref.) bill -forge (v.)
handed -op brain frame
-knit exist, operate, etc. crow -hammer (v.)
minded processor eye -hammered (u.m.)
mouthed rest one word fight pack
out (n., u.m.) coach head -press (v.)
up (n., u.m.) -and-four pit -roll (v.)
closed builder #robin -rolled (u.m.)
-circuit (u.m.) whip spur -short (u.m.)
#end coal sure -shortness
#shop bag -tailed (u.m.) -shoulder (v.)
cloth-backed (u.m.) bed up (n., u.m.) type (printing)
clothes bin cockleshell #war
bag -black (u.m.) cockscomb #wave
basket breaker cod -work (v.)
brush #car bank cole
#closet dealer fishing seed
horse digger head slaw
pin -faced (u.m.) #liver coli (c.f.)
line hole piece all one word
press -laden (u.m.) pitchings collar
rack #loader smack bag
#tree #mine code band
cloud #oil #name bone
base pit -named (u.m.) colo (c.f.)
burst rake coffee all one word
cap sack (astron. only) break color
-hidden (u.m.) shed cake bearer
126 Chapter 7

blind contra (pref.) cork #septum

#blindness -acting -lined (u.m.) -off
fast -approach screw act, propaganda,
-free (u.m.) -ion corn top, etc.
#line rest one word bin as combining
type (printing) cook bread form, one
(n.) book cake word
-washed (u.m.) off (n., u.m.) cob country
comb-toothed out (n., u.m.) cracker -born (u.m.)
(u.m.) shack crib -bred (u.m.)
come stove crusher folk
-along (tool) coolheaded cutter people
back (n., u.m.) cooped dodger side
-between (n.) -in (u.m.) -fed (u.m.) wide
down (n.) -up (u.m.) husk county
-off (n., u.m.) cop loft #seat
-on (n., u.m.) #out (v.) meal wide
-out (n.) out (n.) #pone court
-outer copper stalk bred
uppance -bottomed (u.m.) starch -martial
comic#book -colored (u.m.) corner ship
command head bind cousin
-line -headed (u.m.) post hood
#prompt #mine corpsmember -in-law
commander#in nose cost cover
#chief plate #effective (n.) alls
common -plated (u.m.) -effectiveness let
-carrier smith wise side
#law works costo (c.f.) up (n., u.m.)
place copy all one word cow
#sense (n.) cat cotton barn
sense (u.m.) cutter -clad (u.m.) bell
weal desk -covered (u.m.) catcher
wealth #editor -growing (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.)
companionship fitter #mill gate
compressed#file holding mouth (snake) hand
comptime reader packer herd
cone right picker, ing hide
-shaped (u.m.) writer seed hitch
speaker coral sick lick
conference#room -beaded (u.m.) countdown (n., u.m.) path
Congressman#at -red (u.m.) counter pen
#Large #check (banking) #pony
Compounding Examples 127

pox creep bred legs

puncher hole breed -level (v.)
shed mouse -bridge (v.) -license (v.)
sucker crepe#de#chine -brush (v.) lift (v.)
crab crestfallen -carve (v.) lock
cake crew -channel (u.m.) lots
catcher cut -check mark
eater member -claim member
faced cribstrap -compound (v.) patch
hole crime -connect (v.) path
meat fighter -country (u.m.) plow (v.)
stick solver -cultivate (v.) -pollinate (v.)
crack wave current -purpose (n.)
down (n., u.m.) crisscross -curve (math.) (n.) -question
#house crook cut rail
jaw all one word -date (v.) -reaction
pot crooked -drain (v.) -refer (v.)
-the-whip (n., -foot (n.) -dye (v.) -reference
u.m.) -legged (u.m.) -dyeing (n.) road
up (n., u.m.) -nosed (u.m.) -examine (v.) row
cradle
crop -eye (n., u.m.) -service
side
-bound (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) -shaft
#snatcher
-haired (u.m.) fall -slide
song
head feed -staff
cranio (c.f.)
all one word mark -fertile (u.m.) -sterile
crank -year -fertilize (v.) -stitch
case cross -fiber (u.m.) -stone
-driven (u.m.) -appeal file -stratification
pin arm fire -sue (v.)
pit band flow -surge (v.)
shaft bar foot talk
crapehanger beam -grained (u.m.) tie
crashdive (v.) bearer hair town
crazy bedded hand track
bone belt hatch trail
cat bench haul tree
cream -bidding head under (n., u.m.)
cake bill (bird) -immunity -vote
-colored (u.m.) #bill (legal) -index (u.m.) walk
creditworthiness bind -interrogate (v.) web
creek bolt -interrogatory wind
bed bond -invite (v.) word
side bones legged
128 Chapter 7

crow glass -stained (u.m.) star

bait -in (n., u.m.) damping-off (n., -to-day (u.m.)
bar off (n., u.m.) u.m.) worker
foot out (n., u.m.) dancehall de (pref.)
crowd rate (u.m.) danger#line -air
funding throat dare icer
sourcing -toothed (u.m.) -all (n., u.m.) -ink
crownbar -under (u.m.) devil -ion
crows -up (n., u.m.) say centralize,
-foot (nonliteral) cutter dark energize, etc.
-nest (nonliteral) -built (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) rest one word
crybaby -down horse (nonliteral) dead
crypto (c.f.) head room (n.) -alive
-Christian, etc. -off -skinned (u.m.) beat (n.)
rest one word -out dash born
crystal -rigged (u.m.) plate -burn (v.)
-clear (u.m.) -up wheel #center
-girded (u.m.) cuttlebone data -cold (u.m.)
-smooth (u.m.) cyano (c.f.) bank -dip (v.)
cubbyhole all one word base -drunk (u.m.)
cumulo (c.f.) cyber set -ender
all one word bullying date eye (n.)
cup security lined -eyed (u.m.)
bearer cyclecar mark fall
cake cyclo (c.f.) daughter-in-law head
ful -olefin dawn -heated (u.m.)
head rest one word -gray (u.m.) -heater
curb cysto (c.f.) streak -heavy (u.m.)
side all one word day latch
stoner cyto (c.f.) beam #load
cure-all (n., u.m.) all one word bed lock
curly break pan
head D -bright (u.m.) -roast (v.)
locks (n.) D care weight (n., u.m.)
currycomb -Day dream wood
cussword -major -fly (aviation) (v.) death
custom -plus-4-day -flying (u.m.) bed
-built (u.m.) dairy going blow
-made (u.m.) -fed (u.m.) lighted day
-tailored (u.m.) -made (u.m.) lit -divided (u.m.)
cut daisy#chain long (u.m.) -doom (v.)
away (n., u.m.) damp mark #house
back (n., u.m.) proofing side -struck (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 129

trap desk dice -indirect

watch #room cup direction-finding
-weary (u.m.) top (n., u.m.) play (u.m.)
decision dessert die dirt
#making (n.) #fork -away (u.m.) -cheap (u.m.)
-making (u.m., v.) #knife back fast
deckhand spoon case -incrusted (u.m.)
deep deutero (c.f.) -cast (u.m., v.) plate
-affected (u.m.) all one word caster dirty
-cut (u.m.) devil -cut (u.m., v.) -faced (u.m.)
-felt (u.m.) -devil cutter -minded (u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.) dog (a marine) hard (n., u.m.) #work
-frying (u.m.) -inspired (u.m.) head dis (pref.)
going -ridden (u.m.) #proof (philately) all one word
-grown (u.m.) dew (n.) disc drive
-laid (u.m.) beam setter dish
most cap sinker cloth
mouthed -clad (u.m.) -square (u.m.) #cover
-rooted (u.m.) claw stock pan
#sea damp diesel rack
-seated (u.m.) -drenched (u.m.) -driven (u.m.) rag
-set (u.m.) drop -electric (u.m.) #towel
-sunk (u.m.) fall dillydally washer
-voiced (u.m.) -fed (u.m.) dim disk
water (u.m.) -laden (u.m.) -lighted (u.m.) jockey
deer pack
drive (n.) lap lit
point out (n., u.m.) plow
-eyed (u.m.)
dextro (c.f.) diner-out -shaped (u.m.)
food
all one word ding ditch
herd bank
horn di (pref.) bat
all one word dong digger
hound rider
meat dia (pref.) dining#room
all one word dinitro (c.f.) side
stalker dive
stand dialog#box #spray
-bomb (v.)
tick dial-up rest one word
#bomber
dehydr(o) (c.f.) diamond dip
do
all one word back -dye (v.)
-all (n., u.m.)
demi (pref.) -backed (u.m.) -grained (u.m.)
-gooder
-Christian, etc. -shaped (u.m.) head
-little (n., u.m.)
-incognito diazo (c.f.) stick
-nothing (n.,
rest one word -oxide dipper-in
u.m.)
dermato (c.f.) rest one word direct
all one word -connected (u.m.)
130 Chapter 7

dock door cross (nonliteral) draft

hand bed deal (v.) drag
head bell -decker face
side case dipper fall
worker check (nonliteral) feed
dog frame -duty (u.m.) filled
bite head -dye (v.) flow
-bitten (u.m.) jamb -edged (u.m.) fold
breeder keeper -ender grade
cart knob -entendre gradient
catcher knocker handed growth
#days mat -headed (u.m.) hanging
-drawn (u.m.) nail header haul
-ear (v.) #opener -jointed hearted
-eared (u.m.) plate -leaded (u.m.) hill
face (soldier) post -quick (u.m.) lead
-faced (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) -sided load
fall sill #space (v.) lock (n.)
fight step #take look
#food stop talk most
-headed (u.m.) dope tone (printing) payment
hole fiend tree pour
leg passer -trouble rate
#owner pusher -up (u.m., v.) right
race sheet #work river
shore dorsi (c.f.) dough rush
sled all one word boy shore
-tired (u.m.) dorso (c.f.) -colored (u.m.) side
tooth -occipital mixer sitting
-toothed (u.m.) rest one word nut slip
trick dot down slope
trot -matrix beat -soft (u.m.)
watch #pitch by spout
-weary (u.m.) double cast stage
doll -barrel (n., u.m.) check stairs
face -barreled (u.m.) coast state
-faced (u.m.) -bitt (v.) come stream
dollyhead -breasted (u.m.) -covered (u.m.) street
donkey -charge (v.) crier stroke
back check (n., v.) cry sun (adv., u.m.)
-drawn (u.m.) checked (u.m., v.) curved swing
-eared (u.m.) -chinned (u.m.) cut take
doomsday -click dale throw
Compounding Examples 131

thrust draw dream -forge (v.)

time -arch (n.) -haunted (u.m.) front
town arm land hammer
trampling back lore head
trend bar world kick
trodden beam dredge#net leaf (n., u.m.)
turn bench dressup (n., u.m.) leg
valley bolt dressing#room off (n., u.m.)
weigh bore drift out (n., u.m.)
weight bridge #boat sonde
wind cut bolt stitch
draft down (n., u.m.) meter drug
age (allowance) file -mining (u.m.) -addicted (u.m.)
#age gate #net mixer
-exempt (u.m.) gear pin passer
drag glove wind pusher
bar head drill seller
bolt horse case #user
net knife -like drum
pipe knot stock beat
rope link drip fire
saw loom cock head
staff net -drip stick
wire off (n., u.m.) -dry (u.m., v.) -up (n., u.m.)
dragger out (n., u.m.) sheet dry
-down pin stick -burnt (u.m.)
-in plate drive #cell
-out point away (n., u.m.) clean
-up sheet belt -cure (v.)
dragon span bolt dock
-eyed (u.m.) stop by (n., u.m.) -dye (v.)
fly string cap -farm (v.)
#piece tongs head farming (n.,
drain tube -in (n., u.m.) u.m.)
cleaner drawer pipe gulch
pipe -down screw (nonliteral)
plug -in #shaft lot
tile -off way -pack (u.m., v.)
drainage -out drop -rotted (u.m.)
#area drawing away (n., u.m.) -salt (v.)
#basin #board bolt wash
way #room cloth duck
-down bill
132 Chapter 7

-billed (u.m.) -free (u.m.) witness catcher

bore dwelling#house earth fare
#breast dye bank pot
foot (tool) mixer born pout
-footed (u.m.) stuff -bred (u.m.) skin
pin works fall spear
pond dys (pref.) fast egg
walk all one word -fed (u.m.) beater (all
due E fill meanings)
-in (n., u.m.) E-minor grubber cup
out (n., u.m.) e #house eater
duffelbag Book kin fruit
dug -commerce lit head (nonliteral)
out (n.) file mover hot (n.)
-up (u.m.) Government nut nog
dull Library quake plant
-edged (u.m.) mail -shaking (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.)
head eagle slide shell
-looking (u.m.) #eye -stained (u.m.) -white (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) wall eight
dumdum ear east -angled (u.m.)
dumb ache bound #ball
bell cap -central (u.m.) fold
waiter drop going penny (nail)
dump drum -northeast -ply (u.m.)
car flap #side score
cart guard -sider -wheeler
site hole -southeast elbowchair
duo (c.f.) lap Eastertime elder
all one word lobe easy #brother
dust mark going -leaved (u.m.)
bag #muff mark (n.) electro (c.f.)
bin phone -rising (u.m.) -optics
brush -piercing (u.m.) -spoken (u.m.) -osmosis
cloth plug eavesdrop -ultrafiltration
-covered (u.m.) ring ebbtide rest one word
fall screw edge embryo (c.f.)
-gray (u.m.) shot #plane all one word
-laden (u.m.) sore shot empty
pan splitting ways handed
storm tab wise -looking (u.m.)
duty wax eel en
bound wig cake #banc
Compounding Examples 133

#gros -numbered (u.m.) #rights #opener

#route song -serviceman peep
encephalo (c.f.) -tempered (u.m.) -trader pit
all one word ever -vice-president point
end -abiding (u.m.) extra service
-all (n., u.m.) bearing -alimentary shade
bell blooming -American shield
game -constant (u.m.) bold shot
-measure (v.) -fertile (u.m.) -Britannic sick
ender glade -condensed (u.m.) sight
-on going curricular sore
-up green -fine (u.m.) spot
endo (c.f.) lasting hazardous -spotted (u.m.)
all one word more judicial stalk
engine -normal (u.m.) -large (u.m.) strain
#shop -present (u.m.) -long (u.m.) string
-sized (u.m.) -ready (u.m.) marginal tooth
work sporting (biol.) mural wash
#worker which ordinary #weariness
#yard every polar wink
entero (c.f.) day (n., u.m.) -strong (u.m.) witness
all one word #day (each day) territorial
entry one (all) vascular F
#book #one (distributive) eye F
way #time #appeal -flat
envelope evil ball -horn
#holder doer bank -sharp
#maker #eye bar fable
epi (pref.) -eyed (u.m.) blink #book
all one word -faced (u.m.) -blurred (u.m.) teller
equi (c.f.) -looking (u.m.) bolt face
-gram-molar minded (u.m.) brow -arbor (v.)
rest one word sayer -conscious (u.m.) cloth
ere speaker cup -harden (v.)
long wishing flap -hardened (u.m.)
now ex glance lifting
errorproof #cathedra glass mark
erythro (c.f.) cathedral hole -off (n.)
all one word communicate lash -on (n., u.m.)
even -Governor lens plate
glow #libris lid up (n., u.m.)
handed #officio mark fact
minded #post#facto -minded (u.m.) book
134 Chapter 7

finding bearer #piece (naut.) head

sheet #belt #plate -leaved (u.m.)
fade fare -setting (u.m.) stitch
away (n., u.m.) fold fast -stitched (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.) foot -anchored (u.m.) -stitching
out (n., u.m.) -jet back -tongue (v.)
fail-safe -leaved (u.m.) -dyed (u.m.) weight
faint marker going wing (moth)
hearted -shaped (u.m.) hold fed-up (u.m.)
-voiced (u.m.) -tailed (u.m.) -moving (u.m.) feeble
fair fancy -read (v.) -bodied (u.m.)
ground -free (u.m.) -reading (u.m.) minded
-lead (n., u.m.) -loose (u.m.) fat feed
minded -woven (u.m.) back back (n., u.m.)
play -wrought (u.m.) -bellied (u.m.) bag
-skinned (u.m.) far -free (u.m.) bin
#trade -aloft (u.m.) -soluble (u.m.) box
fairy away (n., u.m.) father crusher
folk -borne (u.m.) -confessor cutter
hood -distant (u.m.) -in-law head
tale -eastern (u.m.) land lot
faithbreaker -famed (u.m.) fault mixer
fall fetched finder pipe
away (n., u.m.) flung (u.m.) line rack
back (n., u.m.) gone slip store
#guy -off (u.m.) faux#pas stuff
-in (n., u.m.) #out fax feeder
out (n., u.m.) -reaching (u.m.) -and-voice# -in
-plow (v.) seeing mailbox -up
-sow (v.) -seen (u.m.) #modem fellow
trap -set (u.m.) -on-demand craft
fallow#land sight fear ship
false farm -free (u.m.) rest two words
-bottomed (u.m.) -bred (u.m.) nought felt
#face hand -pursued (u.m.) cutter
-faced (u.m.) hold -shaken (u.m.) -lined (u.m.)
hood owner feather packer
-tongued (u.m.) people bed (v.) fence
fame place bedding post
-crowned (u.m.) stead bone #row
-thirsty (u.m.) worker brain fern
fan fashion edge -clad (u.m.)
back -led (u.m.) -footed (u.m.) leaf
Compounding Examples 135

-leaved (u.m.) -red (u.m.) -set (u.m.) hose

ferro (c.f.) -tempered (u.m.) finger lit
-carbon-titanium fig breadth pit
-uranium bar -cut (u.m.) place
rest one word eater hold plow
ferry leaf hole plug
boat shell hook -polish (v.)
#car figure mark power
#slip head nail proof
fever -of-eight (u.m.) parted -red (u.m.)
less #work (printing) post -resistant (u.m.)
-stricken (u.m.) file print safe
trap card shell side
-warm (u.m.) -hard (u.m.) space spout
fiber name spin trap
-faced (u.m.) setter stall truck
glass -soft (u.m.) tip wall
#optics fill fire warden
stitch -in (n., u.m.) arm firm
Fiberglas out (n., u.m.) back (n.) -footed (u.m.)
(copyright) -up (n., u.m.) ball -set (u.m.)
fibro (c.f.) filler bell -up (n., u.m.)
-osteoma cap bolt first
rest one word -in bomb #aid
fickleminded -out brand -aider
fiddle -up brat -born (u.m.)
back film break -class (u.m.)
-faddle cutter brick comer
head goer -burnt (u.m.) hand (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.) going -clad (u.m.) -made (u.m.)
stick #paper coat -named (u.m.)
string slide cracker -nighter
field strip crest -rate (u.m.)
ball -struck (u.m.) -cure (v.) fish
glass fin damp back
goal back #drill bed
-strip -shaped (u.m.) -eater -bellied (u.m.)
fierce fine fall bolt
-eyed (u.m.) -cut (u.m., v.) fang bone
-looking (u.m.) -draw (v.) fighter bowl
fiery -drawn (u.m.) guard cake
-flaming (u.m.) -featured (u.m.) -hardened (u.m.) eater
-hot (u.m.) -looking (u.m.) horse eye
136 Chapter 7

-eyed (u.m.) stick top wall

fall flame -topped (u.m.) water
#farm -colored (u.m.) woods floor
-fed (u.m.) -cut (v.) flax beam
food out (n.) drop cloth
garth proof -leaved (u.m.) head
hook -retardant -polled (u.m.) lamp
-joint (v.) thrower seed mat
kill flannelmouth flea mop
#ladder flap bite #show
meal cake -bitten (u.m.) space
mouth doodle trap stain
plate -eared (u.m.) fleet walker
pond jack foot #wax
pool flare -footed (u.m.) -waxing (u.m.)
pot back (n., u.m.) wing flophouse
pound out (n., u.m.) flesh floppy#disc
trap path brush flour
weir up (n., u.m.) hook bag
works flash -pink (u.m.) bin
fisher back (n., u.m.) pot #mill
folk bulb #wound sack
man card fleur-de-lis #sifter
people gun flextime flow
fishyback (n., u.m.) lamp flight chart
fit pan crew meter
out (n.) point -hour off (n., u.m.)
strip flat path sheet
five back -test (v.) through (n.,
bar (bookbinding) flimflam u.m.)
fold bed (printing) flip flower
-ply (u.m.) -bottomed (u.m.) -flap bed
-pointed (u.m.) car -flop bud
-reeler -compound (v.) -up (n., u.m.) -crowned (u.m.)
score fold flood #grower
flag foot (n.) cock -hung (u.m.)
bearer hat flow #piece
pole head gate pot
post iron lamp -scented (u.m.)
-raising (u.m.) nose lighting #shop
ship out (n., u.m.) mark flue-cure (v.)
-signal (v.) -rolled (u.m.) #plain fluid
staff sawn tide -compressed (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 137

extract (pharm.) #fish brake worn

(n.) foam breadth for (pref.)
glycerate bow bridge all one word
fluo (c.f.) -crested (u.m.) candle fore
all one word -white (u.m.) fall -age
fluoro (c.f.) fog -free (u.m.) -and-aft (n., u.m.)
all one word bound gear -and-after (n.)
flush bow -grain -edge
-cut (u.m.) dog hill -end
-decked (u.m.) eater hold -exercise
-decker -hidden (u.m.) lambert word
gate horn licker rest one word
fluvio (c.f.) #light light(s) forest
all one word -ridden (u.m.) lining -clad (u.m.)
fly fold locker -covered (u.m.)
away -in loose #land
back up (n., u.m.) mark side
ball folk note fork
-bitten (u.m.) #dance pad head
blow lore path lift
blown song pick -pronged (u.m.)
-by-night (n., follow plate tail
u.m.) -on -pound -tailed (u.m.)
catcher through (n., -pound-second form
eater u.m.) print fitting
-fish (v.) up (n., u.m.) race #work (printing)
-fisher follower-up rail forth
-fisherman food rest coming
#fishing -fasted (u.m.) rope right
flap -fasting (v.) scald with
-free (u.m.) packer -second fortune
leaf store slogger #hunter
paper stuff sore teller
sheet foolhardy stalk forty-niner
speck foolscap stall foul
-specked (u.m.) foot step #line
tier -and-mouth stick -looking (u.m.)
trap (u.m.) stock mouthed
weight ball stool -spoken (u.m.)
wheel band -ton -tongued (u.m.)
winch bath walk up (n., u.m.)
flying blower wall fountainhead
#boat board -weary (u.m.)
138 Chapter 7

four thinker -free (u.m.) skin

-bagger trader -hardy (u.m.) -trimmed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.) wheel (u.m., v.) -heaving (u.m.) fuse
flusher wheeler (n.) -killed (u.m.) box
fold #will (n.) lamp #gauge
-footed (u.m.) will (u.m.) line plug
-in-hand (n., freedom#fighter fruit
G
u.m.) freeze cake
-masted (u.m.) down (n., u.m.) #fly G
-master out (n., u.m.) growing -major
penny (nail) up (n., u.m.) #shop -man
-ply (u.m.) freight stalk -minor
score #house frying#pan -sharp
some -mile fuel gabfest
square #room #line gad
-wheeler #train #oil about (n., u.m.)
fox fresh full fly
-faced (u.m.) -looking (u.m.) back gaff-topsail
hole -painted (u.m.) -bellied (u.m.) gag
hound water blood -check (v.)
#hunting frog -bound (u.m.) #order
skinned belly -duplex root
tailed -eyed (u.m.) face #rule
trot face -fashioned (u.m.) gain
fracto (c.f.) man -flowering (u.m.) say
all one word mouth -grown (u.m.) -sharing (u.m.)
frame-up nose -handed (u.m.) galact(o) (c.f.)
free pond -headed (u.m.) all one word
booter tongue -lined (u.m.) gallbladder
born (medicine) #load galley#proof
drop front mouth (printing)
-for-all (n., u.m.) -end (u.m.) -strength (u.m.) galvano (c.f.)
-grown (u.m.) -focused (u.m.) -text all one word
hand (drawing) runner -time (u.m.) game
handed stall fundraising bag
hold -wheel (u.m.) funlover cock
lance fronto (c.f.) funnel gang
loader -occipital form boss
-minded -orbital -shaped (u.m.) plank
masonry rest one word fur saw
#post frost -clad (u.m.) garnet-brown
-spoken (u.m.) bite coat (u.m.)
standing (u.m.) bow -lined (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 139

gas gelatino (c.f.) glass goat

bag bromide blower -bearded (u.m.)
bomb chloride #ceiling -eyed (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.) gem cutter herd
field cutter -eater goats
-fired (u.m.) -set (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) -hair
firing #stone -hard (u.m.) -horn
fitter genito (c.f.) house God
-heated (u.m.) all one word works -conscious (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.) gentle glauco (c.f.) -fearing (u.m.)
lamp folk all one word -forsaken (u.m.)
lighted -looking (u.m.) glidepath -given (u.m.)
line (auto) man globetrotter head
#line (queue) -mannered (u.m.) glosso (c.f.) -man
lock mouthed all one word -ordained (u.m.)
#main -spoken (u.m.) glow -sent (u.m.)
#mask woman lamp -sped (u.m.)
meter geo (c.f.) meter speed
works all one word gluc(o) (c.f.) -taught (u.m.)
gastro (c.f.) germ-free (u.m.) all one word god
-omental gerrymander glue child
rest one word get pot daughter
gate away (n., u.m.) stock father
house #off glycero (c.f.) head
keeper -together (n., all one word hood
leg (u.m.) u.m.) glyco (c.f.) less
pin up (n., u.m.) all one word mother
post ghost go parent
tender -haunted (u.m.) -ahead (n., u.m.) send
works write (v.) -around (n., u.m.) ship
gauge pin gilt-edge (u.m.) -as-you-please son
gear ginger (u.m.) sonship
box #ale -back (n., u.m.) goggle-eyed (u.m.)
case bread -between (n.) goings-on
-driven (u.m.) -colored (u.m.) by (n.) gold
fitter snap cart beater
-operated (u.m.) spice -devil (n.) brick (shirker)
set give -getter #brick (of real gold)
shift -and-take (n., -getting (n., u.m.) -bright (u.m.)
wheel u.m.) -off (n., u.m.) -brown (u.m.)
gelatin away (n., u.m.) goal digger
-coated (u.m.) glacio (c.f.) post #dust
-making (u.m.) all one word #setter -filled (u.m.)
140 Chapter 7

foil -owned (u.m.) -covered (u.m.) (community)

-inlaid (u.m.) wide cutter -clad (u.m.)
leaf governmentwide flat -eyed (u.m.)
plate (v.) (State, city, etc.) -green (u.m.) gage (plum)
-plated (u.m.) grab hop gill
-plating (u.m.) -all (n., u.m.) nut grocer
smithing #bag plot horn
-wrought (u.m.) hook roots (nonliteral) keeper
golden rope #roots (literal) -leaved (u.m.)
-fingered (u.m.) grade widow sand (geology)
-headed (u.m.) finder grave sick
good mark clothes stuff
-bye grain digger sward
-for-nothing (n., -cut (u.m.) side town
u.m.) field stead (community)
-looker -laden (u.m.) gravel #wood (literal)
-looking (u.m.) mark -blind (u.m.) wood (forest)
-natured (u.m.) sick stone greyhound
#will (kindness) gram gray grid
will (salable -fast (u.m.) back (n., u.m.) iron
asset) -meter beard (n.) lock
goose -molecular -clad (u.m.) griddlecake
bone -negative (u.m.) coat (n.) grillroom
bumps -positive (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) grip
-cackle grand -haired (u.m.) sack
#egg aunt head wheel
-eyed (u.m.) child, etc. -headed (u.m.) gross
flesh stand out (n., u.m.) -minded (u.m.)
-footed (u.m.) grant-in-aid grease #weight
herd grape #gun ground
mouth fruit #pit breaking
neck #juice proof hog
pimples -leaved (u.m.) great mass
rump seed -aunt nut
step stalk coat path
wing vine -eared (u.m.) plot
gospel graph -grandchild, etc. speed
like alloy -headed (u.m.) #water
-true (u.m.) #paper heart wave
Government grapho (c.f.) mouthed work
(U.S. or all one word green group-connect (v.)
foreign) grass back (n., u.m.) grownup (n., u.m.)
-in-exile -clad (u.m.) belt grubstake
Compounding Examples 141

guard -shy (u.m.) dresser -ripe

house sight -fibered (u.m.) -shy
plate stock lock -sole (v.)
rail wale pin staff
guest gut #ribbon stitch
chamber less space (printing) -strength (u.m.)
house string splitting title
room gutter spring tone (printing)
guided-missile blood streak track
(u.m.) -bred (u.m.) stroke (printing) -true
guidepost snipe #trigger -truth
guider-in spout half -weekly (u.m.)
gum gymno (c.f.) -and-half (n., -yearly (u.m.)
boil all one word u.m.) hallmark
chewer gyneco (c.f.) -afraid ham
digger all one word -alive shackle
drop gyro -angry string
-gum #horizon back (football) hammer
lac #mechanism -backed (u.m.) cloth
-saline (n.) #pelorus -baked (u.m.) dress (v.)
shoe plane, compass, -bound (u.m.) -hard (u.m.)
gun etc. caste -harden (v.)
#barrel -clear -hardened (u.m.)
bearer H cock (v.) head
blast H cocked lock
builder -bar (nonliteral) #thrower
cotton -beam -dark toe
crew -bomb #day -weld (v.)
deck -hour deck -wrought (u.m.)
fight hack -decked (u.m.) hand
fire barrow -decker bag
flint hammer -feed (v.) ball
lock log hearted bank (v.)
paper saw -hourly (u.m.) barrow
pit hailstorm -life bill
play hair #load book
point band -loaded (u.m.) -bound (u.m.)
powder breadth -mast bow
rack brush -miler brake
-rivet (v.) -check (n.) -monthly (u.m.) breadth
runner cloth -on (n., u.m.) brush
shop cut (n.) pace -built (u.m.)
shot do penny car
142 Chapter 7

-carry (v.) reading harbor harvesttime

cart saw master has-been (n.)
-carve (v.) scrape (v.) side hashmark
clap set hard hat
clasp shake -and-fast (u.m.) band
-clean (v.) spade back (beetle) box
crank spike -baked (u.m.) brim
cuff splice -bitten (u.m) brush
-cut (v.) split -boiled (u.m.) cleaner
-embroidered spring case pin
(u.m.) spun copy (n.) rack
-fed (v.) -stamp (v.) core rail
fold stand #disc stand
grasp stitch #drive #tree
grenade stroke fist (n.) hatchback
grip stuff handed hatchet-faced (u.m.)
guard -tailored (u.m.) hat (n.) haul
gun tap -hit (u.m.) about (n., u.m.)
-held (u.m.) tool -looking (u.m.) away (n., u.m.)
-high (u.m.) -tooled (u.m.) mouthed back (n.)
hold -tooling (u.m.) nose have-not (n., u.m.)
hole truck pan haversack
-in-hand (u.m.) weave -pressed (u.m.) hawk
kerchief wheel -set (u.m.) bill
-knit (v.) worked #shell (n.) -billed (u.m.)
-knitter woven ship head
laid write (v.) spun -nosed (u.m.)
-letter (v.) written stand hawse
lift (truck) wrought tack hole
liner hands#free top (auto) pipe
made handlebar ware hay
-me-down (n., hang -won (u.m.) band
u.m.) dog #work cap
mix (v.) nail -working (u.m.) cart
mold (v.) net wrought cock
mower out (n., u.m.) hare #fever
off (n., u.m.) up (n.) brain field
out (n., u.m.) hanger foot fork
pick (v.) -back hound lift
post -on -mad (u.m.) loft
press -up harness-making market
print happy-go-lucky (u.m.) mow
rail hara-kiri harum-scarum rack
Compounding Examples 143

rake phone nut hedge

rick plate quake born
-scented (u.m.) post seed breaker
seed quarters sick #fund
stack rail sore hog
wire reach string hop
hazardous rest struck pig
#waste#site ring throb row
hazel rope -throbbing (u.m.) #trimmer
-eyed (u.m.) set -weary (u.m.) heel
nut shake hearth ball
he-man sill rug band
head space warming block
ache spin heat cap
achy spring drops fast
band stall #pump grip
bander stand #rash pad
block start -resistant (u.m.) path
cap stick stroke plate
chair stock treat (v.) post
cheese stream -treating (u.m.) print
chute strong #wave ring
cloth waiter heaven stay
count wall bound strap
dress wind -inspired (u.m.) tap
-ender header-up -sent (u.m.) helio (c.f.)
first heal-all (n., u.m.) heaver all one word
frame healthcare -off helpmeet
gate heart -out helter-skelter
gear ache -over hema (c.f.)
hunter aching heavy all one word
lamp beat back hemato (c.f.)
ledge block -duty (u.m.) all one word
lighting blood -eyed (u.m.) hemi (pref.)
liner break -footed (u.m.) all one word
lock burn handed hemo (c.f.)
long deep -looking (u.m.) all one word
master felt -set (u.m.) hemp
mistress free (u.m.) #water seed
mold grief weight (n., u.m.) string
most heavy hecto (c.f.) hemstitch
note leaf all one word hen
-on (u.m.) -leaved (u.m.) bill
144 Chapter 7

coop high hind -nosed (u.m.)

-feathered (u.m.) ball brain pen
house binder cast sty
pecked born gut (n.) -tie (v.)
roost bred head wash
hence brow (nonliteral) leg -wild (u.m.)
forth -caliber (u.m.) most hogs-back (geol.)
forward -class (u.m.) quarter hogshead
hepato (c.f.) -density saddle hoistaway (n.)
all one word flier (n.) sight hold
hepta (c.f.) flying (u.m.) wing all (n., u.m.)
all one word -foreheaded hip back (n., u.m.)
here (u.m.) bone -clear (n., u.m.)
about #frequency mold down (n., u.m.)
after handed shot fast (n., u.m.)
at -hat (v.) hippo (c.f.) off (n., u.m.)
by jinks all one word out (n., u.m.)
from lander histo (c.f.) up (n., u.m.)
in #light (literal) all one word holder
inabove light (nonlit.) hit -forth
inafter -minded (u.m.) -and-miss (u.m.) -on
inbefore -power (u.m.) -and-run (u.m.) -up
into -pressure (u.m., v.) -or-miss (u.m.) hole
of -priced (u.m.) hitchhiker #in#one
on #proof hoarfrost -high (u.m.)
to -reaching (u.m.) hoary-haired (u.m.) -in-the-wall (n.)
tofore -rigger (n.) hob through
under rise (building) goblin hollow
unto road nail back
upon #seas nob (bookbinding)
with -speed (u.m.) hobbyhorse -backed (u.m.)
herringbone stepper hockshop -eyed (u.m.)
hetero (c.f.) -tension (u.m.) hocus-pocus faced
-ousia, etc. #tide hod#carrier -ground (u.m.)
rest one word -up (u.m.) hodgepodge holo (c.f.)
hexa (c.f.) #water hog all one word
all one word higher-up (n.) back holy
hi-fi hill -backed (u.m.) #day
hide culture -faced (u.m.) stone
-and-seek (n., (farming) fat home
u.m.) side frame -baked (u.m.)
away (n., u.m.) top hide body
out (n., u.m.) nose (machine) born
Compounding Examples 145

bred drop dozer hot

brew eater horehound bed
builder -laden (u.m.) hormono (c.f.) blood
#buyer lipped all one word -blooded (u.m.)
comer moon horn brain
coming mouthed bill cake
-fed (u.m.) pot blende -cold
felt sucker blower dog
folk sweet -eyed (u.m.) foot
freeze (u.m., v.) honor pipe head (n.)
front bound stay -mix (u.m.)
furnishings (n.) #guard tip pack
going #man hornyhanded patch
grown hood horse plate
lander cap back -press (v.)
life mold breaker rod (nonliteral)
made wink car -roll (v.)
maker hoof cloth -rolled (u.m.)
owner beat dealer spot
#ownership mark fair -work (v).
#page print fight hotelkeeper
plate -printed (u.m.) flesh houndshark
#rule hook hair hourglass
seeker ladder head house
sick nose herd breaking
spun -nosed (u.m.) hide broken
stead pin hoof builder
stretch up (n., u.m.) -hour #call
town hooker jockey cleaner
woven -off laugh -cleaning (u.m.)
homeo (c.f.) -on meat coat
all one word -out mint dress
homo -over play father
#legalis -up pond furnishing(s) (n.)
#sapiens hoopstick power-hour guest
homo (c.f.) hop power-year hold
-ousia, etc. about (n., u.m.) pox husband
rest one word off (n., u.m.) race mother
honey scotch #sense (n.) owner
-colored (u.m.) toad shoe parent
comb hope#chest thief pest
-cured (u.m.) hopper #trade plant
dew burn whip -raising (u.m.)
146 Chapter 7

ridden hydro#station pack in (pref.)

top hygro (c.f.) plant active (u.m.)
trailer all one word plow breeding
wares hyper (pref.) quake depth (u.m.)
warming -Dorian, etc. #storm hospital (u.m.)
wife linked #water migration (u.m.)
how text ideo (c.f.) service
-do-you-do (n.) rest one word -unit (u.m.), etc.
ever hypo (c.f.) rest one word inch
soever all one word idle -deep (u.m.)
hub hystero (c.f.) headed -long (u.m.)
cap -oophorectomy -looking (u.m.) meal
-deep (u.m.) -salpingo-oopho- -minded (u.m.) -pound
humankind rectomy ileo (c.f.) -ton
humble rest one word all one word worm
bee ilio (c.f.) index-digest
-looking (u.m.) I all one word indigo
mouthed I ill -blue (u.m.)
-spirited (u.m.) -bar -advised (u.m.) -carmine (u.m.)
humdrum -beam -being (n.) Indo (c.f.)
hump -iron -born (u.m.) china
back -rail -bred (u.m.) chinese
-shouldered ice #breeding (n.) -European, etc.
(u.m.) berg -doing (n., u.m.) infra (pref.)
humpty-dumpty blind -fated (u.m.) -anal
hunchback #blindness -humored (u.m.) -auricular
hundred blink -looking (u.m.) -axillary
fold block -treat (v.) -esophageal
-legged (u.m.) bone -use (v.) -umbilical
-percenter breaker #will rest one word
-pounder cap -wisher ink
weight -clad (u.m.) -wishing (u.m.) -black (u.m.)
hung-up (u.m.) -cold (u.m.) in mixer
hunger -cooled (u.m.) -and-in (u.m.) pot
-mad (u.m.) -covered (u.m.) -and-out (u.m.) slinger
-worn (u.m.) #cream -and-outer spot
hurly-burly fall -being (u.m.) -spotted (u.m)
hush #fishing -flight (u.m.) stain
-hush floe (island) -house stand
#money flow (current) -law (n.) well
up (n., u.m.) -free (u.m.) asmuch, sofar inner
hydro (c.f.) maker #re, #rem, #situ, -city (u.m.)
all one word melt etc. #man
Compounding Examples 147

spring ivory jerry off (n., u.m.)

ino (c.f.) -tinted (u.m.) -build (v.) rock
all one word type (photog.) builder jungle
insect-borne (u.m.) -white (u.m.) -built (u.m.) -clad (u.m.)
inter (pref.) ivy jet -covered (u.m.)
-American, etc. -clad (u.m.) #airliner #gym
rest one word -covered (u.m.) #airplane side
intra (pref.) J -black (u.m.) junkpile
-atomic, etc. J-bolt lag jury
rest one word jack liner #box
intro (pref.) ass port -fixing (u.m.)
all one word hammer -powered (u.m.) -rigged (u.m.)
Irish head prop just#in#time
-American (u.m.) -in-the-box -propelled (u.m.) juxta (c.f.)
-born (u.m.) knife #propulsion -ampullar
iron -of-all-trades stream -articular
#age -o-lantern wash rest one word
back -plane (v.) jewel
-braced (u.m.) -bright (u.m.) K
pot
clad rabbit -studded (u.m.) K
fisted screw jib -ration
-free (u.m.) jail head -term
handed bird -o-jib keel
hard house stay block
-lined (u.m.) jam jig fat
mold nut -a-jig haul
-red (u.m.) packed back -laying (u.m.)
shod Java -drill (v.) #line
shot (mineral) #applets saw keepsake
(u.m.) Beans job kerato (c.f.)
#shot (golf) Script #lot all one word
side jaw seeker kettle
-willed (u.m.) bone #shop drum
works breaker site stitch
ironer-up -locked (u.m.) joggle#piece key
island twister joint#owner board
-born (u.m.) jay joulemeter bolt
-dotted (u.m.) hawk joy hole
iso (c.f.) walk hop lock
-octane jelly ride note
-oleic bean stick punch
-osmosis roll jump ring
rest one word master seat
148 Chapter 7

stone knee knuckle hole

stop -braced (u.m.) bone -hour
word brush buster house
worker cap -deep (u.m.) lighter
kick -deep (u.m.) -kneed (u.m.) lit
about (n., u.m.) -high (u.m.) post
back (n., u.m.) hole L shade
-in (n., u.m.) -jerk (u.m.) L stand
off (n., u.m.) pad -bar wick
out (n., u.m.) pan -beam land
up (n., u.m.) strap -block #base
killjoy knick -shaped -based (u.m.)
kiln knack -square #bird
-dry (u.m., v.) point labio (c.f.) borne
eye knight all one word fall
hole -errant laborsaving fast
rib head lace fill
stick hood -edged (u.m.) flood
tree knitback #edging form
kilo (pref.) knock wing (insect) grabber
gram-meter about (n., u.m.) -winged (u.m.) -grant (u.m.)
voltampere away (n., u.m.) worked holding
watthour down (n., u.m.) lackluster lady
rest one word -knee (n.) ladder-backed locked
kindheart -kneed (u.m.) (u.m.) look
king off (n., u.m.) lady lord
bolt -on (n., u.m.) beetle lubber
#crab out (n., u.m.) finger mark
head up (n., u.m.) killer mass
hood knocker ship mine
hunter -off lake #office
maker -up bed owner
piece knot front -poor (u.m.)
pin hole lander right
kins horn shore scape
folk know side sick
people -all (n., u.m.) lameduck side
kiss-off (n., u.m.) -how (n., u.m.) (nonliteral) slide
kite -it-all (n., u.m.) (n., u.m.) slip
flier -little (n., u.m.) lamp spout
flying -nothing (n., black storm
knapsack u.m.) -blown (u.m.) wash
-foot wire
Compounding Examples 149

wrack most -filled (u.m.) lee-bow (v.)

lantern-jawed lattice -gray (u.m.) leech
(u.m.) #stitch -in (n., u.m.) eater
lap work line #rope
belt laughing #line (medical, left
-lap #gas naut. only) -bank (v.)
robe stock off (n., u.m.) #field (sports)
streak launch out (n., u.m.) -hand (u.m.)
top #pad #pencil -handed (u.m.)
weld (v.) site time -hander
-welded (u.m.) laundry#room leaden most
-welding (u.m.) law -eyed (u.m.) -sided (u.m.)
large -abiding (u.m.) pated wing (political)
-eyed book -souled (u.m.) leg
-handed (u.m.) breaker leader#line band
-minded (u.m.) -fettered (u.m.) leaf puller
mouthed giver bud rope (v.)
-scale (u.m.) #office -clad (u.m.) work
lark suit -eating (u.m.) lend-lease (n., u.m.)
-colored (u.m.) lawnmower -shaped (u.m.) length
spur lay stalk ways
laryngo (c.f.) away (n., u.m.) lean wise
all one word back (n., u.m.) -faced (u.m.) lepto (c.f.)
last -by (n.) -looking (u.m.) all one word
-born (u.m.) down (n., u.m.) -to (n., u.m.) let
-cited (u.m.) -minded (u.m.) leap down (n., u.m.)
-ditcher off (n., u.m.) frog off (n., u.m.)
-named (u.m.) on (n., u.m.) #year up (n., u.m.)
latch out (n., u.m.) lease letter
bolt up (n., u.m.) back (n., u.m.) bomb
key layer hold #carrier
string -on leased-line drop
late -out leather gram
-born (u.m.) -over back head
comer -up -backed (u.m.) -perfect (u.m.)
-lamented (u.m.) lazy -bound (u.m.) press
-maturing (u.m.) bones -brown (u.m.) space
latero (c.f.) boots -covered (u.m.) writer
all one word #guy head leuc(o) (c.f.)
lath-backed (u.m.) legs neck all one word
lathe-bore (v.) lead side liberal-minded
latter -alpha ware (u.m.)
-day (u.m.) -burn (v.) leavetaking
150 Chapter 7

lieutenant handed link nut

#colonel house#keeping up (n., u.m.) out (n., u.m.)
-colonelcy (nautical) #up (v.) pin
#governor #housekeeping lion ring
-governorship (domestic) -bold (u.m.) step
life mouthed -headed (u.m.) stitch
belt -producing (u.m.) hearted up (n., u.m.)
blood ship -maned (u.m.) washer
boat -struck (u.m.) lip locker#room
#buoy weight (n., u.m.) read lode
#cycle -year service star
-cycle (u.m.) lighter-than-air stick stone
drop (u.m.) listener-in log
float like litho (c.f.) book
giver -looking (u.m.) -offset in
giving -minded (u.m.) rest one word jam
guard lily little on
hold handed -known (u.m.) off
jacket -shaped (u.m.) neck (clam) roll
long -white (u.m.) -used (u.m.) sheet
#net lime live loggerhead
raft #juice #load logo (c.f.)
ring kiln long all one word
saver lighter stock long
-size (u.m.) pit #stream -awaited (u.m.)
-sized (u.m.) quat #wire beard (n.)
span stone wire (nonliteral) -bearded (u.m.)
spring wash liver -billed (u.m.)
stream water -brown (u.m.) bow
style linch -colored (u.m.) cloth
tide bolt wurst -distance (u.m.)
time pin living#room -drawn (u.m.)
vest line loadmeter felt
weary (u.m.) -bred (u.m.) loanword hair (n.)
lift-off (n., u.m.) -breed (v.) lob -haired (u.m.)
light casting fig hand (nonliteral)
-armed (u.m.) crew lolly -handed (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.) cut (printing) lobster-tailed (u.m.) -handled (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.) finder lock head (n.)
-drab (u.m.) -item (u.m.) box horn (cattle)
-draft (u.m.) up (n., u.m.) fast -horned (u.m.)
face (printing) walker hole johns
-footed (u.m.) jaw #jump
Compounding Examples 151

leaf loud lumbo (c.f.) maiden

-leaved (u.m.) mouthed -ovarian hair
-legged (u.m.) #speaker (orator) rest one word head
legs (n.) speaker (radio) lumen-hour hood
-lived (u.m.) -voiced (u.m.) lunch #name
mouthed love box mail
-necked (u.m.) bird #hour bag
nose (n.) born room clad
-nosed (u.m.) -inspired (u.m.) time clerk
-past (u.m.) #knot lying-in (n., u.m.) guard
play (records) lorn -order (u.m.)
playing (u.m.) seat M pouch
run (u.m.) sick M-day room
shoreman low macebearer slot
spun born machine truck
standing (u.m.) boy -finished (u.m.) main
stitch bred gun frame
#term (n.) brow (nonliteral) -hour mast
-term (u.m.) browed -made (u.m.) pin
wave (radio) (nonliteral) #shop sail
ways -built (u.m.) #work sheet
wool (sheep) down (n., u.m.) macro (c.f.) spring
look -downer all one word stay
down (n., u.m.) -lander mad stream
-in (n., u.m.) -lived (u.m.) brain (nonliteral)
out (n., u.m.) -lying (u.m.) cap top
over (n., u.m.) -power (u.m.) man (n.) topmast
#over (v.) -pressure (u.m.) #money #yard
through (n., rise made major
u.m.) #water -over (u.m.) -domo
looker-on lower -up (u.m.) #league
loop case (printing) magnetite -leaguer
hole #deck -basalt -minor
#knot most -olivinite make
stitch lug -spinellite -believe (n., u.m.)
loose bolt magneto (c.f.) fast (n.)
leaf (u.m.) mark -optics over
mouthed sail rest one word ready (printing)
-tongued (u.m.) lukewarm mahjong shift
lop lumber maid up (n., u.m.)
-eared (u.m.) jack #of#honor weight
sided #room servant maker
-off
152 Chapter 7

-up plies match medico (c.f.)

space -sided (u.m.) book all one word
making#up mapreader head medio (c.f.)
mal (c.f.) marble -lined (u.m.) all one word
all one word head mark medium
man -looking (u.m.) safe -brown (u.m.)
back -topped (u.m.) stick -size(d) (u.m.)
-child -white (u.m.) maxi (n.) weight (n., u.m.)
-created (u.m.) mares maxi (pref.) meek
-day -nest all one word -eyed (u.m.)
eater -tail May hearted
-fashion (u.m.) mark #Day -spirited (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.) down (n., u.m.) -day (u.m.) meetingplace
handle off (n., u.m.) pole megalo (c.f.)
hater shot tide all one word
-high (u.m.) up (n., u.m.) may melon
hole marker be (adv.) grower
-hour -down beetle -laden (u.m.)
killer -off day (distress call) -shaped (u.m.)
kind -up hap melt
-made (u.m.) marketplace mealymouth down (n., u.m.)
-minute marrowbone mean water
-of-war (ship) marsh -acting (u.m.) men
power buck -spirited (u.m.) folk
servant mallow time kind
-size (u.m.) (confection) (meanwhile) meningo (c.f.)
slaughter #mallow (plant) #time all one word
slayer mass (astronomical) menu-driven
stealer -minded (u.m.) tone (u.m.) merry
stopper -produce (v.) while -go-round
trap mast meat -meeting
-woman -brown (u.m.) ball -minded (u.m.)
-year head cutter meshbag
manic-depressive master -eater meso (c.f.)
manifold #at#arms -fed (u.m.) all one word
mantel mind hook mess
piece #of#ceremonies -hungry (u.m.) hall
shelf piece packer kit
tree ship works room
many #stroke wrapper tin
-colored (u.m.) #workman mechanico (c.f.) -up (n., u.m.)
-folded (u.m.) mat-covered (u.m.) all one word meta (pref.)
-layered (u.m.) all one word
Compounding Examples 153

metal -sized (u.m.) milli (c.f.) mock

ammonium splitter gram-hour -heroic (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.) weight rest one word #turtle
-coated (u.m.) midi (n.) mincemeat up (n., u.m.)
-lined (u.m.) midi (pref.) mind mocker-up
works all one word #healer mocking
meter mighty-handed -healing (u.m.) stock
-amperes (u.m.) reader -up (u.m.)
-kilogram mil-foot set (n.) mold
-kilogram-second mild sight made (u.m.)
metro (c.f.) -cured (u.m.) mine #shop
all one word -mannered (u.m.) field mole
mezzo -spoken (u.m.) layer catcher
graph mile ship -eyed (u.m.)
relievo -long (u.m.) sweeper head
soprano -ohm thrower hill
tint post works money
micro (c.f.) -pound mini (n.) bag
-organism -ton mini (pref.) changer
rest one word -wide (u.m.) all one word getter
mid (c.f.) milk minor grubber
-American, etc. -fed (u.m.) #league lender
-April head -leaguer -mad (u.m.)
day #run minute#book maker
-decade shake mirror saver
-dish shed -faced (u.m.) monkey
-ice sick scope -faced (u.m.)
-level sop mis (pref.) nut
-1958 -white (u.m.) all one word pod
-Pacific, etc. mill mischiefmaking pot
-Victorian, etc. cake mist shine
rest one word course bow #wrench
middle dam -clad (u.m.) mono (c.f.)
-aged (u.m.) feed -covered (u.m.) -ideistic
breaker hand fall -iodo
brow (nonliteral) -headed (u.m.) miter -iodohydrin
-burst (v.) pond #box -ion
buster post -lock (v.) -ousian
#ear race mix rest one word
#ground ring blood month
man (nonliteral) stock up (n.) end
most stream mixing#room long (u.m.)
-of-the-roader wright mizzenmast
154 Chapter 7

moon -clad (u.m.) -eaten (u.m.) music

beam -green (u.m.) hole lover
blind -grown (u.m.) trap -mad (u.m.)
#blindness head mouth maker
blink -lined (u.m.) -filling (u.m.) room
born most-favored-nation -made (u.m.) musico (c.f.)
-bright (u.m.) (u.m.) piece all one word
eye moth wash musk
face ball muck #deer
gazing -eaten (u.m.) rake (v.) melon
glow hole raker #ox
head proof sweat rat
lighter mother muco (c.f.) mutton
lit board all one word #chop (meat)
-mad (u.m.) hood mud chop (shape)
path -in-law bank fist
rise -of-pearl bath head
sail moto (c.f.) -colored (u.m.) myria (c.f.)
set all one word flat all one word
shade motor flow mytho (c.f.)
shine bike guard all one word
shot bus head myxo (c.f.)
sick cab hole all one word
struck cade lark
tide car sill N
walker coach slinger nail
-white (u.m.) cycle -splashed (u.m.) bin
moosecall -driven (u.m.) stain brush
mop jet sucker head
head -minded (u.m.) track -headed (u.m.)
stick #scooter #turtle #hole
up (n., u.m.) ship mule print
mopper-up truck back puller
mopping-up (u.m.) van #deer rod
morning moundbuilder skinner -shaped (u.m.)
#sickness mountain multi (c.f.) -studded (u.m.)
#star -high (u.m.) all one word name
tide side multiple-purpose -calling (u.m.)
mosquito top (u.m.) -dropping (u.m.)
-free (u.m.) -walled (u.m.) muscle plate
#net mouse bound sake
moss -brown (u.m.) power nano (c.f.)
back -eared (u.m.) all one word
Compounding Examples 155

naptime worked clip side

narco (c.f.) neer-do-well dealer tide
all one word neo (c.f.) #editor walker
narrow -Greek, etc. letter nimble
-mouthed (u.m.) rest one word #media -fingered (u.m.)
minded nephro (c.f.) paper footed
naso (c.f.) all one word paper#work nimbostratus
-occipital nerve photo (clouds)
-orbital ache print nine
rest one word -celled (u.m.) reader fold
nationwide -racked (u.m.) reel #holes
native-born (u.m.) net sheet -lived (u.m.)
navy-blue (u.m.) ball stand pin
naysayer braider story score
near -veined (u.m.) teller nitpicker
by work nick nitro (c.f.)
-miss #worth -eared (u.m.) -hydro-carbon
sighted nettle name rest one word
neats-foot (u.m.) fire nickel no
neck foot plate (v.) -account (n., u.m.)
band some -plated (u.m.) -fault
bone neuro (c.f.) -plating (u.m.) -fee
-breaking (u.m.) all one word type -good (n., u.m.)
cloth never night -hitter (n.)
-deep (u.m.) -ending (u.m.) -black (u.m.) how
fast more #blindness #mans land
guard theless cap #one
-high (u.m.) new -clad (u.m.) -par (u.m.)
hole born clothes -par-value (u.m.)
lace -car (u.m.) club -show (n., u.m.)
line comer dress -thoroughfare (n.)
mold -created (u.m.) fall whit
tie fangled -fly (aviation) (v.) -year (funds)
necro (c.f.) -fashioned (u.m.) -flying (u.m.) noble
all one word -front (v.) gown -born (u.m.)
needle -made (u.m.) -grown (u.m.) -featured (u.m.)
bill -mown (u.m.) hawk
case heartedness
-rich (u.m.) long (u.m.)
-made (u.m.) newlywed mare -looking (u.m.)
nose (pliers) news #school -minded (u.m.)
point boy shade nol-pros (v.)
-shaped (u.m.) case #shift non
-sharp (u.m.) cast shirt -civil-service (u.m.)
156 Chapter 7

-European, etc. notwithstanding -ovate (u.m.) print

interactive novel -shaped (u.m.) put
-pros (v.) -reading (u.m.) -triangular (u.m.) -reckoning (n.)
#sequitur, etc. #writer occipito (c.f.) saddle
-tumor-bearing -writing (u.m.) -otic scape
(u.m.) nucleo (c.f.) rest one word scour
as prefix, one all one word ocean scum
word nut -born (u.m.) -season
none breaker borne set
such -brown (u.m.) -girdled (u.m.) shoot
theless cake going shore
noon cracker side side
day hatch -spanning (u.m.) site
tide hook octo (c.f.) -sorts (n.)
time pecker all one word spring
north pick odd stage
-central (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) -jobber street
east shell -job man take
going sweet -looking (u.m.) -the-record (u.m.)
most man (arbiter) type
-northeast O -numbered (u.m.) -wheel (n.)
-sider oak off -wheeler (n.)
nose -beamed (u.m.) -and-on (u.m.) -white (u.m.)
bag -clad (u.m.) beat #year
bleed -green (u.m.) cast office
bone #leaf center (u.m.) #boy
dive -leaved (u.m.) color (u.m.) holder
down (n., u.m.) oar -colored (u.m.) seeker
gay -footed (u.m.) cut (printing) -seeking (u.m.)
guard lock day oftentimes
-high (u.m.) oarsman -fall (v.) ofttimes
hole oat -flavor (n., u.m.) ohm
-led (u.m.) bin -flow -ammeter
over (n., u.m.) cake -go (n.) meter
pipe -fed (u.m.) going -mile
ring meal grade oil
-thumbing (u.m.) seed hand #burner
up (n., u.m.) oathbreaker -hours cake
wheel object-oriented line can
note oblong loading cloth
book -elliptic (u.m.) look coat
#paper -leaved (u.m.) -lying (u.m.) cup
worthy -linear (u.m.) peak -driven (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 157

-fed (u.m.) -skinned (u.m.) open other

field wood -air (u.m.) wise
-forming (u.m.) #wood (color) -armed (u.m.) #world
-harden (v.) omni (c.f.) -back (u.m.) worldly
hole all one word -backed (u.m.) oto (c.f.)
meal on band (yarn) all one word
paper -and-off (n., u.m.) cast out
proofing board (u.m.) cut (mining) -and-out (u.m.)
seed -go (n.) -end (u.m.) -and-outer (n.)
#shale going -ended -loud (u.m.)
skinned line#service -faced (u.m.) -Machiavelli, etc.
-soaked (u.m.) site handed migration
spill (n.) noun, adjective, #house -of-date (u.m.)
stove one word minded -of-door(s) (u.m.)
-temper (v.) once mouthed -of-State (u.m.)
tightness -over (n.) #shop -of-the-way (u.m.)
#well -run (u.m.) side (u.m.) placement
old one -sided (u.m.) -to-out (u.m.)
-fashioned (u.m.) -armed (u.m.) worked as prefix, one
-fogy (u.m.) -decker opera word
-growing (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) goer outer
-looking (u.m.) fold going -city (u.m.)
#maid -half #house #man
-maidish (u.m.) -handed (u.m.) operating#system most
#man ness ophthalmo (c.f.) wear
-new -piece (u.m.) all one word outward
style (printing) self orange -bound (u.m.)
timer -sided (u.m.) ade -bounder
#woman -sidedness colored (u.m.) ovate
-young signed (u.m.) peel -acuminate (u.m.)
oleo -step (dance) -red (u.m.) -oblong (u.m.)
#gear -striper stick ovato (c.f.)
margarine time (formerly) orchard#house -oblong
#oil (u.m.) orderly#room -orbicular
#strut -time (one action) organo (c.f.) rest one word
as combining (u.m.) all one word oven
form, one word -two-three ornitho (c.f.) baked
olive -way (u.m.) all one word dried
-brown (u.m.) onion orrisroot peel
-clad (u.m.) peel ortho (c.f.) ware
-drab (u.m.) skin all one word over
-growing (u.m.) op-ed osteo (c.f.) age (surplus)
#oil (newspaper) all one word
158 Chapter 7

age (older) (n., cloth pan parimutuel

u.m.) horse -American, etc. park
all (n., u.m.) -laden (u.m.) -broil (v.) #forest
-the-counter sack #ice land
(u.m.) saddle rest one word way
as combining staff Pan part
form, one word thread #American Union -finished (u.m.)
owl-eyed (u.m.) up (n., u.m.) hellenic #owner
ox packing#box panel-lined (u.m.) -time (u.m.)
biter padlock panic-stricken -timer (n.)
blood (color) paddlefoot (u.m.) #way
bow page panto (c.f.) parti (c.f.)
brake -for-page (u.m.) all one word all one word
cart #proof (printing) panty hose party#line
cheek painkiller paper parvi (c.f.)
eye painstaking back (n.) all one word
-eyed (u.m.) paint #box pass
gall box #carrier back (n.)
harrow brush cutter book
hide mixer hanger key
horn pot shell (n., u.m.) out (n., u.m.)
shoe spray -shelled (u.m.) port
tail stained (u.m.) -thin (u.m.) through (n.,
#team pale weight u.m.)
oxy (c.f.) belly -white (u.m.) way
all one word -blue (u.m.) papier#mache word
oyster buck para (c.f. or pref.) passenger-mile
bed -cheeked (u.m.) -analgesia passer(s)-by
#crab -faced (u.m.) -anesthesia passion
house -looking (u.m.) legal -driven (u.m.)
root -reddish (u.m.) medic -feeding (u.m.)
seed paleo (c.f.) rest one word -filled (u.m.)
shell -Christian, etc. parcel #play
-white (u.m.) rest one word #carrier paste
pallbearer -plate (v.) down (n., u.m.)
P #post
palm pot
pace parchment
-green (u.m.) up (n., u.m.)
maker -covered (u.m.)
#leaf pastureland
#setter #maker
#oil patent-in-fee
-setting (u.m.) -making (u.m.)
-shaded (u.m.) path
pachy (c.f.) parieto (c.f.)
palmi (c.f.) breaker
all one word -occipital
all one word finder
pack rest one word way
builder
Compounding Examples 159

patho (c.f.) peach holder #point

all one word bloom -mark (v.) petro (c.f.)
patri (c.f.) blow (color) penny -occipital
all one word -colored (u.m.) -a-liner rest one word
patrol pear-shaped (u.m.) pincher pharmaco (c.f.)
man pearl weight -oryctology
#wagon -eyed (u.m.) winkle rest one word
pattycake fishing worth pharyngo (c.f.)
pawn -pure (u.m.) pent-up (u.m.) -esophageal
broker -set (u.m.) penta (c.f.) -oral
shop -studded (u.m.) -acetate rest one word
pay -white (u.m.) rest one word phase
back (n., u.m.) peat pepper -in (n., u.m.)
check -roofed (u.m.) corn meter
#cut moss #jelly out (n., u.m.)
day stack mint -wound (u.m.)
dirt pebble pot pheno (c.f.)
load -paved (u.m.) -red (u.m.) all one word
off (n., u.m.) -strewn (u.m.) peptalk philo (c.f.)
out (n., u.m.) peeloff (n., u.m.) per -French, etc.
#raise peep #annum rest one word
roll eye cent phlebo (c.f.)
sheet hole #centum all one word
-TV show compound phonebook
pea sight (chemical) phono (c.f.)
#coal peer-to-peer current all one word
coat pegleg (botanical) phospho (c.f.)
cod pellmell #diem all one word
-green (u.m.) pen salt (chemical) photo (c.f.)
hen -cancel (v.) #se -offset
jacket head sulfide -oxidation
nut knife peri (pref.) -oxidative
pod manship -insular rest one word
shooter #name rest one word phrasemark (music)
-sized (u.m.) point permafrost phreno (c.f.)
stick pusher pest all one word
peace rack hole phyllo (c.f.)
-blessed (u.m.) script -ridden (u.m.) all one word
breaker -shaped (u.m.) petcock phylo (c.f.)
-loving (u.m.) stock petit all one word
maker trough grain physico (c.f.)
#pipe pencil #jury all one word
time #box #larceny
160 Chapter 7

physio (c.f.) piezo (c.f.) pillow penny

all one word -oscillator case pine
phyto (c.f.) rest one word made apple
all one word pig slip -bearing (u.m.)
piano -back (v.) top -clad (u.m.)
forte -backed (u.m.) pilot #cone
graph -bellied (u.m.) #boat -fringed (u.m.)
#player belly house #needle
pick -eyed (u.m.) #light #oil
aback face pin -shaded (u.m.)
ax -faced (u.m.) ball #tar
lock foot block pink
-me-up (n., u.m.) -footed (u.m.) bone -blossomed (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.) headed case eye (n.)
over (n., u.m.) herd cushion -eyed (u.m.)
#over (v.) #iron -eyed (u.m.) pipe
pocket out fall -drawn (u.m.)
pole pen feather dream
shaft root fire fitter
up (n., u.m.) stick fold layer
picker-up sty head line
picket#line tailed hold -shaped (u.m.)
pickle-cured (u.m.) wash hole stem
picture pigeon hook walker
#book gram lock welder
#writing hole paper pisci (c.f.)
pie -toed (u.m.) point all one word
bald wing prick pistol-whipped (v.)
crust piggyback rail piston
-eater pike setter head
-eyed -eyed (u.m.) spot #pin
marker staff stripe #rod
pan pile -tailed (u.m.) #valve
plant driver up (n., u.m.) pit
#plate -driving (u.m.) wheel #boss
-stuffed (u.m.) hammer pinch #bull
#tin up (n., u.m.) back -eyed (u.m.)
piece #weave bar fall
-dye (v.) woven beck head
#goods pill cock -headed (u.m.)
meal pusher fist hole
mold rolling -hit (v.) mark
taker -hitter -marked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 161

-rotted (u.m.) plant -seeking (u.m.) pocket

saw #food -tired (u.m.) book (purse)
side life -weary (u.m.) #book (book)
pitch site pleo (c.f.) -eyed (u.m.)
-black (u.m.) plasterboard all one word knife
blende plate pleuro (c.f.) -sized (u.m.)
#box cutter all one word -veto (v.)
-colored (u.m.) #glass plow poet
-dark (u.m.) -incased (u.m.) back (n., u.m.) -artist
#darkness layer -bred (u.m.) #laureate
fork mark hand -painter
hole #proof (printing) horse pointblank
-lined (u.m.) -roll (v.) pan Point-to-Point
man -rolled (u.m.) point poison-dipped
-marked (u.m.) platy (c.f.) -shaped (u.m.) (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.) all one word share pole
#pipe play shoe arm
up (n., u.m.) -act (v.) sole -armed (u.m.)
place back (n., u.m.) staff ax
card bill #tail burn
kick book wright cat
plague-infested boy plug -dried (u.m.)
(u.m.) broker -and-play horse
plain day hole -pile (v.)
back (fabric) down (n., u.m.) -in (n., u.m.) setter
-bodied (u.m.) fellow tray -shaped (u.m.)
clothes (u.m.) goer plumbline sitter
clothesman going plume-crowned -stack (v.)
-headed (u.m.) ground (u.m.) star
-looking (u.m.) mate pluri (c.f.) timber
-spoken (u.m.) off (n., u.m.) all one word trap
woven (u.m.) pen pluto (c.f.) -vault (v.)
plane reader all one word #vaulter
#curve room pneumato (c.f.) policy
load script -hydato-genetic maker
-mile suit (u.m.) making
-parallel (u.m.) thing rest one word politico (c.f.)
table (surveying) time pneumo (c.f.) -orthodox
plani (c.f.) wright all one word rest one word
all one word #yard pock poll
plano (c.f.) pleasure mark book
all one word -bent (u.m.) -marked (u.m.) #parrot
#boat -pit (v.) #tax
162 Chapter 7

poly (c.f.) #mortem (literal) powder -fixing (u.m.)

all one word mortem -blue (u.m.) #index
poor (nonliteral) box list
-blooded (u.m.) #partum #house -support (u.m.)
farm #school (military) #keg tag
-spirited (u.m.) traumatic #mill prick
pop -traumatic #room -eared (u.m.)
corn (PTSD) -scorched (u.m.) mark
eye audit, graduate, power seam
gun etc. boat priesthood
up (n., u.m.) as prefix, one #mower prime
poppy word -operated (u.m.) #minister
-bordered (u.m.) postal#card pack -ministerial
cock pot plant (u.m.)
-red (u.m.) ash praise -ministership
seed bellied -deserving (u.m.) -ministry
pork boil -spoiled (u.m.) prince
barrel (n., u.m.) eye worthiness hood
#chop hanger pre (pref.) -priest
fish herb -Incan, etc. print
#pie hole audit, existing, cloth
port hook etc. out
cullis hunter rest one word script
fire latch president printing
folio lid -elect -in (n., u.m.)
hole luck #pro#tempore #ink
hook pie press #office
manteau pourri #agent -out (n., u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.) rack -agentry prison
side #roast board bound
#wine shot feeder -free (u.m.)
post potato#field -forge (v.) -made (u.m.)
#bellum poultry -made (u.m.) prisoner-of-war
#boat #keeper mark (u.m.)
card -keeping (u.m.) pack (v.) prize
-Christian, etc. #raiser plate fighter
-cold-war (u.m.) -raising (u.m.) #proof (printing) #ring
#diem #yard preter (pref.) taker
-free (u.m.) pound all one word winner
haste cake price -winning (u.m.)
#hospital -foolish (u.m.) #cutter pro
(military) -foot -cutting (u.m.) -Ally, etc.
#meridiem worth #fixer -choice
Compounding Examples 163

#football, etc. -osteomalacia punctureproof pyo (c.f.)

#forma -owner pup#tent all one word
-life rest one word pure pyro (c.f.)
#rata psycho (c.f.) blood all one word
#tem -organic bred Q
#tempore rest one word #line (biological) Q
as prefix, one ptero (c.f.)
purple -boat
word all one word
-blue (u.m.) -fever
problem-solver public
-clad (u.m.) quadri (c.f.)
procto (c.f.) hearted
-colored (u.m.) -invariant
all one word -minded (u.m.)
heart (wood) rest one word
profit -spirited (u.m.)
purse quarrystone
-and-loss (u.m.) #works
making quarter
-sharing (u.m.) pug
-proud (u.m.) -angled (u.m.)
prong nose
#strings back
buck -pile (v.) -bloom (u.m.)
-hoe (v.) pull push
#boards
horn back (n., u.m.) button
-bound (u.m.)
-horned (u.m.) #box card
-breed (u.m.)
proof down (n., u.m.) cart
-cast (u.m.)
#press -in (n., u.m.) off (n., u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
read off (n., u.m.) -pull (u.m.)
deck
reader -on (n., u.m.) up (n., u.m.)
-miler
room out (n., u.m.) pussy
#note
sheet -push (u.m.) cat
prop pace
through (n., foot
jet -phase (u.m.)
u.m.) #willow
wash saw (v.)
up (n., u.m.) put staff
proso (c.f.) back (n., u.m.)
all one word puller stretch
-in off (n., u.m.) -yearly (u.m.)
proto (c.f.)
-out -on (n., u.m.) quartermaster
-Egyptian, etc.
rest one word pulp out (n., u.m.) #general
proud board -put (n.) -generalship
hearted wood -up (n., u.m.) quasi
-looking (u.m.) punch putter all hyphened
-minded (u.m.) board -forth queen#bee
psalmbook bowl -in quick
pseudo (c.f.) card -off -change (u.m., v.)
-Messiah, etc. -drunk (u.m.) -on -drawn (u.m., v.)
-occidental mark -out freeze (u.m., v.)
-official -marked (u.m.) -through lime
-orthorhombic out (n.) -up sand
164 Chapter 7

set rail rat -redirect

silver bird bite evaluate, process,
step car catcher etc.
#time guard hole rest one word
-witted (u.m.) head -infested (u.m.) reading#room
quin (c.f.) -ridden (u.m.) #race read
all one word road -tailed (u.m.) out (n.)
setter -tight (u.m.) through (n., u.m.)
quit
splitter trap real
claim
#train rate time (n.)
rent
way#maker #cutter -time (u.m.)
R wayman -cutting (u.m.) ready
rain -fixing (u.m.) -built (u.m.)
rabbit
band payer -handed (u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
-beaten (u.m.) -raising (u.m.) made (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
bow setting -mix (u.m.)
#fever
check rattle #reference
#foot room
coat brain
skin -witted (u.m.)
drop snake
race fall rear
trap
about (n., u.m.) #forest #end
raw
course -soft (u.m.) guard
boned
goer spout most
-edged (u.m.)
horse storm view (u.m.)
hide
track wash ward
-looking (u.m.)
way water reception#room
razor
radarscope rakeoff (n., u.m.) recordbreaker
back
radio ram recti (c.f.)
-billed (u.m.)
generally two jet all one word
#blade
words except rod recto (c.f.)
the following edge
shackle all one word
forms -keen (u.m.)
ranch red
frequency -sharp (u.m.)
#hand bait (v.)
isotope strop
house -billed (u.m.)
telegraph razzle-dazzle
random-access -blooded (u.m.)
telephone re (pref.)
(u.m.) buck
rag -cover (cover
range again) cap (porter)
bolt finder coat (n.)
-create (create
#doll #light again), etc. eye (n.)
-made (u.m.) rider -cross- -eyed (u.m.)
sorter rapid examination -faced (u.m.)
tag #fire -ice -haired (u.m.)
time #transit -ink handed
Compounding Examples 165

head (n.) -clad (u.m.) -porous (u.m.) -test (v.)

-hot (u.m.) -looking (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) way
-legged (u.m.) rickrack side -weary (u.m.)
#line (literal) ridge sight rock
out (n., u.m.) band stand abye
-skinned (u.m.) pole stick bottom
tape (nonliteral) top -tailed (u.m.) (nonliteral)
#tape (literal) riffraff -up (n., u.m.) #climber
-throated (u.m.) rifleshot worm -climbing (u.m.)
-yellow (u.m.) rig rip fall (n.)
reformat out (n., u.m.) cord -fallen (u.m.)
regionwide -up (n., u.m.) -off (n., u.m.) fill
religio (c.f.) right rap firm
all one word about roaring pile
remote-access about-face sack -ribbed (u.m.)
repair#shop -angle (u.m., v.) saw #salt
representative -angled (u.m.) snorter shaft
#at#large #away tide slide
-elect #field (sports) -up (n., u.m.) rod-shaped (u.m.)
research#worker -handed (u.m.) river roe
resino (c.f.) -hander bank buck
all one word -headed (u.m.) bed #deer
retro (c.f.) most #bottom roentgeno (c.f.)
-ocular -of-way flow all one word
-omental wing (political) -formed (u.m.) roll
-operative rim front about (n., u.m.)
-oral -deep (u.m.) head back (n., u.m.)
rest one word fire scape call
rheo (c.f.) lock side -fed (v.)
all one word rock wash film
rhino (c.f.) ring -worn (u.m.) off (n., u.m.)
all one word -adorned (u.m.) road -on (n., u.m.)
rhizo (c.f.) -banded (u.m.) bank out (n., u.m.)
all one word -billed (u.m.) bed over (n., u.m.)
rhod(o) (c.f.) bolt block top
all one word giver builder up (n., u.m.)
rhomb(o) (c.f.) head head roller
all one word -in (n., u.m.) hog #blade
rice lead (v.) kill #coaster
growing leader map -made (u.m.)
#water -necked (u.m.) #runner (bird) -milled (u.m.)
rich -off (n., u.m.) #show #skate
-bound (u.m.) pin side
166 Chapter 7

Romano (c.f.) -minded (u.m.) table (panel) down (n., u.m.)

-canonical, etc. rough -tailed (u.m.) -in (n., u.m.)
-Gallic, etc. -and-ready (u.m.) -topped (u.m.) off (n., u.m.)
roof -and-tumble (n., #trip -on (n., u.m.)
garden u.m.) -tripper out (n., u.m.)
line cast (u.m., v.) up (n., u.m.) over (n., u.m.)
top -coat (v.) rub through (n., u.m.)
tree -cut (u.m.) -a-dub up (n., u.m.)
room draw (v.) down (n., u.m.) runner-up
#clerk dress (v.) rubber Russo (c.f.)
keeper dry (u.m., v.) band -Chinese, etc.
mate -face (v.) -down rest one word
roominghouse -faced (u.m.) -lined (u.m.) rust
root hew neck -brown (u.m.)
bound house -off -eaten (u.m.)
cap -legged (u.m.) -set (u.m.) proofing
-cutting (u.m.) -looking (u.m.) stamp -resistant (u.m.)
fast neck (nonliteral) (n., -stained (u.m.)
hold rider u.m., v.) rye#field
#mean#square setter #stamp (n.)
#rot shod -stamped (u.m.) S
stalk -sketch (v.) ruby S
stock stuff -hued (u.m.) -bend
rope tailed -red (u.m.) -brake
dance #work (n.) -set (u.m.) -iron
layer work (v.) -throated (u.m.) -ray
stitch wrought rudder -shaped
walk rougher head -trap
rose -down hole -wrench
-bright (u.m.) -out post saber
bud -up stock -legged (u.m.)
bush roughing-in (u.m.) rule#of#thumb tooth
head round rum -toothed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.) about (n., u.m.) -crazed (u.m.) sable-cloaked (u.m.)
-scented (u.m.) about-face runner Sabrejet
-sweet (u.m.) -faced (u.m.) seller saccharo (c.f.)
tan head rumpus#room all one word
#water -made (u.m.) run sack
rotor mouthed about (n., u.m.) bearer
craft nose (tool) around (n., u.m.) cloth
ship out (n., u.m.) away (n., u.m.) #coat
rotten robin (petition) back (n., u.m.) -coated (u.m.)
-dry (u.m.) seam by (n.) -making (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 167

-shaped (u.m.) manship blast satin

sacro (c.f.) people blown #cloth
all one word person box -lined (u.m.)
sad salmon -built (u.m.) -smooth (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.) -colored (u.m.) -buried (u.m.) sauce
iron -red (u.m.) -cast (u.m., v.) dish
#sack salpingo (c.f.) culture pan
-voiced (u.m.) -oophorectomy #dune sauer
saddle -oophoritis fill braten
back -ovariotomy flea kraut
-backed (u.m.) -ovaritis glass save-all (n., u.m.)
bag rest one word heat saw
bow salt hill back
cloth box belly
-hiller
-graft (v.) cellar bill (bird)
hog
#horse -cured (u.m.) -billed (u.m.)
hole
-making (u.m.) #lick bones (n.)
lapper
nose mouth buck
lot
-nosed (u.m.) pack dust
paper
sore pan -edged (u.m.)
pile
-stitched (u.m.) peter horse
pipe
tree pit setter
pit
-wire (u.m.) pond timber
safe -pump (u.m., v.)
shaker tooth
blower spoon shoe -toothed (u.m.)
cracker sprinkler spit sax
-deposit (u.m.) water storm cornet
guard works table horn
hold salver weld (v.) tuba
#house form -welded (u.m.) say
#site -shaped (u.m.) -welding (u.m.) -nothing (n., u.m.)
sage same-sex (u.m.) sandy-bottomed -so (n.)
brush sample (u.m.) scale
leaf #book sangfroid bark
-leaved (u.m.) #box sans down (n., u.m.)
sail maker #serif pan
cloth -making (u.m.) #souci -reading (u.m.)
-dotted (u.m.) sand sapphire scapegoat
flying bag -blue (u.m.) scapulo (c.f.)
saintlike bank -colored (u.m.) all one word
sales bar sarco (c.f.) scar
book bath all one word -clad (u.m.)
clerk bin sashcord face
168 Chapter 7

-faced (u.m.) #smith jack going

#tissue sclero (c.f.) -lifted (u.m.) hound
scare -oophoritis nut lane
crow -optic ship #level
head rest one word #thread lift
scarfpin score -threaded (u.m.) #lion
scarlet board -turned (u.m.) mark
-breasted (u.m.) book scroll port
#fever card -back quake
-red (u.m.) sheet head #room
scatter scot-free work scape
brain Scoto (c.f.) scuttlebutt #scout
good -Britannic, etc. scythe-shaped scouting
#rug Scotsman (u.m.) shell
scene scout sea shine
shifter #badge #base shore
wright #car -based (u.m.) sick
schisto (c.f.) hood -bathed (u.m.) side
all one word master beach stroke
schizo (c.f.) scrap -beaten (u.m.) #time (clock)
all one word basket bed wall
school book #bird weed
bag #paper -blue (u.m.) wing
#board works board worn
book scratch #boat worthiness
bus brush -born (u.m.) -wrecked (u.m.)
children -brusher borne seam
day -coated (u.m.) bound blasting
-made (u.m.) #pad -bred (u.m.) rend (v.)
mate #test coast stitch
ship screen -deep (u.m.) weld (v.)
teacher out (n., u.m.) dog -welded (u.m.)
-trained (u.m.) play -driven (u.m.) search
#year screw drome #engine
scientifico (c.f.) ball -encircled (u.m.) light
all one word bolt fare (food) plane
scissor cap fighter seat
bill down (u.m.) #floor belt
-tailed (u.m.) drive (v.) folk #cover
-winged (u.m.) -driven (u.m.) food -mile
scissors driver front second
hold head girt -class (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.) hook goer -degree (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 169

-foot -Christian, etc. back (n., u.m.) shake

-guess (v.) -idleness bolt down (n., u.m.)
hand (adv., u.m.) -indirect, etc. down (n., u.m.) out (n., u.m.)
#hand (n.) annual, arid, etc. -fair (n.) up (n., u.m.)
#in#command rest one word head shallow
-rate (u.m.) send -in (n., u.m.) -draft (u.m.)
#sight off (n., u.m.) off (n., u.m.) -headed (u.m.)
-sighted (u.m.) out (n., u.m.) -on (n., u.m.) shame
Secret Service senso (c.f.) out (n., u.m.) -crushed (u.m.)
secretary all one word over (n., u.m.) faced
#general septi (c.f.) pin shank
-generalcy all one word screw bone
-generalship septo (c.f.) -stitched (u.m.) #mill
section#man all one word -to (n., u.m.) shapeup (n., u.m.)
seed sergeant#at#arms up (n., u.m.) share
bed serio (c.f.) setter bone
cake all one word broker
-forth
case sero (c.f.) cropper
-in
coat all one word holder
-on
kin serrate out (n., u.m.)
-out
stalk -ciliate (u.m.) ware
-to
seer -dentate (u.m.) sharp
-up
band server-based -angled (u.m.)
seven
hand service -cut (u.m.)
-branched (u.m.)
sucker -connected (u.m.) -edged (u.m.)
fold
seesaw man -freeze (u.m., v.)
penny (nail)
seismo (c.f.) #man#and -freezer
all one word #woman score -looking (u.m.)
self member -shooter naysayer
dom person -up (n.) -set (u.m.)
-extracting wide severalfold shod
hood woman shade shooter
less servo -giving (u.m.) -tailed (u.m.)
ness accelerometer -grown (u.m.) -witted (u.m.)
same amplifier shadow shavetail
reflexive prefix, control boxing shear
use hyphen mechanism gram pin
sell motor graph waters
off (n., u.m.) system #line shedhand
out (n., u.m.) sesqui (c.f.) shag sheep
semi (pref.) all one word bark biter
-armor-piercing set -haired (u.m.) crook
(u.m.) -aside (n., u.m.) #rug dip
170 Chapter 7

#dog plaster owner put

faced shiner-up -soiled (u.m.) star
#farm ship talk shoulder
fold breaker walker #belt
gate broken window #blade
herder broker shore -high (u.m.)
hook builder #bird #strap
kill lap #boat show
-kneed (u.m.) mast fast boat
nose (apple) owning going card
pen -rigged (u.m.) #leave case
shank shape side down (n., u.m.)
shear (v.) side short off (n., u.m.)
shearer (n.) wreck -armed (u.m.) piece
shed shipping bread place
stealer #master cake room
walk #room change (v.) through
-white (u.m.) shirt changer (printing) (n.,
sheer band #circuit u.m.)
off (n., u.m.) #sleeve -circuited (u.m.) up (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.) tail coming shredout (n., u.m.)
sheet waist cut (n., u.m., v.) shroud
block shock fall (n.) -laid (u.m.)
flood #therapy -fed (u.m.) plate
#glass #troops hand (writing) shut
rock #wave -handed (u.m.) away (n., u.m.)
ways shoe head (whale) down (n., u.m.)
shell black horn (n., u.m.) eye (n., u.m.)
back brush -horned (u.m.) -in (n., u.m.)
burst horn -lasting (u.m.) -mouthed (u.m.)
fire lace leaf (u.m.) off (n., u.m.)
fishery pack -lived (u.m.) out (n., u.m.)
#game scraper rib up (u.m.)
hole shine run (u.m.) shuttlecock
-like store sighted sick
shocked string staff bay
shelterbelt tree stop bed
shield-shaped shootoff (n., u.m.) #term #call
(u.m.) shop -term (u.m.) #leave
shilly-shally folk wave (radio) list
shin lifter shot room
bone -made (u.m.) gun sickle cell (n.)
guard mark hole sickle-cell (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 171

side setter -decker ski

arms sign -edged (u.m.) #jump
band off (n., u.m.) handed #lift
board -on (n., u.m.) hood plane
bone post -loader #suit
burns up (n., u.m.) -minded (u.m.) skid
car silico (c.f.) -phase (u.m.) lift (truck)
check all one word -seater road
-cut (u.m.) silk stick #row
dress (v.) #screen #stitch skin
flash -stockinged (u.m.) tree -clad (u.m.)
head (printing) works singsong deep
hill siltpan sink diver
hook silver head flint
kick -backed (u.m.) hole -graft (v.)
lap beater skipjack
Sino (c.f.)
#light (literal) -bright (u.m.) skirtmarker
-Japanese, etc.
light (nonliteral) fish skullcap
sister
#line (literal) -gray (u.m.) sky
hood
line (nonliteral) -haired (u.m.) -blue (u.m.)
-in-law
long -lead (u.m.) gazer
sit
note -leaved (u.m.) -high (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
plate plate (v.) jacker
-downer
play -plated (u.m.) lift
fast (n., u.m.)
saddle point (drawing) look (v.)
-in
show print rocket
up (n., u.m.)
slip tip sail
splitting -tongued (u.m.) sitter scape
step top -by scraper
stitch simon-pure (u.m.) -in shine
-stitched (u.m.) simple -out writer
sway -headed (u.m.) sitting#room slab-sided (u.m.)
swipe -minded (u.m.) sitz slack
track -rooted (u.m.) #bath -bake (v.)
walk -witted (u.m.) mark -filled (u.m.)
wall simulcast six #water
-wheeler sin -cylinder (u.m.) slambang
winder -born (u.m.) fold slap
sight -bred (u.m.) penny (nail) bang
hole sine#die -ply (u.m.) dab
read single -shooter dash
saver bar -wheeler down (n., u.m.)
seeing -breasted (u.m.) sizeup (n., u.m.) happy
172 Chapter 7

jack cover small -slow (u.m.)

stick knot #arms snails#pace
-up (n., u.m.) #law #businessman snake
slate -on (n., u.m.) pox bite
-blue (u.m.) #proof (printing) -scale (u.m.) -bitten (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.) proof sword -eater
works ring talk -eyed (u.m.)
slaughter sheet -time (u.m.) head
house shod town (u.m.) hole
pen sole smart pit
slave step #aleck snap
holding stitch -alecky (u.m.) dragon
#market stream -looking (u.m.) head
owner -up (n., u.m.) #set hook
pen washer -tongued (u.m.) -on (n., u.m.)
Slavo (c.f.) slit smashup (n., u.m.) out (n.)
-Hungarian, etc. shell smearcase ring
sledge #skirt smoke roll
#hammer slop -blinded (u.m.) shooter
-hammered (u.m.) -molded (u.m.) bomb shot
meter seller chaser -up (u.m.)
sleep slopeways -dried (u.m.) snapper
-filled (u.m.) slow -dry (v.) -back
talker belly -dyed (u.m.) -up
walker down (n., u.m.) -filled (u.m.) snipe
sleepy -footed (u.m.) house bill
-eyed (u.m.) going jack #eel
head -motion (u.m.) jumper -nosed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.) mouthed -laden (u.m.) sniperscope
sleetstorm poke pot snooperscope
sleeveband #time screen snow
sleuthhound up (n., u.m.) stack ball
slide -witted (u.m.) smoking#room bank
film sluice smooth berg
knot box bore blind
#rule #gate -browed (u.m.) #blindness
sling slum -cast (u.m.) blink
ball dweller -mouthed (u.m.) block
shot gullion -tongued (u.m.) -blocked (u.m.)
slip gum -working (u.m.) blower
along (u.m.) lord snackbar break
band slumber-bound snail capped
case (u.m.) -paced (u.m.) -choked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 173

clad (u.m.) sob sole soup

#cover #sister cutter bone
-covered (u.m.) #story plate #bowl
drift sober somato (c.f.) #kitchen
fall -minded (u.m.) all one word #plate
field sides some spoon
flake social day sour
line #work how belly
melt #worker one (anyone) bread
-melting (u.m.) socio (c.f.) #one (distributive) dough (n.)
mobile -official place (adv.) faced
pack economic, etc. time (adv., u.m.) -natured (u.m.)
pit sod #time (some time -sweet
plow buster ago) source
scape culture what book
shade #house son-in-law #code
shed soda song #file
shine jerk bird south
shoe #pop fest -born (u.m.)
sled #water writer bound
slide sofa sonobuoy -central (u.m.)
slip #bed sooth east
storm #maker fast going
suit -making (u.m.) sayer lander
-topped (u.m.) -ridden (u.m.) sore paw
#water soft -eyed (u.m.) #side
-white (u.m.) ball foot (n.) -sider
snuffbox -boiled (u.m.) footed (u.m.) -southeast
so #coal head (n., u.m.) west
-and-so #copy sorry-looking (u.m.) soybean
beit (n., conj.) #drink soul sow
-called (u.m.) #goods -deep (u.m.) back
-seeming (u.m.) head mate belly
-so -pedal (v.) -searching (u.m.) space
soap -shelled (u.m.) sick bar
box -soap (nonliteral) sound craft
bubble (v.) -absorbing (u.m.) -cramped (u.m.)
dish -soaper #field #key
flakes (nonliteral) (n.) film mark
#opera -spoken (u.m.) -minded (u.m.) ship
rock tack off (n., u.m.) #time
stock ware track spade
suds wood #wave -dug (u.m.)
174 Chapter 7

foot rest one word fire sports

-footed (u.m.) sphygmo (c.f.) splanchno (c.f.) #editor
-shaped (u.m.) all one word all one word person
Spanish spice splay wear
-American (u.m.) -burnt (u.m.) footed writer
-born (u.m.) cake mouthed spot
-speaking (u.m.) -laden (u.m.) spleen #check
spare spider -born (u.m.) -checked (u.m.)
-bodied (u.m.) #crab sick -face (v.)
rib -legged -swollen (u.m.) light
#room -spun (u.m.) spleno (c.f.) weld (v.)
spark #web (n.) all one word welded (u.m.)
#plug (literal) web (u.m., v.) split -welding (u.m.)
plug (nonliteral) spike finger spray-washed (u.m.)
speakeasy (n.) horn (crustacean) spread
spear -kill (v.) fruit -eagle (u.m., v.)
cast -pitch (v.) mouth head
head spill saw out (n., u.m.)
-high (u.m.) over (n., u.m.) #second over (n., u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.) way -tongued (u.m.) -set (v.)
spectro (c.f.) spin up (n., u.m.) spring
all one word back spoilsport back
speech #doctor (slang) spondylo (c.f.) (bookbinding)
-bereft (u.m.) off all one word bok
-read (v.) spindle sponge -born (u.m.)
speed -formed (u.m.) #bath buck
boating head cake -clean (v.)
trap -legged (u.m.) diver #fever
up (n., u.m.) legs -diving (u.m.) finger
spell shanks -shaped (u.m.) -grown (u.m.)
binding spine spongio (c.f.) halt
check bone all one word head
down (n., u.m.) -broken (u.m.) spool#winder -plow (v.)
-free (u.m.) -pointed (u.m.) spoon -plowed (u.m.)
spend spino (c.f.) -beaked (u.m.) tide (season)
-all (n.) -olivary -billed (u.m.) time
thrift rest one word bread trap
spermato (c.f.) spirit -fed (u.m.) spritsail
all one word -born (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) spur
spermo (c.f.) -broken (u.m.) ways -clad (u.m.)
all one word #writing sporeformer -driven (u.m.)
spheno (c.f.) spit sporo (c.f.) gall
-occipital ball all one word -galled (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 175

-heeled (u.m.) head shine steam

spy step shoot boating
glass well -spangled (u.m.) car
hole stake stroke -cooked (u.m.)
tower head -studded (u.m.) -driven (u.m.)
square holder #time fitter
-bottomed (u.m.) out (n.) stark pipe
-built (u.m.) stale-worn (u.m.) -blind (u.m.) plant
-faced (u.m.) stall -mad (u.m.) -pocket (v.)
flipper -fed (u.m.) -naked (u.m.) power (n.)
head -feed (v.) -raving (u.m.) #powerplant
-headed stand starter-off -propelled (u.m.)
#mile by (n., u.m.) start-stop roll (v.)
-rigged (u.m.) down (n., u.m.) startup (n., u.m.) roller (u.m., v.)
#root fast (n., u.m.) stat (pref.) ship
-set (u.m.) -in (n., u.m.) all one word table
shooter off (n., u.m.) State tightness
squeeze offish -aided (u.m.) steamer#line
-in (n., u.m.) out (n., u.m.) #line steel
out (n., u.m.) pat -owned (u.m.) -blue (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.) pipe state -bright (u.m.)
squirrel-headed point hood -cased (u.m.)
(u.m.) post -of-the-art (u.m.) clad
stackup (n., u.m.) still (n., u.m.) quake -framed (u.m.)
staff up (n., u.m.) room -hard (u.m.)
-herd (v.) standard side head
-hour #bearer station#house plate
time bred stato (c.f.) works
stag #gauge all one word steep
-handled (u.m.) #time statute -rising (u.m.)
head staphylo (c.f.) -barred (u.m.) -to (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.) all one word #book -up (u.m.)
horn star stay -walled (u.m.)
-horned (u.m.) blind -at-home (n., u.m.) steeple
hound bright #bar chase
hunter dust bolt -high (u.m.)
stage gazer boom jack
coach -led (u.m.) lace top
hand light log stem
#set lit pin head
-struck (u.m.) lite (gem) plow post
stair nose (mole) sail winder
case shake wire stencil-cutting (u.m.)
176 Chapter 7

steno (c.f.) up (n., u.m.) rack stop

all one word sticker raiser back (n.)
step -in -still (u.m.) block
aunt -on taker clock
child, etc. -up truck cock
dance stiff stoke gap
down (n., u.m.) -backed (u.m.) hold hound
-in (n., u.m.) neck hole list
ladder -necked (u.m.) stomach log
off (n., u.m.) still #ache -loss (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.) -admired (u.m.) -filling (u.m.) off (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.) birth #pump watch
-up (n., u.m.) born -shaped (u.m.) storage#room
stepping -burn (v.) -sick (u.m.) store
-off (u.m.) -fish (v.) -weary (u.m.) front
-out (u.m.) -hunt (v.) stomato (c.f.) house
stone #life all one word storm
stereo (c.f.) -recurring (u.m.) stone -beaten (u.m.)
all one word stand biter cock
stern stink blind flow
castle ball brash -laden (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.) bomb breaker -swept (u.m.)
-heavy (u.m.) bug broke -tossed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.) damp brood #trooper
most pot cast wind
post stir -cold (u.m.) #window
#wheel about (n., u.m.) #crab storyteller
-wheeler fry crusher stout
sterno (c.f.) -up (n., u.m.) cutter -armed (u.m.)
all one word stitch -dead (u.m.) heartedness
stetho (c.f.) down (n., u.m.) -deaf (u.m.) -minded (u.m.)
all one word up (n., u.m.) -eyed (u.m.) stove
stew stock head brush
pan breeder layer -heated (u.m.)
pot broker lifter pipe
stick #car mason stow
-at-it (n., u.m.) feeder shot away (n., u.m.)
fast (n.) holding #wall (n.) down (n., u.m.)
-in-the-mud (n., jobber wall (u.m., v.) straddle
u.m.) judging #writing back
out (n., u.m.) list stony -face (v.)
pin pile -eyed (u.m.) -legged (u.m.)
-to-it-iveness (n.) pot #land
Compounding Examples 177

straight #vote strong subter (pref.)

away walker -arm (u.m., v.) all one word
-backed (u.m.) -yellow (u.m.) back (nautical) such-and-such
-cut (u.m.) stray -backed (u.m.) suck
edge away (n., u.m.) box -egg (n., u.m.)
-edged (u.m.) #line hold hole
#face mark #man (literal) -in (n., u.m.)
-faced (u.m.) stream man (nonliteral) sugar
forward bank -minded (u.m.) #beet
head bed point (n.) #bowl
-legged (u.m.) flow stub cake
#line head runner cane
-lined (u.m.) lined -toed (u.m.) -coat (v.)
-out (n., u.m.) side wing -coated (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.) street stubble -cured (u.m.)
#time -bred (u.m.) #field loaf
-up (u.m.) -mulch (u.m.) plum
car
-up-and-down stubbornminded spoon
cleaner
(u.m.) stucco-fronted sweet
-cleaning (u.m.)
strainslip (u.m.) #water
sweeper
strait stuck works
walker
-chested (u.m.) up (n., u.m.) sulfa (c.f.)
strepto (c.f.)
jacket -uppish (u.m.) all one word
all one word
laced stud sulfo (c.f.)
stranglehold stretchout (n., u.m.)
bolt all one word
strap strike
horse sulfon (c.f.)
-bolt (v.) breaker
mare all one word
hanger -in (n., u.m.) sullen
stuntman
head out (n., u.m.) hearted
sturdy-limbed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.) -over (n., u.m.) -natured (u.m.)
stylebook
watch striker summer
stylo (c.f.)
strato (c.f.) -in -clad (u.m.)
all one word
all one word -out sub (pref.) -dried (u.m.)
straw -over -Himalayan, etc. -fallow (v.)
berry#field string machinegun -made (u.m.)
boss course #rosa, #specie, etc. tide
-built (u.m.) halt -subcommittee time (season)
hat #proof (density) polar, standard, #time (daylight
#poll ways etc. saving)
-roofed (u.m.) strip rest one word sun
splitting cropping subject -baked (u.m.)
stack #mine -object bath
-stuffed (u.m.) tease -objectivity -bathed (u.m.)
178 Chapter 7

beam super (pref.) swash swift

blind -Christian, etc. buckler foot
#blindness #high frequency plate -footed (u.m.)
bonnet -superlative sway -handed (u.m.)
bow highway, market, back (n., u.m.) -running (u.m.)
break etc. -backed (u.m.) swill
burn rest one word bar bowl
burst Super Bowl -brace (v.) tub
-cured (u.m.) supra (pref.) swearer-in swimsuit
dial -abdominal sweat swine
dog -acromial band -backed (u.m.)
down -aerial #gland bread
dress anal shirt head
-dried (u.m.) -angular shop herd
-dry (v.) -arytenoid sweep pox
fall -auditory back (aviation) sty
fast -auricular (n., u.m.) swing
glade -axillary forward back (n., u.m.)
glare -Christian, etc. (aviation) (n., bar
glow rest one word u.m.) dingle
#hat sur (pref.) stake #gate
lamp all one word through (n., u.m.) #shift
lit sure washer stock
quake -fire (u.m.) sweet tree
ray -footed (u.m.) bread swingle
rise -slow -breathed (u.m.) bar
scald surf brier tree
set -battered (u.m.) faced switch
shade board heart back
shine #fish meat blade
-shot (u.m.) -swept (u.m.) mouthed box
shower swallow -pickle (v.) gear
spot pipe -sour plate
stricken -tailed (u.m.) swell plug
stroke swampside -butted (u.m.) rail
struck swan head tender
tan -bosomed (u.m.) toad swivel
#time (measure) dive swelled-headed #chair
time (dawn) herd (u.m.) eye
up mark swept -eyed (u.m.)
sunny neck back (n., u.m.) -hooked (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.) song forward (n., u.m.) sword
-natured (u.m.) swansdown wing (n., u.m.) -armed (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 179

bearer talk out (n., u.m.) ship

#belt top over (n., u.m.) town
bill ware up (n., u.m.) tap
fishing tachy (c.f.) taker bolt
play all one word -down dance
-shaped (u.m.) tag -in hole
stick -affixing (u.m.) -off net
syn (pref.) lock -over off (n., u.m.)
all one word rag -up -riveted (u.m.)
synchro sore tale room
cyclotron tail bearer root
flash band carrier -tap
mesh #coat teller water
tron -cropped (u.m.) talkfest tape
Syro (c.f.) #end talking-to (n.) #deck
-Arabian, etc. -ender tall #drive
phenician first boy (n.) #measure
foremost -built (u.m.) string
T gate -looking (u.m.) -tied (u.m.)
T head tallow taper
-ball -heavy (u.m.) -faced (u.m.) bearer
-bandage hook -pale (u.m.) -fashion (u.m.)
-beam lamp tally -headed (u.m.)
-boat pin #board tapestry
-bone pipe #clerk -covered (u.m.)
-cloth race ho #maker
-iron spin #room -making (u.m.)
-man stock #sheet #work
-rail -tied (u.m.) tame tar
-scale (score) twister -grown (u.m.) -brand (v.)
-shape -up (n., u.m.) -looking (u.m.) brush
-shaped wheel tan -coal (u.m.)
-shirt wind bark -dipped (u.m.)
-square tailor works #paper
table -cut (u.m.) tangent -paved (u.m.)
cloth made (u.m.) -cut (v.) pot
-cut (u.m.) -suited (u.m.) -saw (v.) -roofed (u.m.)
cutter take tangle works
-cutting (u.m.) -all (n.) foot tariff-protected
-formed (u.m.) down (n., u.m.) -haired (u.m.) (u.m.)
#linen -home (n., u.m.) tank tarpaulin
-shaped (u.m.) -in (n., u.m.) #car -covered (u.m.)
spoon off (n., u.m.) farm #maker
180 Chapter 7

-making (u.m.) tear -looking (u.m.) by

tarso (c.f.) bomb tenement#house for
all one word -dimmed (u.m.) tent fore
task down (n., u.m.) -dotted (u.m.) from
#force drop pole in
setter #gas -sheltered (u.m.) inafter
tattletale -off (n., u.m.) #show inbefore
tauro (c.f.) -out (n., u.m.) terra into
all one word pit #cotta on
tax sheet #firma over
-burdened (u.m.) stain mara through
#collector -stained (u.m.) terrace-fashion tofore
teen (u.m.) under
eater
age (u.m.) test-fly (v.) until
-exempt (u.m.)
ager tetra (c.f.) unto
-free (u.m.)
teeter-totter all one word upon
gatherer
tele (c.f.) thanksgiving with
-laden (u.m.)
all one word thatch-roofed thermo (c.f.)
paid
teleo (c.f.) (u.m.) all one word
payer
all one word text thick
#roll
tell -based -blooded (u.m.)
-supported (u.m.)
tale #file head
taxi
truth #mode -looking (u.m.)
auto
telo (c.f.) theater pated
bus
all one word goer set (n., u.m.)
cab going
tempest-rocked skinned
meter thenceforth
(u.m.) skull (n.)
stand temporo (c.f.) theo (c.f.) skulled
tea -occipital all one word -tongued (u.m.)
ball rest one word theologico (c.f.) wit
cake ten all one word -witted (u.m.)
cart fold there -wooded (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.) penny (nail) about(s) -woven (u.m.)
cup pins above thin
dish tender across -clad (u.m.)
kettle #boat after down (n., u.m.)
#party -faced (u.m.) against set (u.m.)
pot foot among -voiced (u.m.)
room -footed (u.m.) around thio (c.f.)
-scented (u.m.) footish at all one word
spoon -handed (u.m.) away third
taster heart before -class (u.m.)
teamplay loin between -degree (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 181

hand (adv., u.m.) -dimensional screw waiter

#house (u.m.) stall -worn (u.m.)
-rate (u.m.) fold string tie
-rater -in-hand sucker back (n.)
thistledown -master tack #bar
thoraco (c.f.) penny (nail) worn #beam
all one word -piece (u.m.) thunder down (n., u.m.)
thorn -ply (u.m.) bearer -in (n., u.m.)
back score blast -on (n., u.m.)
bill some bolt -out (n., u.m.)
-covered (u.m.) -spot clap pin
-set (u.m.) -square cloud -plater
-strewn (u.m.) -striper head #rod
tail throat peal #tack
thorough band shower up (n., u.m.)
-bind (v.) cutter storm tierlift (truck)
bred latch struck
tiger
-dried (u.m.) strap thymo (c.f.)
eye
fare thrombo (c.f.) all one word
#lily
going all one word thyro (c.f.)
#shark
-made (u.m.) through all one word
-striped (u.m.)
paced out tibio (c.f.)
tight
pin put all one word
-belted (u.m.)
thought #road tick
fisted
-free (u.m.) way #feed
-fitting (u.m.)
-out (u.m.) throw seed
lipped
-provoking (u.m.) away (n., u.m.) tacktoe
thousand back (n., u.m.) tick rope
fold -in (n., u.m.) tock -set (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.) #line ticket -tie (v.)
-legged (u.m.) off (n., u.m.) #seller wad
legs (worm) -on (n., u.m.) -selling (u.m.) wire
thrall out (n., u.m.) #writer tile
born over (n., u.m.) tidal#wave -clad (u.m.)
dom -weight tiddlywink #drain
-less thrust-pound tide -red (u.m.)
thread thumb flat setter
bare #hole head works
-leaved (u.m.) -made (u.m.) mark wright
worn mark -marked (u.m.) tilt
three -marked (u.m.) race hammer
-bagger nail table rotor
-cornered (u.m.) print -tossed (u.m.) up (n.)
182 Chapter 7

timber #fish (torpedo) shaper toil

-built (u.m.) foil some -beaten (u.m.)
head horn tit some
-headed (u.m.) kettle bit -stained (u.m.)
jack -lined (u.m.) #for#tat -weary (u.m.)
line man mouse worn
-propped (u.m.) pan titano (c.f.) toilet#room
#wolf plate all one word toll
wright -plated (u.m.) tithe bar
time pot book #bridge
bomb -roofed (u.m.) -free (u.m.) #call
born type payer gate
card -white (u.m.) right gatherer
clerk tinsel title house
clock -bright (u.m.) holder #line
-consuming (u.m.) -clad (u.m.) -holding (u.m.) payer
frame -covered (u.m.) #page road
-honored (u.m.) #town winner taker
keeper tintblock (printing) -winning (u.m.) tom
killer tip to boy
lag burn -and-fro cat
lock cart -do (n.) foolery
outs (n., u.m.) -curled (u.m.) #wit -tom
piece head toad tommy
pleaser -in (n., u.m.) back gun
saver most -bellied (u.m.) rot
server off (n., u.m.) blind ton
sheet over (n., u.m.) fish -hour
slip staff -green (u.m.) -kilometer
slot stock stool -mile
span tank tobacco -mileage
-stamp (v.) -tap #grower -mile-day
study toe -growing (u.m.) tone
table top #shop -deaf (u.m.)
taker -up (u.m.) toe down (n., u.m.)
waster tire cap -producing (u.m.)
worn changer #dance up (n., u.m.)
tin dresser hold tongue
-bearing (u.m.) fitter -in (n., u.m.) -baited (u.m.)
#can #gauge -mark (v.) -bound (u.m.)
-capped (u.m.) #iron nail -free (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.) -mile plate -lash (v.)
#cup #rack print #lashing
Compounding Examples 183

play puller lighted gate

-shaped (u.m.) -pulling (u.m.) lit going
shot -set (u.m.) torpedo hall
sore -shaped (u.m.) #boat lot
tack some #room ship
-tied wash torquemeter side
tip top toss site
#twister #brass pot talk
-twisting (u.m.) cap (n.) up (n., u.m.) -weary (u.m.)
tool coat touch towns
bag cutter #and#go fellow
#belt #dog back (n., u.m.) people
box -drain (v.) down (n., u.m.) toy
builder #drawer hole #dog
#chest dress (v.) -me-not (n., u.m.) -sized (u.m.)
crib flight (u.m.) pan town
dresser full reader tracheo (c.f.)
fitter gallant (n., u.m.) stone all one word
#grinder -graft (v.) up (n., u.m.) trachy (c.f.)
-grinding (u.m.) hat tough all one word
head -hatted (u.m.) -headed (u.m.) track
holding heavy -looking (u.m.) barrow
kit kick -skinned (u.m.) hound
mark knot tow layer
plate liner away mark
post mark boat -mile
rack mast head side
setter milk line walker
shed most mast tractor-trailer
slide notch (nonliteral) #net trade
stock rail -netter #board
tooth rope path -in (n., u.m.)
ache sail rope -laden (u.m.)
#and#nail -secret (u.m.) #truck -made (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.) -shaped (u.m.) tower mark
brush side (naut.) -high (u.m.) #name
drawer soil -shaped (u.m.) off
mark topo (c.f.) town #union
-marked (u.m.) all one word -bred (u.m.) #wind
paste topsy-turvy #clerk tradespeople
pick torch #crier traffic-mile
plate bearer -dotted (u.m.) tragico (c.f.)
powder #holder folk all one word
184 Chapter 7

trail tread -looking (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.)

blazer mill trinitro (c.f.) -false
breaker wheel all one word love (n., u.m.)
-marked (u.m.) treasure trip penny (n.)
side -filled (u.m.) -free (u.m.) #time
sight #house hammer trunk
-weary (u.m.) -laden (u.m.) wire back
train treaty triple nose
bearer breaker -acting (u.m.) trust
bolt -sealed (u.m.) back (sofa) breaking
crew tree branched (u.m.) buster
line #belt -edged (u.m.) -controlled (u.m.)
-mile -clad (u.m.) fold -ridden (u.m.)
shed #line #play worthy
sick -lined (u.m.) -tailed (u.m.) truth
stop nail tree (n.) -filled (u.m.)
tram -ripe (u.m.) trolley#line lover
-borne (u.m.) scape troop seeker
car top ship -seeking (u.m.)
#trunk #train teller
rail
trellis-covered tropho (c.f.) try
road
(u.m.) all one word -on (n., u.m.)
way
trench tropo (c.f.) out (n., u.m.)
trans (pref.)
back all one word square
alpine
coat trouble works
atlantic -free (u.m.) tube
foot
-Canadian, etc. -haunted (u.m.) -eyed (u.m.)
#knife
gender mouth maker -fed (u.m.)
pacific #plow shooter head
uranic -plowed (u.m.) some -nosed (u.m.)
rest one word tri (c.f.) truce works
transit#time -iodide breaker tuberculo (c.f.)
trap -ply (u.m.) -seeking (u.m.) all one word
door state, etc. truck tubo (c.f.)
fall rest one word driver -ovarian
shoot tribespeople #farm rest one word
trashrack tribo (c.f.) -mile tug
travel all one word stop boat
-bent (u.m.) tricho (c.f.) true #of#war
time all one word -aimed (u.m.) tumbledown (n.,
-tired (u.m.) trim -blue (u.m.) u.m.)
-worn (u.m.) -cut (u.m.) born tune
trawlnet -dressed (u.m.) bred out (n., u.m.)
Compounding Examples 185

up (n., u.m.) sheet two -magnet

tunnel sole -a-day (u.m.) -rail
-boring (u.m.) stile -along (n.) -shaped
-shaped (u.m.) stitch (bookbinding) -tube
#vision table -decker ultra (pref.)
turbo (c.f.) tail -faced (u.m.) -ambitious,
-ramjet (u.m.) -to (n.) fold -atomic, etc.
rest one word under (n., u.m.) -handed (u.m.) -English, etc.
turf up (n., u.m.) penny (nail) high#frequency
-built (u.m.) turned -piece (u.m.) -high-speed (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.) -back (u.m.) -ply (u.m.) #valorem, etc.
-covered (u.m.) -down (u.m.) score rest one word
#war -in (u.m.) -seater un (pref.)
turkey -on (u.m.) some -American, etc.
back -out (u.m.) -spot called-for (u.m.)
#buzzard -over (u.m.) -step (dance) heard-of (u.m.)
#gobbler turner-off -striper -ionized (u.m.)
#trot turtle -suiter self-conscious
Turko (c.f.) back -up (n., u.m.) sent-for (u.m.)
-Greek, etc. dove -way (u.m.) thought-of (u.m.)
rest one word -footed (u.m.) -wheeler rest one word
turn neck (u.m.) tympano (c.f.) under
about (n., u.m.) #shell all one word age (deficit)
about-face twelve type age (younger)
again (n., u.m.) fold case (n., u.m.)
around (n., u.m.) penny (nail) cast #cultivation
back (n., u.m.) score cutter (tillage)
buckle twenty face cultivation
cap -first foundry (insufficient)
coat fold script #secretary
cock -one set -secretaryship
down (n., u.m.) twice write (v.) way
gate -born (u.m.) typho (c.f.) as prefix, one
-in (n., u.m.) -reviewed (u.m.) all one word word
key -told (u.m.) typo (c.f.) uni (c.f.)
off (n., u.m.) twin all one word -univalent
out (n., u.m.) #boat tyro (c.f.) rest one word
over (n., u.m.) born all one word union
pike -engined (u.m.) -made (u.m.)
pin fold U #shop
plate -jet (u.m.) U unit-set (u.m.)
round (n., u.m.) -motor (u.m.) -boat up
screw -screw (u.m.) -cut -anchor (u.m., v.)
186 Chapter 7

-and-coming urethro (c.f.) vegeto (c.f.) #squad

(u.m.) all one word all one word #versa
#and#up uro (c.f.) vein #warden
beat all one word -mining (u.m.) videotape
coast used-car (u.m.) -streaked (u.m.) Vietcong
country user vellum view
dip #default -bound (u.m.) finder
end (v.) -defined -covered (u.m.) point
front (n., u.m.) -friendly velvet vile-natured (u.m.)
grade #group -crimson (u.m.) vine
gradient #interface -draped (u.m.) -clad (u.m.)
keep utero (c.f.) -green (u.m.) -covered (u.m.)
lift all one word -pile (u.m.) dresser
load venthole growing
V
-over (u.m.) ventri (c.f.) stalk
V all one word vinegar
rate
-connection ventro (c.f.) -flavored (u.m.)
river
-curve all one word -hearted (u.m.)
stairs
-engine vertebro (c.f.) -making (u.m.)
state
-neck all one word -tart (u.m.)
stream
-shaped vesico (c.f.) violet
swing
-type all one word -blue (u.m.)`
take
vacant vibro (c.f.) -colored (u.m.)
tight (n., u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.) all one word -eared (u.m.)
#tight (v.)
-looking (u.m.) vice #ray
-to-date (u.m.) -minded (u.m.) #admiral -rayed (u.m.)
#to#date vagino (c.f.) -admiralty #water
town all one word #consul violin-shaped (u.m.)
trend vainglorious -consulate vis-a-vis
turn valve #governor viscero (c.f.)
wind -grinding (u.m.) -governorship all one word
upper -in-head (u.m.) #minister vitreo (c.f.)
case (printing) van -ministry all one word
#class driver -presidency vitro (c.f.)
classman guard #president -clarain
crust (n., u.m.) pool -president-elect -di-trina
cut vapor -presidential rest one word
#deck -filled (u.m.) #rector vivi (c.f.)
most -heating (u.m.) -rectorship all one word
urano (c.f.) #lock regal voice
all one word vase-shaped (u.m.) -regency -capable
uretero (c.f.) vaso (c.f.) #regent #mail
all one word all one word royal over (n.)
Compounding Examples 187

volleyball #room warm -free (u.m.)

volt #woman blooded glass
ammeter walk -clad (u.m.) tower
-ampere around (n., u.m.) up (n., u.m.) water
-coulomb away (n., u.m.) warmed-over (u.m.) bag
meter -on (n., u.m.) warpsetter bank
ohmmeter out (n., u.m.) wash bearer
-second over (n., u.m.) basin -bearing (u.m.)
volta (c.f.) up (n., u.m.) basket -beaten (u.m.)
all one word way board -bind (v.)
vote walkie-talkie bowl #blister
-casting (u.m.) wall cloth bloom
getter board -colored (u.m.) buck
-getting (u.m.) eyed day color
vow flower down (n., u.m.) -colored (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.) -like -in (n., u.m.) -cool (v.)
breaker -painting (u.m.) off (n., u.m.) -cooled (u.m.)
-pledged (u.m.) paper out (n., u.m.) #cooler
vulvo (c.f.) plate pot course
all one word -sided (u.m.) rag craft
walled #sale dog
W -in (u.m.) stand -drinking (u.m.)
W -up (u.m.) tray drop
-engine war trough fall
-shaped #dance tub -filled (u.m.)
-surface -disabled (u.m.) up (n., u.m.) finder
-type -famed (u.m.) washed flood
wage fare -out (u.m.) flow
#earner head -up (u.m.) fog
-earning (u.m.) horse (nonliteral) waste -free (u.m.)
#scale like basket front
worker monger land gate
waist -made (u.m.) leaf head
band path (bookbinding) hole
belt plane paper horse
cloth ship site -inch
coat -swept (u.m.) word -laden (u.m.)
-deep (u.m.) #time (clock) watch lane
-high (u.m.) time (duration) band leaf
line ward case #line
waiting #heeler #chain -lined (u.m.)
#list robe cry locked
#man ship dog log
188 Chapter 7

#main -billed (u.m.) proofing -doing (n., u.m.)

mark chandler -stain (v.) -drained (u.m.)
melon cloth strip -drilling (u.m.)
meter -coated (u.m.) -stripped (u.m.) #field
plant -headed (u.m.) worn -grown (u.m.)
pot #paper web head
power #stone -fingered (u.m.) -headed (u.m.)
proofing -yellow (u.m.) foot hole
quake way -footed (u.m.) -informed (u.m.)
-rot (v.) back (n., u.m.) master -known (u.m.)
scape beam #page -looking (u.m.)
shed bill #press -meaner
shoot down (n., u.m.) site -nigh (u.m.)
side farer wedge -off (u.m.)
-soak (v.) fellow -billed (u.m.) -read (u.m.)
-soaked (u.m.) going -shaped (u.m.) -set-up (u.m.)
-soluble (u.m.) laid weed -settled (u.m.)
spout lay -choked (u.m.) side
stain mark -hidden (u.m.) -spoken (u.m.)
#table post hook spring
tight side killer stead
wall -sore (u.m.) week -thought-of (u.m.)
works -up (n., u.m.) day -thought-out
worn worn end (u.m.)
watt weak -ender -to-do (u.m.)
-hour -backed (u.m.) -ending (u.m.) -wisher
meter -eyed (u.m.) long (u.m.) -wishing (u.m.)
-second handed -old (u.m.) -worn (u.m.)
wave -kneed (u.m.) weigh welterweight
-cut (u.m.) minded bridge werewolf
form mouthed -in (n., u.m.) west
guide weather lock bound
-lashed (u.m.) beaten out (n., u.m.) -central (u.m.)
length blown shaft #end
mark -borne (u.m.) well -faced (u.m.)
meter break -being (n.) going
-moist (u.m.) cock -beloved (u.m.) most
-on (n., u.m.) glass -born (u.m.) -northwest
off (n., u.m.) going -bound (u.m.) #side
-swept (u.m.) -hardened (u.m.) -bred (u.m.) -sider
-worn (u.m.) #house -clad (u.m.) wet
wax -marked (u.m.) -deserving (u.m.) #bar
bill most -doer -cheeked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 189

-clean (v.) #load #hand -eyed (u.m.)

land -made (u.m.) lash face
-nurse (v.) plate -marked (u.m.) -faced (u.m.)
pack race post foot (n.)
wash spin saw -footed (u.m.)
whale stitch -shaped (u.m.) handed
back -worn (u.m.) socket -hard (u.m.)
-backed (u.m.) wright staff head
bone when stalk -headed (u.m.)
-built (u.m.) ever stall -hot (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.) -issued (u.m.) stick #line
-mouthed (u.m.) soever stitch out (u.m., v.)
ship where stock pot
wharf abouts -tailed (u.m.) tail
#boat after whipper
-tailed (u.m.)
hand as -in
-throated (u.m.)
head at snapper
top (n.)
side by whirl
vein
what for about (n., u.m.)
wash
abouts (n.) fore blast
who
ever from pool
ever
-is-it (n.) in -shaped (u.m.)
soever
not (n.) insoever wind
soever into whole
whirlybird
-you-may-call-it of whisk -headed (u.m.)
(n.) on broom #hog
wheat over #tail -hogger
cake soever whistle sale
-colored (u.m.) through blower some
ear to (nonliteral) whomsoever
-fed (u.m.) under #blower (literal) whooping#cough
field upon stop wicker-woven (u.m.)
grower with white wicket
-rich (u.m.) withal back keeper
stalk wherever beard (n.) keeping
wheel which #book wide
band ever (diplomatic) -angle (u.m.)
barrow soever cap (n.) -awake (u.m.)
base whiffletree coat (n.) -handed (u.m.)
chair whip -collar (u.m.) mouthed
-cut (u.m.) cord comb (n.) -open (u.m.)
going crack corn spread
horse (nonliteral) -graft (v.) -eared (u.m.) -spreading (u.m.)
190 Chapter 7

widow mill -red (u.m.) time

#bird pipe seller -worn (u.m.)
hood -pollinated (u.m.) taster wire
wigwag #power tester bar
wild -rode (u.m.) vat -caged (u.m.)
cat (n.) row wing -cut (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.) screen band cutter
fire -shaken (u.m.) bar dancer
#land -shear (u.m.) beat draw (v.)
life shield bolt -edged (u.m.)
#man shock bone #gauge
wind side borne hair (dog)
will sleeve bow -haired (u.m.)
-less sock cut less
-o-the-wisp speed #flap #line
power stop -footed (u.m.) photo
wilt-resistant (u.m.) storm handed puller
wind (v.) stream -heavy (u.m.) #rope
down (n., u.m.) swept -loading (u.m.) spun
up (n., u.m.) #tunnel -loose (u.m.) stitch
bag worn nut -stitched (u.m.)
ball window over (n., u.m.) -tailed (u.m.)
blown breaker -shaped (u.m.) tap
brace -breaking (u.m.) -shot (u.m.) walker
breaker #cleaner span works
burn -cleaning (u.m.) -swift (u.m.) -wound (u.m.)
catcher #dresser tip wise
-chapped (u.m.) -dressing (u.m.) top acre
chill pane wall crack
fall #shade -weary (u.m.) guy
#farm -shop (v.) winter head (n.)
fast -shopping (u.m.) -beaten (u.m.) -headed (u.m.)
-fertilized (u.m.) sill -clad (u.m.) -spoken (u.m.)
firm #work -fallow (v.) wishbone
flow wine -fed (u.m.) witch
#force bag feed craft
gall -black (u.m.) #green (color) #hazel
-galled (u.m.) -drinking (u.m.) green (plant, etc.) #hunt
#gauge glass -hardy (u.m.) -hunting (u.m.)
hole growing kill with
-hungry (u.m.) -hardy (u.m.) -made (u.m.) draw
jammer pot -sown (u.m.) hold
lass #press tide in
Compounding Examples 191

out pile book sheet

stand -planing (u.m.) builder shoe
within print catcher shop
-bound (u.m.) pulp -clad (u.m.) -shy (n., u.m.)
-named (u.m.) ranger -deaf (u.m.) -shyness
woe rock flow site
begone #rot list slip
worn shed -perfect (u.m.) space
wolf side play -stained (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.) stock seller stand
#fish turner smith station
hound -turning (u.m.) work stream
pack -walled (u.m.) aday (n., u.m.) study
woman wind (music) -and-turn (u.m.) table
folk working (u.m.) away (n., u.m.) time
hood wooden bag up (n., u.m.)
kind head (n.) basket ways
womenfolk -hulled (u.m.) bench -weary (u.m.)
wonder wool book week
land fell card worn
strong gatherer day working
-struck (u.m.) grader -driven (u.m.) #capital
wood growing fare #load
bark (color) head flow #room
bin -laden (u.m.) folk world
bined -lined (u.m.) force beater
block pack group -conscious (u.m.)
-built (u.m.) press hand #consciousness
-cased (u.m.) shearer -hardened (u.m.) #line
chipper shed horse #power
chopper sorter -hour (u.m.) -shaking (u.m.)
chuck stock housed -weary (u.m.)
craft washer life worm
cut wheel load -eaten (u.m.)
grub -white (u.m.) manship -eating (u.m.)
hole winder out (n., u.m.) hole
horse woolly pace -riddled (u.m.)
hung (u.m.) -coated (u.m.) pan -ripe (u.m.)
land -headed (u.m.) paper seed
-lined (u.m.) -looking (u.m.) people shaft
lot -white (u.m.) place wood
-paneled (u.m.) word room worn
pecker -blind (u.m.) saving #away
192 Chapter 7

down (u.m.) -up (u.m.) Yankee-Doodle young

out (u.m.) wry yard eyed (u.m.)
outness bill arm -headed (u.m.)
worrywart -billed (u.m.) -deep (u.m.) -ladylike
worth -faced (u.m.) -long (u.m.) -looking (u.m.)
less -looking (u.m.) stick -manlike
while (n., u.m.) -mouthed (u.m.) -wide (u.m.) -old
whileness (n.) neck yaw -womanhood
wrap -set (u.m.) meter youthtide
around (n., u.m.) -sighted (u.m.) yuletide
-up (n., u.m.) X year
Z
wreath-crowned X book
(u.m.) -body day Z
wreck-free (u.m.) -chromosome end -bar
wring -disease -hour (u.m.) zero
bolt #rated long (u.m.) axial
staff -shaped -old (u.m.) -dimensional
wrist -virus -round (u.m.) (u.m.)
band x yellow #gravity
bone -axis back #hour
drop #ray (n.) -backed (u.m.) zigzag
fall -ray (u.m.) -bellied (u.m.) zinc
lock xantho (c.f.) belly -coated (u.m.)
#pin all one word -billed (u.m.) -white (u.m.)
plate xeno (c.f.) brush zip
watch all one word #fever #gun
write xero (c.f.) -headed (u.m.) line
back (n., u.m.) all one word -tailed (u.m.) -lipped (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.) xylo (c.f.) -throated (u.m.) lock
off (n., u.m.) all one word top zoo (c.f.)
-protect yes all one word
up (n., u.m.) Y -man zoologico (c.f.)
writing#room Y -no all one word
wrong -chromosome yester zygo (c.f.)
doer -joint day all one word
-ended (u.m.) -level year zygomatico (c.f.)
-minded (u.m.) -potential yoke -orbital
-thinking (u.m.) -shaped fellow rest one word
wrought -track mating zymo (c.f.)
#iron -tube -toed (u.m.) all one word
8. Punctuation

8.1. Punctuation is used to clarify the meaning of written or printed

language. Well-planned word order requires a minimum of punc-
tuation. The trend toward less punctuation calls for skillful phrasing
to avoid ambiguity and to ensure exact interpretation. The GPO
Style Manual can offer only general rules of text treatment. A
rigid design or pattern of punctuation cannot be laid down, except
in broad terms. The adopted style, however, must be consistent and
based on sentence structure.
8.2. The general principles governing the use of punctuation are: If it
does not clarify the text it should be omitted; and, in the choice and
placing of punctuation marks, the sole aim should be to bring out
more clearly the authors thought. Punctuation should aid reading
and prevent misreading.

Apostrophes and possessives

8.3. The possessive case of a singular or plural noun not ending in s is
formed by adding an apostrophe and s. The possessive case of a sin-
gular or plural noun ending in s or with an s sound is formed by
adding an apostrophe only. Some irregular plurals require both an
apostrophe and an s. (For possessives of italicized nouns, see rule
11.6.)
boss, bosses mans, mens
childs, childrens mediums, medias
citizens, citizens peoples, peoples
Congress, Congresses Essexs, Essexes
criterions, criterias Jones, Joneses
Co.s, Cos. Jesus
erratums, erratas Mars
hostess, hostesses Dumas
ladys, ladies Schmitz

8.4. In compound nouns, the s is added to the element nearest the object
possessed.
comptroller generals decision attorney at laws fee
attorneys generals appointments John White, Jr.s (no comma) account
Mr. Brown of New Yorks motion

193
194 Chapter 8

8.5. Joint possession is indicated by placing an apostrophe on the last el-

ement of a series, while individual or alternative possession requires
the use of an apostrophe on each element of a series.
soldiers and sailors home editors or proofreaders opinion
Brown & Nelsons store Bushs or Obamas administration
mens, womens, and childrens Mrs. Smiths and Mrs. Allens children
clothing the Armys and the Navys work
St. Michaels Mens Club masters and doctors degrees

8.6. In the use of an apostrophe in firm names, the names of organiza-

tions and institutions, the titles of books, and geographic names,
the authentic form is to be followed. (Note use of St.)
Masters, Mates & Pilots Association Johns Hopkins University
Dentists Supply Co. of New York Hinds Precedents
International Ladies Garment Hells Canyon
Workers Union Readers Digest
Court of St. Jamess Actors Equity Association
St. Peters Church Harpers Ferry
St. Elizabeths Hospital but Marthas Vineyard

8.7. Generally, the apostrophe should not be used after names of coun-
tries and other organized bodies ending in s, or after words more
descriptive than possessive (not indicating personal possession),
except when plural does not end in s.
United States control teachers college
United Nations meeting merchants exchange
Southern States industries childrens hospital
Massachusetts laws Young Mens Christian Association
Bureau of Ships report
House of Representatives session but
Teamsters Union Veterans Administration
editors handbook (now Department of Veterans
syrup producers manual Affairs)
technicians guide Congress attitude

8.8. Possessive pronouns do not take an apostrophe.

its yours
ours hers
theirs whose
Punctuation 195

8.9. Possessive indefinite or impersonal pronouns require an apostrophe.

each others books anothers idea
some others plans someones guesstimate
ones home is his castle

8.10. The singular possessive case is used in such general terms as the
following:
arms length fullers earth
attorneys fees miners inch
authors alterations printers ink
confectioners sugar travelers checks
cows milk writers cramp
distillers grain

8.11. While an apostrophe is used to indicate possession and contrac-

tions, it is not generally necessary to use an apostrophe simply to
show the plural form of most acronyms, initialisms, or abbrevia-
tions, except where clarity and sense demand such inclusion.
49ers eer (ever)
TVers class of 08 (2008)
OKs spirit of 76 (1776)
MCing
RIFing not in her 70s (age)
RIFs better: in her seventies
RIFed
YWCAs not during the 90s
ABCs better: during the 1990s or
1920s during the nineties
IOUs
10s (thread) but
4s (bonds) he never crosses his ts
3s (golf) she fails to dot her is
2 by 4s as, &s, 7s
IQs watch your ps and qs
dont (do not) are they ls or 1s
Ive (I have) the Oakland As
its (it is/it has) a number of ss
neer (never) his rsum had too many Is
196 Chapter 8

When the plural form of an acronym appears in parentheses, a

lowercase s is included within the parentheses.
(MPDs) (IPOs)
(MP3s) (SUVs)
(JPEGs) (EVs)

8.12. The apostrophe is omitted in abbreviations, and also in shortened

forms of certain other words.
Danl., not Danl Halloween, not Halloween
phone, not phone copter, not copter
coon, not coon
possum, not possum but maam

8.13. The plural of spelled-out numbers, of words referred to as words,

and of words containing an apostrophe is formed by adding s or es;
but s is added to indicate the plural of words used as words if omis-
sion of the apostrophe would cause difficulty in reading.
twos, threes, sevens yeses and noes
ands, ifs, and buts yeas and nays
ins and outs
the haves and have-nots but
ups and downs dos and donts
whereases and wherefores whichs and thats
pros and cons

8.14. The possessive case is often used in lieu of an objective phrase even
though ownership is not involved.
1 days labor (labor for 1 day) for charitys sake
12 days labor for pitys sake
2 hours traveltime several billion dollars worth
a stones throw
2 weeks pay but $10 billion worth

8.15. The possessive case is not used in such expressions as the following,
in which one noun modifies another.
day labor (labor by the day) State prison
quartermaster stores States rights
Punctuation 197

8.16. For euphony, nouns ending in s or ce and followed by a word begin-

ning with s form the possessive by adding an apostrophe only.
for goodness sake for acquaintance sake
Mr. Hughes service for conscience sake
for old times sake

8.17. A possessive noun used in an adjective sense requires the addition

of s.
He is a friend of Johns. Sterns is running a sale.

8.18. A noun preceding a gerund should be in the possessive case.

in the event of Marys leaving the ships hovering nearby

Brackets
Brackets, in pairs, are used
8.19. In transcripts, congressional hearings, the Congressional Record,
testimony in courtwork, etc., to enclose interpolations that are not
specifically a part of the original quotation, such as a correction,
explanation, omission, editorial comment, or a caution that an error
is reproduced literally.
We found this to be true at the Government Publishing Office [GPO].
He came on the 3d [2d] of July.
Our conference [lasted] 2 hours.
The general [Washington] ordered him to leave.
The paper was as follows [reads]:
I do not know. [Continues reading:]
[Chorus of Mr. Chairman.]
They fooled only themselves. [Laughter.]
Our party will always serve the people [applause] in spite of the opposition
[loud applause]. (If more than one bracketed interpolation, both are in-
cluded within the sentence.)
The Witness. He did it that way [indicating].
Q. Do you know these men [handing witness a list]?
The bill had not been paid. [Italic added.] or [Emphasis added.]
The statue [sic] was on the statute books.
The Witness. This matter is classified. [Deleted.]
[Deleted.]
Mr. Jones. Hold up your hands. [Show of hands.]
Answer [after examining list]. Yes; I do.
Q. [Continuing.]
A. [Reads:]
198 Chapter 8

A. [Interrupting.]
[Discussion off the record.]
[Pause.]
The Witness [interrupting]. It is known
Mr. Jones [continuing]. Now let us take the next item.
Mr. Smith [presiding]. Do you mean that literally?
Mr. Jones [interposing]. Absolutely.
[The matter referred to is as follows:]
The Chairman [to Mr. Smith].
The Chairman [reading]:
Mr. Kelley [to the chairman]. From 15 to 25 percent.
[Objected to.]
[Mr. Smith nods.]
[Mr. Smith aside.]
[Mr. Smith makes further statement off the record.]
Mr. Jones [for Mr. Smith].
A Voice From Audience. Speak up.
Several Voices. Quiet!

8.20. In bills, contracts, laws, etc., to indicate matter that is to be omitted.

8.21. In mathematics, to denote that enclosed matter is to be treated as a
unit.
8.22. When matter in brackets makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a bracket and place the closing bracket at end
of last paragraph.

Colon
The colon is used
8.23. To introduce any matter that forms a question or a quotation.
The following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?
She said: We believe the time is now or never.

8.24. After an introductory independent clause that describes or defines

what follows. If a complete sentence follows the colon, capitalize its
first word.
And then came the surprise: cake all around!
His only rule was this: Chickens are not allowed past the front parlor.
Punctuation 199

8.25. Before a final clause that extends or amplifies the preceding in-
dependent clause. Even if a complete sentence follows the colon,
lowercase its first word.
Give up conveniences; do not demand special privileges; do not stop work: these
are necessary while we are at war.
Railroading is not a variety of outdoor sport: it is service.

8.26. Following a sentence introducing an extract.

The Clerk will read as follows:
Amendment by Mr. Stearns: In line 4, after the word pay, add a comma and the
following words: out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.

8.27. To introduce a run-in list.

There are three primary pigment colors: magenta, yellow, and cyan.
The vote was as follows: in the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.
These are what he missed most: walking along the river at dawn, napping under
the old maple tree, chasing birds in the park.
His goals were these: (1) learn Spanish, (2) see the Grand Canyon, and (3) climb
Mt. Everest.

8.28. To introduce a bulleted or enumerated list that is not run in. There
are many ways to construct such a listfar too many to detail here
depending on the contents of the list and the intent of the author;
however, a few guidelines concerning consistency should be kept in
mind.
Punctuation at the end of each list item may be commas, semi-
colons, periods, or even none at all, as long as its use is consistent
within a list. The exception to this is that if commas or semicolons
are used, the last item should end with a period, unless the list is
part of a sentence that continues on after the list.
List items should be lowercased in a list using commas or semico-
lons after each list item. For lists using periods or no punctuation,
capitalization should be determined by contextlists of single
words are usually lowercased, whereas lists of independent clauses
are more appropriately capitalized. Whatever choice is made con-
cerning capitalization, it should be applied to all the list items; the
first item is not handled differently.
200 Chapter 8

A conjunction (and, or, nor) should follow the penultimate item

in a list using commas or semicolons after each list item, but not
otherwise.
His goals were these:
Learn Spanish.

See the Grand Canyon.

Climb Mt. Everest.

His goals were these:

(1) learn Spanish,
(2) see the Grand Canyon, and
(3) climb Mt. Everest.
His goals were these:
(a) learn Spanish,
(b) see the Grand Canyon, and
(c) climb Mt. Everest;
but he knew it was unlikely he would meet them.

8.29. To introduce subentries in tables and leaderwork. Single subentries

are run in following the colon and are initial cap.
Seward Peninsula: Council district: (single subentry runs in).
Mining and manufacturing.
Shipping and trade.
Seward Peninsula:
Council district:
Mining and manufacturing.
Shipping and trade.
Fairhaven district: Tourism (single subentry runs in).

8.30. After a salutation.

My Dear Sir:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
To Whom It May Concern:

8.31. In expressing clock time.

2:40 p.m.

8.32. In Biblical and other citations.

Luke 4:3.
I Corinthians 13:13.
Journal of Education 3:342358.
Punctuation 201

8.33. In bibliographic references, between place of publication and name

of publisher.
Congressional Directory. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office.

8.34. To separate book titles and subtitles.

Financial Aid for College Students: Graduate
Germany Revisited: Education in the Federal Republic

8.35. In imprints before the year (en space each side of colon).
U.S. Government Publishing Office
Washington : 2016

8.36. In proportions.
Concrete mixed 5:3:1
but 521 or 5-2-1 (when so in copy)

8.37. In double colon as ratio sign.

1:2::3:6

Comma
The comma is used
8.38. To separate two words or figures that might otherwise be
misunderstood.
Instead of hundreds, thousands came.
Instead of 20, 50 came.
December 7, 1941.
In 2003, 400 men were dismissed.
To John, Smith was very kind.
What the difficulty is, is not known.
but He suggested that that committee be appointed.

8.39. Before a direct quotation of only a few words following an introduc-

tory phrase.
He said, Now or never.

8.40. To indicate the omission of a word or words.

Then we had much; now, nothing.

8.41. After each of a series of coordinate qualifying words.

short, swift streams; but short tributary streams
202 Chapter 8

8.42. Between an introductory modifying phrase and the subject

modified.
Beset by the enemy, they retreated.

8.43. Before and after Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., etc., within a sen-
tence except where possession is indicated.
Henry Smith, Jr., chairman but
Peter Johns, F.R.S., London John Smith 2d (or II); Smith, John, II
Washington, DC, schools Mr. Smith, Junior, also spoke
Google, Inc., technology (where only last name is used)
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.) Alexandria, VAs waterfront
Milan, Italy, vacation
University of California, Santa Cruz, mascot

8.44. To set off parenthetic words, phrases, or clauses.

Mr. Jefferson, who was then Secretary of State, favored the location of the
National Capital at Washington.
It must be remembered, however, that the Government had no guarantee.
It is obvious, therefore, that this office cannot function.
The atom bomb, which was developed at the Manhattan project, was first
used in World War II.
Their high morale might, he suggested, have caused them to put success of
the team above the reputation of the college.
The restriction is laid down in title IX, chapter 8, section 15, of the code.
but The man who fell [restrictive clause] broke his back.
The dam that gave way [restrictive clause] was poorly constructed.
He therefore gave up the search.

8.45. To set off words or phrases in apposition or in contrast.

Mr. Green, the lawyer, spoke for the defense.
Mr. Jones, attorney for the plaintiff, signed the petition.
Mr. Smith, not Mr. Black, was elected.
James Roosevelt, Democrat, of California.
Jeans sister, Joyce, was the eldest. (Jean had one sister.)
but Jonathans brother Moses Taylor was appointed. (Jonathan had more than
one brother.)

8.46. After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases,
letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor.
red, white, and blue
horses, mules, and cattle; but horses and mules and cattle
by the bolt, by the yard, or in remnants
Punctuation 203

a, b, and c
neither snow, rain, nor heat
2 days, 3 hours, and 4 minutes (series); but 70 years 11 months 6 days (age)

8.47. Before the conjunction in a compound sentence containing two or

more independent clauses, each of which could have been written as
a simple sentence.
Fish, mollusks, and crustaceans were plentiful in the lakes, and turtles fre-
quented the shores.
The boy went home alone, and his sister remained with the crowd.

8.48. After a noun or phrase in direct address.

Senator, will the measure be defeated?
Mr. Chairman, I will reply to the gentleman later.
but Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, maam; I do not recall.

8.49. After an interrogative clause, followed by a direct question.

You are sure, are you not? You will go, will you not?

8.50. Between the title of a person and the name of an organization in the
absence of the words of or of the.
Chief, Division of Finance colonel, 12th Cavalry Regiment
chairman, Committee on president, University of Virginia
Appropriations

8.51. Inside closing quotation mark.

He said four, not five.
Freedom is an inherent right, he insisted.
Items marked A, B, and C, inclusive, were listed.

8.52. To separate thousands and millions in numerical figures.

4,230 but 1,000,000,000 is more clearly
50,491 illustrated as 1 billion
1,250,000

8.53. After the year in complete dates (month, day, year) within a sentence.
The dates of September 11, 1993, to June 12, 1994, were erroneous.
This was reflected in the June 13, 2007, report.
but Production for June 2008 was normal.
The 10 February 2008 deadline passed.
204 Chapter 8

The comma is omitted

8.54. Between superior figures or letters in footnote references.
Numerous instances may be cited.1 2
Data are based on October production.a b

8.55. Before ZIP (Zone Improvement Plan) Code postal-delivery number.

Washington, DC 204010003, for the GPO
East Rochester, OH 446259701 USA, was his hometown

8.56. Between month, holiday, or season and year in dates.

June 2016 150 B.C.
22d of May 2016 Labor Day 2016
February and March 2016 Easter Sunday 2016
January, February, and March 2016 5 January 2016 (military usage)
January 24 A.D. 2016; 15th of June spring 2016
A.D. 2016 autumn 2016

8.57. Between the name and number of an organization.

Columbia Typographical Union No. 10112
American Legion Post No. 33

8.58. In fractions, in decimals, and in serial numbers, except patent

numbers.
500
1.0947
page 2632
2025121800 (telephone number)
17211727 St. Clair Avenue
Executive Order 11242
motor No. 189463
1450 kilocycles; 1100 meters

8.59. Between two nouns one of which identifies the other.

The Childrens Bureaus booklet Infant Care continues to be a bestseller.

8.60. Before an ampersand (&).

Brown, Wilson & Co.
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers

8.61. Before abbreviations of compass directions.

6430 Princeton Dr. SW
Punctuation 205

8.62. In bibliographies, between name of the publication and volume or

similar number.
American Library Association Bulletin 34:238, April 1940.

8.63. Wherever possible without danger of ambiguity.

$2 gold
Executive Order No. 21
General Order No. 12; but General Orders, No. 12
Public Law 851
He graduates in the year 2010 (not the year 2,010)
My age is 30 years 6 months 12 days.
John Lewis 2d (or II)
Murphy of Illinois; Murphy of New York (where only last name is used)
Carroll of Carrollton; Henry of Navarre (person closely identified with place);
but Clyde Leo Downs, of Maryland; President Levin, of Yale University
James Bros. et al.; but James Bros., Nelson Co., et al. (last element of series)

Dash
A 1-em dash is used
8.64. To mark a sudden break or abrupt change in thought.
He saidand no one contradicted himThe battle is lost.
If the bill should passwhich God forbid!the service will be wrecked.
The auditorshall we call him a knave or a fool?approved an inaccurate
statement.

8.65. To indicate an interruption or an unfinished word or sentence. A

2-em dash is used when the interruption is by a person other than
the speaker, and a 1-em dash will show self-interruption. Note that
extracts must begin with a true paragraph. Following extracts, col-
loquy must start as a paragraph.
Such an idea can scarcely be
The word donation
The word dona
He said: Give me lib
The bill reads repeal, not am
Q. Did you see
A. No, sir.

Mr. Brown [reading]: The report goes on to say thatObserve this

closelyduring the fiscal year . . . .
206 Chapter 8

8.66. Instead of commas or parentheses if the meaning may thus be

clarified.
These are shore depositsgravel, sand, and claybut marine sediments
underlie them.

8.67. Before a final clause that summarizes a series of ideas.

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from
fearthese are the fundamentals of moral world order.

8.68. After an introductory phrase reading into the following lines and
indicating repetition of such phrase.
I recommend
that we submit them for review and corrections;
that we then accept them as corrected; and
that we also publish them.

8.69. With a preceding question mark, in lieu of a colon.

How can you explain this?Fee paid, $5.

8.70. To precede a credit line or a run-in credit or signature.

Lay the proud usurpers low!
Tyrants fall in every foe!
Libertys in every blow!
Let us do or die!
Robert Burns.
Every mans work shall be made manifest.I Corinthians 3:13.
This statement is open to question.Gerald H. Forsythe.

8.71. After a run-in sidehead.

8.72. To separate run-in questions and answers in testimony.
Q. Did he go?A. No.

A 1-em dash is not used

8.73. At the beginning of any line of type, except as shown in rule 8.70.
8.74. Immediately after a comma, colon, or semicolon.
A 3-em dash is used
8.75. In bibliographies to indicate repetition.
Powell, James W., Jr., Hunting in Virginias lowlands. 1972. 200 pp.
Fishing off Delmarva. 1972. 28 pp.
Punctuation 207

An en dash is used
8.76. In a combination of figures and/or letters, including acronyms (even
if the acronym spells out a word (e.g. PATRIOT)). But use a hyphen
to combine such letters and/or figures with a word or abbreviation,
or in chemical nomenclature.
figures:
520 (bonds)
8518520 (Public laws; use em dash between two elements with en
dashes)
17035556593 (telephone number)
123456789 (Social Security number)
$15$20 (range)
letters:
WTOPAMFMTV (radio and television stations)
CBSTV
AFLCIO
CSPAN
sNOM (scientific term)
figures and letters:
6A (exhibit identification)
DC14 (airplane)
MiG25 (airplane, mixed letters with figure)
I95 (interstate roadway)
4H (Club)
LK66A(2)74, 15Ax3 (serial numbers)
SEBatsCZX201565 (SEC file number)
rule 13e4
Section 12(a)(d) (range)
but a hyphen is used with:
ACF-Brill Motors Co. (hyphen with capital letters and a word)
loran-C (coined word plus letter)
ALL-AMERICAN ESSAY CONTEST (hyphen in capitalized heading)
Four Corners Monument, AZ-NM-UT-CO (hyphen with two-letter state
abbreviations)
U-235, Cr-Ni-Mo (chemical symbols)
-HCH (chemical nomenclature)

8.77. In the absence of the word to when denoting a span of time.

20052008 JanuaryJune MondayFriday
208 Chapter 8

An en dash is not used

8.78. For to when the word from precedes the first of two related figures
or expressions.
From June 1 to July 30, 2016; not from June 1July 30, 2016

8.79. For and when the word between precedes the first of two related
figures or expressions.
Between 2000 and 2016; not between 200016

Ellipses
8.80. Three periods or three asterisks, separated by en spaces, are used
to denote an ellipsis within a sentence, at the beginning or end of a
sentence, or in two or more consecutive sentences. To achieve faith-
ful reproduction of excerpt material, editors using period ellipses
should indicate placement of the terminal period in relation to an
ellipsis at the end of a sentence. Note, in the following examples,
the additional spacing necessary to clearly define commas and the
terminal period when period ellipses are employed.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson, President of the United States,
upon articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the House of
Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him
guilty of the charges contained in the second, third, and eleventh articles of
impeachment, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be, and he is, acquitted of the charges in said articles made and
set forth.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson . . . upon articles of impeachment
. . . , and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him guilty of the
charges . . . , it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be . . . acquitted of the charge . . . .
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson * * * upon articles of impeach-
ment * * *, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him
guilty of the charges * * *, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be * * * acquitted of the charges * * *.

8.81. Ellipses are not overrun alone at the end of a paragraph.

Punctuation 209

8.82. Copy will be followed for period or asterisk ellipses, even if

inconsistent.
8.83. A line of asterisks indicates an omission of one or more entire para-
graphs. In 26-pica or wider measure, a line of stars means seven
asterisks indented 2 ems at each end of the line, with the remaining
space divided evenly between the asterisks. In measures less than
26 picas, five asterisks are used. Quotation marks are not used
on a line of asterisks in quoted matter. Where an ellipsis line ends a
complete quotation, no closing quote is used.

* * * * * * *
8.84. Indented matter in 26-pica or wider measure also requires a
seven-asterisk line to indicate the omission of one or more entire
paragraphs.
8.85. If an omission occurs in the last part of a paragraph immediately
before a line of asterisks, three periods or asterisks are used, in ad-
dition to the line of asterisks, to indicate such an omission.
8.86. Equalize spacing above and below an ellipsis line.

Exclamation point
8.87. The exclamation point is used to mark surprise, incredulity, admi-
ration, appeal, or other strong emotion which may be expressed
even in a declarative or interrogative sentence.
Who shouted, All aboard! [Note omission of question mark.]
Great! he shouted. [Note omission of comma.]
He acknowledged the fatal error!
How breathtakingly beautiful!
Timber!
Mayday! Mayday!

8.88. In direct address, either to a person or a personified object, O is used

without an exclamation point, or other punctuation; but if strong
feeling is expressed, an exclamation point is placed at the end of the
statement.
O my friend, let us consider this subject impartially.
O Lord, save Thy people!
210 Chapter 8

8.89. In exclamations without direct address or appeal, oh is used instead

of O, and the exclamation point is omitted.
Oh, but the gentleman is mistaken.
Oh dear; the time is so short.

Hyphen
The hyphen (a punctuation mark, not an element in the spelling of words)
is used
8.90. To connect the elements of certain compound words. (See Chap-
ter 6 Compounding Rules.)
8.91. To indicate continuation of a word divided at the end of a line.
8.92. Between the letters of a spelled word.
The Style Board changed New Jerseyite to New J-e-r-s-e-y-a-n.
A native of Halifax is a H-a-l-i-g-o-n-i-a-n.
The Chinese repressive action took place in T-i-a-n-a-n-m-e-n Square.

8.93. To separate elements of chemical formulas.

The hyphen, as an element, may be used
8.94. To represent letters deleted or illegible words in copy.
Oaklands - - bonic plague Richard Emory H - - - -

Parentheses
Parentheses are used
8.95. To set off important matter not intended to be part of the main
statement that is not a grammatical element of the sentence. In
colloquy, brackets must be substituted.
This case (124 U.S. 329) is not relevant.
The result (see fig. 2) is most surprising.
The United States is the principal purchaser (by value) of these exports (23 per-
cent in 1995 and 19 percent in 1996).

8.96. To enclose a parenthetic clause where the interruption is too great to

be indicated by commas.
You can find it neither in French dictionaries (at any rate, not in Littr) nor in
English dictionaries.
Punctuation 211

8.97. To enclose an explanatory word not part of a written or printed

statement.
the Winchester (VA) Star; but the Star of Winchester, VA
Portland (OR) Chamber of Commerce; but Athens, GA, schools

8.98. To enclose letters or numbers designating items in a series, either at

the beginning of paragraphs or within a paragraph.
The order of delivery will be: (a) food, (b) clothing, and (c) tents and other
housing equipment.
You will observe that the sword is (1) old fashioned, (2) still sharp, and (3) un-
usually light for its size.
Paragraph 7(B)(1)(a) will be found on page 6. (Note parentheses closed up.)

8.99. To enclose a figure inserted to confirm a written or printed state-

ment given in words if double form is specifically requested.
This contract shall be completed in sixty (60) days.

8.100. A reference in parentheses at the end of a sentence is placed before

the period, unless it is a complete sentence in itself.
The specimen exhibits both phases (pl. 14, A, B).
The individual cavities show great variation. (See pl. 4.)

8.101. If a sentence contains more than one parenthetic reference, the one
at the end is placed before the period.
This sandstone (see pl. 6) is in every county of the State (see pl. 1).

8.102. When a figure is followed by a letter in parentheses, no space is used

between the figure and the opening parenthesis; but, if the letter is
not in parentheses and the figure is repeated with each letter, the
letter is closed up with the figure.
15(a). Classes, grades, and sizes.
15a. Classes, grades, and sizes.

8.103. If both a figure and a letter in parentheses are used before each
paragraph, a period and an en space are used after the closing
parenthesis. If the figure is not repeated before each letter in pa-
rentheses but is used only before the first letter, the period is placed
after the figure. However, if the figure is not repeated before each
212 Chapter 8

letter in parentheses and no period is used, space is inserted after

the number if at least one other lettered subsection appears.
15(a). When the figure is used before the letter in each paragraph
15(b). The period is placed after the closing parenthesis.
15. (a) When the figure is used before the letter in the first paragraph but not
repeated with subsequent letters
(b) The period is used after the figure only.
Sec. 12 (a) When no period is used and a letter in parentheses appears after a
numbered item
(b) Space must be used after the number if at least one other lettered subsection
is shown.

8.104. Note position of the period relative to closing parenthesis:

The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.).
The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.
(sometimes ice cream)).
The vending stand sells a variety of items. (These include sandwiches, bever-
ages, cakes, etc. (sometimes ice cream).)

8.105. To enclose bylines in congressional work.

(By Harvey Hagman, archeological correspondent)

8.106. When matter in parentheses makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a parenthesis and place the closing parenthesis
at the end of the last paragraph.

Period
The period is used
8.107. After a declarative sentence that is not exclamatory or after an im-
perative sentence.
Stars are suns.
He was employed by Sampson & Company.
Do not be late.
On with the dance.

8.108. After an indirect question or after a question intended as a sugges-

tion and not requiring an answer.
Tell me how he did it.
May we hear from you.
May we ask prompt payment.
Punctuation 213

8.109. In place of a closing parenthesis after a letter or number denoting a

series.
a. Bread well baked 1. Punctuate freely
b. Meat cooked rare 2. Compound sparingly
c. Cubed apples stewed 3. Index thoroughly

8.110. To indicate an ellipsis. (See rules 8.80 and 8.82.)

8.111. After a run-in sidehead.
Conditional subjunctive.The conditional subjunctive is required for all
unreal and doubtful conditions.
2. Peacetime preparation.a. The Chairman of the National Security
Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation.Industrial mobilization plans.The Chairman of
the National Security Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation.Industrial mobilization.The Chairman of the
National Security Resources Board, etc.
62. Determination of types.a. Statement of characteristics.Before types of
equipment, etc.
Steps in planning for procurement.(1) Determination of needs.To plan
for the procurement of such arms, etc.
62. Determination of types.(a) Statement of characteristics.Before, etc.
DETERMINATION OF TYPES.Statement of characteristics.Before
types of, etc.
but Note.The source material was furnished.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

8.112. Paragraphs and subparagraphs may be arranged according to the

following scheme. The sequence is not fixed, and variations, in ad-
dition to the use of center and side heads or indented paragraphs,
may be adopted, depending on the number of parts.
I. Outlines can begin with a capital Roman numeral.
A. The number of levels and the width of the column determine alignment
and indention.
1. A set space (en space) following the identifier aids alignment.
a. Usually, typefaces and sizes are chosen to agree with the hierarchy of
the head breakdowns.
(1) Aligning runover lines with the first word which follows the
number or letter aids readability.
214 Chapter 8

(a) It is important to vary (alternate) the use of letters and num-

bers in any outline.
(i) The lowercase Roman numerals (i), (ii), etc. may be used as
parts of the outline or to identify subparts of any previous
parts.
(aa) When absolutely necessary, double (or triple) lowercase
letters may be used.
II. Where not needed, the capital Roman numerals may be discarded and the
outline can begin with the letter A. As in any composition, consistency in
indentions and order is essential.

8.113. To separate integers from decimals in a single expression.

13.75 percent 1.25 meters
$3.50 0.08 mile

8.114. In continental European languages, to indicate thousands.

1.317 72.190.175

8.115. After abbreviations, unless otherwise specified. (See Chapter 9,

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.)
Apr. but
Co. m (meter)
fig. kc (kilocycle)
Ry. NY (New York)
Ph.D. RR
p.m. SSE (south-southeast)

8.116. After legends and explanatory matter beneath illustrations. Legends

without descriptive language do not receive periods.
Figure 1.Schematic drawing.
Figure 1.Continued.
but Figure 1 (without legend, no period)

8.117. After Article 1, Section 1, etc., at the beginning of paragraphs.

A center period is sometimes used
8.118. To indicate multiplication. (Use of a multiplication sign is preferable.)
ab ab
Punctuation 215

The period is omitted

8.119. After

Lines in title pages

Center, side, and running heads; but is not omitted after run-in
sideheads
Continued lines
Boxheads of tables
Scientific, chemical, or other symbols
This rule does not apply to abbreviation periods.
8.120. After a quotation mark that is preceded by a period.
She said: I believe the time is now or never.

8.121. After letters used as names without specific designation.

Officer B, Subject A, Brand X, etc.
A said to B that all is well.
Mr. A told Mr. B that the case was closed.
Mr. X (for unknown or censored name).
but Mr. A. [for Mr. Andrews]. I do not want to go.
Mr. K. [for Mr. King]. The meeting is adjourned.

8.122. After a middle initial which is merely a letter and not an abbrevia-
tion of a name.
Daniel D Tompkins
Ross T McIntire
but Harry S. Truman (President Trumans preference)

8.123. After a short name which is not an abbreviation of the longer form.
Alex Mac
Ed Sam

8.124. After Roman numerals used as ordinals.

King George V Super Bowl XLIX, LI
Apollo XII insigne but Super Bowl 50
8.125. After words and incomplete statements listed in columns. Full-
measure matter is not to be regarded as a column.
8.126. After explanatory matter under leaders or rules.
.................................... .................................... ....................................
(Name) (Address) (Position)
216 Chapter 8

8.127. Immediately before leaders, even if an abbreviation precedes the

leaders.

Question mark
The question mark is used
8.128. To indicate a direct query, even if not in the form of a question.
Did he do it?
He did what?
Can the money be raised? is the question.
Who asked, Why? [Note single question mark.]
Did you hurt yourself, my son? she asked.

8.129. To express more than one query in the same sentence.

Can he do it? or you? or anyone?

8.130. To express doubt.

He said the boy was 8(?) feet tall. (No space before question mark.)
The statue(?) was on the statute books.
The scientific identification Dorothia? was noted. (Roman ?.)

Quotation marks
Quotation marks are used
8.131. To enclose direct quotations. (Each part of an interrupted quotation
begins and ends with quotation marks.)
The answer is No.
He said, John said, No. (Note thin space between single and double
closing quotes.)
John, asked Henry, why do you go?

8.132. To enclose any matter following such terms as entitled, the word,
the term, marked, designated, classified, named, endorsed, cited as,
referred to as, or signed; however, quotation marks are not used to
enclose expressions following the terms known as, called, so-called,
etc., unless such expressions are misnomers or slang.
Congress passed the act entitled An act . . . .
After the word treaty, insert a comma.
Of what does the item Miscellaneous debts consist?
The column Imports from foreign countries was not well written.
The document will be marked Exhibit No. 21; but The document may be
made exhibit No. 21.
The check was endorsed John Adamson.
Punctuation 217

It was signed John.

but Beryllium is known as glucinium in some European countries.
It was called profit and loss.
The so-called investigating body.

8.133. To enclose titles of addresses, albums, articles, awards, books,

captions, editorials, essays, headings, headlines, hearings, mo-
tion pictures and plays (including television and radio programs),
operas, papers, short poems, reports, songs, studies, subheadings,
subjects, and themes. All principal words are to be capitalized.
An address on Uranium-235 in the Atomic Age
The article Germany Revisited appeared in the last issue.
He received the Man of the Year award.
The Conquest of Mexico, a published work (book)
Under the caption Long-Term Treasurys Rise
The subject was discussed in Punctuation. (chapter heading)
It will be found in Part XI: Early Thought.
The editorial Haphazard Budgeting
Compensation, by Emerson (essay)
United States To Appoint Representative to U.N. (heading or headline)
In Search for Paradise (motion picture)
South Pacific (play)
A paper on Constant-Pressure Combustion was read.
O Captain! My Captain! (short poem)
The report Atomic Energy: What It Means to the Nation; but annual report
of the Director of the Government Publishing Office
This was followed by the singing of The Star-Spangled Banner.
The information is located under the subhead Sixty Days of Turmoil.
The subject (or theme) of the conference is Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy.
also Account 5, Management fees.
Under the heading Management and Operation.
Under the appropriation Building of ships, Navy.

8.134. At the beginning of each paragraph of a quotation, but at the end of

the last paragraph only.
8.135. To enclose a letter or communication that bears both date and
signature.
8.136. To enclose misnomers, slang expressions, sobriquets, coined words,
or ordinary words used in an arbitrary way.
His report was bunk.
It was a gentlemens agreement.
218 Chapter 8

The invisible government is responsible.

George Herman Babe Ruth.
but He voted for the lameduck amendment.

8.137. To close up characters except when they precede a fraction or an

apostrophe or precede or follow a superior figure or letter, in which
case a thin space is used. A thin space is used to separate double and
single quotation marks.
8.138. The comma and the final period will be placed inside the quotation
marks. Other punctuation marks should be placed inside the quota-
tion marks only if they are a part of the matter quoted.
Ruth said, I think so.
The President, he said, will veto the bill.
The conductor shouted, All aboard!
Who asked, Why?
The President suggests that an early occasion be sought.
Why call it a gentlemens agreement?

8.139. In congressional and certain other classes of work showing amend-

ments, and in courtwork with quoted language, punctuation marks
are printed after the quotation marks when not a part of the quoted
matter.
Insert the words growth, production, and manufacture.
To be inserted after the words cadets, U.S. Coast Guard;.
Change February 1, 1983, to June 30, 2016.
Insert in lieu thereof July 1, 1983,.

8.140. When occurring together, quotation marks should precede foot-

note reference numbers.
The commissioner claimed that the award was unjustified. 1
Kellys exact words were: The facts in the case prove otherwise. 2

8.141. Quotation marks should be limited, if possible, to three sets (double,

single, double).
The question in the report is, Can a person who obtains his certificate of
naturalization by fraud be considered a bona fide citizen of the United
States?

Quotation marks are not used

8.142. To enclose titles of works of art: paintings, statuary, etc.
Punctuation 219

8.143. To enclose names of newspapers or magazines.

8.144. To enclose complete letters having date and signature.
8.145. To enclose extracts that are indented or set in smaller type, or solid
extracts in leaded matter; but indented matter in text that is already
quoted carries quotation marks.
8.146. In indirect quotations.
Tell her yes. He could not say no.

8.147. Before a display initial which begins a quoted paragraph.

Semicolon
The semicolon is used
8.148. To separate clauses containing commas.
Donald A. Peters, Jr., president of the First National Bank, was also a director
of New York Central; Harvey D. Jones was a director of Oregon Steel Co.
and New York Central; Thomas W. Harrison, chairman of the board of
McBride & Co., was also on the board of Oregon Steel Co.
Reptiles, amphibians, and predatory mammals swallow their prey whole or
in large pieces, bones included; waterfowl habitually take shellfish entire;
and gallinaceous birds are provided with gizzards that grind up the hardest
seeds.
Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, sir; I do not recall.

8.149. To separate statements that are too closely related in meaning to be

written as separate sentences, and also statements of contrast.
Yes; that is right.
No; we received one-third.
It is true in peace; it is true in war.
War is destructive; peace, constructive.

8.150. To set off explanatory abbreviations or words that summarize or

explain preceding matter.
The industry is related to groups that produce finished goods; i.e., electrical
machinery and transportation equipment.
There were three metal producers involved; namely, Jones & Laughlin, Armco,
and Kennecott.
220 Chapter 8

The semicolon is not used

8.151. Where a comma will suffice.
Offices are located in New York, NY, Chicago, IL, and Dallas, TX.

Single punctuation
8.152. Single punctuation should be used wherever possible without
ambiguity.
124 U.S. 321 (no comma)
Sir: (no dash)
Joseph replied, It is a worthwhile effort. (no outside period)

Type
8.153. All punctuation marks, including parentheses, brackets, and supe-
rior reference figures, are set to match the type of the words which
they adjoin. A lightface dash is used after a run-in boldface side-
head followed by lightface matter. Lightface brackets, parentheses,
or quotation marks shall be used when both boldface and lightface
matter are enclosed.
Charts: C&GS 5101 (N.O. 18320), page 282 (see above); N.O. 93491 (Plan);
page 271.
9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols

9.1. Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space and to avoid
distracting the reader by use of repetitious words or phrases.
9.2. The nature of the publication governs the extent to which abbrevia-
tions are used. In the text of technical and legal publications, and in
parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and
bibliographies, many words are frequently abbreviated. Heads, leg-
ends, tables of contents, and indexes follow the style of the text.
9.3. Internal and terminal punctuation in symbols representing units
of measure are to be omitted to conform with practice adopted by
scientific, technical, and industrial groups. Where the omission of
terminal punctuation causes confusion; e.g., the symbol in (inch)
mistaken for the preposition in, the symbol should be spelled out.
9.4. Standard and easily understood forms are preferable, and they
should be uniform throughout a job. Abbreviations not generally
known should be followed in the text by the spelled-out forms in
parentheses the first time they occur; in tables and leaderwork such
explanatory matter should be supplied in a footnote. As the printer
cannot rewrite the copy, the author should supply these explanatory
forms.
9.5. In technical matter, symbols for units of measure should be used
only with figures; similarly, many other abbreviations and symbols
should not appear in isolation. For example, energy is measured in
foot-pounds, NOT energy is measured in ftlbs. See ASME Y14.38
("Abbreviations and Acronyms for use on Drawings and Related
Documents") for an extended list of technical abbreviations.

Capitals, hyphens, periods (points), and spacing

9.6. In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization and hyphen-
ation of the word or words abbreviated. It is followed by a period
unless otherwise indicated.
c.o.d. St. but ftlb

221
222 Chapter 9

9.7. Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with points are set
without spaces. Abbreviations composed of contractions and ini-
tials or numbers, will retain space.
F.D.R. i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.)
J.F.K. B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc.
L.B.J. H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con.
B.C. Forrest, D.D.S. Res. 116)
U.S. C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)
U.N. but
U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.) AT&T
A.F. of L.-CIO (AFLCIO Texas A&M
preferred) R&D
A.D., B.C.

9.8. Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are omitted

after initials used as shortened names of governmental agencies
and of other organized bodies. Other organized bodies will be
interpreted to mean organized bodies that have become popularly
identified with a symbol, such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology), GM (General Motors), AFLAC (American Family Life
Assurance Company), etc. (See also rule 9.61.) Symbols, when they
appear in copy, may be used for acts of Congress. Example: ARA
(Area Redevelopment Act).
VFW TVA ARC
NLRB AFLCIO ASTM

Geographic terms
9.9. United States must be spelled out when appearing in a sentence
containing the name of another country. The abbreviation U.S.
will be used when preceding the word Government or the name
of a Government organization, except in formal writing (treaties,
Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal cita-
tions and courtwork; and covers and title pages.
U.S. Government
U.S. Congress
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. district court
U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United States)
U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)
U.S. monitor Nantucket
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 223

U.S.-NATO assistance
U.S. Government efforts to control inf lation must be successful if the
United States is to have a stable economy.
but British, French, and United States Governments; United States-British
talks

9.10. With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the abbreviation U.S.
is used in the adjective position, but is spelled out when used as a
noun.
U.S. foreign policy United States Steel Corp.
U.S. farm-support program (legal title)
U.S. attorney Foreign policy of the
U.S. citizen United States
United States Code (official title) not Temperatures vary in the U.S.

9.11. The names of foreign countries are not abbreviated, with the ex-
ception of the former U.S.S.R., which is abbreviated due to its
length.

9.12. In other than formal usage as defined in rule 9.9, all States of the
United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and freely associated
states are abbreviated immediately following any capitalized geo-
graphic term, including armory, arsenal, airbase, airport, barracks,
depot, fort, Indian agency, military camp, national cemetery (also
forest, historic site, memorial, seashore, monument, park), naval
shipyard, proving ground, reservation (forest, Indian, or military),
and reserve or station (military or naval).
Prince Georges County, MD Arlington National Cemetery, VA
Mount Rainier National Forest, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
WA Washington Dulles
Stone Mountain, GA International Airport, VA
National Naval Medical Center, Redstone Arsenal, AL
Bethesda, MD
Mark Twain National Wildlife but
Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of Leavenworth freight yards,
hyphens here) Kansas
Richmond, VA Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin

9.13. The Postal Service style of two-letter State, Province, and freely
associated State abbreviations is to be used.
224 Chapter 9

United States
[Including freely associated States]

Alabama........................................AL Kentucky.......................................KY Ohio ..............................................OH

Alaska ........................................... AK Louisiana ......................................LA Oklahoma.................................... OK
American Samoa ........................ AS Maine............................................ME Oregon ..........................................OR
Arizona .........................................AZ Marshall Islands ....................... MH Palau .............................................PW
Arkansas .......................................AR Maryland .................................... MD Pennsylvania................................ PA
California .....................................CA Massachusetts ........................... MA Puerto Rico .................................. PR
Colorado ..................................... CO Michigan.......................................MI Rhode Island ................................. RI
Connecticut .................................CT Minnesota .................................. MN South Carolina .............................SC
Delaware .......................................DE Mississippi....................................MS South Dakota ............................... SD
District of Columbia ................. DC Missouri...................................... MO Tennessee..................................... TN
Federated States of Montana.......................................MT Texas ..............................................TX
Micronesia .............................. FM Nebraska .......................................NE Utah ...............................................UT
Florida ...........................................FL Nevada .........................................NV Vermont ........................................VT
Georgia......................................... GA New Hampshire .........................NH Virgin Islands ...............................VI
Guam ............................................ GU New Jersey .....................................NJ Virginia .........................................VA
Hawaii ............................................HI New Mexico ............................... NM Washington.................................WA
Idaho...............................................ID New York ..................................... NY West Virginia.............................WV
Illinois .............................................IL North Carolina........................... NC Wisconsin.....................................WI
Indiana ...........................................IN North Dakota .............................ND Wyoming .................................... WY
Iowa.................................................IA Northern Mariana
Kansas ........................................... KS Islands......................................MP

Canada
Alberta ..........................................AB Northwest Territories ............... NT Prince Edward Island .................PE
British Columbia ........................BC Nova Scotia .................................. NS Quebec ......................................... QC
Manitoba .....................................MB Nunavut .......................................NU Saskatchewan ...............................SK
New Brunswick ...........................NB Ontario.........................................ON Yukon ............................................YT
Newfoundland and Labrador ...NL

9.14. The names of other insular possessions, trust territories, and Long
Island, Staten Island, etc., are not abbreviated.
9.15. The names of Canadian Provinces and other foreign political subdi-
visions are not abbreviated except as noted in rule 9.13.

Addresses
9.16. Words such as Street, Avenue, Place, Road, Square, Boulevard,
Terrace, Drive, Court, and Building, following a name or number,
are abbreviated in footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and lists.
9.17. In addresses, no period is used with the abbreviations NW, SW, NE,
SE (indicating sectional divisions of cities) following name or num-
ber. North, South, East, and West are spelled out at all times.
9.18. The word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not abbreviated even
in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, lists, or leaderwork.
14th Street Bridge Ninth Avenue Bldg.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 225

9.19. The words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not abbreviated.
Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be abbreviated.

Descriptions of tracts of land

9.20. In the description of tracts of public land the following abbre-
viations are used (periods are only used after compass directional
abbreviations that describe township(s) (T./Tps.) and range(s) (R./
Rs.)):
SENW sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise Meridian
lot 6, NE sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 1 W.
N sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., sixth principal meridian
Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.
T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26
T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, WE, W, and WSESE
sec. 32 (with or without a township number)

9.21. If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half and quarter are
used (not one-half or one-quarter).
south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.

9.22. In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description symbol group

at end of a line, use no hyphen and break after fraction.

Names and titles

9.23. The following forms are not always abbreviations, and copy should
be followed as to periods:
Al Ben Fred Walt
Alex Ed Sam Will

9.24. In signatures, an effort should be made to retain the exact form

used by the signer.
George Wythe Geo. Taylor

9.25. In company and other formal names, if it is not necessary to preserve

the full legal title, such forms as Bro., Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and
& are used. Association and Manufacturing are not abbreviated.
226 Chapter 9

Radio Corp. of America Electronics Manufacturing Co.

Aluminum Co. of America Texas College of Arts & Industries
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.
H.J. Baker & Bro. U.S. News & World Report
Jones Bros. & Co. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
American Telephone & Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
Telegraph Co.
Norton Enterprises, Inc.
Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd. but
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Little Theater Company
Fairmount Building & Loan Senate Banking, Housing and
Association Urban Affairs Committee

9.26. Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of Federal

Government units.
Commodity Credit Corporation
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

9.27. In parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork,

abbreviate the words railroad and railway (RR and Ry.),
except in such names as Washington Railway & Electric Co. and
Florida Railroad & Navigation Corp. SS for steamship, MS for mo-
torship, etc., preceding name are used at all times.
9.28. In the names of informal companionships the word and is spelled
out.
Lennon and McCartney Currier and Ives

9.29. In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval title preceding
a name is abbreviated if followed by first or given name or initial;
but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM., Messrs., Mlle., Mme., and Dr. are
abbreviated with or without first or given name or initial.

United States military titles and abbreviations

Ofcer rank
Officer ranks in the United States military consist of commissioned officers
and warrant officers. The commissioned ranks are the highest in the mili-
tary. These officers hold presidential commissions and are confirmed at their
ranks by the Senate. Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps officers are called
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 227

company grade officers in the pay grades of O1 to O3, field grade offi-
cers in pay grades O4 to O6, and general officers in pay grades O7 and
higher. The equivalent officer groupings in the Navy are called junior grade,
mid-grade, and flag.
Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are special-
ists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest
ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commis-
sions from the President upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. These
commissioned warrant officers are direct representatives of the President
of the United States. They derive their authority from the same source as
commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned
officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force.

Navy
Army Marines Air Force
Coast Guard

General of the Army Fleet Admiral General of the Air Force

(Reserved for wartime only) (Reserved for wartime only) (Reserved for wartime only)

Admiral
ADM
General
General Chief of Naval Operations General
O10 Gen.
GEN Gen.
and Commandant of the
Army Chief of Staff Air Force Chief of Staff
Marine Corps
Commandant of the
Coast Guard

Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant

Vice Admiral
O9 General General General
VADM
LTG Lt. Gen. Lt. Gen.

Rear Admiral
Major General Major General Major General
O8 Upper Half
MG Maj. Gen. Maj. Gen.
RADM

Rear Admiral
Brigadier General Brigadier General Brigadier General
O7 Lower Half
BG Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen.
RDML

Colonel Captain Colonel Colonel

O6
COL CAPT Col. Col.

Lieutenant Colonel Commander Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel

O5 LTC CDR Lt. Col. Lt. Col.

Lieutenant
Major Major Major
O4 Commander
MAJ Maj. Maj.
LCDR

Captain Lieutenant Captain Captain

O3 CPT LT Capt. Capt.
228 Chapter 9

Navy
Army Marines Air Force
Coast Guard

O2 First Lieutenant Lieutenant Junior Grade First Lieutenant First Lieutenant

1LT LTJG 1st Lt. 1st Lt.

O1 Second Lieutenant Ensign Second Lieutenant Second Lieutenant

2LT ENS 2nd Lt. 2nd Lt.

W5 Chief Warrant Officer Chief Warrant Officer Chief Warrant Officer 5

NO WARRANT
CW5 CWO5 CWO5

W4 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 4

NO WARRANT
CW4 CWO4 CWO4

W3 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 3

NO WARRANT
CW3 CWO3 CWO3

W2 Chief Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 2

NO WARRANT
CW2 CWO2 CWO2

Warrant Officer 1 Warrant Officer 1 Warrant Officer 1

W1 NO WARRANT
WO1 WO1 WO

Source: http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Insignias/Officers.

Enlisted rank
Service members in pay grades E1 through E3 are usually either in some
kind of training status or on their initial assignment. The training includes
the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and
values and are taught the core skills required by their service component.
Basic training is followed by a specialized or advanced training phase that
provides recruits with a specific area of expertise or concentration. In the
Army and Marines, this area is called a military occupational specialty; in
the Navy it is known as a rate; and in the Air Force it is simply called an Air
Force specialty.
Leadership responsibility significantly increases in the mid-level enlisted
ranks. This responsibility is given formal recognition by use of the terms
noncommissioned officer and petty officer. An Army sergeant, an Air Force
staff sergeant, and a Marine corporal are considered NCO ranks. The Navy
NCO equivalent, petty officer, is achieved at the rank of petty officer third
class.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 229

At the E8 level, the Army, Marines, and Air Force have two positions at the
same pay grade. Whether one is, for example, a senior master sergeant or a
first sergeant in the Air Force depends on the persons job. The same is true
for the positions at the E9 level. Marine Corps master gunnery sergeants
and sergeants major receive the same pay but have different responsibilities.
E8s and E9s have 15 to 30 years on the job, and are commanders senior
advisers for enlisted matters.
A third E9 element is the senior enlisted person of each service. The sergeant
major of the Army, the sergeant major of the Marine Corps, the master chief
petty officer of the Navy, and the chief master sergeant of the Air Force are
the spokespersons of the enlisted force at the highest levels of their services.

Navy
Army Marines Air Force
Coast Guard

Master Chief Petty

Officer
of the Navy
Sergeant Major Sergeant Major of the Chief Master Sergeant
E9 (MCPON)
of the Army Marine Corps of the Air Force
(SMA) and (SgtMajMC) (CMSAF)
Coast Guard
(MCPOCG)

Fleet/
Master Command
Command Command Master Chief
Sergeant Chief Sergeant Chief
E9 Sergeant Master Gunnery Master First
Major Petty Major Master
Major Chief Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant
(SGM) Officer (SgtMaj) Sergeant
(CSM) Petty (MGySgt) (CMSgt)
(MCPO) (CCM)
Officer

Senior
Master First Senior Chief Petty Master
First Master
E8 Sergeant Sergeant Officer Sergeant First Sergeant
Sergeant Sergeant
(MSG) (1SG) (SCPO) (MSgt)
(SMSgt)

Master
E7 Sergeant First Class Chief Petty Officer Gunnery Sergeant
Sergeant First Sergeant
(SFC) (CPO) (GySgt)
(MSgt)

Petty Officer
E6 Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant Technical Sergeant
First Class
(SSG) (SSgt) (TSgt)
(PO1)

Petty Officer
E5 Sergeant Sergeant Staff Sergeant
Second Class
(SGT) (Sgt) (SSgt)
(PO2)

Petty Officer
E4 Corporal Specialist Corporal Senior Airman
Third Class
(CPL) (SPC) (Cpl) (SrA)
(PO3)
230 Chapter 9

Navy
Army Marines Air Force
Coast Guard

E3 Private First Class Seaman Lance Corporal Airman First Class

(PFC) (SN) (LCpl) (A1C)

E2 Private E2 Seaman Apprentice Private First Class Airman

(PV2) (SA) (PFC) (Amn)

Seaman Recruit
E1 Private Private Airman Basic
(SR)

Source: http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Insignias/Enlisted.

9.30. Spell out Senator, Representative, and commandant.

9.31. Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend, and
Monsignor when followed by the first name, initials, or title.
Hon. John Kerry; the Honorable John Kerry; the Honorable Mr. Kerry
the Honorables John Roberts, Elena Kagan, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev. Dr. King; Reverend
King (not Rev. King, nor the Reverend King)
Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E. Freeman; Very Rev. Henry
Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry Boyd
Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor John Bird

9.32. The following and similar forms are used after a name:
Esq., Jr., Sr.
2d, 3d (or II, III) (not preceded by comma)
Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.
Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B., C.P.A., etc.

9.33. The abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Dr.,
should not appear with any other title or with abbreviations indi-
cating scholastic degrees.
John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.;
but James A. Jones, Jr., Esq.
Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D.
George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr. George Gray, M.D.
Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M., but Major John P. Pryor, M.D.

9.34. Sr. and Jr. should not be used without first or given name or initials,
but may be used in combination with any title.
A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr., nor Jones, Junior
President J.B. Nelson, Jr.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 231

9.35. When name is followed by abbreviations designating religious

and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary degrees, their
sequence is as follows: Orders, religious first; theological degrees;
academic degrees earned in course; and honorary degrees in order
of bestowal.
Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.
T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.
Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.

9.36. Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.

John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of arts degree (lowercase
when spelled out).
She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.

9.37. In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and leaderwork but not in

tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and other titles preceding a
name, and Esq., Ph.D., Jr., and Sr. following a name, are set in roman
caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small caps. If the name
is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small caps are avail-
ableotherwise in caps and lowercase.

Parts of publications
9.38. The following abbreviations are used for parts of publications
mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, list of ref-
erences, tables, and leaderwork, when followed by figures, letters, or
Roman numerals.
app., apps. (appendix, pl., pls. (plate, plates)
appendixes) pt., pts. (part, parts)
art., arts. (article, articles) sec., secs. (section, sections)
bull., bulls. (bulletin, bulletins) subch., subchs. (subchapter,
ch., chs. (chapter, chapters) subchapters)
col., cols. (column, columns) subpar., subpars. (subparagraph,
ed., eds. (edition, editions) subparagraphs)
fig., figs. (figure, figures) subpt., subpts. (subpart, subparts)
fn., fns. (footnote, footnotes) subsec., subsecs. (subsection,
No., Nos. (number, numbers) subsections)
p., pp. (page, pages) supp., supps. (supplement,
par., pars. (paragraph, supplements)
paragraphs) vol., vols. (volume, volumes)
232 Chapter 9

9.39. The word article and the word section are abbreviated when appear-
ing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps and small caps
followed by a period and an en space, except that the first of a series
is spelled out.
Art. 2; Sec. 2; etc.; but Article 1; Section 1
Art. II; Sec. II; etc.; but Article I; Section I

9.40. At the beginning of a legend, the word figure preceding the legend
number is not abbreviated.
Figure 4.Landscape.
Terms relating to Congress
9.41. The words Congress and session, when accompanied by a numeri-
cal reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, and text
footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables, leaderwork, and
footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are
used:
106th Cong., 1st sess. Public Law 84, 102d Cong.
1st sess., 106th Cong. Private Law 68, 102d Cong.

9.42. In references to bills, resolutions, documents and reports in paren-

theses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, the
following abbreviations are used:
H.R. 416 (House bill) H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House
S. 116 (Senate bill) conference report)
The examples above may be H. Doc. 35 (House document)
abbreviated or spelled S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)
out in text. H. Rept. 214 (House report)
H. Res. 5 (House resolution) S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)
H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)
resolution) Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)
H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution) Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)
S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution) Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous
S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent document)
resolution) Public Res. 47
S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 233

9.43. References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables,

leaderwork, and congressional work are abbreviated.
Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18 U.S.C. 38
Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes)
Stat. L. (Statutes at Large)
but Public Law 851; Private Law 68

Calendar divisions
9.44. Names of months followed by the day, or day and year, are
abbreviated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes, and in bibli-
ographies. (See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June, and July are always
spelled out. In narrow columns in tables, however, the names of
months may be abbreviated even if standing alone. Preferred forms
follow:
Jan. Apr. Oct.
Feb. Aug. Nov.
Mar. Sept. Dec.

9.45. In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference within paren-

theses or brackets are also abbreviated.
(Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2005)
(Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 2007)
[From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 2008]
[From the Mar. 4 issue]
On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 2005) the work was finished. (In
footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and sidenotes)
On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2006). (Text,
but with citation in parentheses)
but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 2008) the work was
finished. (Not a citation or reference in text)

9.46. Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms are used, if
necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in tables:
Sun. Wed. Fri.
Mon. Thurs. Sat.
Tues.
234 Chapter 9

Time zones
9.47. The following forms are to be used when abbreviating names of
time zones:
AKDTAlaska daylight time GMATGreenwich mean
AKSTAlaska standard time astronomical time
AKTAlaska time (implies GMTGreenwich mean time
standard or daylight time) HDTHawaii-Aleutian daylight time
ASTAtlantic standard time (not observed in HI)
ATAtlantic time HSTHawaii-Aleutian standard time
CDTcentral daylight time LSTlocal standard time
CSTcentral standard time MDTmountain daylight time
CTcentral time MSTmountain standard time
ChSTChamorro standard time MT mountain time
(DST not observed) PDTPacific daylight time
DSTdaylight saving (no s) time PSTPacific standard time
EDTeastern daylight time PTPacific time
ESTeastern standard time SSTSamoan standard time
ETeastern time (DST not observed)
GCTGreenwich civil time UTCcoordinated universal time

Acronyms and coined words

9.48. To obtain uniform treatment in the formation of acronyms and
coined words, apply the formulas that follow:
Use all capital letters when only the first letter of each word or selected words is
used to make up the symbol:
APPR (Army package power reactor)
EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)
MAG (Military Advisory Group)
MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)
SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT talks)
Use all capital letters where first letters of prefixes and/or suffixes are utilized as
part of established expressions:
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
ESP (extrasensory perception)
FLIR (forward-looking infrared)
Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated form is copyrighted or
established by law:
ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)
MARAD (Maritime Administration)
NACo (National Association of Counties)
MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 235

Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in shortened form, any word
of which uses more than the first letter of each word:
Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)
Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)
Inco (International Nickel Co.)
Aramco (Arabian-American Oil Co.)
Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)
but USAJOBS
Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more than the first
letter of lowercased words:
loran (long-range navigation)
sonar (sound navigation ranging)
secant (separation control of aircraft by nonsynchronous techniques)

9.49. The words infra and supra are not abbreviated.

Terms of measure
9.50. The only instance where a period is used with a compass directonal
abbreviation is in a land tract description with township(s) (T./Tps.)
and range(s) (R./Rs.). (See rule 9.20.) Compass directionals are ab-
breviated as follows:
N S ESE
NE NNW 10 N 25 W
E W but
NW by N W SW T. 2 S., R. 1 E.

9.51. The words latitude and longitude, followed by figures, are abbre-
viated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and
leaderwork, and the figures are always closed up.
lat. 5233'05" N long. 1321'10" E

9.52. Avoid breaking latitude and longitude figures at end of line; space
out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break at end of line, use
hyphen.
9.53. Temperature and gravity are expressed in figures. When the de-
gree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the capital letter, not
236 Chapter 9

against the figures. Note the following related abbreviations and let-
ter symbols and their usages:
abs, absolute API, American Petroleum
B, Baum Institute
C,1 degree Celsius 2 Twad, Twaddell
F, degree Fahrenheit 100 C
R, degree Rankine 212 F 1
K, kelvin; but Kelvin scale 671.67 R
273.15 K 18 API
API

9.54. References to meridian in statements of time are abbreviated as

follows:
10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.) 12 p.m. (12 noon)
2:30 p.m. 12 a.m. (12 midnight)

9.55. The word oclock is not used with abbreviations of time.

not 10 oclock p.m.

9.56. Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman unless the unit
name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the first
letter of the symbol is capitalized (for example Pa for pascal and W
for watt). The exception is the letter L for liter. The same form is used
for singular and plural. The preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is
cm3; use cc only when requested.
A space is used between a figure and a unit symbol except in the
case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle.
3m 45 mm 25 C but 3315'21"
Prefixes for multiples and submultiples Metric units
24 1
Y yotta (10 ) d deci (10 ) m meter (for length)
Z zetta (1021) c centi (102) g gram (for weight or mass)
E exa (1018) m milli (103) L liter (for capacity)
P peta (1015) micro (106)
T tera (1012) n nano (109)
G giga (109) p pico (1012)
M mega (106) f femto (1015)
k kilo (103) a atto (1018)
h hecto (102) z zepto (1021)
da deka (10) y yocto (1024)
1
Without figures preceding it, C or F should be used only in boxhead and over figure columns in tables.
2
Preferred form (superseding Centigrade).
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 237

Length Area Volume

2 3
km kilometer km square kilometer km cubic kilometer
hm hectometer hm2 square hectometer hm3 cubic hectometer
dam decameter dam2 square decameter dam3 cubic dekameter
m meter m2 square meter m3 cubic meter
dm decimeter dm2 square decimeter dm3 cubic decimeter
cm centimeter cm2 square centimeter cm3 cubic centimeter
mm millimeter mm2 square millimeter mm3 cubic millimeter

Weight Land area Capacity of containers

kg kilogram ha hectare kL kiloliter
hg hectogram a acre hL hectoliter
dag dekagram daL dekaliter
g gram L liter
dg decigram dL deciliter
cg centigram cL centiliter
mg milligram mL milliliter
g microgram

9.57. A similar form of abbreviation applies to any unit of the metric

system.
A ampere V volt mF millifarad
VA voltampere W watt mH millihenry
F farad kc kilocycle F microfarad (one-
H henry kV kilovolt millionth of a farad)
Hz hertz kVA kilovoltampere
J joule kW kilowatt

9.58. The following forms are used when units of English weight and
measure and units of time are abbreviated, the same form of abre-
viation being used for both singular and plural:
Length Area and volume
2
in inch in square inch
ft foot in3 cubic inch
yd yard mi2 square mile
mi mile (statute) ft3 cubic foot
238 Chapter 9

Time Weight Capacity

yr year gr grain gill (not abbreviated)
mo month dr dram pt pint
d day oz ounce qt quart
h hour lb pound gal gallon
min minute cwt hundredweight pk peck
s second dwt pennyweight bu bushel
ton(s) (not abbreviated) bbl barrel
but t metric ton (tonne)

9.59. In astrophysical and similar scientific matter, magnitudes and units

of time may be expressed as follows:
5h3m9s 4.5h

Money
9.60. The following are some of the abbreviations and symbols used for
indicating money:
(For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency, see the
table Currency in Chapter 17 Useful Tables.)
$, dol (dollar) Mex $2,650
c, ct, (cent, cents) (peso)
TRL175 (Turkish) (pound)
USD15,000 d (pence)
(euro)

Use USD if omission would result in confusion.

Standard word abbreviations

9.61. For a more complete list of Government acronyms visit the
U.S. Government Manual: https//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/
GOVMAN-2015-07-01/pdf/GOVMAN-2015-07-01-Commonly-
Used-Agency-Acronyms-105.pdf. Use these forms if abbreviations
are required:
2,4D (insecticide) A1 (rating)
2dsecond A.A.Alcoholics Anonymous
3dthird AARPAmerican Association of
3Dthree dimensional Retired Persons
4quarto abbr.abbreviation
8octavo abs.abstract
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 239

acct.account ARCAmerican Red Cross

ACTHadrenocorticotropic ARSAgricultural Research
hormone Service
A.D.(anno Domini) in the year ASDautism spectrum disorder
of our Lord (A.D. 937) ASMEAmerican Society of
ADDHattention deficit disorder Mechanical Engineers
with hyperactivity ASTMAmerican Society for
ADHDattention deficit hyper- Testing and Materials
activity disorder ATMautomatic teller machine
AFaudiofrequency Atl.Atlantic Reporter; A.2d,
AFBAir Force Base Atlantic Reporter, second
AFLCIOAmerican Federation series
of Labor and Congress of AUSArmy of the United States
Industrial Organizations Ave.avenue
AIDSacquired immuno- AWACSairborne warning and
deficiency syndrome control system
a.k.a.also known as AWOLabsent without leave
A.L.R.American Law Reports B.A. or A.B.bachelor of arts
ALSamyotrophic lateral sclerosis BACbilling address code
AMamplitude modulation (no BBBBetter Business Bureau
periods) B.C.before Christ (1200 B.C.)
A.M.(anno mundi) in the year of B.C.E.Before Common Era
the world BCG(bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
A.M. or M.A.master of arts antituberculosis vaccine
a.m.(ante meridiem) before noon bf.boldface
Am. Repts.American Reports BGNBoard on (not of)
AmtrakNational Railroad Geographic Names
Passenger Corporation BIABureau of Indian Affairs
AMVETSAmerican Veterans; BISBank for International
Amvet(s) (individual) Settlements
ANSIAmerican National Blatch. Pr. Cas.Blatchfords
Standards Institute Prize Cases
antilogantilogarithm (no period) Bldg.building
AOAAdministration on Aging B.Lit(t). or Lit(t).B.bachelor of
APECAsia-Pacific Economic literature
Cooperation BLMBureau of Land
APIAmerican Petroleum Management
Institute BLSBureau of Labor Statistics
APOArmy post office (no Blvd.boulevard
periods) b.o.buyers option
App. D.C.District of Columbia B.S. or B.Sc.bachelor of science
Appeal Cases c. and s.c.caps and small caps
App. Div.Appellate Division ca.(circa) about
approx.approximately cacentiare
240 Chapter 9

CACMCentral American Corp.corporation (commercial)

Common Market coscosine (no period)
CADcomputer-aided design coshhyperbolic cosine (no
CAPCivil Air Patrol period)
CAT scancomputerized axial cotcotangent (no period)
tomography cothhyperbolic cotangent (no
C.C.A.Circuit Court of Appeals period)
CCCCommodity Credit c.p.chemically pure
Corporation C.P.A.certified public
C.Cls.Court of Claims accountant
C.Cls.R.Court of Claims Reports CPIConsumer Price Index
C.C.P.A.Court of Customs and CPRcardiopulmonary
Patents Appeals resuscitation
CCSDSConsultative Committee cr.credit; creditor
for Space Data Systems CSPANCable Satellite Public
CDCCenters for Disease Control Affairs Network
and Prevention csccosecant (no period)
C.E.Common Era cschhyperbolic cosecant (no
CEACouncil of Economic period)
Advisers Ct.court
cf.(confer) compare or see Dall.Dallas (U.S. Supreme
CFRCode of Federal Regulations Court Reports)
CFR Supp.Code of Federal DARDaughters of the American
Regulations Supplement Revolution
CHAMPUSCivilian Health d.b.a.doing business as
and Medical Program of the d.b.h.diameter at breast height
Uniformed Services D.D.doctor of divinity
CIACentral Intelligence Agency D.D.S.doctor of dental surgery
C.J.(corpus juris) body of law; DDTdichlorodiphenyl-
Chief Justice trichloroethane
CMYKcyan, magenta, yellow, DHSDepartment of Homeland
black Security
CNNCable News Network Dist. Ct.District Court
COcommanding officer D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D.doctor of
Co.company (commercial) literature
c.o.d.cash on delivery DNCDomestic Names
COLAcost-of-living adjustment Committee (BGN)
Comp. Dec.Comptrollers do.(ditto) the same
Decisions (Treasury) DOCDepartment of Commerce
Comp. Gen.Comptroller DoDDepartment of Defense
General Decisions DOEDepartment of Energy
con.continued DOIDepartment of the Interior
Conuscontinental United States DOJDepartment of Justice
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 241

DOLDepartment of Labor EurodollarsU.S. dollars used to

DoSDepartment of State finance foreign trade
DOTDepartment of Ex. Doc. (with letter)executive
Transportation document
DPdisplaced person (no period) EXIM BankExport-Import
D.P.H.doctor of public health Bank of the United States
D.P.Hy.doctor of public hygiene f., ff.and following page (pages)
DPTdiphtheria, pertussis, FAAFederal Aviation
tetanus innoculation Administration
dr.debit; debtor FACSFaculty of the American
Dr.doctor; drive College of Surgeons
DSTdaylight saving (no s) time Fannie MaeFederal National
D.V.M.doctor of veterinary Mortgage Association
medicine FAOFood and Agriculture
Eeast Organization
eCFRelectronic Code of FAQfrequently asked question
Federal Regulations FARFederal Acquisition
EDGARElectronic Data Regulation
Gathering, Analysis and f.a.s.free alongside ship
Retrieval (SEC) FASForeign Agricultural
EEOCEqual Employment Service
Opportunity Commission FBIFederal Bureau of
EFTAEuropean Free Trade Investigation
Association FCAFarm Credit
EFTSelectronic funds transfer Administration
system FCCFederal Communications
e.g.(exempli gratia) for example Commission
EHFextremely high frequency FCICFederal Crop Insurance
emceemaster of ceremony Corporation
e.o.m.end of month FCSCForeign Claims
EOPExecutive Office of the Settlement Commission
President FDAFood and Drug
EPAEnvironmental Protection Administration
Agency FDICFederal Deposit Insurance
ESEeast-southeast Corporation
et al.(et alii) and others FDLPFederal Depository
et seq.(et sequentia) and the Library Program
following Fed.Federal Reporter; F.3d,
etc.(et cetera) and so forth Federal Reporter, third series
EUEuropean Union FEOFForeign Exchange
EuratomEuropean Atomic Operations Fund
Energy Community FERCFederal Energy
Eurocurrency (common) Regulatory Commission
242 Chapter 9

FHAFederal Housing G.M.&S.general, medical, and

Administration surgical
FHFAFederal Housing GNMAGovernment National
Finance Agency Mortgage Association
FmHAFarmers Home (Ginnie Mae)
Administration Gov.Governor
FHWAFederal Highway GPOGovernment Publishing
Administration Office
FICAFederal Insurance GPSGlobal Positioning System
Contributions Act gr. wt.gross weight
FLSAFair Labor Standards Act GSAGeneral Services
FMfrequency modulation Administration
FMCFederal Maritime GSEGovernment-Sponsored
Commission Enterprise
FMCSFederal Mediation and G7Group of Seven
Conciliation Service H.C.House of Commons
FNSFood and Nutrition Service H. Con. Res. (with number)
ffolio House concurrent resolution
FOBfree on board H. Doc. (with number)House
FPOfleet post office (no periods) document
FRFederal Register hazmathazardous material
(publication) HDTVhigh definition television
FRGFederal Republic of HEhigh explosive (no periods)
Germany HFhigh frequency (no periods)
FRSFederal Reserve System HHSHealth and Human
FSForest Service Services (Department of)
FSLICFederal Savings and Loan HIVhuman immunodeficiency
Insurance Corporation virus
F. Supp.Federal Supplement H.J. Res. (with number)House
FTCFederal Trade Commission joint resolution
FWSFish and Wildlife Service HMOhealth-maintenance
GAOGovernment organization
Accountability Office HOVhigh-occupancy vehicle
GATTGeneral Agreement on How.Howard (U.S. Supreme
Tariffs and Trade Court Reports)
GDPGross Domestic Product H.R. (with number)House bill
GFEgovernment furnished H. Rept. (with number)House
equipment report
GFIgovernment furnished H. Res. (with number)House
information resolution
GIgeneral issue; Government HUDHousing and Urban
issue Development (Department of)
GISgeographic information IADBInter-American Defense
system Board
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 243

IAEAInternational Atomic JOBSJob Opportunities in the

Energy Agency Business Sector
ibid.(ibidem) in the same place JITjust in time
ICBMintercontinental ballistic Jpn.Japan or Japanese where
missile necessary to abbreviate
id.(idem) the same Jr.junior
IDInformation Dissemination Judge Adv. Gen.Judge Advocate
IDAInternational Development General
Association lat.latitude
IDEintegrated drive electronics LCLibrary of Congress
i.e.(id est) that is LCDliquid crystal display
IEEEInstitute of Electrical and lc.lowercase
Electronic Engineers L.Ed.Lawyers edition (U.S.
IFintermediate frequency (no Supreme Court Reports)
periods) LGBTQLesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
IFCInternational Finance Transgender, and Questioning
Corporation liq.liquid
IMFInternational Monetary lf.lightface
Fund LFlow frequency
Insp. Gen. (also IG)inspector LL.B.bachelor of laws
general LL.D.doctor of laws
InterpolInternational Criminal loc. cit.(loco citato) in the place
Police Organization cited
IOUI owe you log (no period)logarithm
IQintelligence quotient long.longitude
IRAindividual retirement loran (no periods)long-range
account navigation
IRBMintermediate range lox (no periods)liquid oxygen
ballistic missile LPGliquefied petroleum gas
IREInstitute of Radio Engineers Ltd.limited
IRSInternal Revenue Service Lt. Gov.lieutenant governor
ISILIslamic State of Iraq and Mmoney supply: M1, M2, etc.
the Levant (Intelligence M.monsieur; MM., messieurs
Community standard) m.(meridies) noon
ISISIslamic State of Iraq and Syria Mmore
ISOInternational Organization MACMilitary Airlift Command
for Standardization MARADMaritime
ISSInternational Space Station Administration
ISSNInternational Standard MCMember of Congress
Serial Number (emcee, master of ceremonies)
JAGJudge Advocate General M.D.doctor of medicine
jatojet-assisted takeoff MDAPMutual Defense
J.D.(jurum or juris doctor) Assistance Program
doctor of laws Medi-CalMedicaid California
244 Chapter 9

memomemorandum NATONorth Atlantic Treaty

MFmedium frequency; Organization
microfiche NCUANational Credit Union
MFNmost favored nation Administration
MIAmissing in action (plural NEnortheast
MIAs) n.e.c.not elsewhere classified
MIRVmultiple independently n.e.s.not elsewhere specified
targetable reentry vehicle net wt.net weight
Misc. Doc. (with number) N.F.National Formulary
miscellaneous document NFCNational Finance Center
Mlle.mademoiselle NIHNational Institutes of
MMARMaterials Management Health
Acquisition Regulation NISTNational Institute of
Mme.madam Standards and Technology
Mmes.mesdames NGANational Geospatial-
mo.month Intelligence Agency
MOSmilitary occupational n.l.natural log or logarithm
specialty NLRBNational Labor Relations
M.P.Member of Parliament Board
MPmilitary police NNTPNetwork News Transfer
Mr.mister (plural Messrs.) Protocol
MRImagnetic resonance NNWnorth-northwest
imaging No.Nos., number, numbers
Mrs.mistress NOAANational Oceanic and
Ms.feminine title (plural Mses.) Atmospheric Administration
M.S.master of science n.o.i.b.n.not otherwise indexed
MS.MSS., manuscript, by name
manuscripts n.o.p.not otherwise provided
MSCMilitary Sealift Command (for)
Msgr.monsignor n.o.s.not otherwise specified
m.s.l.mean sea level NPRNational Public Radio
MTNmultilateral trade NPSNational Park Service
negotiations NRCNuclear Regulatory
Nnorth Commission
NAnot available; not applicable NSnuclear ship
NACo.National Association of NSANational Security Agency
Counties NSCNational Security Council
NAFTANorth American Free NSFNational Science
Trade Agreement Foundation
NASNational Academy of n.s.k.not specified by kind
Sciences n.s.p.f.not specifically provided
NASANational Aeronautics and for
Space Administration NWnorthwest
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 245

OAPECOrganization of Arab Ph.G.graduate in pharmacy

Petroleum Exporting PHSPublic Health Service
Countries PINpersonal identification
OASOrganization of American number
States Pl.place
OASDHIOld-Age, Survivors, p.m.(post meridiem) after noon
Disability, and Health P.O. Box (with number)but post
Insurance Program office box (in general sense)
OASIOld-Age and Survivors POPPoint of Presence; Post
Insurance Office Protocol
ODofficer of the day POWprisoner of war (plural
ODoverdose; Odd, overdosed POWs)
O.D.doctor of optometry Private Res. (with number)
OKOked, Oking, Oks private resolution
OMBOffice of Management and Prof.professor
Budget pro tem(pro tempore)
Op. Atty. Gen.Opinions of the temporarily
Attorney General P.S.(post scriptum) postscript;
op. cit.(opere citato) in the work public school (with number)
cited PTAparent-teachers association
OPECOrganization of PTSDpost-traumatic stress
Petroleum Exporting disorder
Countries Public Res. (with number)public
OSDOffice of the Secretary of resolution
Defense PXpost exchange
PApublic address system; QTon the quiet
physician assistant R.Rs., range, ranges
Pac.Pacific Reporter; P.2d, raconradar beacon
Pacific Reporter, second radarradio detection and
series ranging
PACpolitical action committee R&Dresearch and development
(plural PACs) ratorocket-assisted takeoff
PBSPublic Broadcasting Service; Rd.road
Public Buildings Service RDT&Eresearch, development,
PCVPeace Corps Volunteer testing, and evaluation
Pet.Peters (U.S. Supreme Court Rev.reverend
Reports) Rev. Stat.Revised Statutes
Phphenyl RFradio frequency
Phar.D.doctor of pharmacy R.F.D.rural free delivery
Ph.B. or B.Ph.bachelor of RGBred, green, blue
philosophy RhRhesus (blood factor)
Ph.D. or D.Ph.doctor of RIFreduction(s) in force; RIFed,
philosophy RIFing, RIFs
246 Chapter 9

R.N.registered nurse sonarsound, navigation, and

ROTCReserve Officers ranging (no period)
Training Corps SOPstandard operating
RRrailroad procedure
RRBRailroad Retirement Board SOSwireless distress signal
RSSReally Simple Syndication SPshore patrol
Rt. Rev.right reverend SPAsimplified purchase
Ry.railway agreement
Ssouth SPARCoast Guard Womens
S.Senate bill (with number) Reserve (semper paratus
SAESociety of Automotive always ready)
Engineers sp. gr.specific gravity
S&L(s)savings and loan(s) Sq.square (street)
SALTstrategic arms limitation Sr.senior
talks S. Rept. (with number)Senate
SARSons of the American report
Revolution S. Res. (with number)Senate
SBASmall Business resolution
Administration SSsteamship
sc.(scilicet) namely (see also ss) ss(scilicet) namely (in law) (see
s.c.small caps also sc.)
S. Con. Res. (with number) SSASocial Security
Senate concurrent resolution Administration
s.d.(sine die) without date SSEsouth-southeast
S. Doc. (with number)Senate SSSSelective Service System
document St.Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints
SEsoutheast St.street
SEATOSoutheast Asia Treaty Stat.Statutes at Large
Organization STEAMScience, Technology,
SECSecurities and Exchange Engineering, Art and
Commission Mathematics
secsecant STEMScience, Technology,
sechhyperbolic secant Engineering and Mathematics
2dsecond STPstandard temperature and
SEOSearch Engine Optimization pressure
SHFsuperhigh frequency Sup. Ct.Supreme Court
shoranshort range (radio) Reporter
SISysteme International dUnits Supp. Rev. Stat.Supplement to
sicthus the Revised Statutes
sinsine Supt.superintendent
sinhhyperbolic sine Surg.surgeon
S.J. Res. (with number)Senate Surg. Gen.Surgeon General
joint resolution SWsouthwest
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 247

S.W.2dSouthwestern Reporter, USDAU.S. Department of

second series Agriculture
SWATspecial weapons and USESU.S. Employment Service
tactics (team) U.S. 61U.S. No. 61, U.S.
T.Tps., township, townships Highway No. 61
tantangent USGSU.S. Geological Survey
tanhhyperbolic tangent USMCU.S. Marine Corps
TBtuberculosis USNU.S. Navy
T.D.Treasury Decisions USNRU.S. Navy Reserve
TDYtemporary duty U.S.P.United States
Ter.terrace Pharmacopeia
3dthird USPSU.S. Postal Service
t.m.true mean U.S.S.U.S. Senate
TNTtrinitrotoluol v. or vs.(versus) against
TPPTrans-Pacific Partnership VADepartment of Veterans
TVtelevision Affairs
TVATennessee Valley Authority VATvalue added tax
uc.uppercase VCRvideo cassette recorder
UHFultrahigh frequency VHFvery high frequency
U.N.United Nations VIPvery important person
UNESCOUnited Nations viz(videlicet) namely
Educational, Scientific, and VLFvery low frequency
Cultural Organization VTRvideo tape recording
UNCHRUnited Nations High Wwest
Commissioner for Refugees w.a.e.when actually employed
UNICEFUnited Nations Wall.Wallace (U.S. Supreme
Childrens Fund Court Reports)
U.S.U.S. Supreme Court Reports wfwrong font
U.S.A.United States of America Wheat.Wheaton (U.S. Supreme
USAU.S. Army Court Reports)
USAFU.S. Air Force WHOWorld Health
USAIDU.S. Agency for Organization
International Development WIPOWorld Intellectual
U.S.C.United States Code Property Organization
U.S.C.A.United States Code WNWwest-northwest
Annotated w.o.p.without pay
USCCRU.S. Commission on Yale L.J.Yale Law Journal
Civil Rights ZIP CodeZone Improvement
U.S.C. Supp.United States Code Plan Code (Postal Service)
Supplement ZIP+49-digit ZIP Code
USCGU.S. Coast Guard
248 Chapter 9

Standard letter symbols for units of measure

9.62. The same form is used for singular and plural senses.
Aampere cd/m2candela per square meter
angstrom cgcentigram
aare cdhcandela-hour
aatto (prefix, one-quintillionth) Cicurie
aAattoampere cLcentiliter
absabsolute (temperature and cmcentimeter
gravity) c/mcycles per minute
acalternating current cm2square centimeter
AFaudiofrequency cm3cubic centimeter
Ahampere-hour cmilcircular mil
A/mampere per meter cpcandlepower
AMamplitude modulation cPcentipoise
asbapostilb cStcentistokes
Atampere-turn cwthundredweight
atatmosphere, technical Ddarcy
atmatmosphere dday
at wtatomic weight ddeci (prefix, one-tenth)
auastronomical units dpence
avdpavoirdupois dadeka (prefix, 10)
bbarn dagdekagram
Bbel daLdekaliter
bbit damdekameter
bblbarrel dam2square dekameter
bbl/dbarrel per day dam3cubic dekameter
Bdbaud dBdecibel
bd. ft.board foot (obsolete); use fbm dBudecibel unit
BBaum dcdirect current
Bev (obsolete); see GeV dgdecigram
BhnBrinell hardness number dLdeciliter
bhpbrake horsepower dmdecimeter
bmboard measure dm2square decimeter
bpboiling point dm3cubic decimeter
BtuBritish thermal unit doldollar
bubushel dozdozen
c, ct; cent(s) drdram
ccenti (prefix, one-hundredth) dwtdeadweight tons
Ccoulomb dwtpennyweight
Cdegree Celsius dyndyne
calcalorie (also: calIT, International EHFextremely high frequency
Table; calththermochemical) emfelectromotive force
cd/in2candela per square inch emuelectromagnetic unit
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 249

ergerg hghectogram
esuelectrostatic unit hLhectoliter
eVelectronvolt hmhectometer
Fdegree Fahrenheit hm2square hectometer
Ffarad hm3cubic hectometer
ffemto (prefix, one-quadrillionth) hphorsepower
fbmboard foot; board foot measure hphhorsepower-hour
fcfootcandle Hzhertz (cycles per second)
fLfootlambert idinside diameter
fmfentometer ihpindicated horsepower
FMfrequency modulation ininch
ftfoot in2square inch
ft2square foot in3cubic inch
ft3cubic foot in/hinch per hour
ftH2Oconventional foot of water inH2Oconventional inch of water
ftlbfoot-pound inHgconventional inch of mercury
ftlbffoot-pound force in-lbinch-pound
ft/minfoot per minute in/sinch per second
ft2/minsquare foot per minute Jjoule
ft3/mincubic foot per minute J/Kjoule per kelvin
ft-pdlfoot poundal Kkayser
ft/sfoot per second Kkelvin (use without degree symbol)
ft2/ssquare foot per second kkilo (prefix, 1,000)
ft3/scubic foot per second kthousand (7k=7,000)
ft/s2foot per second squared kckilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz),
ft/s3foot per second cubed kilocycles per second
Ggauss kcalkilocalorie
Ggiga (prefix, 1 billion) keVkiloelectronvolt
ggram; acceleration of gravity kGkilogauss
Galgal cm/s2 kgkilogram
galgallon kgfkilogram-force
gal/mingallons per minute kHzkilohertz (kilocycles per second)
gal/sgallons per second kLkiloliter
GBgigabyte klbfkilopound-force
Gbgilbert kmkilometer
g/cm3gram per cubic centimeter km2square kilometer
GeVgigaelectronvolt km3cubic kilometer
GHzgigahertz (gigacycle per second) km/hkilometer per hour
grgrain; gross knknot (speed)
hhecto (prefix, 100) kkilohm
Hhenry ktkiloton; carat
hhour kVkilovolt
hahectare kVAkilovoltampere
HFhigh frequency kvarkilovar
250 Chapter 9

kWkilowatt Mcmegacycle; see also MHz

kWhkilowatthour (megahertz), megacycles per
Llambert second
Lliter mcmillicycle; see also mHz
lbpound (millihertz), millicycles per
lb apapothecary pound second
lbavdp, avoirdupois pound mDmillidarcy
lbfpound-force meqmilliquivalent
lbf/ftpound-force foot MeVmegaelectronvolts
lbf/ft2pound-force per square foot mFmillifarad
lbf/ft3pound-force per cubic foot Fmicrofarad
lbf/in2pound-force per square inch mGmilligauss
(see psi) mgmilligram
lb/ftpound per foot gmicrogram
lb/ft2pound per square foot Mgal/dmillion gallons per day
lb/ft3pound per cubic foot mHmillihenry
lctlong calcined ton Hmicrohenry
ldtlong dry ton MHzmegahertz
LFlow frequency mHzmillihertz
lin ftlinear foot mimile (statute)
l/mlines per minute mi2square mile
lmlumen mi/galmile(s) per gallon
lm/ft2lumen per square foot mi/hmile(s) per hour
lm/m2lumen per square meter milmil
lmslumen second minminute (time)
lm/Wlumen per watt inmicroinch
l/slines per second mLmilliliter
L/sliter per second mmmillimeter
lxlux mm2square millimeter
Mmega (prefix, 1 million) mm3cubic millimeter
Mmillion (3 M=3 million) m2square micrometer
mmeter m3cubic micrometer
mmilli (prefix, one-thousandth) micromicron (use of compound
M1monetary aggregate prefixes obsolete; use pm,
m2square meter picometer)
m3cubic meter fmicromicrofarad (use of
micro (prefix, one-millionth) compound prefixes obsolete; use
mmicrometer pF)
mAmilliampere mmHgconventional millimeter of
Amicroampere mercury
MBmegabyte mmegohm
mbarmillibar momonth
barmicrobar molmole (unit of substance)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 251

mol wtmolecular weight pWpicowatt

mpmelting point qtquart
msmillisecond quadquadrillion (1015)
smicrosecond Rrankine
Mtmegaton Rroentgen (measurement of
mVmillivolt radiation)
Vmicrovolt Rdegree Rankine
MWmegawatt radradian
mWmilliwatt rdrad (radiation-absorbed dose)
Wmicrowatt remroentgen equivalent man
MWd/tmegawatt-days per ton r/minrevolutions per minute
Mxmaxwell rmsroot mean square
nnano (prefix, one-billionth) r/srevolutions per second
Nnewton ssecond (time)
nAnanoampere sshilling
nFnanofarad Ssiemens
Nmnewton meter sbstilb
N/m2newton per square meter scpspherical candlepower
nminautical mile sftsecond-foot
Npneper shpshaft horsepower
nsnanosecond slugslug
Ns/m2newton second per square srsteradian
meter sSfstandard saybolt fural
ntnit sSustandard saybolt universal
odoutside diameter stdft3standard cubic foot (feet)
Oeoersted (use of A/m, amperes per Sussaybolt universal second(s)
meter, preferred) Ttera (prefix, 1 trillion)
ozounce (avoirdupois) Tft3trillion cubic feet
ppico (prefix, one-trillionth) Ttesla
Ppoise ttonne (metric ton)
Papascal tbsptablespoonful
pApicoampere thmtherm
pctpercent tonton
pdlpoundal tspteaspoonful
pFpicofarad Twadtwaddell
pFwater-holding energy u(unified) atomic mass unit
pHhydrogen-ion concentration UHFultrahigh frequency
phphot; phase Vvolt
pkpeck VAvoltampere
pmpicometer varvar
p/mparts per million VHFvery high frequency
pspicosecond V/mvolt per meter
psipounds per square inch Wwatt
ptpint Wbweber
252 Chapter 9

Whwatthour xunknown quantity (italic)

W/(mK)watt per meter kelvin ydyard
W/srwatt per steradian yd2square yard
W/(srm2)watt per steradian square yd3cubic yard
meter yryear

Standard Latin abbreviations

9.63. When Latin abbreviations are used, follow this list.
a.annus, year; ante, before A.R.S.S.Antiquariorum Regiae
A.A.C.anno ante, Christum in the Societatis Socius, Fellow of the
year before Christ Royal Society of Antiquaries
A.A.S.Academiae Americanae Socius, A.U.C.anno urbis conditae, ab
Fellow of the American Academy urbe conolita, in [the year from]
[Academy of Arts and Sciences] the building of the City [Rome],
A.B.artium baccalaureus, bachelor 753 B.C.
of arts B.A.baccalaureus artium, bachelor
ab init.ab initio, from the beginning of arts
abs. re.absente reo, the defendant B.S. or B. Sc.baccalaureus scientiae,
being absent bachelor of science
A.C.ante Christum, before Christ C.centum, a hundred; condemno, I
A.D.anno Domini, in the year of our condemn, find guilty
Lord c.circa, about
a.d.ante diem, before the day cent.centum, a hundred
ad fin.ad finem, at the end, to one end cf.confer, compare
ad h.l.ad hunc locum, to this place, C.M.chirurgiae magister, master of
on this passage surgery
ad inf.ad infinitum, to infinity coch.cochlear, a spoon, spoonful
ad init.ad initium, at the beginning coch. amp.cochlear amplum, a
ad int.ad interim, in the meantime tablespoonful
ad lib.ad libitum, at pleasure
ad loc.ad locum, at the place coch. mag.cochlear magnum, a large
ad val.ad valorem, according to spoonful
A.I.anno inventionis, in the year of coch. med.cochlear medium, a
the discovery dessert spoonful
al.alia, alii, other things, other coch. parv.cochlear parvum, a
persons teaspoonful
A.M.anno mundi, in the year of the con.contra, against; conjunx, wife
world; Annus mirabilis, the C.P.S.custos privati sigilli, keeper of
wonderful year [1666] the privy seal
a.m.ante meridiem, before noon C.S.custos sigilli, keeper of the seal
an.anno, in the year; ante, before cwt.c. for centum, wt. for weight,
ann.annales, annals; anni, years hundredweight
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 253

D.Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d., H.R.I.P.hic requiescat in pace, here

decretum, a decree; denarius, a rests in peace
penny; da, give H.S.hic sepultus, here is buried; hic
D.D.divinitatis doctor, doctor of situs, here lies; h.s., hoc sensu, in
divinity this sense
D.G.Dei gratia, by the grace of God; H.S.S.Historiae Societatis Socius,
Deo gratias, thanks to God Fellow of the Historical Society
D.N.Dominus noster, our Lord h.t.hoc tempore, at this time; hoc
D.S. or D. Sc.doctor scientiae, titulo, in or under this title
doctor of science IIdus, the Ides; i., id, that;
d.s.p.decessit sine prole, died immortalis, immortal
without issue ib. or ibid.ibidem, in the same place
D.V.Deo volente, God willing id.idem, the same
dwt.d. for denarius, wt. for weight i.e.id est, that is
pennyweight imp.imprimatur, sanction, let it be
e.g.exempli gratia, for example printed
et al.et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or I.N.D.in nomine Dei, in the name of
aliae, and others God
etc.et cetera, and others, and so forth in f.in fine, at the end
et seq.et sequentes, and those that inf.infra, below
follow init.initio, in the beginning
et ux.et uxor, and wife in lim.in limine, on the threshold, at
F.filius, son the outset
f.fiat, let it be made; forte, strong in loc.in loco, in its place
fac.factum similis, facsimile, an in loc. cit.in loco citato, in the place
exact copy cited
fasc.fasciculus, a bundle in pr.in principio, in the beginning
fl.flores, flowers; floruit, flourished; in trans.in transitu, on the way
fluidus, fluid i.q.idem quod, the same as
f.r.folio recto, right-hand page i.q.e.d.id quod erat demonstrandum,
F.R.S.Fraternitatis Regiae Socius, what was to be proved
Fellow of the Royal Society J.judex, judge
f.v.folio verso, on the back of the leaf
guttat.guttatim, by drops J.C.D.juris civilis doctor, doctor of
H.hora, hour civil law
h.a.hoc anno, in this year; hujus J.D.jurum or juris doctor, doctor of
anni, this years laws
hab. corp.habeas corpus, have the J.U.D.juris utriusque doctor, doctor
bodya writ of both civil and canon law
h.e.hic est, this is; hoc est, that is L.liber, a book; locus, a place
h.m.hoc mense, in this month; huius libra, pound; placed before figures
mensis, this months thus 10; if l., to be placed after, as
h.q.hoc quaere, look for this 401.
254 Chapter 9

L.A.M.liberalium artium magister, N.Nepos, grandson; nomen, name;

master of the liberal arts nomina, names; noster, our; n.,
L.B.baccalaureus literarum, natus, born; nocte, at night
bachelor of letters N.B.nota bene, mark well
lb.libra, pound (singular and plural) ni. pri.nisi prius, unless before
L.H.D.literarum humaniorum nob.nobis, for (or on) our part
doctor, doctor of the more nol. pros.nolle prosequi, will not
humane letters prosecute
Litt. D.literarum doctor, doctor of non cul.non culpabilis, not guilty
letters n.l.non licet, it is not permitted; non
LL.B.legum baccalaureus, bachelor liquet, it is not clear; non longe,
of laws not far
LL.D.legum doctor, doctor of laws non obs.non obstante,
LL.M.legum magister, master of notwithstanding
laws non pros.non prosequitur, he does
loc. cit.loco citato, in the place cited not prosecute
loq.loquitur, he, or she, speaks non seq.non sequitur, it does not
L.S.locus sigilli, the place of the seal follow logically
l.s.c.loco supra citato, in the place O.octarius, a pint
above cited ob.obiit, he, or she, died; obiter,
s. d.librae, solidi, denarii, pounds, incidentally
shillings, pence ob. s.p.obiit sine prole, died without
M.magister, master; manipulus, issue
handful; medicinae, of medicine; o.c.opere citato, in the work cited
m., meridies, noon op.opus, work; opera, works
M.A.magister artium, master of arts op. cit.opere citato, in the work cited
M.B.medicinae baccalaureus, P.papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex,
bachelor of medicine bishop; populus, people; p.,
M. Ch.magister chirurgiae, master partim, in part; per, by, for; pius,
of surgery holy; pondere, by weight; post,
M.D.medicinae doctor, doctor of after; primus, first; pro, for
medicine p.a.or per ann., per annum, yearly;
m.m.mutatis mutandis, with the pro anno, for the year
necessary changes p. ae.partes aequales, equal parts
m.n.mutato nomine, the name being pass.passim, everywhere
changed percent.per centum, by the hundred
MS.manuscriptum, manuscript; pil.pilula, pill
MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts Ph. B.philosophiae baccalaureus,
Mus. B.musicae baccalaureus, bachelor of philosophy
bachelor of music P.M.post mortem, after death
Mus. D.musicae doctor, doctor of p.m.post meridiem, afternoon
music pro tem.pro tempore, for the time
Mus. M.musicae magister, master of being
music prox.proximo, in or of the next [month]
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 255

P.S.postscriptum, postscript; P.SS., S.B. or Sc. B.scientiae baccalaureus,

postscripta, postscripts bachelor of science
q.d.quasi dicat, as if one should say; S.D. or Sc. D.scientiae doctor,
quasi dictum, as if said; quasi doctor of science
dixisset, as if he had said S.D.salutem dicit, sends greetings
q.e.quod est, which is s.d.sine die, indefinitely
Q.E.D.quod erat demonstrandum, sec.secundum, according to
which was to be demonstrated sec. leg.secundum legem, according
Q.E.F.quod erat faciendum, which to law
was to be done sec. nat.secundum naturam,
Q.E.I.quod erat inveniendum, which according to nature, or naturally
was to be found out sec. reg.secundum regulam,
q.l.quantum libet, as much as you according to rule
please seq.sequens, sequentes, sequentia,
q. pl.quantum placet, as much as the following
seems good S.H.S.Societatis Historiae Socius,
q.s.quantum sufficit, sufficient Fellow of the Historical Society
quantity s.h.v.sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo,
q.v.quantum vis, as much as you under this word
will; quem, quam, quod vide, s.l.a.n.sine loco, anno, vel nomine,
which see; qq. v., quos, quas, or without place, date, or name
quae vide, which see (plural) s.l.p.sine legitima prole, without
R.regina, queen; recto, right-hand lawful issue
page; respublica, commonwealth s.m.p.sine mascula prole, without
recipe, take male issue
R.I.P.requiescat, or requiescant, in s.n.sine nomine, without name
pace, may he, she, or they, rest in s.p.sine prole, without issue
peace S.P.A.S.Societatis Philosophiae
R.P.D.rerum politicarum doctor, Americanae Socius, Fellow of the
doctor of political science American Philosophical Society
R.S.S.Regiae Societatis Sodalis, s.p.s.sine prole superstite, without
Fellow of the Royal Society surviving issue
S.sepultus, buried; situs, lies; S.R.S.Societatis Regiae Socius or
societas, society; socius or Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal
sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half; Society
solidus, shilling ssscilicet, namely (in law)
s.a.sine anno, without date; S.S.C.Societas Sanctae Crucis,
secundum artem, according to Society of the Holy Cross
art stat.statim, immediately
S.A.S.Societatis Antiquariorum S.T.B.sacrae theologiae
Socius, Fellow of the Society of baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred
Antiquaries theology
sc.scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or S.T.D.sacrae theologiae doctor,
she, carved or engraved it doctor of sacred theology
256 Chapter 9

S.T.P.sacrae theologiae professor, ut dict.ut dictum, as directed

professor of sacred theology ut sup.ut supra, as above
sub.subaudi, understand, supply ux.uxor, wife
sup.supra, above v.versus, against; vide, see; voce,
t. or temp.tempore, in the time of voice, word
tal. qual.talis qualis, just as they v. a., vixit annoslived [so
come; average quality many] years
U.J.D.utriusque juris doctor, doctor verb. sap.verbum [satis] sapienti, a
of both civil and canon law word to the wise suffices
ult.ultimo, last month (may be v.g.verbi gratia, for example
abbreviated in writing but should vizvidelicet, namely
be spelled out in printing) v.s.vide supra, see above
ung.unguentum, ointment
u.s.ubi supra, in the place above
mentioned

Information technology acronyms and initialisms

9.64. Use these forms, if abbreviations are required:
3DESTriple DES encryption ASPapplication service provider
3DMData Driven Decision Making ATOAuthority to Operate
ABLSAutomated Bid List System AWSAmazon Web Services
ACESaccess certificates for BASEBasically Available, Soft-State,
electronic services Eventually Consistent
ACIDAtomicity, Consistency, BDABig Data Analytics
Isolation and Durability BIBusiness Intelligence
ACLAccess Control List
BLOB Binary Large OBject
ACPAccess Content Package
BPELbusiness process execution
AESadvanced Encryption Standard
language
AIArtificial Intelligence
BPIbusiness process information
AIDCAutomatic identification and
C&ICataloging and Indexing
capture
CAcertificate authority
AIFFaudio interchange file format
CAPConsistency, Availability,
AIOAsynchronous I/O
AIPArchival Information Package Partition tolerance
AJAXAsynchronous JavaScript and CBCCipher Block Chaining
XML CDcompact disc
ALPNApplication-Layer Protocol CDMCopy Data Management
Negotiation CDNcontent delivery network
APIApplication Programming CDRcritical design review
Interface CDROMcompact disc read only
ARKarchival resource key memory
ARPaddress resolution protocol CEcontent evaluator
ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for CentOSCommunity Enterprise
Information Interchange Operating System
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 257

CERN(European) Centre for DIPDissemination Information

Nuclear Research Package
CGPCatalog of U.S. Government DMDData Management Definition
Publications DMIdesktop management interface
CIClustered Index DMLData Manipulation Language
CIMCommon Interface Model DMVDynamic Management Views
CISCATCenter for Internet Security DNDistinguished Name
-Configuration Assessment Tool DNSdomain name system
CISSPCertified Information DOdigital objects
Systems Security Professional DOIDigital Object Identifier
CKCandidate Key DoSdenial of service
CLOBCharacter Large Object DPIdots per inch
CMScontent management system DRDisaster Recovery
CNCanonical Name DSLdigital subscriber line
COcontent originator DSRdeployment system review
COGContinuity of Government DSSLdocument style and semantics
COOPcontinuity of operations plan language
CPcontent processor DVDdigital versatile disc
CPSCertificate Practice Statement DWDatabase Warehouse
CRCcyclic redundancy checks E_PortExpansion port, also known
CRLCertificate Revocation List as ISL
CRMCustomer Relationship EACestimate at completion
Management EADencoded archival description
CRUDCreate, Read, Update, and EAenterprise architecture
Delete EAPenterprise application platform
CSSCascading Style Sheets EBCDICExtended Binary Coded
CSVcomma separated variable Decimal Interchange Code
CTECommon Table Expression ECCElliptic Curve Cryptography
CVSConcurrent Versioning Services ECDHEElliptic Curve Diffie-
DaaSDatabase as a Service Hellman Key Exchange
DBADatabase Administrator EPSEncapsulated PostScript
DBDatabase ERDEntity Relationship Diagram
DBMSdatabase management ESXiElastic Sky X Integrated
system ETLExtract, Transform, Load
DCLData Control Language EVExtended Validation
DDLData Definition Language FBCAFederal Bridge Certificate
DDoSDistributed Denial of Service Authority
DESdata encryption standard FCALFibre Channel Arbitrated
DHCPDynamic Host Control Loop
Protocol FCIAFibre Channel Industry
DHDiffie-Hellman (Exchange) Association
DHEDiffie-Hellman Ephemeral FCIPFibre Channel Over IP
DHSLDistributed Hadoop Storage FCPFibre Channel Protocol
Layer FCSWFibre Channel Switched
258 Chapter 9

FDDIfiber distributed data interface ICMPinternet control message

FDsysFederal Digital System protocol
FICCFederal Identity Credentialing IDDinterface design description
Committee IDEIntegrated Development
FIFOfirst in first out Environment
FIPNetFederal Information IDEIntegrated Drive Electronics
Preservation Network IEEEInstitute of Electrical and
FIPSFederal Information Processing Electronics Engineers
Standard IETFInternet Engineering Task
FISMAFederal Information Security Force
Management Act of 2002 iFCPInternet Fibre Channel
FKForeign Key Protocol
FOSIformat output specifi cation ILSIntegrated Library System
instance IOPSI/O operations per second
FTPfile transfer protocol IOSApple Operating System
GBICGigabit Interface Converter IOTIndex Organized Table
GbpsGigabits per second IoTInternet of Things
GDIgraphical device interface IPinternet protocol
GGPgateway-to-gateway protocol IPRinternal progress review
GIFgraphics interchange format IPSECinternet protocol security
GILSGovernment Information IPSIntrusion Prevention System
Locator Service ISAMIndexed Sequential Access
GUIgraphical user interface Method
HBAHost Bus Adapter ISLInter switch link
HDFSHadoop Distributed File ISPinternet service provider
System ITinformation technology
HDTVhigh definition television ITUInternational
HMACkey hashed message Telecommunications Union
authentication code JBODJust a bunch of disks
HPCHigh-Performance Computing JDBCJava Database Connectivity
HSMhardware security module JDFJob Definition Format
HSMHierarchical Storage JITSJust-in-time storage
Management JPEGJoint Photographic Experts
HSTSHTTP Strict Transport Group
Security JSJavaScript
HTMLhypertext markup language JSONJavaScript Object Notation
HTTPhypertext transfer protocol L_PortLoop port
HTTPSHyperText Transfer Protocol LAMPLinux, Apache, MySQL and
Secure PHP
HzHertz LANlocal area network
IaasInfrastructure as a Service LDAPlightweight directory access
IAMIdentity and Access protocol
Management LHCLarge Hadron Collider
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 259

LOBLarge Object OCRoptical character recognition

LPARLogical Partition OCSPOnline Certificate Status
LPIlines per inch Protocol
LRULast Recently Used (algorithm) ODBCOpen Database Connectivity
LUNLogical Unit Number OLAPOnline Analytical Processing
MACmessage authentication code OLTPonline transaction processing
MANMetropolitan area network OODBMSObject-Oriented Database
MARCMachine Readable Management System
Cataloging ORMObject-Relational Mapping
MDCMultidimensional Clustering PAASPlatform as a service
Table PDFPortable Document Format
METSMetadata Encoding and PGPPretty Good Privacy
Transmission Standard PHPPHP Hypertext Preprocessor
MIMEmultipurpose internet mail PKIPublic Key Cryptography
extensions PKPrimary Key
MIPSmillions of instructions per PL/pgSQLProcedural Language/
second SQL
MODSMetadata Object Descriptive PL/SQLProcedural Language/SQL
Schema PNGportable network graphics
MOOCmassive online open courses PREMISPreservation Metadata:
MP3MPEG-2 Audio Layer III Implementation Strategies
MPCFmarginally punched PRONOMPractical Online
continuous forms Compendium of File Formats
MVCModel View Controller PTRprogram tracking report
MVMaterialized View PURLpersistent uniform resource
NASNetwork Attached Storage locator
NATnetwork address translation QoSQuality of service
NDIIPPNational Digital QPSQueries Per Second
Information Infrastructure and RACReal Application Clusters
Preservation Program (Oracle)
NDLPNational Digital Library RAIDredundant array of
Program inexpensive disks
NFNormal Form RAMrandom access memory
NNTPnetwork news transfer protocol RC4Rivest Cipher 4
NOSQLNot Only Structured Query RDAResource Description and
Language Access
OAIOpen Archives Initiative REGEXRegular Expression
OAIPMHOpen Archives Initiative RESTRepresentational State
Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Transfer
OAISopen archival information RFCRequest for Comments or
system Request for Change
OCLCOnline Computer Library RHELRed Hat Enterprise Linux
Center RIrepresentation information
260 Chapter 9

RMAreliability, maintainability, SSDSolid State Drive

availability SSDSystem Security Diagram
RPCremote procedure call SSHSecure Shell
RPMRPM Package Manager SSL Secure Sockets Layer
RSARivest, Shamir, and Adelman SSPsystem security plan
(public key cryptosystem) SSRsoftware specification review
RTFrich text format SUSESoftware und System
RVTMrequirements verification Entwicklung (Software and
traceability matrix Systems Development)
S4Simple Scalable Streaming System SVNSubversion
SAASSoftware as a Service TDESTriple Data Encryption
SAMLsecurity assertion markup Standard
language TFSTeam Foundation Server
SANStorage-area network TIFFtagged image file format
SASL Simple Authentication and TLStransport layer security
Security Layer TPSTransactions Per Second, a
SASSSyntactically Awesome measurement of database
Stylesheets performance
SDDSystem Design Diagram UATUser Acceptance Testing
SDDSystem Design Document UDFUser Defined Function
SDKSoftware Development Kit UDPuser datagram protocol
SDLCsoftware/system development UDTUser Defined Type
lifecycle UIDUnique Identifier
SDRsystem design review URLuniform resource locator
Section 508Section 508 of the URNuniform resource name/
Rehabilitation Act number
SFTPSecure File Transfer Protocol UUIDUniversal Unique Identifer
SGMLstandard generalized markup VCVirtual Center
language VDCVirtual Data Center
SHASecure Hash Algorithm VIPVirtual Internet Protocol
SIPSubmission Information Package VIVirtual Interface
SMTPsimple mail transfer protocol VLANvirtual local area network
SNMPsimple network management VMVirtual Machine
protocol VMWVmware
SOAPSimple Object Access Protocol VPNvirtual private network
SOAService Oriented Architecture VSANVirtual Storage Area Network
SQLStructured Query Language W3CWorld Wide Web Consortium
SQL PLSQL Procedure Language WAIARIAWorldwide Accessibility
used for writing stored Initiative - Accessible Rich
procedures. Also see PL/SQL Internet Applications
SQL/XMLan extension of the SQL WAISwide area information service
language used for querying XML WANWide Area Network
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 261

WAPwireless application protocol XMLENCxml encryption

WAVwaveform audio format XMLExtensible Markup Language
WCAGWeb Content Accessibility XPATHXML Path Language
Guidelines XQUERYXML Query
Wi-Fiwireless fidelity XSDXML Schema Definition
WIPwork in process XSLExtensible Stylesheet Language
WMLwireless markup language XSL-FOXSL Formatting Objects
wwwworld wide web XSLTExtensible Stylesheet Language
WYSIWYGwhat you see is what Transformations
you get YAMLYet Another Markup
XAMLExtensible Application Language
Markup Language YARN Yet Another Resource
XDWExtended Data Warehouse Negotiator
XMLDsigxml signature
10. Signs and Symbols

10.1. The increased use of signs and symbols and their importance in
technical and scientific work have emphasized the necessity of
standardization on a national basis and of the consistent use of the
standard forms.
10.2. Certain symbols are standardizednumber symbols (the digits, 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); letter symbols (the letters of the alphabet, a, b,
c, d, etc.); and graphic symbols (the mathematical signs +, , , , ).
10.3. The signs +, , , , and , etc., are closed against accompanying
figures and symbols. When the is used to indicate crossed with
(in plant or animal breeding) or magnification, it will be separated
from the accompanying words by a space.
ivii+1288 pages Early June Bright (crossed with)
The equation A+B 4 (magnification)
The result is 44 miles gallons
20,0005,000

Symbols with gures

10.4. In technical publications the degree mark is used in lieu of the word
degree following a figure denoting measurement.
10.5. Following a figure, the spelled form is preferred. The percent sym-
bol is used in areas where space will not allow the word percent to be
used.
In that period the price rose 12, 15, and 19 percent.
not In that period the price rose 12 percent, 15 percent, and 19 percent.

10.6. Any symbol set close up to figures, such as the degree mark, num-
ber mark, dollar mark, or cent mark, is used before or after each
figure in a group or series.
$5 to $8 price range but
5'7' long, not 57' long 12 (thin space)
3 to 5 (no spaces) 1951 (thin space)
2 to 7; 21 from 15 to 25 percent
#61 to #64 45 to 65 F not 45 to 65 F

263
264 Chapter 10

Letter symbols
10.7. Letter symbols are set in italic (see rule 10.8) or in roman (see rule
9.56) without periods and are capitalized only if so shown in copy,
since the capitalized form may have an entirely different meaning.

Equations
10.8. In mathematical equations, use italic for all letter symbolscapitals,
lowercase, small capitals, and superiors and inferiors (exponents
and subscripts); use roman for figures, including superiors and
inferiors.
10.9. If an equation or a mathematical expression needs to be divided,
break before +, , =, etc. However, the equal sign is to clear on the
left of other beginning mathematical signs.
10.10. A short equation in text should not be broken at the end of a line.
Space out the line so that the equation will begin on the next line; or
better, center the equation on a line by itself.
10.11. An equation too long for one line is set flush left, the second half
of the equation is set flush right, and the two parts are balanced as
nearly as possible.
10.12. Two or more equations in a series are aligned on the equal signs and
centered on the longest equation in the group.
10.13. Connecting words of explanation, such as hence, therefore, and simi-
larly, are set flush left either on the same line with the equation or
on a separate line.
10.14. Parentheses, braces, brackets, integral signs, and summation signs
should be of the same height as the mathematical expressions they
include.
10.15. Inferiors precede superiors if they appear together; but if either in-
ferior or superior is too long, the two are aligned on the left.

Chemical symbols
The names and symbols listed below are approved by the
10.16.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. They are set in
roman without periods.
Signs and Symbols 265

Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol No. Element Symbol No.
Actinium............................ Ac 89 Mendelevium .................... Md 101
Aluminum......................... Al 13 Mercury ............................. Hg 80
Americium ........................ Am 95 Molybdenum .................... Mo 42
Antimony .......................... Sb 51 Moscovium ....................... Mc 115
Argon.................................. Ar 18 Neodymium ...................... Nd 60
Arsenic .............................. As 33 Neon ................................... Ne 10
Astatine .............................. At 85 Neptunium ........................ Np 93
Barium ............................... Ba 56 Nickel.................................. Ni 28
Berkelium .......................... Bk 97 Nihonium .......................... Nh 113
Beryllium ........................... Be 4 Niobium ............................. Nb 41
Bismuth .............................. Bi 83 Nitrogen ............................. N 7
Bohrium............................. Bh 107 Nobelium ........................... No 102
Boron .................................. B 5 Oganesson ......................... Og 118
Bromine ............................. Br 35 Osmium ............................. Os 76
Cadmium........................... Cd 48 Oxygen ............................... O 8
Calcium.............................. Ca 20 Palladium .......................... Pd 46
Californium ...................... Cf 98 Phosphorus........................ P 15
Carbon ............................... C 6 Platinum ............................ Pt 78
Cerium ............................... Ce 58 Plutonium .......................... Pu 94
Cesium ............................... Cs 55 Polonium ........................... Po 84
Chlorine ............................. Cl 17 Potassium .......................... K 19
Chromium......................... Cr 24 Praseodymium ................. Pr 59
Cobalt ................................. Co 27 Promethium...................... Pm 61
Copernicium ..................... Cn 112 Protactinium..................... Pa 91
Copper................................ Cu 29 Radium............................... Ra 88
Curium ............................... Cm 96 Radon ................................. Rn 86
Darmstadtium .................. Ds 110 Rhenium ............................ Re 75
Dubnium ........................... Db 105 Rhodium ............................ Rh 45
Dysprosium....................... Dy 66 Roentgenium .................... Rg 111
Einsteinium....................... Es 99 Rubidium ........................... Rb 37
Erbium ............................... Er 68 Ruthenium ........................ Ru 44
Europium........................... Eu 63 Rutherfordium ................. Rf 104
Fermium ............................ Fm 100 Samarium .......................... Sm 62
Flerovium .......................... Fl 114 Scandium ........................... Sc 21
Fluorine.............................. F 9 Seaborgium ....................... Sg 106
Francium ........................... Fr 87 Selenium ............................ Se 34
Gadolinium ....................... Gd 64 Silicon ................................. Si 14
Gallium .............................. Ga 31 Silver ................................... Ag 47
Germanium....................... Ge 32 Sodium ............................... Na 11
Gold .................................... Au 79 Strontium........................... Sr 38
Hafnium ............................ Hf 72 Sulfur .................................. S 16
Hassium ............................. Hs 108 Tantalum ........................... Ta 73
Helium ............................... He 2 Technetium ....................... Tc 43
Holmium ........................... Ho 67 Tellurium ........................... Te 52
Hydrogen ........................... H 1 Tennessine ......................... Ts 117
Indium ............................... In 49 Terbium.............................. Tb 65
Iodine ................................. I 53 Thallium ............................ Tl 81
Iridium ............................... Ir 77 Thorium ............................. Th 90
Iron ..................................... Fe 26 Thulium ............................. Tm 69
Krypton.............................. Kr 36 Tin ....................................... Sn 50
Lanthanum........................ La 57 Titanium ............................ Ti 22
Lawrencium ...................... Lr 103 Tungsten ............................ W 74
Lead..................................... Pb 82 Uranium ............................ U 92
Lithium .............................. Li 3 Vanadium .......................... V 23
Livermorium..................... Lv 116 Xenon ................................. Xe 54
Lutetium ............................ Lu 71 Ytterbium........................... Yb 70
Magnesium........................ Mg 12 Yttrium............................... Y 39
Manganese ........................ Mn 25 Zinc ..................................... Zn 30
Meitnerium ....................... Mt 109 Zirconium ......................... Zr 40
266 Chapter 10

Standardized symbols
10.17. Symbols duly standardized by any national scientific, professional,
or technical group are accepted as preferred forms within the field
of the group. The issuing office desiring or requiring the use of such
standardized symbols should see that copy is prepared accordingly.

Signs and symbols

10.18. The following list contains some signs and symbols frequently used
in printing. The forms and style of many symbols vary with the
method of reproduction employed. It is important that editors and
writers clearly identify signs and symbols when they appear within
a manuscript.
Signs and Symbols 267
268 Chapter 10

inverted exclamation
mark
inverted question
mark

1
Standard letter symbols used by the Geological Survey on geologic maps. Capital letter indicates
the system and one or more lowercased letters designate the formation and member where used.
11. Italic
(See also Chapter 9 Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
and Chapter 16 Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures)

11.1. Italic is sometimes used to differentiate or to give greater prominence

to words, phrases, etc. However, an excessive amount of italic defeats
this purpose and should be restricted.

Emphasis, foreign words, and titles of publications

11.2. Italic is not used for mere emphasis, foreign words, or the titles of
publications.

11.3. In nonlegal work, ante, post, infra, and supra are italicized only when
part of a legal citation. Otherwise these terms, as well as the abbrevia-
tions id., ibid., op. cit., et seq., and other foreign words, phrases, and
their abbreviations, are printed in roman.

11.4. When [emphasis in original], [emphasis supplied], [emphasis added],

or [emphasis ours] appears in copy, it should not be changed; but
underscore supplied should be changed to italic supplied.
Therefore, when emphasis in quoted or extracted text is referred to
by the foregoing terms, such emphasized text must be reflected and
set in italic.

11.5. When copy is submitted with instructions to set all roman (no
italic), these instructions will not apply to Ordered, Resolved, Be it
enacted, etc.; titles following signatures or addresses; or the parts of
datelines that are always set in italic.

Names of aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft

11.6. The names of aircraft, vessels, and manned spacecraft are italicized
unless otherwise indicated. In lists set in columns and in stubs and
reading columns of tables consisting entirely of such names, they will
be set in roman. Missiles and rockets will be set in caps and lowercase
and will not be italicized.

269
270 Chapter 11

SS America; the liner America Apollo 13, Atlantis (U.S. spaceships)

USS Los Angeles (submarine) West Virginia class or type
USS Wisconsin the Missouris (roman s) turret
ex-USS Savannah the U7s (roman s) deck
USCGS (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Enola Gay
Survey) ship Pathfinder but
CSS Virginia Air Force One (Presidents plane)
CG cutter Thetus B50 (type of plane)
the U7 DD882
destroyer 31 LST1155
HMS Hornet MiG; MiG35
HS (hydrofoil ship) Denison PT109
MS (motorship) Richard F22 Raptor
GTS (gas turbine ship) Alexander F117 Nighthawk (Stealth fighter)
NS (nuclear ship) Savannah A10 Thunderbolt
MV (motor vessel) Havtroll

11.7. Names of vessels are quoted in matter printed in other than capitals
and lowercase roman, even if there is italic type available in the series.
Sinking of the Lusitania Sinking of the Lusitania
Sinking of the Lusitania SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA

Names of legal cases

11.8. The names of legal cases are italicized, except for the v., which is
always set in lowercase. When requested, the names of such cases
may be set in roman with an italic v. In matter set in italic, legal cases
are set in roman with the v. being set roman.
The Hornet and The Hood, Smith v. Brown et al. (heading)
124 F.2d 45 SMITH v. BROWN ET AL.
Smith v. Brown et al. (heading)
Smith Bros. case (172 App. Durham rule
Div. 149) Brown decision
Smith Bros. case, supra John Doe v. Richard Roe
Smith Bros. case but John Doe against Richard Roe,
As cited in Smith Bros. the Cement case.
Italic 271

Scientic names
11.9. The scientific names of genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies
(varieties) are italicized but are set in roman in italic matter; the
names of groups of higher rank than genera (phyla, classes, orders,
families, tribes, etc.) are printed in roman.
A.s. perpallidus
Dorothia? sp. (roman ?)
Tsuga canadensis
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens
the genera Quercus and Liriodendron
the family Leguminosae; the family Nessiteras rhombopteryx
Measurements of specimens of Cyanoderma erythroptera neocara

11.10. Quotation marks should be used in place of italic for scientific names
appearing in lines set in caps, caps and small caps, or boldface, even
if there is italic type available in the series.

Words and letters

11.11. The words Resolved, Resolved further, Provided, Provided, however,
Provided further, And provided further, and ordered, in bills, acts,
resolutions, and formal contracts and agreements are italicized; also
the words To be continued, Continued on p. , Continued from p. ,
and See and see also (in indexes and tables of contents only).
Resolved, That (resolution)
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That
[To be continued] (centered; no period)
[Continued from p. 3] (centered; no period)
see also Mechanical data (index entry)

11.12. All letters (caps, small caps, lowercase, superiors, and inferiors) used
as symbols are italicized. In italic matter, roman letters are used.
Chemical symbols (even in italic matter) and certain other standard-
ized symbols are set in roman.
nth degree; x dollars
D0.025Vm2.7=0.042/G1Vm2.7
5Cu2S2(Cu,Fe,Zn)S2Sb2S3O4
272 Chapter 11

11.13. Letter designations in mathematical and scientific matter, except

chemical symbols, are italicized.

11.14. Letter symbols used in legends to illustrations, drawings, etc., or in

text as references to such material, are set in italic without periods
and are capitalized if so shown in copy.

11.15. Letters (a), (b), (c), etc., and a, b, c, etc., used to indicate sections or
paragraphs, are italicized in general work but not in laws or other
legal documents.

11.16. Internet websites and email addresses should be set in roman.

12. Numerals
(See also Chapter 13 Tabular Work and Chapter 14 Leaderwork)

12.1. Most rules for the use of numerals are based on the general prin-
ciple that the reader comprehends numerals more readily than
numerical word expressions, particularly in technical, scientific, or
statistical matter. However, for special reasons, numbers are spelled
out in certain instances, except in FIC & punc. and Fol. Lit. matter.
12.2. The following rules cover the most common conditions that require
a choice between the use of numerals and words. Some of them,
however, are based on typographic appearance rather than on the
general principle stated above.
12.3. Arabic numerals are preferable to Roman numerals.

Numbers expressed in gures

12.4. A figure is used for a single number of 10 or more with the excep-
tion of the first word of the sentence. (See also rules 12.9 and 12.23.)
50 ballots 24 horses nearly 13 buckets
10 guns about 40 men 10 times as large

Numbers and numbers in series

12.5. When 2 or more numbers appear in a sentence and 1 of them is
10 or larger, figures are used for each number. (See supporting rule
12.6.)
Each of 15 major commodities (9 metal and 6 nonmetal) was in supply.
but Each of nine major commodities (five metal and four nonmetal) was in supply.
Petroleum came from 16 fields, of which 8 were discovered in 1956.
but Petroleum came from nine fields, of which eight were discovered in 1956.
That man has 3 suits, 2 pairs of shoes, and 12 pairs of socks.
but That man has three suits, two pairs of shoes, and four hats.
Of the 13 engine producers, 6 were farm equipment manufacturers, 6 were
principally engaged in the production of other types of machinery, and 1
was not classified in the machinery industry.
but Only nine of these were among the large manufacturing companies, and only
three were among the largest concerns.
There were three 6-room houses, five 4-room houses, and three 2-room
cottages, and they were built by 20 carpenters. (See rule 12.21.)

273
274 Chapter 12

There were three six-room houses, five four-room houses, and three two-
room cottages, and they were built by nine carpenters.
but If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other and one
carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry points and
ciphers.
At the hearing, only one Senator and one Congressman testified.
There are four or five things that can be done.

12.6. A unit of measurement, time, or money (as defined in rule 12.9),

which is always expressed in figures, does not affect the use of fig-
ures for other numerical expressions within a sentence.
Each of the five girls earned 75 cents an hour.
Each of the 15 girls earned 75 cents an hour.
A team of four men ran the 1-mile relay in 3 minutes 20 seconds.
This usually requires from two to five washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.
This usually requires 9 to 12 washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.
The contractor, one engineer, and one surveyor inspected the 1-mile road.
but There were two six-room houses, three four-room houses, and four two-room
cottages, and they were built by nine workers in thirty 5-day weeks. (See
rule 12.21.)

12.7. Figures are used for serial numbers.

Bulletin 725 290 U.S. 325
Document 71 Genesis 39:20
pages 352357 2025120724 (telephone number)
lines 5 and 6 the year 2001
paragraph 1 17211727 St. Clair Avenue
chapter 2 but Letters Patent No. 2,189,463

12.8. A colon preceding figures does not affect their use.

The result was as follows: 12 voted yea, 4 dissented.
The result was as follows: nine voted yea, seven dissented.

Measurement and time

12.9. Units of measurement and time, actual or implied, are expressed in
figures.

a. Age:
6 years old a 3-year-old
52 years 10 months 6 days at the age of 3 (years implied)
Numerals 275

b. Clock time (see also Time):

4:30 p.m.; half past 4
10 oclock or 10 p.m. (not 10 oclock p.m.; 2 p.m. in the afternoon; 10:00 p.m.)
12 p.m. (12 noon)
12 a.m. (12 midnight)
4h30m or 4.5h, in scientific work, if so written in copy
0025, 2359 (astronomical and military time)
08:31:04 (stopwatch reading)

c. Dates:
9/11 (referring to the attack on the United States that occurred on Septem-
ber 11, 2001)
June 1985 (not June, 1985); June 29, 1985 (not June 29th, 1985)
March 6 to April 15, 1990 (not March 6, 1990, to April 15, 1990)
May, June, and July 1965 (but June and July 1965)
15 April 1951; 1517 April 1951 (military)
4th of July (but Fourth of July, meaning the holiday)
the 1st [day] of the month (but the last of April or the first [part] of May, not
referring to specific days)
in the year 2000 (not 2,000)

In referring to a fiscal year, consecutive years, or a continuous period

of 2 years or more, when contracted, the forms 190011, 190638,
193132, 18012, 187579 are used (but upon change of century,
18951914 and to avoid multiple ciphers together, 20002001). For
two or more separate years not representing a continuous period, a
comma is used instead of a dash (1875, 1879); if the word from pre-
cedes the year or the word inclusive follows it, the second year is not
shortened and the word to is used in lieu of the dash (from 1933 to
1936; 1935 to 1936, inclusive).
In dates, A.D. precedes the year (A.D. 937); B.C. follows the year
(254 B.C.); C.E. and B.C.E. follow the year.

d. Decimals: In text a cipher should be supplied before a decimal

point if there is no whole unit, and ciphers should be omitted
after a decimal point unless they indicate exact measurement.
0.25 inch; 1.25 inches but .30 caliber (meaning 0.30 inch,
silver 0.900 fine bore of small arms); 30 calibers
specific gravity 0.9547 (length)
gauge height 10.0 feet
276 Chapter 12

e. Use spaces to separate groups of three digits in a decimal fraction.

(See rule 12.27.)
0.123 456 789; but 0.1234

f. Degrees, etc. (spaces omitted):

longitude 7704'06'' E but
3530'; 3530' N two degrees of justice; 12
a polariscopic test of 85 degrees of freedom
an angle of 57 32d degree Mason
strike N 16 E 150 million degrees Fahrenheit
dip 47 W or 47 N 31 W 30 Fahrenheit degrees
25.5' (preferred) also 25'.5

g. Game scores:
1 up (golf) 7 to 6 (football), etc.
3 to 2 (baseball) 2 all (tie)

h. Market quotations:
4 percent bonds gold is 109
Treasury bonds sell at 95 wheat at 2.30
Metropolitan Railroad, 109 sugar, .03; not 0.03
Dow Jones average of 18500.76

i. Mathematical expressions:
multiplied by 3 a factor of 2
divided by 6 square root of 4

j. Measurements:
7 meters 3 ems
about 10 yards 20/20 (vision)
8 by 12 or 8 x 12 inches 30/30 (rifle)
8- by 12-inch page 12-gauge shotgun
2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches by 1 foot 3 2,500 horsepower
inches 15 cubic yards
2 by 4 or 2 x 4 (lumber) (not 24) 6-pounder
1 miles 80 foot-pounds
6 acres 10s (for yarns and threads)
9 bushels f/2.5 (lens aperture)
1 gallon 4 by 4 or 4 x 4 truck
Numerals 277

but six bales

tenpenny nail two dozen
fourfold one gross
three-ply zero miles
five votes seven-story building

k. Money:
$3.65; $0.75; 75 cents; 0.5 cent but
$3 (not $3.00) per 200 pounds two pennies
75 cents apiece three quarters
Rs32,25,644 (Indian rupees) one half
CHF 2.5 (Swiss francs) six bits, etc.
9 euros or 9
65 yen
P265

l. Percentage:
12 percent; 25.5 percent; 0.5 percent 5050 (colloquial expression)
(or one-half of 1 percent) 5 percentage points
thirty-four one hundredths of a 1,100-percent increase, or an
1 percent 1100-percent increase
3.65 bonds; 3.65s; 520 bonds;
520s; 4s; 3s

m. Proportion:
1 to 4 1:62,500
135

n. Time (see also Clock time):

6 hours 8 minutes 20 seconds but
10 years 3 months 29 days four centuries
7 minutes three decades
8 days three quarters (9 months)
4 weeks statistics of any one year
1 month in a year or two
3 fiscal years; third fiscal year four afternoons
1 calendar year one-half hour
millennium the eleventh hour
FY 2010 FY10
278 Chapter 12

o. Unit modifiers:
5-day week a 5-percent increase
8-year-old wine 20th-century progress
8-hour day
10-foot pole but
-inch pipe two-story house
5-foot-wide entrance five-member board
10-million-peso loan $20 million airfield

p. Vitamins:
B12, B T, A 1, etc.

Ordinal numbers
12.10. Except as indicated in rules 12.11 and 12.19, and also for day preced-
ing month, figures are used in text and footnotes to text for serial
ordinal numbers beginning with 10th. In tables, leaderwork, foot-
notes to tables and leaderwork, and in sidenotes, figures are used at
all times. Military units are expressed in figures at all times when
not the beginning of a sentence, except Corps. (For ordinals in
addresses, see rule 12.13.)
29th of May, but May 29 eighth parallel; 38th parallel
First Congress; 102d Congress fifth ward; 12th ward
ninth century; 21st century ninth birthday; 66th birthday
Second Congressional District; 20th first grade; 11th grade
Congressional District 1st Army
seventh region; 17th region 1st Cavalry Division
323d Fighter Wing
12th Regiment but
9th Naval District XII Corps (Army usage)
7th Fleet Court of Appeals for the Tenth
7th Air Force Circuit
7th Task Force Seventeenth Decennial Census (title)

12.11. When ordinals appear in juxtaposition and one of them is 10th or

more, figures are used for such ordinal numbers.
This legislation was passed in the 1st session of the 102d Congress.
He served in the 9th and 10th Congresses.
Numerals 279

From the 1st to the 92d Congress.

Their children were in 1st, 2d, 3d, and 10th grades.
We read the 8th and 12th chapters.
but The district comprised the first and second precincts.
He represented the first, third, and fourth regions.
The report was the sixth in a series of 14.

12.12. Ordinals and numerals appearing in a sentence are treated ac-

cording to the separate rules dealing with ordinals and numerals
standing alone or in a group. (See rules 12.4, 12.5, and 12.24.)
The fourth group contained three items.
The fourth group contained 12 items.
The 8th and 10th groups contained three and four items, respectively.
The eighth and ninth groups contained 9 and 12 items, respectively.

12.13. Beginning with 10th, figures are used in text matter for numbered
streets, avenues, etc. However, figures are used at all times and
street, avenue, etc. are abbreviated in sidenotes, tables, leaderwork,
and footnotes to tables and leaderwork.
First Street NW.; also in parentheses: (Fifth Street) (13th Street); 810 West
12th Street; North First Street; 1021 121st Street; 2031 18th Street North; 711
Fifth Avenue; 518 10th Avenue; 5135 61st Avenue

Punctuation
12.14. The comma is used in a number containing four or more digits,
except in serial numbers, common and decimal fractions, astro-
nomical and military time, and kilocycles and meters of not more
than four figures pertaining to radio.

Chemical formulas
12.15. In chemical formulas full-sized figures are used before the symbol
or group of symbols to which they relate, and inferior figures are
used after the symbol.
6PbS(Ag,Cu)2S2As2S3O4
280 Chapter 12

Numbers spelled out

12.16. Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence or head. Rephrase
a sentence or head to avoid beginning with figures. (See rule 12.25
for related numbers.)
Five years ago . . . ; not 5 years ago . . .
Five hundred fifty men hired . . . ; not 550 men hired . . .
Five-Year Plan Announced; not 5-Year Plan Announced (head)
The year 2065 seems far off . . . ; not 2065 seems far off . . .
Workers numbering 207,843 . . . ; not 207,843 workers . . .
Benefits of $69,603,566 . . . ; not $69,603,566 worth of benefits . . .
1958 report change to the 1958 report
$3,000 budgeted change to the sum of $3,000 budgeted
4 million jobless change to jobless number 4 million

12.17. In verbatim testimony, hearings, transcripts, and question-and-

answer matter, figures are used immediately following Q. and A.
or name of interrogator or witness for years (e.g., 2015), sums of
money, decimals, street numbers, and for numerical expressions
beginning with 101.
Mr. Birch, Junior. 2015 was a good year.
Mr. Bell. $1 per share was the return. Two dollars in 1956 was the alltime
high. Two thousand twenty-nine may be another story.
Colonel Davis. 92 cents.
Mr. Smith. 12.8 people.
Mr. Jones. 1240 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004.
Mr. Smith. Ninety-eight persons.
Q. 101 years? But Q. One hundred years?
A. 200 years.
Mr. Smith. Ten-year average would be how much?

12.18. A spelled-out number should not be repeated in figures, except in

legal documents. In such instances use these forms:
five (5) dollars, not five dollars (5)
ten dollars ($10), not ten ($10) dollars
Numerals 281

12.19. Numbers appearing as part of proper names, used in a hypothetical

or inexact sense, or mentioned in connection with serious and dig-
nified subjects such as Executive orders, legal proclamations, and in
formal writing are spelled out.
Three Rivers, PA, Fifteenmile three score years and ten
Creek, etc. Ten Commandments
the Thirteen Original States Air Force One (Presidential
in the year two thousand eight plane)
the One Hundred Tenth Congress back to square one
millions for defense but not one behind the eight ball
cent for tribute our policy since day one

12.20. If spelled out, whole numbers should be set in the following form:
two thousand twenty
one thousand eight hundred fifty
one hundred fifty-two thousand three hundred five
eighteen hundred fifty (serial number)

When spelled out, any number containing a fraction or piece of

a whole should use the word and when stating the fraction or
piece:
sixty-two dollars and four cents
ninety-nine and three-tenths degrees
thirty-three and seventy-five one-hundredths shares

12.21. Numbers below 100 preceding a compound modifier containing a

figure are spelled out.
two -inch boards but
twelve 6-inch guns 120 8-inch boards
two 5-percent discounts three four-room houses

12.22. Indefinite expressions are spelled out.

the seventies; the early seventies; midthirties (age, years, money)
but the early 1870s or 1970s a thousand and one reasons
in his eighties, not his 80s nor 80s but
between two and three hundred 1 to 3 million
horses (better between 200 and mid-1971; mid-1970s
300 horses) 40-odd people; nine-odd people
twelvefold; thirteenfold; fortyfold; 40-plus people
hundredfold; twentyfold to 100-odd people
thirtyfold 3-fold; 250-fold; 2.5-fold; 41-fold
282 Chapter 12

Words such as nearly, about, around, approximately, etc., do not

reflect indefinite expressions.
The bass weighed about 6 pounds.
She was nearly 8 years old.

12.23. Except as indicated in rules 12.5 and 12.9, a number less than 10 is
spelled out within a sentence.
six horses but
five wells 3 cans
eight times as large 2 times or 2.5 times

12.24. For typographic appearance and easy grasp of large numbers be-
ginning with million, the word million, billion, or trillion is used.
The following are guides to treatment of figures as submitted in
copy. If copy reads
$12,000,000, change to $12 million
2,750,000,000 dollars, change to $2,750 million
2.7 million dollars, change to $2.7 million
2 million dollars, change to $2 million
two and one-half million dollars, change to $2 million
a hundred cows, change to 100 cows
a thousand dollars, change to $1,000
a million and a half, change to 1 million
two thousand million dollars, change to $2,000 million
less than a million dollars, change to less than $1 million
but $2,700,000, do not convert to $2.7 million
also $10 to $20 million; 10 or 20 million; between 10 and 20 million
4 million of assets
amounting to 4 trillion
$1,270,000
$1,270,200,000
$2 billion; $2.75 billion; $2,750 million
$500,000 to $1 million
Numerals 283

300,000; not 300 thousand

$ billion to $1 billion (note full figure with second fraction); $1 to $1
billion
three-quarters of a billion dollars
5 or 10 billion dollars worth

12.25. Related numbers appearing at the beginning of a sentence, sepa-

rated by no more than three words, are treated alike.
Fifty or sixty more miles away is snowclad Mount Everest.
Sixty and, quite often, seventy listeners responded.
but Fifty or, in some instances, almost 60 applications were filed.

Fractions
12.26. Mixed fractions are always expressed in figures. Fractions standing
alone, however, or if followed by of a or of an, are generally spelled
out. (See also rule 12.28.)
three-fourths of an inch; not two one-hundredths
inch nor of an inch one-thousandth
one-half inch five one-thousandths
one-half of a farm; not of a farm thirty-five one-thousandths
one-fourth inch but
seven-tenths of 1 percent to 1 pages
three-quarters of an inch -inch pipe
half an inch -inch-diameter pipe
a quarter of an inch 3 cans
one-tenth portion 2 times
one-hundredth

12.27. Fractions (, , , , , , 954) or full-sized figures with the shil-

ling mark (1/4, 1/2954) may be used only when either is specifically
requested. Mixed fractions in full-sized figures are joined with a
hyphen (2-2/3). A comma should not be used in any part of a built-
up fraction of four or more digits or in decimals. (See rule 12.9e.)
12.28. Fractions are used in a unit modifier.
-inch pipe; not -mile run -point rise
one-half-inch pipe
284 Chapter 12

Roman numerals
12.29. A repeated letter repeats its value; a letter placed after one of greater
value adds to it; a letter placed before one of greater value subtracts
from it; a dashline over a letter denotes multiplied by 1,000.
Numerals
I ............................... 1 XXV ........................ 25 LXX ........................ 70 D .................. 500
II.............................. 2 XXIX ...................... 29 LXXV ..................... 75 DC ............... 600
III ............................ 3 XXX ........................ 30 LXXIX .................... 79 DCC ............ 700
IV ............................ 4 XXXV ..................... 35 LXXX ..................... 80 DCCC ......... 800
V ............................. 5 XXXIX ................... 39 LXXXV .................. 85 CM ............... 900
VI ............................ 6 XL ........................... 40 LXXXIX ................. 89 M.................. 1,000
VII .......................... 7 XLV......................... 45 XC ........................... 90 MD .............. 1,500
VIII ......................... 8 XLIX ....................... 49 XCV ........................ 95 MM .............. 2,000
IX ............................ 9 L .............................. 50 IC ............................ 99 MMM .......... 3,000
X .............................. 10 LV ........................... 55 C.............................. 100 MMMM-
XV........................... 15 LIX .......................... 59 CL ........................... 150 - or MV...... 4,000
XIX ......................... 19 LX ........................... 60 CC ........................... 200 V................... 5,000
-
XX ........................... 20 LXV ........................ 65 CCC ........................ 300 M.................. 1,000,000
LXIX ....................... 69 CD .......................... 400

Dates
MDC .................................. 1600 MCMXX.............................. 1920 MCMLXX ...................... 1970
MDCC ............................... 1700 MCMXXX........................... 1930 MCMLXXX ................... 1980
MDCCC............................. 1800 MCMXL .............................. 1940 MCMXC ........................ 1990
MCM or MDCCCC ......... 1900 MCML ................................. 1950 MM ................................. 2000
MCMX ............................... 1910 MCMLX .............................. 1960 MMX .............................. 2010
13. Tabular Work
(See also Chapter 9 Abbreviations and Letter Symbols and Chapter 14 Leaderwork)

13.1. The object of a table is to present in a concise and orderly manner

information that cannot be presented as clearly in any other way.
13.2. Tabular material should be kept as simple as possible, so that the
meaning of the data can be easily grasped by the user.
13.3. Tables shall be set without down (vertical) rules when there is at
least an em space between columns, except where: (1) in GPOs
judgment down rules are required for clarity; or (2) the agency has
indicated on the copy they are to be used. The mere presence of
down rules in copy or enclosed sample is not considered a request
that down rules be used. The publication dictates the type size used
in setting tables. Tabular work in the Congressional Record is set 6
on 7. The balance of congressional tabular work sets 7 on 8. If down
rules are used they will be set as hairlines, unless a specific weight is
requested.

Abbreviations
13.4. To avoid burdening tabular text, commonly known abbreviations
are used in tables. Metric and unit-of-measurement abbreviations
are used with figures.
13.5. The names of months (except May, June, and July) when followed by
the day are abbreviated.
13.6. The words street, avenue, place, road, square, boulevard, terrace,
drive, court, and building, following name or number, are abbre-
viated. For numbered streets, avenues, etc., figures are used.
13.7. Abbreviate the words United States if preceding the word
Government, the name of any Government organization, or as an
adjective generally.
13.8. Use the abbreviations RR and Ry. following a name, and SS, MS,
etc., preceding a name.
13.9. Use lat. and long. with figures.

285
286 Chapter 13

13.10. Abbreviate, when followed by figures, the various parts of publica-

tions, as article, part, section, etc.
13.11. Use, generally, such abbreviations and contractions as 98th Cong.,
1st sess., H. Res. 5, H.J. Res. 21, S. Doc. 62, S. Rept. 410, Rev. Stat., etc.
13.12. In columns containing names of persons, copy is followed as to ab-
breviations of given names.
13.13. Periods are not used after abbreviations followed by leaders.

Bearoff or inset
13.14. An en space is used for all bearoffs or insets.

13.15. In a crowded table, when down rules are necessary, the bearoff or
inset may be reduced in figure columns.
13.16. Fractions are set flush right to the bearoff or inset of the allotted
column width, and not aligned.
13.17. Mathematical signs, parentheses, fractions, and brackets are set
with a normal bearoff or inset.

Boxheads
13.18. Periods are omitted after all boxheads, but a dash is used after any
boxhead which reads into the matter following.
13.19. Boxheads run crosswise.
13.20. Boxheads are set solid, even in leaded tables.
13.21. Boxheads are centered horizontally and vertically.

Down-rule style (see rule 13.3)

Employed students whose work records were obtained
Time of year at beginning work [depth of this box does
Total not influence the depth of box on left]
Sex and age June to August September to May
Distri- Distri- Distri- Not re-
Number bution Number bution Number bution ported
(percent) (percent) (percent)
Female (16 to 18) ....................... 3,869 45.5 1,415 9.6 2,405 15.8 49
Tabular Work 287

No-down-rule style (preferred)

Table 9.Mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in 2008
Gold Silver
Short Copper Lead Zinc
Class of material (fine (fine
tons (pounds) (pounds) (pounds)
ounces) ounces)
Concentrate shipped to smelters and recoverable metals

Copper ................................................ 220,346 763 70,357 14,242,346 9,950 6,260

Lead ..................................................... 3,931 392 48,326 72,500 5,044,750 290,980
Zinc ..................................................... 25,159 269 41,078 263,400 581,590 26,441,270

Total:
2008 .............................. 249,436 1,424 159,756 14,578,246 5,636,290 26,738,510
2007 .............................. 367,430 1,789 432,122 10,622,155 13,544,875 11,923,060
Crude material shipped to smelters

Dry gold, dry gold-silver ore .......... 134 52 2,839 2,200 ................. .................
Copper:
Crude ore ................................... 107,270 844 39,861 2,442,882 124,100 2,200
Slag .............................................. 421 10 165 285,421 ................. .................
Lead...................................................... 528 12 1,693 5,950 110,870 300
Mill cleanings (lead-zinc) ............... 31 ................. 254 1,450 8,100 4,300

Total:
2008 .............................. 125,749 919 45,444 30,375,754 249,710 6,890
2007 .............................. 166,184 1,042 47,176 41,601,845 497,125 26,940

13.22. In referring to quantity of things, the word Number in boxheads is

spelled if possible.
13.23. Column numbers or letters in parentheses may be set under box-
heads and are separated by one line space below the deepest head.
(If alignment of parentheses is required within the table, use brack-
ets in boxhead.) These column references align across the table.
Units of quantity are set in parentheses within boxheads.
Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce
Civil Aero-
Commod- Disaster loans, nautics Bureau of Public
Value of
ity Credit etc. (payments Adminis- Roads: Highway
Special commod-
Corpora- to assist States tration construction
school ities dis-
States tion, value in furnishing Federal
milk tributed
of com- hay in airport Emer-
program 1 within Regular
modities droughtstriken program gency
States grants 2
donated areas) regular grants 3
grants
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Alabama ........... $4,730,154 $1,520,362 $7,970,875 ........................... $79,284 $1,176,401 $247,515
Alaska ................ 393,484 269,274 591,487 ........................... 297,266 12,366,106 472,749
Arizona ............. 4,545,983 823,136 6,512,639 ........................... 127,749 9,317,853 .................

13.24. Leaders may be supplied in a column consisting entirely of symbols

or years or dates or any combination of these.
288 Chapter 13

Centerheads, ush entries, and subentries

13.25. Heads follow the style of the tables as to the use of figures and
abbreviations.
13.26. Punctuation is omitted after centerheads. Flush entries and sub-
entries over subordinate items are followed by a colon (single sub-
entry to run in, preserving the colon), but a dash is used instead of a
colon when the entry reads into the matter below.
25 Miscellaneous: Powerplant equipment ...................................................................................................... $245,040.37
26 Roads, railroads, and bridges ....................................................................................................................... 275,900.34

Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 520,940.71

transmission plant
42 Structures and improvements ...................................................................................................................... 26,253.53
43 Station equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 966,164.41

Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 992,417.94

general plant
General plant:
Norris ......................................................................................................................................................... 753,248.97
Other .......................................................................................................................................................... 15,335.81

Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 768,584.78

Grand total ............................................................................................................................................ 2,281,943.43

13.27. In reading columns if the centerhead clears the reading matter

below by at least an em, the space is omitted; if it clears by less than
an em, a space is used. If an overrun, rule, etc., in another column,
or in the same column, creates a blank space above the head, the
extra space is not added.
13.28. Units of quantity and years used as heads in reading and figure col-
umns are set in italic with space above but no space below.

No-down-rule style (preferred)

The rules are used here to aid readability.
2015
Oct. 1 ......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16 ...................... 45.2 15 May 8 ........................ 46.5 15
Oct. 31 ....................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4 ....................... 50.2 15 May 22 ..................... 45.1 18
Nov. 14 ...................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17 ..................... 43.4 15 June 9........................ 47.1 14
Dec. 24 ...................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4 ...................... 45.6 15 June 24 ..................... 48.2 16
Mar. 19 .................... 42.7 15 July 9 ......................... 46.6 17
2016 Apr. 2 ....................... 40.9 15 July 24 ...................... 45.9 16
Jan. 3 .......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28 .................... 47.7 13 Aug. 6 ....................... 46.5 16
Tabular Work 289

Down-rule style (see rule 13.3)

2015
Oct. 1 ......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16 ...................... 45.2 15 May 8 ....................... 46.5 15
Oct. 31 ....................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4 ....................... 50.2 15 May 22 ..................... 45.1 18
Nov. 14 ...................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17 ..................... 43.4 15 June 9 ....................... 47.1 14
Dec. 24 ...................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4 ...................... 45.6 15 June 24 ..................... 48.2 16
Mar. 19 .................... 42.7 15 July 9 ........................ 46.6 17
2016 Apr. 2 ....................... 40.9 15 July 24 ...................... 45.9 16
Jan. 3 .......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28 .................... 47.7 13 Aug. 6 ....................... 46.5 16

Ciphers
13.29. Where the first number in a column or under a cross rule is wholly
a decimal, a cipher is added at the left of its decimal point. A cipher
used alone in a money or other decimal column is placed in the unit
row and is not followed by a period. The cipher repeats in mixed
units before decimals unless the group totals.
1
January ................ +26.4 0 0 0 0 0 +$0.7 27.1+ +40.4
February ............. +66.7 0 0 0 0 0 .9 65.8+ +98.1
March .................. +143.1 +2.6 7.5 0 0 0 +12.4 150.6 +224.1

13.30. In columns containing both dollars and cents, ciphers will be sup-
plied on right of decimal point in the absence of figures.
13.31. Where column consists of single decimal, supply a cipher on the
right unless the decimal is a cipher.
0.6
0
3.0
4.2
5.0

13.32. Where column has mixed decimals of two or more places, do not
supply ciphers but follow copy.
0.22453
1.263
4
2.60
3.4567
78
12.6
102.14423

13.33. Copy is followed in the use of the word None or a cipher to indicate
None in figure columns. If neither one appears in the copy, leaders
are inserted, unless a clear (no leaders) is specifically requested.
290 Chapter 13

13.34. In columns of figures under the heading s d, if a whole number of

pounds is given, one cipher is supplied under s and one under d; if
only shillings are given, one cipher is supplied under d.
13.35. In columns of figures under Ft In, if only feet are given, supply
cipher under In; if only inches are given, clear under Ft; if ciphers
are used for None, place one cipher under both Ft and In.
13.36. In any column containing sums of money, the period and ciphers
are omitted if the column consists entirely of whole dollars.

Continued heads
13.37. In continued lines an em dash is used between the head and the
word (Continued) (in italic). No period is carried after a continued
line.
13.38. Continued heads over tables will be worded exactly like the table
heading. Notes above tables are repeated; footnote references are re-
peated in boxheads and in continued lines.

Dashes or rules
13.39. Rules are not carried in reading columns or columns consisting
of serial or tracing numbers, but are carried through all figure
columns.
13.40. Parallel rules are used to cut off figures from other figures below
that are added or subtracted; also, generally, above a grand total.

Ditto (do.)
13.41. The abbreviation do. is used to indicate that the previous line is
being repeated instead of repeating the line, verbatim, over and
over. It is used in reading columns only, lowercased and preceded
by leaders (6 periods) when there is matter in preceding column. If
ditto marks are requested, closing quotes will be used.
13.42. Capitalize Do. in the first and last columns. These are indented
1 or 2 ems, depending on the length of the word being repeated,
or the width of the column; the situation will determine as it is
encountered.
Tabular Work 291

13.43. In mixed columns made up of figure and reading-matter items, do.

is used only under the latter items.
13.44. Do. is not used
(1) In a figure or symbol column (tracing columns are figure
columns);
(2) In the first line under a centerhead in the column in which
the centerhead occurs;
(3) Under a line of leaders or a rule;
(4) Under an item italicized or set in boldface type for a specific
reason (italic or boldface do. is never used; item is repeated);
(5) Under an abbreviated unit of quantity or other abbrevia-
tions; or
(6) Under words of three letters or less.
13.45. Do. is used, however, under a clear space and under the word None
in a reading column.
13.46. Do. does not apply to a reference mark on the preceding item. The
reference mark, if needed, is added to do.
13.47. Leaders are not used before Do. in the first column or before or after
Do. in the last column.
13.48. In a first and/or last column 6 ems or less in width, a 1-em space
is used before Do. In all other columns 6 ems or less in width, six
periods are used. Bearoff is not included.
13.49. In a first and/or last column more than 6 ems in width, 2 ems of space
are used before Do. In all other columns more than 6 ems in width,
six periods are used. Bearoff space is not included. If the preceding
line is indented, the indention of Do. is increased accordingly.
13.50. Do. under an indented item in an inside reading column, with or
without matter in preceding column, is preceded by six periods
which are indented to align with item above.
292 Chapter 13

Dollar mark
13.51. The dollar mark or any other money symbol is placed close to the
figure; it is used only at the head of the table and under cross rules
when the same unit of value applies to the entire column.
13.52. In columns containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons,
etc.), the dollar mark, pound mark, peso mark, or other symbol, as
required, is repeated before each sum of money.
13.53. If several sums of money are grouped together, they are separated
from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the symbol is
placed on the first figure of the separated group only.
1958 1967

Water supply available (gallons) .......................................................................................... 4,000,000 3,000,000

Wheat production (bushels) ................................................................................................. 9,000,000 8,000,000

Operations:
Water-dispatching operations ..................................................................................... $442,496 $396,800
Malaria control ............................................................................................................... 571,040 426,600
Plant protection .............................................................................................................. 134,971 58,320

Total .............................................................................................................................. 1,148,507 881,720

Number of plants ..................................................................................................................... 642 525

Percent of budget ..................................................................................................................... 96.8 78.8

Note.Preliminary figures.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

13.54. In a double money column, dollar marks are used in the first group
of figures only; en dashes are aligned.
$7$9
1012
314316
1,0141,016

13.55. The dollar mark is omitted from a first item consisting of a cipher.
0 but $0.12
$300 13.43
500 15.07
700 23.18

13.56. The dollar mark should be repeated in stub or reading columns.

0 to $0.99 ........................
$1 to $24 .........................
$25 to $49 .......................
$50 to $74 ......................
Tabular Work 293

Figure columns
13.57. Figures align on the right, with an en space bearoff. There is no
bearoff on leaders.
13.58. In a crowded table the bearoff may be reduced in figure columns
only. It is preferable to retain the bearoff.
13.59. Figures in parentheses align.
13.60. In double rows of figures in a single column, connected by a dash, a
plus, or minus sign, and in dates appearing in the form 9408, the
dashes or signs can be aligned.
13.61. Plus or minus signs at the left of figures are placed against the fig-
ures regardless of alignment; plus and minus signs at the right of
figures are cleared.
13.62. Words and Roman numerals in figure columns are aligned on the
right with the figures, without periods.
Median value of livestock .......................................................................................... $224 $62 ................
Median value of machinery ...................................................................................... $54 Small ................
Median value of furniture ......................................................................................... $211 $100 ................
Possessing automobiles (percent) ............................................................................ 25 17 ................
Median age (years) .............................................................................................. ................ ................ 5.5
Median value ........................................................................................................ ................ ................ $144
Fraternal membership:
Men ......................................................................................................................... ................ IV 486
Women ................................................................................................................... ................ ................ None

13.63. Figures (including decimal and common fractions) expressing

mixed units of quantity (feet, dollars, etc.) and figures in parenthe-
ses are aligned on the right.
13.64. Decimal points are aligned except in columns containing numbers
that refer to mixed units (such as pounds, dollars, and percentage)
and have irregular decimals.

Footnotes and references

13.65. Footnotes to tables are numbered independently from footnotes to
text unless requested by committee or department.
13.66. Superior figures are used for footnote references, beginning with 1
in each table.
294 Chapter 13

13.67. If figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in connection with

a chemical formula), asterisks, daggers, or italic superior letters, etc.,
may be used.
13.68. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure
reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used
for reference. These, in the same sequence, precede mathematical
signs. A thin space is used to bear off an asterisk, dagger, or similar
character.
13.69. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines
over tables.
13.70. References to footnotes are numbered consecutively across the page
from left to right.
13.71. Footnote references are placed at the right in reading columns and
symbol columns, and at the left in figure columns (also at the left of
such words as None in figure columns), and are separated by a thin
space.
13.72. Two or more footnote references occurring together are separated
by spaces, not commas.
13.73. In a figure column, a footnote reference standing alone is set in
parentheses and flushed right. In a reading column, it is set at the
left in parentheses and is followed by leaders, but in the last column
it is followed by a period, as if it were a word. In a symbol column it
is set at the left and cleared.
13.74. Numbered footnotes are placed immediately beneath the table. If a
sign or letter reference in the heading of a table is to be followed, it
is not changed to become the first numbered reference mark. The
footnote to it precedes all other footnotes. The remaining footnotes
in a table will follow this sequence: footnotes (numbers, letters, or
symbols); Note.; then Source:.
13.75. For better makeup or appearance, footnotes may be placed at the
end of a lengthy table. A line reading Footnotes at end of table. is
supplied.
Tabular Work 295

13.76. If the footnotes to both table and text fall together at the bottom of
a page, the footnotes to the table are placed above the footnotes to
the text, and the two groups are separated by a 50-point rule flush
left; but if there are footnotes to the text and none to the table, the
50-point rule is retained.
13.77. Footnotes to cut-in and indented tables and tables in rules are set
full measure, except when footnotes are short, they can be set in 1
em under indented table.
13.78. Footnotes are set as paragraphs, but two or more short footnotes
should be combined into one line, separated by not less than 2 ems.
13.79. The footnotes and notes to tables are set solid.
13.80. Footnotes and notes to tables and boxheads are set the same size,
but not smaller than 6 point, unless specified otherwise.
13.81. Footnotes to tables follow tabular style in the use of abbreviations,
figures, etc.
13.82. In footnotes, numbers are expressed in figures, even at the begin-
ning of a note or sentence.
13.83. If a footnote consists entirely or partly of a table or leaderwork, it
should always be preceded by introductory matter carrying the
reference number; if necessary, the copy preparer should add an in-
troductory line, such as 1 See the following table:.
13.84. An explanatory paragraph without specific reference but belonging
to the table rather than to the text follows the footnotes, if any, and
is separated from them or from the table by space.

Fractions
13.85. All fractions are set flush right to the bearoff.
Total length .............................. 40 41 0.42 43 44 0.455 46 47 48 in.
Sleeve length ............................ 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 1 in.
Armhole length ....................... 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 1 in.
Sleeve cuff length (if cuff is 5 5 5 5712 5 5712 5 5 5 Maximum.
used).
Neck opening........................... 26 26 271732 281532 28 291732 30 30 31 2 in.
Waist:
7, 8, 9, 10 cut .................... 23 24 25 271532 28 29 31 32 33 6 pct.
11, 12, 14 cut .................... 22 23 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 6 pct.
296 Chapter 13

13.86. Fractions standing alone are expressed in figures, even at the be-
ginning of a line, but should be spelled out at the beginning of a
footnote.

Headnotes
13.87. Headnotes should be set lowercase, but not smaller than 6 point,
bracketed, and period omitted at end, even if the statement is a
complete sentence; but periods should not be omitted internally if
required by sentence structure.
13.88. Headnotes are repeated under continued heads but the word
Continued is not added to the headnote.

Indentions and overruns

Subentries
13.89. The indention of subentries is determined by the width of the stub
or reading column. Subentries in columns more than 15 ems wide
are indented in 2-em units; in columns 15 ems or less, with short
entry lines and few overruns, 2-em indentions are also used. All
overruns are indented 1 em more.
13.90. Subentries in columns of 15 ems or less are indented in 1-em units.
Overruns are indented 1 additional em space.
Total, mean, and average lines
13.91. All total (also mean and average) lines are indented 3 ems. In very
narrow stub columns, total lines may be reduced to 1- or 2-em in-
dentions, depending on length of line.
13.92. Where overrun of item above conflicts, the total line is indented 1
em more. Runovers of total lines are also indented 1 additional em
space.
13.93. It is not necessary to maintain uniform indention of the word Total
throughout the same table. The word Total is supplied when not in
copy.
Tabular Work 297

Non-
Total, all National Building
Wide stub columnsubentries 2 ems national
banks banks associations
banks
ASSETS
Loans and discounts:
Loans to banks ................................................................... $74,518 $1,267,493 $947,289 $135,619
Commercial and industrial loans .................................. 2,753,456 450,916 211,597 18,949
Total (total lines generally indent 3 ems) ................. 2,827,974 718,409 1,158,886 154,568

Real estate loans:

Secured by farmland ......................................................... 12,532 29,854 186,228 19,044
Secured by residential property other than rural
and farm ........................................................................ 1,011,856 167,765 1,554,084 3,172,837

Total (indent 1 em more to avoid conflict with

line above)................................................................ 1,024,388 194,619 1,740,312 3,191,881

Securities:
U.S. Government obligations:
Direct obligations:
U.S. savings bonds ............................................. 1,149,764 3,285,721 2,361,796 23,506
Nonmarketable bonds (including invest-
ment series A1965). ..................................... 242,500 490,677 732,689 167,735

Total (indent 1 em more than runover

above) ....................................................... 1,392,264 3,776,398 3,094,485 191,241

Italic
13.94. Names of vessels and aircraft (except in columns consisting entirely
of such names), titles of legal cases (except v. for versus), and certain
scientific terms are set in italic. The word Total and headings in
the column do not affect the application of this rule. In gothic type-
faces without italic, quotes are allowed.
13.95. Set See and See also in roman.

Leaders
13.96.Leaders run across the entire table except that they are omitted
from a last reading column.
13.97. The style of leadering is guided by two rules: (1) tables with a single
reading column leader from the bottom line, or (2) tables with any
combination of more than one reading or symbol column leader
from the top line.
298 Chapter 13

13.98. If leadering from the top line, overruns end with a period.
13.99. A column of dates is regarded as a reading column only if leaders
are added; in all other cases it is treated as a figure column.
13.100. In tables with tracing figures on left and right of page, leader from
top line.

Numerals in tables
13.101. Figures, ordinals, and fractions are used in all parts of a table, ex-
cept fractions that will be spelled out at the beginning of a footnote.

Parallel and divide tables

13.102. Parallel tables are set in pairs of pages; beginning on a left-hand
page and running across to facing right-hand page, leader from the
top line.
13.103. Heads and headnotes center across the pair of pages, with 2-em
hanging indention for three or more lines when combined measure
exceeds 30 picas in width. Two-line heads are set across the pair of
pages. A single-line head or headnote is divided evenly, each part
set flush right and left, respectively. Words are not divided between
pages.
13.104. Boxheads and horizontal rules align across both pages.
13.105. Boxheads are not divided but are repeated, with Continued added.
13.106. Tracing figures are carried through from the outside columns of
both pages and are set to leader from the top line.
13.107. In divide tables that are made up parallel, with stub column re-
peated, the head and headnote repeat on each succeeding page, with
Continued added to the head only.
13.108. Tables with tracing figures or stub, or both, repeating on the left of
odd pages, are divide tables and not parallel tables. Over such tables
the heads are repeated, with Continued added.
Tabular Work 299

Reading columns
13.109. Figures or combinations of figures and letters used to form a read-
ing column align on left and are followed by leaders. Do. is not used
under such items.
13.110. The en dash is not to be used for to in a reading column; if both
occur, change to to throughout.
13.111. Cut-in items following a colon are indented 2 ems.
13.112. A single entry under a colon line should be run in; retain the colon.
13.113. Numerical terms, including numbered streets, avenues, etc., are ex-
pressed in figures, even at the beginning of an item.

Symbol columns
13.114. A column consisting entirely of letters, letters and figures, symbols,
or signs, or any combination of these, is called a symbol column. It
should be set flush left and cleared, except when it takes the place of
the stub, it should then be leadered. No closing period is used when
such column is the last column. Blank lines in a last column are
cleared. Do. is not used in a symbol column.
Army Filing Speci-
Symbol Typical commercial designation product order General description fication
symbol symbol symbol
GM(2) ............ Gasoline and diesel engine OR10 A Fuel, grease, chassis, G.&D.
oil, SAE10 and SAE10W or soap base.
grades.
CG .................. Ball and roller bearing 4lX59 N Extreme pressure ....... BR
grease.
CW 1 ............... Wheel-bearing grease ............ OE20 2
X ......do ............................ WBG 3
Grease not typified ................. ............... ............ Further tests being
conducted.
G090 .............. Universal gear lubricant ....... S.&T. B Water-pump grease ... 80D

13.115. Columns composed of both symbols and figures are treated as fig-
ure columns and are set flush right. In case of blank lines in a last
column, leaders will be used as in figure columns.
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
or Typical commercial designation or or filling General description or speci-
catalog product order fication
number number symbol number
WBD Chassis grease, cup grease, 961 A Especially adapted to very 1359
under pressure. cold climates.
14L88 Water-pump bearing grease SWA 352 Under moderate pressure ... ..........
5190 Exposed gear chain lubricant 12L N High-speed use ..................... AE10
E.P. hypoid lubricant ............. 863 X For experimental use only.. NXL
376 Special grade for marine use .......... 468 Free flowing in any weather 749
300 Chapter 13

Tables without rules

13.116. It is preferable to set all tables alike; that is, without either down
rules or cross rules and with roman boxheads. When so indicated
on copy, by ordering agency, tabular matter may be set without
rules, with italic boxheads.
13.117. Column heads over figure columns in 6- or 8-point leaderwork are
set in 6-point italic.
13.118. Horizontal rules (spanner) used between a spread or upper level col-
umn heading carried over two or more lower level column headings
are set continuous and without break, from left to right, between the
two levels of such headings.
Table 9.Changes in fixed assets and related allowances
Fixed assets

Balance June Investment Operations

30, 2008 Current Adjustments Transfers Retirements Balance June
(table 9a) additions 30, 2008
Supporting and general
facilities:
Transportation and
utilities:
Panama Railroad ...... $12,123,197 $306 .................. ($539) ($284,358) $11,838,606
Motor Transporta-
tion Division ......... 2,242,999 122,597 .................. 2,143 (147,561) 2,220,178
Steamship line ........... 13,653,989 10,247 .................. ................ .................. 13,664,236
Power system ............. 19,364,373 366,311 .................. (342) (290,174) 19,440,168
Communication
system ..................... 2,739,012 151,819 ($113,261) ................ (26,100) 2,751,470
Water system and
hydroelectric
facilities .................. 10,590,820 104,039 .................. 1,661 (48,920) 10,647,600
Total, trans-
portation
and utilities .. 60,714,390 755,319 (113,261) 2,923 (797,113) 60,562,258
Employee service and
facilities:
Commissary Division ...... 7,012,701 105,952 (130,891) 21,777 (36,418) 6,973,121
Service centers.................... 3,684,670 29,086 .................. 530 (230,276) 3,484,010
Housing Division............... 35,729,465 (10,336) .................. (485,548) (937,916) 34,295,665
Total employee service
and facilities............... 46,426,836 124,702 (130,891) (463,241) (1,204,610) 44,752,796
Grand total ..................... 107,141,236 880,021 (244,152) (466,164) (2,001,723) 105,315,054
Tabular Work 301

13.119. More than one figure column, also illustrating use of dollar mark,
rule, bearoff, etc.
For property purchased from
Central Pipeline Distributing Co.:
Capital stock issued recorded amount .................................... $75,000
Undetermined consideration recorded ................................... 341
Pan American Bonded Pipeline Co.: Recorded money outlay .. 3,476
M.J. Mitchell: Recorded money outlay............................................ 730
R. Lacy, Inc., and Lynch Refining Co.:
Recorded money outlay .......................................... $157,000
Note issued ................................................................ 100,000
Subtotal .............................................................. 257,000
Less value of oil in lines and salvaged construction
material ......................................................................... 26,555 230,445 $309,992

For construction, improvements, and replacements, recorded money outlay ...... 522
For construction work in progress, recorded money outlay ..................................... 933,605
Total .............................................................................................................................. 1,244,119

Quantity
Value at point
(million
of consumption
cubic feet)
Use:
Residential ........................................................................................... 34,842 $21,218,778
Commercial ......................................................................................... 14,404 5,257,468
Industrial:
Field (drilling, pumping, etc.) .................................................. 144,052 10,419,000
All other industrial:
Fuel for petroleum refineries ............................................ 96,702 .......................
Other, including electric utility plants ........................... 346,704 61,440,000
Total .................................................................................. 636,704 98,335,246

Estimated
2004 2008 Change
General account:
Receipts .................................................................................................... $64,800 $69,800 +$5,000
Expenditures............................................................................................... (70,300) (67,100) (-3,200)
Net improvement, 2008 over 2004 .......................................................................................................................... 1,800
Deduct 2004 deficit ..................................................................................................................................................... 1,500
Net surplus, estimated for 2008............................................................................................................ 300
302 Chapter 13

[In U.S.-dollar equivalent]

Balance with the Treasury Department July 1, 2008............................................................................. $165,367,704.85
Receipts:
Collections .................................................................................................. $564,944,502.99
Return from agency accounts of currencies advanced for liquid-
ation of obligations incurred prior to July 1, 2007......................... 4,450,577.07
Total receipts ............................................................................................................................... 569,395,080.06
Total available ............................................................................................................................. 734,762,784.91

Units of quantity
13.120. Units of quantity in stub columns are set in lowercase in plural form
and placed in parentheses.
1 2
Coke (short tons) .......................................................... 4,468,437 25,526,646 5,080,403 29,519,871
Diatomite........................................................................ (123) (1) (1) (123)
Emery (pounds) ............................................................ 765 6,828 1,046 9,349
Feldspar (crude) (long tons) ....................................... (1) (1) (1) (1)
2 2
Ferroalloys (short tons) ............................................... 183,465 18,388,766 259,303 30,719,756

13.121. Units of quantity and other words as headings over figure columns
are used at the beginning of a table or at the head of a continued
page or continued column in a double-up table.
13.122. Over figure columns, units of quantity and other words used as
headings, and the abbreviations a.m. and p.m., if not included in
the boxheads, are set in italic and are placed immediately above the
figures, without periods other than abbreviating periods. In con-
gressional work (gothic), or at any time when italic is not available,
these units should be placed in the boxheads in parentheses. Any
well-known abbreviation will be used to save an overrun, but if one
unit of quantity is abbreviated, all in the same table will be abbrevi-
ated. If units change in a column, the new units are set in italic with
space above and no space below. The space is placed both above and
below only when there is no italic available.

Quoted tabular work

13.123. When a table is part of quoted matter, quotation marks will open
on each centerhead and each footnote paragraph, and, if table is end
of quoted matter, quotation marks close at end of footnotes. If there
are no footnotes and the table is the end of the quotation, quotation
marks close at end of last item.
14. Leaderwork
(See also Chapter 9 Abbreviations and Letter Symbols and Chapter 13 Tabular Work)

14.1. Leaderwork is a simple form of tabular work without boxheads or

rules and is separated from text by 4 points of space above and below
in solid matter or 6 points of space in leaded matter. It consists of a
reading (stub) column and a figure column, leadered from the bot-
tom line. It may also consist of two reading columns, aligning on
the top line. In general, leaderwork (except indexes and tables of
contents, which are set the same style as text) is governed by the
same rules of style as tabular work. Unless otherwise indicated,
leaderwork is set in 8 point. The period is omitted immediately be-
fore leaders.

Bearoff or inset
14.2. No bearoff or inset is required at the right in a single reading
column.

Columns
14.3. A figure column is at least an en quad wider than the largest group
of figures but not less than 3 ems in single columns or 2 ems in
double-up columns. Total rules are to be the full width of all figure
columns.
Pounds
Year: 2000 ................................................................................................. 655,939
Fiscal year:
2009 .................................................................................................. 368,233
2010 ................................................................................................... 100,000
Total ............................................................................................. 1,124,172

14.4. Where both columns are reading columns, they are separated by an
em space.

303
304 Chapter 14

Particulars Artist
To the French Government:
The entire collection of French paintings on loan, Degas.
with the exception of Mlle. DuBourg (Mme.
Fantin-Latour).
Avant la Course ........................................................... Do.
To Col. Axel H. Oxholm, Washington, DC:
Martha Washington, George Washington, and Attributed to
Thomas Jefferson. Jonathan E. Earl,
Los Angeles, CA.
Roses ............................................................................. Renoir.
Do .......................................................................... Forain.
Roses in a Chinese Vase and Sculpture by Maillol Vuillard.
Maternity ...................................................................... Gauguin.

Continued heads
14.5. The use of continued heads in leaderwork is not necessary.

Ditto (do.)
14.6. The abbreviation do. is indented and capitalized in the stub. It is
capitalized and cleared (no leaders) in the last reading column (see
above).

Dollar mark and ciphers

14.7. In a column containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons,
etc.) the figures are aligned on the right, and the dollar mark or
other symbol is repeated before each sum of money. If several sums
of money are grouped and added or subtracted to make a total, they
are separated from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the
symbol is placed on the first figure of the separated group only.
14.8. If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other
and one carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry
points and ciphers.

Flush items and subheads

14.9. Flush items clear the figure column.
14.10. Subheads are centered in full measure.
Leaderwork 305

Footnotes
14.11. Footnotes to leaderwork follow the style of footnotes to tables.

14.12. Footnote references begin with 1 in each leadered grouping, and

footnotes are placed at the end, separated from it by 4 points of
space. Separate notes from matter following by not less than 6
points of space.
14.13. If the leaderwork runs over from one page to another, the footnotes
will be placed at the bottom of the leadered material.1

Units of quantity
14.14. Units of quantity or other words over a stub or figure column are set
italic.
14.15. The following example shows the style to be observed where there
is a short colon line at left. In case of only one subentry, run in with
colon line and preserve the colon.
Tons
Baltimore & Ohio RR:
Freight carried:
May .................................................................................................. 50,000
June .................................................................................................. 52,000
Coal carried .......................................................................................... 90,000
Dixie RR: Freight carried Jan. 1, 1999, including freight carried by
all its subsidiaries ................................................................................... 1 2,000
n

1
Livestock not included.

14.16. If there is no colon line, the style is as follows:

Tons
Freight carried by the Dixie RR and the Baltimore & Ohio RR in
May........................................................................................................... 71,500

14.17. Explanatory matter is set in 6 point under leaders (note omission of

period):
.................................. .................................. .................................
(Name) (Address) (Position)

1
If footnotes to leaderwork and text fall at bottom of page, leaderwork footnotes are placed above
text footnotes. The two groups are separated by a 50-point rule.
306 Chapter 14

14.18. In blank forms, leaders used in place of complete words to be sup-

plied are preceded and followed by a space.
On this .................................................... day of .............................. 20 .........

14.19. In half measure doubled up, units of quantity are aligned across the
page.
Inches Inches
Seedlings:
Black locust .......................... 27 Osage-orange ........................ 20
Honey locust ....................... 16 Catalpa .................................... 16
Green ash .............................. 7 Black walnut ......................... 10

14.20. Mixed units of quantity and amounts and words in a figure column
are set as follows:
Capital invested ............................................................................................ $8,000
Value of implements and stock .................................................................. $3,000
Land under cultivation (acres) ................................................................... 128.6
Orchard (acres) ............................................................................................. 21.4
Forest land (square miles) ........................................................................... 50
Livestock:
Horses:
Number ......................................................................................... 8
Value .............................................................................................. $1,500
Cows:
Number ......................................................................................... 18
Estimated weekly production of butter per milk cow
(pounds) ............................................................................... 7
Hogs:
Number ........................................................................................ 46
Loss from cholera ....................................................................... None
15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines

Footnotes and reference marks

15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the exception of those
things noted in Chapter 9 Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.
Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the guidelines set
forth in Chapter 13 Tabular Work.

15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or articles, each

beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with 1 in each such
division. In a publication without such divisional grouping, foot-
notes are numbered consecutively from 1 to 99, and then begin with
1 again. However, in supplemental sections, such as appendixes and
bibliographies, which are not parts of the publication proper, foot-
notes begin with 1.

15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes are plainly
marked.
15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should carry the origi-
nal footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long note, the copy preparer
may use the words See footnote 3 (6, 10, etc.) on p.. instead of
repeating the entire footnote.
15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) footnotes to 12-point text
are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point text are set in 8 point,
except in Supreme Court reports, in which they are set in 9 point;
(3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point text are set in 7 point.
15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the page and are
separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set flush left, with no less
than 2 points of space above and below the rule.
15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt footnotes) are set
full measure.
15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt material (par-
ticularly legal work) containing original footnotes, these footnotes
are also indented and placed at the bottom of the excerpt, separated

307
308 Chapter 15

by 6 points of space. No side dash is used. Reference numbers are

not changed to fit the numbering sequence of text footnotes.
15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are referenced.
If the entire footnote will not fit on the page where it is cited, it will
be continued at the bottom of the next page.1
15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations should be placed
immediately beneath such illustrative material.
15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph and its
footnotes.
15.12. For reference marks use: (1) roman superior figures, (2) italic supe-
rior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures (preferred), letters, and
symbols are separated from the words to which they apply by thin
spaces, unless immediately preceded by periods or commas.
15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in
matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers, etc., or italic supe-
rior letters may be used.
15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference marks, their
sequence should be (*) asterisk, () dagger, () double dagger, and
() section mark. Should more symbols be needed, these may be
doubled or tripled, but for simplicity and greater readability, it is
preferable to extend the assortment by adding other single-charac-
ter symbols.
15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent sign (%)
and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion and should
not be used for reference marks.
15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters frequently
occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in such instances to
use symbols as reference marks.
1
When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even (left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set
inside parentheses in italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.
A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not
set, but the 50-point rule is duplicated.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 309

15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure ref-
erence precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used for
reference.
15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation marks except a
dash, but it falls inside a closing parenthesis or bracket if applying
only to matter within the parentheses or brackets.
15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring together are
separated by thin spaces.

Indexes and tables of contents

15.20.Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same style as the text,
except that See and see also are set in italic.
15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either alone or with
a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the word extends back into the
leaders, it is preceded by an en space.
Page
Explanatory diagram .............................................................................. Frontispiece
General instructions. .............................................................................................. viii
Capitalization (see also Abbreviations) ................................................................. 16
Correct imposition (diagram).................................................................... Facing 34
Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)
Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,
and excerpts............................................................... In supplemental volume

15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in small caps
in the figure columns of tables of contents and indexes.
15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will not fit in the
leader line, the first number only is set in that line and the other
numbers are overrun. If the entry makes three or more lines and the
last line of figures is not full, do not use a period at the end.
If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of figures
use this form ............................................................................................... 220,
224, 227, 230, 240
And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines ..................... 220,
224225, 230240, 245, 246, 250255, 258, 300, 320, 330, 350,
360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560,
570, 580, 590, 600620, 630, 640, 650
310 Chapter 15

(For examples of item indentions in a reading column of indexes,

see the index in this Manual.)
15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3 ems in measures not over
20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more than one line being
used if necessary. These indentions are increased as necessary to not
less than 2 ems more than the line immediately above or below.
15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain number of
ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held in 2 ems more
than the specified indention.
15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:
Example 1 Example 2
Medical officer, radiological defense, 3 BrazilContinued
Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictionsContinued
Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see also
Monitoring, 58 Williams, John H., special
Air, 62 mission), exchange control
Personnel, 59 situation, 586588
Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with United
Military, 59 States, proposed:
Sea, 61 Draft text, 558567
Ship, 61 Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all clauses, 531

15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:

Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)

15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or figure is followed by a

number and period, an en space is used after the period. The peri-
ods are aligned on the right.
Page
Chapter
I. Introduction....................................................................................................... i
II. Summary ........................................................................................................... 1
VI. Conclusions....................................................................................................... 7

15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are centered in the full
measure.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 311

15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a combination of

boldface and lightface type, all leaders and page numbers will be
set in lightface roman type. Contents set entirely in boldface will
use boldface page numbers. All page numbers will be set in the pre-
dominant size.
Page

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security .............................................. 5

Disarmament .................................................................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................... 7
Page

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security ....................................................... 5

Disarmament .................................................................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................... 7
Page

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security ....................................................... 5

Disarmament ................................................................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................. 7

Outlines
15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one set style to fol-
low in designing them. The width of the measure, the number of
levels required for the indentions, and the labeling concept selected
to identify each new level all contribute to its individuality.
The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and struc-
tured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule 8.112 to
identify each new indented level.
The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a period and
a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the second four levels
are set in parentheses and followed by the same amount of fixed
space.
Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level, and
data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first word follow-
ing the enumerator.
312 Chapter 15

Outline example:
I. Balancing a checkbook
A. Open your check register
1. Verify all check numbers
a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated
b. Verify no check numbers were skipped
B. Open your bank statement
1. Put canceled checks in sequence
2. Compare amounts on checks to those in register
a. Correct any mistakes in register
b. Indicate those check numbers cashed
(1) Mark off check number on the statement
(a) Verify amount of check
(i) Highlight discrepancies on statement
(aa) Enter figures on back
(ii) Enter missing check numbers on back with
amounts
(aa) Identify missing check numbers in
register
(bb) Verify those check numbers were not
cashed previously
16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures
16.1. The general principle involved in the typography of datelines, ad-
dresses, and signatures is that they should be set to stand out clearly
from the body of the letter or paper that they accompany. This is
accomplished by using caps and small caps and italic, as set forth
below. Other typographic details are designed to ensure uniformity
and good appearance. Street addresses and ZIP Code numbers are
not to be used. In certain lists that carry ZIP Code numbers, reg-
ular spacing will be used preceding the ZIP Code. Certain general
instructions apply alike to datelines, addresses, and signatures.

General instructions
16.2. Principal words in datelines, addresses, and titles accompanying
signatures are capitalized.
16.3. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., and all other titles preceding a name, and Esq.,
Jr., Sr., and 2d following a name in address and signature lines, are
set in roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small
caps or caps and lowercase; if the name is in caps, they are set in
caps and small caps, if small caps are availableotherwise in caps
and lowercase.

Spacing
16.4. At least 2 points of space should appear between dateline and text
or address, address and text, text and signature, or signature and
address.

Datelines
16.5. Datelines at the beginning of a letter or paper are set at the right side
of the page, the originating office in caps and small caps, the address
and date in italic; if the originating office is not given, the address
is set in caps and small caps and the date in italic; if only the date
is given, it is set in caps and small caps. Such datelines are indented
from the right 1 em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively,
for two lines; or 5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three
lines. In measures 30 picas or wider, these indentions are increased
by 1 em.

313
314 Chapter 16

THE WHITE HOUSE,

Washington, DC, January 1, 2016.
THE WHITE HOUSE, July 30, 2016.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF THE TREASURER,
Washington, DC, January 1, 2016.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, July 30, 2016.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
July 30, 2016.
FAIRFAX COUNTY, VA.
OFFICE OF JOHN SMITH & CO.,
New York, NY, June 6, 2016.
WASHINGTON, May 20, 201610 a.m.
THURSDAY, MAY 5, 20162 P.M.
JANUARY 24, 2016.
WASHINGTON, November 28, 2016.
[Received December 5, 2016].
ON BOARD USS CONNECTICUT,
January 22, 2016.

16.6. Congressional hearings:

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2015 1

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,
SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION
AND BORDER SECURITY,
Washington, DC.
U.S. SENATE,
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES,
Washington, DC.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING,
Washington, DC.

1
Normally, dates in House hearings on appropriation bills are set on the right in 10-point caps and small caps.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 315

16.7. Datelines at the end of a letter or paper, either above or below signa-
tures, are set on left in caps and small caps for the address and italic
for the date. When the word dated is used, dateline is set in roman
caps and lowercase.
MAY 7, 2016.
ROANOKE, VA.
ROANOKE, VA, July 1, 2016.
Dated July 1, 2016.
Dated Albany, March 13, 2016.

16.8. Datelines in newspaper extracts are set at the beginning of the para-
graph, the address in caps and small caps and the date in roman
caps and lowercase, followed by a period and a 1-em dash.
ABOARD USS Ronald Reagan April 3, 2016.
NEW YORK, NY, August 21, 2016.A message received here from . . . .

Addresses
16.9. Addresses are set flush left at the beginning of a letter or paper in
congressional work (or at end in formal usage).
16.10. At beginning or at end:
To SMITH & JONES and
BROWN & GREEN, Esqs.,
Attorneys for Claimant.
(Attention of Mr. Green.)
Hon. PATTY MURRAY,
U.S. Senate.
Hon. NANCY PELOSI,
U.S. House of Representatives. (Collective address.)
The PRESIDENT,
The White House.

16.11. A long title following an address is set in italic caps and lowercase,
the first line flush left and right, overruns indented 2 ems to clear a
following 1-em paragraph indention.
Hon. MIKE ROUNDS,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Management,
and Regulatory Oversight, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
316 Chapter 16

16.12. The name or title forming the first line of the address is set in caps
and small caps, but Mr., Mrs., or other title preceding a name, and
Esq., Jr., Sr., or 2d following a name, are set in roman caps and
lowercase; the matter following is set in italic. The words U.S. Army
or U.S. Navy immediately following a name are set in roman caps
and lowercase in the same line as the name.
Lt. Gen. TODD T. SEMONITE, U.S. Army,
Chief of Engineers.
CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY. (Full title, all caps and small caps.)
Lt. Gen. TODD T. SEMONITE,
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,
Washington, DC.
Hon. K AREN L. HAAS,
Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Hon. RICHARD J. DURBIN,
U.S. Senator, Washington, DC.
Hon. CORY GARDNER,
5XVVHOO6HQDWH2IFH%XLOGLQJ:DVKLQJWRQ'&
The COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS,
House of Representatives.

16.13. General (or collective) addresses are set in italic caps and lowercase,
flush left, with overruns indented 2 ems and ending with a colon,
except when followed by a salutation, in which case a period is used.
16.14. Examples of general addresses when not followed by salutation
(note the use of colon at end of italic line):
7R WKH 2IFHUV DQG 0HPEHUV RI WKH 'DXJKWHUV RI WKH $PHULFDQ
Revolution, Washington, DC:
7RWKH$PHULFDQ'LSORPDWLFDQG&RQVXODU2IFHUV
To Whom It May Concern:
Collectors of Customs:
To the Congress of the United States:

16.15. Example of general address when followed by salutation (note the

use of period at end of italic line):
Senate and House of Representatives.
GENTLEMEN: You are hereby * * *.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 317

16.16. Examples illustrating other types of addresses:

To the EDITOR:
To JOHN L. NELSON, Greeting:
To JOHN L. NELSON, %LUPLQJKDP$/*UHHWLQJ
To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
(Through the Division Engineer).
MY DEAR SIR: I have the honor . . . .
MR. REED: I have the honor . . . .
DEAR MR. REED: I have the honor . . . .
Lt. (jg.) JOHN SMITH,
Navy Department:
The care shown by you . . . .
STATE OF NEW YORK,
County of New York, ss:
Before me this day appeared . . . .
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ss:
Before me this day appeared . . . .

Envelope addresses
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Education and the Workforce
5D\EXUQ+RXVH2IFH%XLOGLQJ
Washington, DC 20515

Signatures
16.17. Signatures, preceded by an em dash, are sometimes run in with the
last line of text.
16.18. Signatures are set at the right side of the page. They are indented 1
em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively, for two lines; and
5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three lines. In measures 30
picas or wider, these indentions are increased by 1 em.
16.19. The name or names are set in caps and small caps; Mr., Mrs., and all
other titles preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., and 2d following a
name, are set in roman caps and lowercase; the title following name
is set in italic. Signatures as they appear in copy must be followed in
regard to abbreviations.
318 Chapter 16

16.20. If name and title make more than half a line, they are set as two
lines.
16.21. Two to eight independent signatures, with or without titles, are
aligned on the left, at approximately the center of the measure.
ROBERT E. SCHWENK.
QUEEN E. HUGHES.
ERICA N. PROPHET.
ANDRE RODGERS,
Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired).
WILLIAM H. COUGHLIN, Chairman.

16.22. More than eight signatures, with or without titles, are set full mea-
sure, roman caps and lowercase, run in, indented 5 and 7 ems in
measures of 26 picas or wider; in measures less than 26 picas,
indent 2 and 3 ems.
Brown, Shipley & Co.; Denniston, Cross & Co.; Fruhling &
Groschen, Attorneys; C.J. Hambro & Sons; Hardy,
Nathan & Co.; Heilbut, Symons & Co.; Harrison Bros. &
Co., by George Harrison; Hoare, Miller & Co.; Thomas
Eaton Co.

16.23. The punctuation of closing phrases is governed by the sense. A de-

tached complimentary close is made a new paragraph.
16.24. Examples of various kinds of signatures:
UNITED STATES IMPROVEMENT CO.,
(By) JOHN SMITH, Secretary.
TEXARKANA TEXTILE MERCHANTS &
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION,
JOHN L. JONES, Secretary.
TEXARKANA TEXTILE MERCHANTS &
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION,
JOANNE WILDER,
%RDUG0HPEHUDQG6HFUHWDU\
JOHN W. SMITH
(And 25 others).
JOHN SMITH,
/LHXWHQDQW*RYHUQRU
(For the Governor of Maine).
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 319

NORTH AMERICAN ICE CO.,

SYLVIA ROONEY, Secretary.
JOHN [his thumbmark] SMITH.
NITA M. LOWEY,
BARBARA COMSTOCK,
Managers on the Part of the House.
CHRIS COONS,
AMY KLOBUCHAR,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
I am, very respectfully, yours,
(Signed)FRED C. KLEINSCHMIDT,
Assistant Clerk, Court of Claims.
On behalf of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce:
GEO. W. PHILIPS.
SAML. CAMPBELL.
I have the honor to be,
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
(Signed) John R. King
(Typed) JOHN R. KING,
Secretary.
or
(S) John R. King
JOHN R. KING,
Secretary.
Attest:
RICHARD ROE, Notary Public.
By the Governor:
NATHANIEL COX, Secretary of State.
Approved.
JOHN SMITH, Governor.
By the President:
JOHN KERRY, Secretary of State.
Respectfully submitted.
MARY FARRELL, U.S. Indian Agent.
Yours truly,
Capt. JAMES STALEY, Jr.,
Superintendent.
Respectfully yours,
Mrs. BETTY SHEFFIELD.
Very respectfully,
RON GOLDEN, U.S. Indian Agent.
320 Chapter 16

16.25. In quoted matter:

Very respectfully,
TODD S. GILBERT.
PAUL HARTMAN.
DOLORES HICKS.
ALBERT H. JONES.
JOAN C. NUGENT.
BRANDON PROCTOR.

16.26. Examples of various kinds of datelines, addresses, and

signatures:
Re weather reports submitted by the International Advisory Committee of
the Weather Council.
Mr. FRED UPTON,
Chairman, House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
Washington, DC.
DEAR MR. UPTON::HKDYHEHHQLQFRQWDFWZLWK\RXURIFHHWF
DR. LOUIS W. UCCELLINI,
Executive Director,
National Weather Service.

LINCOLN PARK, MI, February 15, 2016.

Re Romeo O. Umanos, Susanna M. Umanos, case No. S254, U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Services, application pending.
Hon. JOHN CORNYN,
Chairman, Subcommittee on the Constitution,
Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC.
DEAR MR. CORNYN: You have for some time . . . .
Sincerely yours,
EDWARD PULTORAK,
Architectural Designer.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 321

Hon. TREY GOWDY,

&KDLUPDQ 6XEFRPPLWWHH RQ ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG %RUGHU 6HFXULW\
of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
DEAR MR. GOWDY: You have for some time . . . .

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE,
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE,
Washington, March 3, 2016.
Hon. GENE GREEN,
House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
DEAR MR. GREEN: We will be glad to
give you any further information.
Sincerely yours,
F.W. REICHELDERFER,
Chief of Service.

NEW YORK, NY, February 8, 2016.

To: All supervisory employees of production plants, northern and
eastern divisions, New York State.
From: Production manager.
Subject: Regulations concerning vacations, health and welfare plans,
and wage contract negotiations.
It has come to our attention that the time . . . .

WASHINGTON, DC, May 16, 2016.

The Honorable the SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This is in response to your letter . . . .
Very sincerely yours,
[SEAL]BARACK OBAMA.
322 Chapter 16

EAST LANSING, MI, June 10, 2016.

To Whom It May Concern:
I have known Kyu Yawp Lee for 7 years and am glad to testify as to his
QHFKDUDFWHU+HKDVEHHQHPSOR\HG   
:LVKLQJ\RXVXFFHVVLQ\RXUGLIFXOWDQGKLJKO\LPSRUWDQWMREZHDUH
Sincerely yours,
AGOSTINO J. GONINO.
LOUISE M. GONINO.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS,

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF
VETERANS AFFAIRS,
Washington, DC.
Hon. CHARLES E. GRASSLEY,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,
U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
DEAR SENATOR GRASSLEY: Further reference is made to your reply . . . .
Sincerely yours,
GORDON M. MANSFIELD,
Deputy Secretary
(For and in the absence of
James B. Peake, Secretary).

WASHINGTON, DC, September 16, 2016.

Mr. WILLIAM E. JONES, Jr.,
Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Attorney for Howard
6XWKHUODQG'LUHFWRU2IFHRI$OLHQ3URSHUW\
DEAR MR. JONES: In reply to your letter . . . .
Yours truly,
(Signed)THOMAS E. RHODES,
Special Assistant to the Attorney General.
36$VSHFLDOZRUGRIWKDQNVWR\RXIURP-5%URZQIRU\RXUQH
help.
T.E.R.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 323

TOKYO, JAPAN, November 13, 2016.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,
U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND NATURALIZATION SERVICES,
Detroit, MI.
GENTLEMEN: This letter will testify to the personal character . . . .
Very truly yours,
Mrs. GRACE C. LOHR,
Inspector General Section, HQ, AFFE,
APO 343, San Francisco, CA.

16.27. The word seal appearing with the signature of a notary or of an or-
ganized body, such as a company, is spaced 1 em from the signature.
The word seal is to be set in small caps and bracketed.
[SEAL]RICHARD ROE,
Notary Public.
[SEAL]J.M. WILBER.
[SEAL]BARTLETT, ROBINS & CO.

16.28. Presidential proclamations after May 23, 1967, do not utilize the
seal except when they pertain to treaties, conventions, protocols,
or other international agreements. Copy will be followed literally
with respect to the inclusion of and between elements of numerical
expressions.
IN 1872WKH&RQJUHVVHVWDEOLVKHG<HOORZVWRQH1DWLRQDO3DUNWKHUVW
park of its kind anywhere in the world. Decades later, the passage of the
$QWLTXLWLHV$FWLQFUHDWHGRXUUVWQDWLRQDOKLVWRULFSUHVHUYDWLRQ
policy. Under this new authority, and heavily inspired by his time in
nature with conservationist John Muir, President Theodore Roosevelt
set aside 18 new monuments and landmarks, adding to the scattered
collection of existing parks throughout our country. One decade later, in
order to provide the leadership necessary for maintaining our growing
system of parks, the Congress passed monumental legislationwhich
President Woodrow Wilson signed on August 25, 1916to create the
National Park Service (NPS). . . .
* * * * * * *
NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of
America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and
the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim August 25, 2016, as the
100th Anniversary of the National Park Service. I invite all Americans
324 Chapter 16

to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and

activities that recognize the National Park Service for maintaining and
SURWHFWLQJRXUSXEOLFODQGVIRUWKHFRQWLQXHGEHQHWDQGHQMR\PHQWRI
all Americans.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second

day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand sixteen, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and
IRUW\UVW

BARACK OBAMA.
17. Useful Tables

This chapter contains useful tables presented in GPO style. The tables display
various design features most frequently used in Government publications
and can be considered examples of GPO style.
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents
President Years Vice President Years
George Washington ....................................... (17891797) John Adams .................................................... (17891797)
John Adams ..................................................... (17971801) Thomas Jefferson ........................................... (17971801)
Thomas Jefferson ............................................ (18011809) Aaron Burr...................................................... (18011805)
George Clinton .............................................. (18051809)
James Madison ................................................ (18091817) George Clinton .............................................. (18091812)
Vacant .............................................................. (18121813)
Elbridge Gerry ............................................... (18131814)
Vacant .............................................................. (18141817)
James Monroe.................................................. (18171825) Daniel D. Tompkins ..................................... (18171825)
John Quincy Adams ...................................... (18251829) John C. Calhoun............................................ (18251829)
Andrew Jackson .............................................. (18291837) John C. Calhoun............................................ (18291832)
Vacant .............................................................. (18321833)
Martin Van Buren ........................................ (18331837)
Martin Van Buren ......................................... (18371841) Richard M. Johnson...................................... (18371841)
William Henry Harrison .............................. (1841) John Tyler ........................................................ (1841)
John Tyler ......................................................... (18411845) Vacant .............................................................. (18411845)
James K. Polk ................................................... (18451849) George M. Dallas........................................... (18451849)
Zachary Taylor ................................................ (18491850) Millard Fillmore ............................................ (18491850)
Millard Fillmore ............................................. (18501853) Vacant .............................................................. (18501853)
Franklin Pierce................................................ (18531857) William R. King ............................................ (1853)
Vacant .............................................................. (18531857)
James Buchanan.............................................. (18571861) John C. Breckinridge.................................... (18571861)
Abraham Lincoln ........................................... (18611865) Hannibal Hamlin.......................................... (18611865)
Andrew Johnson ........................................... (1865)
Andrew Johnson ............................................. (18651869) Vacant .............................................................. (18651869)
Ulysses S. Grant .............................................. (18691877) Schuyler Colfax.............................................. (18691873)
Henry Wilson................................................. (18731875)
Vacant .............................................................. (18751877)
Rutherford B. Hayes....................................... (18771881) William A. Wheeler ..................................... (18771881)
James A. Garfield ............................................ (1881) Chester A. Arthur ......................................... (1881)
Chester A. Arthur........................................... (18811885) Vacant .............................................................. (18811885)
Grover Cleveland ............................................ (18851889) Thomas A. Hendricks .................................. (1885)
Vacant .............................................................. (18851889)
Benjamin Harrison ........................................ (18891893) Levi P. Morton ............................................... (18891893)
Grover Cleveland ............................................ (18931897) Adlai E. Stevenson ........................................ (18931897)
William McKinley.......................................... (18971901) Garret A. Hobart ........................................... (18971901)
Theodore Roosevelt ...................................... (1901)
Theodore Roosevelt ........................................ (19011909) Vacant .............................................................. (19011905)
Charles W. Fairbanks ................................... (19051909)
William H. Taft ............................................... (19091913) James S. Sherman .......................................... (19091912)
Vacant .............................................................. (19121913)
Woodrow Wilson ........................................... (19131921) Thomas R. Marshall ..................................... (19131921)
Warren G. Harding ........................................ (19211923) Calvin Coolidge............................................. (19211923)
Calvin Coolidge .............................................. (19231929) Vacant .............................................................. (19231925)
Charles G. Dawes .......................................... (19251929)
Herbert Hoover ............................................... (19291933) Charles Curtis ................................................ (19291933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt .................................... (19331945) John Nance Garner ....................................... (19331941)
Henry A. Wallace .......................................... (19411945)
Harry S. Truman ........................................... (1945)
Harry S. Truman ............................................ (19451953) Vacant .............................................................. (19451949)
Alben W. Barkley .......................................... (19491953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower .................................. (19531961) Richard M. Nixon ......................................... (19531961)

325
326 Chapter 17

U.S. Presidents and Vice PresidentsContinued

President Years Vice President Years

John F. Kennedy .............................................. (19611963) Lyndon B. Johnson........................................ (19611963)

Lyndon B. Johnson ......................................... (19631969) Vacant .............................................................. (19631965)
Hubert H. Humphrey................................... (19651969)
Richard M. Nixon........................................... (19691974) Spiro T. Agnew............................................... (19691973)
Gerald R. Ford ............................................... (19731974)
Gerald R. Ford ................................................. (19741977) Nelson A. Rockefeller ................................... (19741977)
James Earl Jimmy Carter .......................... (19771981) Walter F. Mondale......................................... (19771981)
Ronald Reagan ................................................ (19811989) George H.W. Bush ......................................... (19811989)
George H.W. Bush .......................................... (19891993) J. Danforth Quayle........................................ (19891993)
William J. Clinton .......................................... (19932001) Albert Gore, Jr................................................ (19932001)
George W. Bush............................................... (20012009) Richard B. Cheney ........................................ (20012009)
Barack Obama ................................................. (2009 ) Joseph R. Biden, Jr. ........................................ (2009 )

State Populations and Their Capitals

[As of July 1, 2015 Census estimates]
State, capital State population State, capital State population

Alabama, Montgomery .........................................4,858,979 Montana, Helena ....................................................1,032,949

Alaska, Juneau ............................................................738,432 Nebraska, Lincoln ..................................................1,896,190
Arizona, Phoenix................................................... 6,828,065 Nevada, Carson City ............................................. 2,890,845
Arkansas, Little Rock ........................................... 2,978,204 New Hampshire, Concord....................................1,330,608
California, Sacramento .......................................39,144,818 New Jersey, Trenton ...............................................8,958,013
Colorado, Denver ...................................................5,456,574 New Mexico, Santa Fe............................................2,085,109
Connecticut, Hartford ......................................... 3,590,886 New York, Albany.................................................19,795,791
Delaware, Dover ........................................................945,934 North Carolina, Raleigh .................................... 10,042,802
District of Columbia, Washington ........................672,228 North Dakota, Bismarck..........................................756,927
Florida, Tallahassee..............................................20,271,272 Ohio, Columbus....................................................11,613,423
Georgia, Atlanta....................................................10,214,860 Oklahoma, Oklahoma City .................................. 3,911,338
Hawaii, Honolulu ...................................................1,431,603 Oregon, Salem ........................................................ 4,028,977
Idaho, Boise..............................................................1,654,930 Pennsylvania, Harrisburg..................................12,802,503
Illinois, Springfield...............................................12,859,995 Rhode Island, Providence.....................................1,056,298
Indiana, Indianapolis ............................................6,619,680 South Carolina, Columbia....................................4,896,146
Iowa, Des Moines ...................................................3,123,899 South Dakota, Pierre.................................................858,469
Kansas, Topeka .......................................................2,911,641 Tennessee, Nashville ............................................. 6,600,299
Kentucky, Frankfort ..............................................4,425,092 Texas, Austin ..........................................................27,469,114
Louisiana, Baton Rouge ........................................4,670,724 Utah, Salt Lake City ...............................................2,995,919
Maine, Augusta .......................................................1,329,328 Vermont, Montpelier ................................................626,042
Maryland, Annapolis ........................................... 6,006,401 Virginia, Richmond .............................................. 8,382,993
Massachusetts, Boston ..........................................6,794,422 Washington, Olympia ............................................7,170,351
Michigan, Lansing..................................................9,922,576 West Virginia, Charleston ....................................1,844,128
Minnesota, St. Paul ................................................5,489,594 Wisconsin, Madison ..............................................5,771,337
Mississippi, Jackson ...............................................2,992,333 Wyoming, Cheyenne ................................................ 586,107
Missouri, Jefferson City ........................................6,083,672
 Useful Tables
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016
Country UN Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
member
Afghanistan ............... Yes ........ Kabul ................................. President ............................................. National Assembly of House of Islamic Republic.
People, House of Elders ........................
Albania........................ .... do ..... Tirana (Tirane)................ ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ............................. Emerging Democracy.
Algeria ......................... .... do ..... Algiers ............................... ......do .................................................... National Peoples Assembly, Republic.
Council of Nations.................................
Andorra ...................... .... do ..... Andorra la Vella .............. Executive Council President .......... General Council of the Valleys Parliamentary Democracy.
(unicameral) ............................................
Angola ......................... .... do ..... Luanda .............................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic: multiparty presidential
regime.
Antigua and Barbuda .... do ..... Saint Johns ....................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy with a
General).......................................... parliamentary system of government.
Argentina.................... .... do ..... Buenos Aires .................... President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ............... Republic.
Armenia ...................... .... do ..... Yerevan ............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (Parliament)............. Do.
Australia ..................... .... do ..... Canberra ........................... Queen (represented by Governor Federal Parliament (bicameral) .............. Federal Parliamentary Democracy.
General)..........................................
Austria......................... .... do ..... Vienna ............................... President ............................................. Federal Assembly (bicameral) ................. Federal Republic.
Azerbaijan .................. .... do ..... Baku (Baki, Baky) ........... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Bahamas, The ............ .... do ..... Nassau ............................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Parliamentary
General).......................................... Democracy.
Bahrain ....................... .... do ..... Manama ............................ King ..................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Bangladesh ................. .... do ..... Dhaka ................................ President ............................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Parliamentary Democracy.
Barbados ..................... .... do ..... Bridgetown....................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Do.
General)..........................................
Belarus ........................ .... do ..... Minsk................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (bicameral)............... Republic in name, although
in fact a dictatorship.
Belgium ....................... .... do ..... Brussels ............................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Parliamentary Democracy
under a Constitutional Monarchy.

327
Belize ........................... .... do ..... Belmopan ......................... Queen (represented by Governor National Assembly (bicameral)............... Parliamentary Democracy.
General)..........................................
 328
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016Continued
Country UN Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
member
Benin ........................... Yes ........ Porto-Novo ...................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Bhutan ......................... .... do ..... Thimphu ........................... King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. In transition to Constitutional
Monarchy; special treaty
relationship with India.
Bolivia ......................... .... do ..... La Paz President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ............... Republic.
(administrative)............
Sucre
(legislative/judiciary) ...
Bosnia and .... do ..... Sarajevo ............................. Chairman of the Presidency .......... Parliamentary Assembly (bicameral) .... Emerging Federal Democratic Republic.
Herzegovina ..........
Botswana .................... .... do ..... Gaborone .......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Republic.
Brazil ........................... .... do ..... Brasilia .............................. ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Federal Republic.
Brunei .......................... .... do ..... Bandar Seri ...................... Sultan and Prime Minister ............. Legislative Council..................................... Constitutional Sultanate.
Bulgaria....................... .... do ..... Sofia ................................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Burkina Faso .............. .... do ..... Ouagadougou .................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Parliamentary Republic.
Burma (Myanmar) 1 . .... do ..... Rangoon............................ Chairman of the State Peace and Peoples Assembly (unicameral) ............. Military Junta.
Nay Pyi Taw Development Council SPDC) ...
(administrative)............
Burundi....................... .... do ..... Bujumbura ....................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Cabo Verde 2 ............... .... do ..... Praia ................................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Cambodia ................... .... do ..... Phnom Penh .................... King ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Multiparty Democracy under a
Constitutional Monarchy.
Cameroon................... .... do ..... Yaound ............................ President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic; Multiparty Presidential
Regime.

Chapter 17
Canada ........................ .... do ..... Ottawa ............................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy that is also a
General).......................................... Parliamentary Democracy and a
Federation
Central African .... do ..... Bangui ............................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Republic..................
Chad............................. .... do ..... NDjamena ....................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
 Useful Tables
Chile ............................ .... do ..... Santiago ............................ President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ............... Do.
China 3 ......................... .... do ..... Beijing................................ ......do .................................................... National Peoples Congress Communist State.
(unicameral) ............................................
Colombia .................... .... do ..... Bogot................................ ......do .................................................... Congress (bicameral) ................................ Republic, Executive Branch dominates
government structure.
Comoros ..................... .... do ..... Moroni .............................. ......do .................................................... Assembly of the Union (unicameral) ..... Republic.
Congo, Democratic .... do ..... Kinshasa ........................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Do.
Republic of the 4 ...
Congo, Republic .... do ..... Brazzaville ........................ ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Do.
of the 4.....................
Costa Rica................... .... do ..... San Jos ............................. ......do .................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Democratic Republic.
Cte dIvoire, .... do ..... Yamoussoukro ................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Republic; multiparty presidency
Republic of .............
Croatia......................... .... do ..... Zagreb ............................... ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ............................. Presidential/Parliamentary Democracy.
Cuba............................. .... do ..... Havana .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly of Peoples Power Communist State.
(unicameral) ............................................
Cyprus ......................... .... do ..... Nicosia............................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unicameral). Republic.
Czechia 5 ...................... .... do ..... Prague ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Denmark..................... .... do ..... Copenhagen ..................... Queen .................................................. Peoples Assembly (unicameral) ............. Constitutional Monarchy.
Djibouti ....................... .... do ..... Djibouti ............................. President ............................................. Chamber of Deputies (unicameral)........ Republic.
Dominica .................... .... do ..... Roseau ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Assembly (unicameral)............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Dominican Republic .... do ..... Santo Domingo ............... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Democratic Republic.
Ecuador ....................... .... do ..... Quito.................................. President ............................................. National Congress (unicameral)............. Republic.
Egypt ........................... .... do ..... Cairo .................................. ......do .................................................... Peoples Assembly (bicameral) ................ Do.
El Salvador.................. .... do ..... San Salvador .................... ......do .................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Do.
Equatorial Guinea .... .... do ..... Malabo .............................. ......do .................................................... House of Peoples Representatives Do.
(unicameral) ............................................
Eritrea.......................... .... do ..... Asmara .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Transitional Government.

329
Estonia......................... .... do ..... Tallinn ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Parliamentary Republic.
Ethiopia....................... .... do ..... Addis Ababa..................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
 330
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016Continued
Country UN Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
member
Fiji................................. Yes ........ Suva .................................... President ............................................. ......do .............................................................. Republic.
Finland ........................ .... do ..... Helsinki............................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Do.
France .......................... .... do ..... Paris ................................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Do.
Gabon .......................... .... do ..... Libreville........................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Republic; Multiparty Presidential
Regime.
Gambia, The............... .... do ..... Banjul ................................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Georgia........................ .... do ..... Tbilisi................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral, also known Do.
as Supreme Council) .............................
Germany ..................... .... do ..... Berlin ................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
Ghana .......................... .... do ..... Accra.................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Constitutional Democracy.
Greece.......................... .... do ..... Athens ............................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Parliamentary Republic.
Grenada....................... .... do ..... Saint Georges .................. Queen (represented by Governor Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
General)..........................................
Guatemala .................. .... do ..... Guatemala City ............... President ............................................. Congress of the Republic (unicameral) . Constitutional Democratic Republic.
Guinea ......................... .... do ..... Conakry ............................ ......do .................................................... Peoples National Assembly Republic.
(unicameral) ............................................
Guinea-Bissau ........... .... do ..... Bissau................................. ......do .................................................... National Peoples Asssembly Do.
(unicameral) ............................................
Guyana ........................ .... do ..... Georgetown...................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Haiti ............................. .... do ..... Port-au-Prince................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Do.
Holy See (Vatican No ......... Vatican City ..................... Pope ..................................................... Pontifical Commission for the State of Ecclesiastical.
City)......................... Vatican City (unicameral)....................
Honduras .................... Yes ........ Tegucigalpa ...................... President ............................................. National Congress (unicameral)............. Democratic Constitutional Republic.

Chapter 17
Hungary ...................... .... do ..... Budapest ........................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Iceland ......................... .... do ..... Reykjavik .......................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Constitutional Republic.
India............................. .... do ..... New Delhi......................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
Indonesia .................... .... do ..... Jakarta ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives .......................... Republic.
 Useful Tables
Iran............................... .... do ..... Tehran ............................... Supreme Leader................................. Islamic Consultative Assembly Theocratic Republic.
(unicameral) ............................................

Iraq ............................... .... do ..... Baghdad ............................ President ............................................. Council of Representatives ....................... Parliamentary Democracy.
Ireland ......................... .... do ..... Dublin ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic, Parliamentary Democracy.
Israel ............................ .... do ..... Jerusalem 6 ........................ ......do .................................................... Knesset (unicameral)................................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Italy .............................. .... do ..... Rome.................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Jamaica ........................ .... do ..... Kingston ........................... Queen (represented by Governor Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Parliamentary
General).......................................... Democracy.
Japan ............................ .... do ..... Tokyo ................................. Emperor .............................................. Diet (bicameral) .......................................... Constitutional Monarchy with a
Parliamentary Government.
Jordan .......................... .... do ..... Amman ............................. King ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Constitutional Monarchy.
Kazakhstan ................ .... do ..... Astana ............................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic, Authoritarian Presidential
rule, with little power outside
the Executive Branch.
Kenya ........................... .... do ..... Nairobi .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Kiribati ........................ .... do ..... Tarawa ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Parliament (unicameral) ......... Do.
Korea, North .............. .... do ..... Pyongyang........................ Premier................................................ Supreme Peoples Assembly Communist State one-man dictatorship.
(unicameral) ............................................
Korea, South .............. .... do ..... Seoul .................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Kosovo......................... No ......... Pristina (Prishtine)......... ......do .................................................... Kosovo Assembly of the Provisional Do.
.... Government (unicameral) ...................
Kuwait ......................... Yes ........ Kuwait City ...................... Amir .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Constitutional Emirate.
Kyrgyzstan ................. .... do ..... Bishkek .............................. President ............................................. Supreme Council (unicameral) ............... Republic.
Laos .............................. .... do ..... Vientiane .......................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Communist State.
Latvia ........................... .... do ..... Riga .................................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Parliamentary Democracy.
Lebanon ...................... .... do ..... Beirut ................................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Lesotho........................ .... do ..... Maseru .............................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Constitutional
Monarchy.

331
Liberia ......................... .... do ..... Monrovia .......................... President ............................................. National Assembly (bicameral)............... Republic.
Libya ............................ .... do ..... Tripoli................................ Chairman, Presidential Council ... Council of Deputies (unicameral) .......... In transition.
Liechtenstein.............. .... do ..... Vaduz................................. Prince .................................................. Parliament or Landtag (unicameral) ..... Constitutional Monarchy.
 332
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016Continued
Country UN Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
member
Lithuania .................... Yes ........ Vilnius ............................... President ............................................. Parliament or Seimas (unicameral)........ Parliamentary Democracy.
Luxembourg .............. .... do ..... Luxembourg .................... Grand Duke ....................................... Chamber of Deputies (unicameral)........ Constitutional Monarchy.
Macedonia, .... do ..... Skopje ................................ President ............................................. Assembly or Sobranie (unicameral)....... Parliamentary Republic.
Republic of 7...........
Madagascar ................ .... do ..... Antananarivo .................. ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Malawi......................... .... do ..... Lilongwe ........................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Multiparty Democracy.
Malaysia ...................... .... do ..... Kuala Lumpur ................. Paramount Ruler .............................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Maldives...................... .... do ..... Male ................................... President ............................................. Peoples Council (unicameral)................. Republic.
Mali .............................. .... do ..... Bamako ............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Malta............................ .... do ..... Valletta .............................. ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unicameral). Do.
Marshall Islands ....... .... do ..... Majuro............................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (unicameral)........................... Constitutional Government in free
association with the U.S.
Mauritania ................. .... do ..... Nouakchott ...................... President ............................................. Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Democratic Republic.
Mauritius .................... .... do ..... Port Louis ......................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Mexico......................... .... do ..... Mexico City ...................... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Federal Republic.
Micronesia, Federated .... do ..... Palikir................................ ......do .................................................... Congress (unicameral) .............................. Constitutional Government in free
States of................... association with the U.S.
Moldova, .... do ..... Chisinau............................ ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Republic.
Republic of .............
Monaco ....................... .... do ..... Monaco ............................. Prince .................................................. National Council (unicameral) ............... Constitutional Monarchy.
Mongolia..................... .... do ..... Ulaanbaatar ..................... President ............................................. State Great Hural (unicameral) ............... Mixed Parliamentary/Presidential.
Montenegro................ .... do ..... Podgorica.......................... ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ............................. Republic.

Chapter 17
Morocco ...................... .... do ..... Rabat .................................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Mozambique .............. .... do ..... Maputo .............................. President ............................................. Assembly of the Republic (unicameral) Republic.
Namibia ...................... .... do ..... Windhoek......................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Do.
Nauru .......................... .... do ..... No official capital; ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Do.
government offices
in Yaren District .........
 Useful Tables
Nepal ........................... .... do ..... Kathmandu ...................... Prime Minister .................................. 330 seat Interim Parliament ..................... Constitutional Monarchy.
Netherlands................ .... do ..... Amsterdam ...................... Queen .................................................. States General (bicameral) ....................... Do.
The Hague (seat of
government) .................
New Zealand .............. .... do ..... Wellington ....................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unicameral) .. Parliamentary Democracy.
Nicaragua ................... .... do ..... Managua ........................... President National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Niger ............................ .... do ..... Niamey .............................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Nigeria ......................... .... do ..... Abuja ................................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Federal Republic.
Norway........................ .... do ..... Oslo .................................... King ..................................................... Parliament (Storting), (modified Constitutional Monarchy.
unicameral) 8 ...........................................
Oman........................... .... do ..... Muscat ............................... Sultan and Prime Minister ............. Majlis Oman (bicameral) ......................... Monarchy.
Pakistan ...................... .... do ..... Islamabad ......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
Palau ............................ .... do ..... Ngerulmud ....................... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Constitutional Government in free
association with the U.S.
Panama ....................... .... do ..... Panama City .................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Constitutional Democracy.
Papua New Guinea ... .... do ..... Port Moresby ................... Queen .................................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Constitutional Parliamentary
Democracy.
Paraguay ..................... .... do ..... Asuncin .......................... President ............................................. Congress (bicameral) ................................ Constitutional Republic.
Peru .............................. .... do ..... Lima ................................... ......do .................................................... Congress of the Republic of Peru Do.
(unicameral) ............................................
Philippines ................. .... do ..... Manila ............................... ......do .................................................... Congress (bicameral) ................................ Republic.
Poland ......................... .... do ..... Warsaw.............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Do.
Portugal ...................... .... do ..... Lisbon ................................ ......do .................................................... Assembly of the Republic (unicameral) .. Parliamentary Democracy.
Qatar ............................ .... do ..... Doha .................................. Amir .................................................... Advisory Council (unicameral) .............. Emirate.
Romania...................... .... do ..... Bucharest .......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Russia........................... .... do ..... Moscow ............................. ......do .................................................... Federal Assembly (bicameral) ................. Federation.
Rwanda ....................... .... do ..... Kigali ................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic; presidential, multiparty
system.

333
Saint Kitts and Nevis .... do ..... Basseterre ......................... Queen .................................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Saint Lucia .................. .... do ..... Castries ............................. Queen .................................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
 334
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016Continued
Country UN Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
member
Saint Vincent and Yes ........ Kingstown ........................ ......do .................................................... House of Assembly (unicameral)............ Do.
the Grenadines......
Samoa .......................... .... do ..... Apia .................................... Chief of State...................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Do.
San Marino ................ .... do ..... San Marino ...................... Co-Chiefs of State Grand and General Council Republic.
(Captains Regent)......................... (unicameral) ............................................
Sao Tome and .... do ..... So Tom........................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Principe ..................
Saudi Arabia............... .... do ..... Riyadh ............................... King and Prime Minister................ Consultative Council ................................. Monarchy.
Senegal ........................ .... do ..... Dakar ................................. President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Serbia ........................... .... do ..... Belgrade ............................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Seychelles.................... .... do ..... Victoria ............................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Sierra Leone ............... .... do ..... Freetown ........................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Constitutional Democracy.
Singapore .................... .... do ..... Singapore .......................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Parliamentary Republic.
Slovakia ....................... .... do ..... Bratislava .......................... ......do .................................................... National Council (unicameral) ............... Parliamentary Democracy.
Slovenia ....................... .... do ..... Ljubljana ........................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Republic.
Solomon Islands........ .... do ..... Honiara ............................. Queen .................................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Parliamentary Democracy.
Somalia........................ .... do ..... Mogadishu........................ Transitional Federal President ...... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ No permanent National Government;
transitional Parliamentary Federal
Government.
South Africa ............... .... do ..... Pretoria President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
(administrative)............
Cape Town (legislative)...
Bloemfontein
(judiciary) .....................

Chapter 17
South Sudan, .... do ..... Juba .................................... President ............................................. National Legislature (bicameral) ............ Presidential Republic.
Republic of 9...........
Spain ............................ .... do ..... Madrid .............................. King ..................................................... General Courts or National Assembly Parliamentary Monarchy.
(bicameral) ..............................................
 Useful Tables
Sri Lanka..................... .... do ..... Colombo ........................... President ............................................. Parliament (unicameral)........................... Republic.
Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte
(legislative) ....................

Sudan ........................... .... do ..... Khartoum ......................... ......do .................................................... National Legislature (bicameral) ............ Government of National Unity (GNU).
Suriname .................... .... do ..... Paramaribo ...................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Constitutional Democracy.
Swaziland.................... .... do ..... Mbabane King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Monarchy.
(administrative)............
Lobamba (legislative) ......
Sweden ........................ .... do ..... Stockholm ........................ King ..................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Constitutional Monarchy.
Switzerland ................ .... do ..... Bern.................................... President ............................................. Federal Assembly (bicameral) ................. Formally a Confederation but similar in
structure to a Federal Republic.
Syria ............................. .... do ..... Damascus ......................... ......do .................................................... Peoples Council (unicameral)................. Republic under an authoritarian
military-dominated regime.
Tajikistan .................... .... do ..... Dushanbe ......................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Assembly (bicameral) .............. Republic.
Tanzania ..................... .... do ..... Dar es Salaam ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Dodoma (legislative) .......
Thailand ...................... .... do ..... Bangkok ............................ King ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Constitutional Monarchy.
Timor-Leste ............... .... do ..... Dili ..................................... President ............................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Republic.
Togo ............................. .... do ..... Lom .................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic under transition to multiparty
democratic rule.
Tonga ........................... .... do ..... Nukualofa ........................ King ..................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Constitutional Monarchy.
Trinidad and Tobago .... do ..... Port-of-Spain ................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Tunisia......................... .... do ..... Tunis .................................. ......do .................................................... Chamber of Deputies and the Republic.
Chamber of Advisors (bicameral) .....
Turkey ......................... .... do ..... Ankara .............................. ......do .................................................... Grand National Assembly of Turkey Republican Parliamentary Democracy
(unicameral) ............................................
Turkmenistan ............ .... do ..... Ashgabat ......do .................................................... Two Parliamentary Bodies: Peoples Republic; Authoritarian Presidential
(Ashkhabad)................ Council and a National Assembly...... rule, with little power outside the
executive branch.
Tuvalu.......................... .... do ..... Funafuti ............................ Queen .................................................. Parliament (also called House of Constitutional Monarchy with a

335
Assembly; unicameral) ......................... Parliamentary Democracy.
Uganda ........................ .... do ..... Kampala............................ President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
 336
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016Continued
Country UN Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
member
Ukraine ....................... Yes ........ Kyiv (Kiev) ....................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Council (unicameral) ............... Do.
United Arab .... do ..... Abu Dhabi ........................ ......do .................................................... Federal National Council (FNC) Federation with specified powers
Emirates ................. (unicameral) ............................................ delegated to the UAE federal
government and other powers
reserved to member emirates
United Kingdom ....... .... do ..... London .............................. Queen .................................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Uruguay ...................... .... do ..... Montevideo ...................... President ............................................. General Assembly (bicameral) ................ Constitutional Republic.
Uzbekistan ................. .... do ..... Tashkent ........................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Assembly (bicameral) .............. Republic; authoritarian presidential
rule, with little power outside the
executive branch.
Vanuatu....................... .... do ..... Port-Vila (on Efate)......... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral)........................... Parliamentary Republic.
Venezuela.................... .... do ..... Caracas.............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Federal Republic.
Vietnam ...................... .... do ..... Hanoi ................................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Communist State.
Yemen .......................... .... do ..... Sanaa.................................. ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Zambia ........................ .... do ..... Lusaka ............................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Zimbabwe ................... .... do ..... Harare ............................... Executive President .......................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
1
Since 1989, the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature
in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.
2
In a diplomatic note sent on November 27, 2013, the Embassy of Cape Verde requested that the U.S. Government change the name of the country from Cape Verde to Cabo
Verde. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved the change on December 9, 2013.
3
With the establishment of diplomatic relations with China on January 1, 1979, the U.S. Government recognized the Peoples Republic of China as the sole legal government of
China and acknowledged the Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China.
4
Congo is the official short-form name for both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. To distinguish one from the other, see capital names.
5
Following U.N. and U.S. State Department notification, the Czech Republic officially changed its English short-form name to Czechia as of July 1, 2016.
6
In 1950, the Israel Parliament proclaimed Jerusalem as the capital. The United States does not recognize Jerusalem as the capital and the U.S. Embassy continues to be located in

Chapter 17
Tel Aviv.
7
In November 2004, the United States recognized the country under its consitutional name: the Republic of Macedonia.
8
No accurate English equivalents.
9
The United States recognized South Sudan as a sovereign, independent state on July 9, 2011 following its secession from Sudan.
Source: World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/index.html and the U.S. Department of State.
Useful Tables 337

Demonyms: Names of Nationalities

[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
Afghanistan ............................. Afghan. Croatia....................................... Croat or Croatian.
Albania...................................... Albanian. Cuba........................................... Cuban.
Algeria ....................................... Algerian. Curacao ..................................... Curacaoan.
American Samoa .................... American Samoan. Cyprus ....................................... Cypriot.
Andorra .................................... Andorran. Czechia...................................... Czech.
Angola ....................................... Angolan. Denmark................................... Dane.
Anguilla .................................... Anguillan. Djibouti ..................................... Djiboutian.
Antigua and Barbuda ............ Antiguan, Barbudan. Dominica .................................. Dominican.
Argentina.................................. Argentine. Dominican Republic.............. Dominican.
Armenia .................................... Armenian. Ecuador ..................................... Ecuadorian.
Aruba......................................... Aruban. Egypt ......................................... Egyptian.
Australia ................................... Australian. El Salvador................................ Salvadoran.
Austria....................................... Austrian. Equatorial Guinea .................. Equatorial Guinean or
Azerbaijan ................................ Azerbaijani. Equatoguinean.
The Bahamas............................ Bahamian. Eritrea........................................ Eritrean.
Bahrain ..................................... Bahraini. Estonia....................................... Estonian.
Bangladesh ............................... Bangladeshi. Ethiopia..................................... Ethiopian.
Barbados ................................... Barbadian or Bajan. Falkland Islands...................... Falkland Islander.
Belarus ...................................... Belarusian. Faroe Islands............................ Faroese (singular and
Belgium ..................................... Belgian. plural).
Belize ......................................... Belizean. Fiji............................................... Fijian.
Benin ......................................... Beninese (singular and Finland ...................................... Finn.
plural). France ........................................ French, Frenchman
Bermuda ................................... Bermudian. (men), or
Bhutan ....................................... Bhutanese (singular and Frenchwoman
plural). (women).
Bolivia ....................................... Bolivian. French Polynesia ..................... French Polynesian.
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....... Bosnian, Herzegovinian. Gabon ........................................ Gabonese (singular and
Botswana .................................. Motswana (singular), plural).
Batswana (plural). The Gambia .............................. Gambian.
Brazil ......................................... Brazilian. Georgia...................................... Georgian.
British Virgin Islands ............ British Virgin Islander. Germany ................................... German.
Brunei ........................................ Bruneian. Ghana ........................................ Ghanaian.
Bulgaria..................................... Bulgarian. Gibraltar ................................... Gibraltarian.
Burkina Faso ............................ Burkinabe (singular and Greece........................................ Greek.
plural). Greenland................................. Greenlander.
Burma (Myanmar 1) ............... Burmese (singular and Grenada..................................... Grenadian.
plural). Guam ......................................... Guamanian.
Burundi..................................... Burundian. Guatemala ................................ Guatemalan.
Cabo Verde ............................... Cabo Verdean. Guernsey................................... Channel Islander.
Cambodia ................................. Cambodian. Guinea ....................................... Guinean.
Cameroon................................. Cameroonian. Guinea-Bissau ......................... Bissau-Guinean.
Canada ...................................... Canadian. Guyana ...................................... Guyanese (singular and
Cayman Islands ...................... Caymanian. plural).
Central African Republic...... Central African. Haiti ........................................... Haitian.
Chad........................................... Chadian. Honduras .................................. Honduran.
Chile .......................................... Chilean. Hong Kong ............................... Chinese/Hong Konger.
China ......................................... Chinese (singular and Hungary .................................... Hungarian.
plural). Iceland ....................................... Icelander.
Christmas Island .................... Christmas Islander. India........................................... Indian.
Cocos (Keeling) Islands ........ Cocos Islander. Indonesia .................................. Indonesian.
Colombia .................................. Colombian. Iran............................................. Iranian.
Comoros ................................... Comoran. Iraq ............................................. Iraqi.
Congo, Democratic Congolese (singular and Ireland ....................................... Irishman (men),
Republic of the. plural). Irishwoman
Congo, Republic of the .......... Congolese (singular and (women), Irish
plural). (collective plural).
Cook Islands ............................ Cook Islander. Israel .......................................... Israeli.
Costa Rica................................. Costa Rican. Italy ............................................ Italian.
Cte dIvoire ............................ Ivorian. Jamaica ...................................... Jamaican.
338 Chapter 17

Demonyms: Names of NationalitiesContinued

[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
Japan .......................................... Japanese (singular and New Caledonia ........................ New Caledonian.
plural). New Zealand ............................ New Zealander.
Jersey.......................................... Channel Islander. Nicaragua ................................. Nicaraguan.
Jordan ........................................ Jordanian. Niger .......................................... Nigerien.
Kazakhstan .............................. Kazakhstani. Nigeria ....................................... Nigerian.
Kenya ......................................... Kenyan. Niue............................................ Niuean.
Kiribati ...................................... I-Kiribati (singular and Norfolk Island ......................... Norfolk Islander.
plural). Norway...................................... Norwegian.
Korea, North ............................ Korean. Oman......................................... Omani.
Korea, South ............................ Korean. Pakistan .................................... Pakistani.
Kosovo....................................... Kosovar (Albanian), Palau .......................................... Palauan.
Kosovski (Serbian). Panama ..................................... Panamanian.
Kuwait ....................................... Kuwaiti. Papua New Guinea ................. Papua New Guinean.
Kyrgyzstan ............................... Kyrgyzstani. Paraguay ................................... Paraguayan.
Laos ............................................ Lao or Laotian. Peru ............................................ Peruvian.
Latvia ......................................... Latvian. Philippines ............................... Filipino.
Lebanon .................................... Lebanese (singular and Pitcairn Islands ....................... Pitcairn Islander.
plural). Poland ....................................... Pole.
Lesotho...................................... Mosotho (singular), Portugal .................................... Portuguese (singular
Basotho (plural). and plural).
Liberia ....................................... Liberian. Qatar .......................................... Qatari.
Libya .......................................... Libyan. Romania.................................... Romanian.
Liechtenstein............................ Liechtensteiner. Russia......................................... Russian.
Lithuania .................................. Lithuanian. Rwanda ..................................... Rwandan.
Luxembourg ............................ Luxembourger. Saint Helena ............................. Saint Helenian.
Macau ........................................ Chinese (singular and Saint Kitts and Nevis ............. Kittian, Nevisian.
plural). Saint Lucia ................................ Saint Lucian.
Macedonia ................................ Macedonian. Saint Pierre and Miquelon.... French, Frenchman
Madagascar .............................. Malagasy (singular and (men), or
plural). Frenchwoman
Malawi....................................... Malawian. (women).
Malaysia .................................... Malaysian. Saint Vincent and the Saint Vincentian or
Maldives.................................... Maldivian. Grenadines. Vincentian.
Mali ............................................ Malian. Samoa ........................................ Samoan.
Malta.......................................... Maltese (singular and San Marino .............................. Sammarinese (singular
plural). and plural).
Marshall Islands ..................... Marshallese (singular Sao Tome and Principe.......... Sao Tomean.
and plural). Saudi Arabia............................. Saudi, Saudi Arabian.
Mauritania ............................... Mauritanian. Senegal ...................................... Senegalese (singular
Mauritius .................................. Mauritian. and plural).
Mexico....................................... Mexican. Serbia ......................................... Serb.
Micronesia, Federated Micronesian. Seychelles.................................. Seychellois (singular
States of. and plural).
Moldova .................................... Moldovan. Sierra Leone ............................. Sierra Leonean.
Monaco ..................................... Monegasque or Singapore .................................. Singaporean.
Monacan. Slovakia ..................................... Slovak.
Mongolia................................... Mongolian. Slovenia ..................................... Slovene.
Montenegro.............................. Montenegrin. Solomon Islands...................... Solomon Islander.
Montserrat................................ Montserratian. Somalia...................................... Somali.
Morocco .................................... Moroccan. South Africa ............................. South African.
Mozambique ............................ Mozambican. South Sudan ............................. South Sudanese.
Namibia .................................... Namibian. Spain .......................................... Spaniard.
Nauru ........................................ Nauruan. Sri Lanka................................... Sri Lankan.
Nepal ......................................... Nepali (singular and Sudan ......................................... Sudanese (singular and
plural). plural).
Netherlands.............................. Dutchman (men), Suriname .................................. Surinamer.
Dutchwoman Swaziland.................................. Swazi.
(women), Dutch Sweden ...................................... Swede.
(collective). Switzerland .............................. Swiss (singular and
Netherlands Antilles .............. Dutch Antillean. plural).
Useful Tables 339

Demonyms: Names of NationalitiesContinued

[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
Syria ........................................... Syrian. United Arab Emirates............ Emirati.
Taiwan ....................................... Taiwan (singular and United Kingdom ..................... Briton, British
plural). (collective plural).
Tajikistan .................................. Tajikistani. United States ............................ American.
Tanzania ................................... Tanzanian. Uruguay .................................... Uruguayan.
Thailand .................................... Thai (singular and Uzbekistan ............................... Uzbekistani.
plural). Vanuatu..................................... Ni-Vanuatu (singular
Timor-Leste ............................. Timorese (singular and and plural).
plural). Venezuela.................................. Venezuelan.
Togo ........................................... Togolese (singular and Vietnam .................................... Vietnamese (singular
plural). and plural).
Tokelau ...................................... Tokelauan. Virgin Islands .......................... Virgin Islander.
Tonga ......................................... Tongan. Wallis and Futuna .................. Wallisian, Futunan,
Trinidad and Tobago ............. Trinidadian, or Wallis and
Tobagonian. Futuna Islander.
Tunisia....................................... Tunisian. Western Sahara ....................... Sahrawi, Sahraoui.
Turkey ....................................... Turk. Yemen ........................................ Yemeni.
Turkmenistan .......................... Turkmen. Zambia ...................................... Zambian.
Tuvalu........................................ Tuvaluan. Zimbabwe ................................. Zimbabwean.
Uganda ...................................... Ugandan.
Ukraine ..................................... Ukrainian.
1
Since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for
their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not
adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.
*Note.Plural references add s unless otherwise indicated.
Source: Information courtesy of World Factbook as of September 2016; for more information see https://www.
cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html.

Currency
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
Country Currency
code
Afghanistan ............................................................. Afghani ............................................................................... AFN
land Islands........................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Albania...................................................................... Lek ........................................................................................ ALL
Algeria ....................................................................... Algerian dinar ................................................................... DZD
American Samoa .................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Andorra .................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Angola ....................................................................... Kwanza................................................................................ AOA
Anguilla .................................................................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Antarctica................................................................. No universal currency .....................................................
Antigua and Barbuda ............................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Argentina.................................................................. Argentine peso .................................................................. ARS
Armenia .................................................................... Armenian dram ................................................................ AMD
Aruba......................................................................... Aruban florin..................................................................... AWG
Australia ................................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Austria....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Azerbaijan ................................................................ Azerbaijanian manat ....................................................... AZN
Bahamas (The)......................................................... Bahamian dollar ............................................................... BSD
Bahrain ..................................................................... Bahraini dinar ................................................................... BHD
Bangladesh ............................................................... Taka ..................................................................................... BDT
Barbados ................................................................... Barbados dollar ................................................................. BBD
Belarus ...................................................................... Belarusian ruble ................................................................ BYN
Belarus ...................................................................... Belarusian ruble ................................................................ BYR
Belgium ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Belize ......................................................................... Belize dollar ....................................................................... BZD
340 Chapter 17

CurrencyContinued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
Country Currency
code
Benin ......................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Bermuda ................................................................... Bermudian dollar ............................................................. BMD
Bhutan ....................................................................... Indian rupee ...................................................................... INR
Bhutan ....................................................................... Ngultrum............................................................................ BTN
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)............................ Boliviano ............................................................................ BOB
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)............................ Mvdol................................................................................... BOV
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba......................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................... Convertible mark.............................................................. BAM
Botswana .................................................................. Pula ...................................................................................... BWP
Bouvet Island ........................................................... Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK
Brazil ......................................................................... Brazilian real ..................................................................... BRL
British Indian Ocean Territory (The) ................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Brunei Darussalam ................................................ Brunei dollar ...................................................................... BND
Bulgaria..................................................................... Bulgarian lev ...................................................................... BGN
Burkina Faso ............................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Burundi..................................................................... Burundi franc .................................................................... BIF
Cabo Verde ............................................................... Cabo Verde escudo ........................................................... CVE
Cambodia ................................................................. Riel ....................................................................................... KHR
Cameroon................................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Canada ...................................................................... Canadian dollar ................................................................ CAD
Cayman Islands (The)............................................ Cayman Islands dollar .................................................... KYD
Central African Republic (The)........................... CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Chad........................................................................... CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Chile .......................................................................... Chilean peso ...................................................................... CLP
Chile .......................................................................... Unidad de Fomento.......................................................... CLF
China ......................................................................... Yuan renminbi .................................................................. CNY
Christmas Island .................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (The) ............................. Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Colombia .................................................................. Colombian peso ................................................................ COP
Colombia .................................................................. Unidad de Valor real ........................................................ COU
Comoros (The) ........................................................ Comoro franc .................................................................... KMF
Congo (The Democratic Republic of the) ......... Congolese franc ................................................................ CDF
Congo (The) ............................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Cook Islands (The) ................................................. New Zealand dollar.......................................................... NZD
Costa Rica................................................................. Costa Rican colon............................................................. CRC
Cte dIvoire ............................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Croatia....................................................................... Kuna .................................................................................... HRK
Cuba........................................................................... Cuban peso......................................................................... CUP
Cuba........................................................................... Peso convertible ................................................................ CUC
Curaao ..................................................................... Netherlands Antillean guilder ...................................... ANG
Cyprus ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Czech Republic (The) ............................................. Czech koruna..................................................................... CZK
Denmark................................................................... Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK
Djibouti ..................................................................... Djibouti franc .................................................................... DJF
Dominica .................................................................. East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Dominican Republic (The) ................................... Dominican peso................................................................ DOP
Ecuador ..................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Egypt ......................................................................... Egyptian pound ................................................................ EGP
El Salvador................................................................ El Salvador colon .............................................................. SVC
El Salvador................................................................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Equatorial Guinea .................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Eritrea........................................................................ Nakfa ................................................................................... ERN
Estonia....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Ethiopia..................................................................... Ethiopian birr .................................................................... ETB
European Union ..................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Falkland Islands (The) [Malvinas]...................... Falkland Islands pound .................................................. FKP
Faroe Islands (The) ................................................. Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK
Fiji............................................................................... Fiji dollar............................................................................. FJD
Finland ...................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Useful Tables 341

CurrencyContinued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
Country Currency
code
France ........................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
French Guiana ......................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
French Polynesia ..................................................... CFP franc............................................................................ XPF
French Southern Territories (The) ...................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Gabon ........................................................................ CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Gambia (The) ........................................................... Dalasi ................................................................................... GMD
Georgia...................................................................... Lari ....................................................................................... GEL
Germany ................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Ghana ........................................................................ Ghana cedi ......................................................................... GHS
Gibraltar ................................................................... Gibraltar pound ................................................................ GIP
Greece........................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Greenland................................................................. Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK
Grenada..................................................................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Guadeloupe .............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Guam ......................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Guatemala ................................................................ Quetzal ................................................................................ GTQ
Guernsey................................................................... Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
Guinea ....................................................................... Guinea franc ...................................................................... GNF
Guinea-Bissau ......................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Guyana ...................................................................... Guyana dollar .................................................................... GYD
Haiti ........................................................................... Gourde ................................................................................ HTG
Haiti ........................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Heard Island and McDonald Islands ................. Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Holy See (The) ......................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Honduras .................................................................. Lempira ............................................................................... HNL
Hong Kong ............................................................... Hong Kong dollar ............................................................. HKD
Hungary .................................................................... Forint ................................................................................... HUF
Iceland ....................................................................... Iceland krona ..................................................................... ISK
India........................................................................... Indian rupee ...................................................................... INR
Indonesia .................................................................. Rupiah ................................................................................. IDR
International Monetary Fund (IMF) ................ SDR (Special Drawing Right) ........................................ XDR
Iran (Islamic Republic of) .................................... Iranian rial ......................................................................... IRR
Iraq ............................................................................. Iraqi dinar .......................................................................... IQD
Ireland ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Isle of Man ................................................................ Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
Israel .......................................................................... New Israeli sheqel ............................................................. ILS
Italy ............................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Jamaica ...................................................................... Jamaican dollar ................................................................. JMD
Japan .......................................................................... Yen........................................................................................ JPY
Jersey.......................................................................... Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
Jordan ........................................................................ Jordanian dinar................................................................. JOD
Kazakhstan .............................................................. Tenge.................................................................................... KZT
Kenya ......................................................................... Kenyan shilling ................................................................. KES
Kiribati ...................................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Korea (The Democratic Peoples Republic of).. North Korean won ........................................................... KPW
Korea (The Republic of) ........................................ Won...................................................................................... KRW
Kuwait ....................................................................... Kuwaiti dinar..................................................................... KWD
Kyrgyzstan ............................................................... Som ...................................................................................... KGS
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (The)........... Kip ........................................................................................ LAK
Latvia ......................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Lebanon .................................................................... Lebanese pound ................................................................ LBP
Lesotho...................................................................... Loti ....................................................................................... LSL
Lesotho...................................................................... Rand..................................................................................... ZAR
Liberia ....................................................................... Liberian dollar................................................................... LRD
Libya .......................................................................... Libyan dinar ...................................................................... LYD
Liechtenstein............................................................ Swiss franc.......................................................................... CHF
Lithuania .................................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Luxembourg ............................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Macao ........................................................................ Pataca .................................................................................. MOP
342 Chapter 17

CurrencyContinued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
Country Currency
code
Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of).. Denar ................................................................................... MKD
Madagascar .............................................................. Malagasy ariary................................................................. MGA
Malawi....................................................................... Malawi kwacha.................................................................. MWK
Malaysia .................................................................... Malaysian ringgit.............................................................. MYR
Maldives.................................................................... Rufiyaa ................................................................................ MVR
Mali ............................................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Malta.......................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Marshall Islands (The)........................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Martinique ............................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Mauritania ............................................................... Ouguiya .............................................................................. MRO
Mauritius .................................................................. Mauritius rupee ................................................................ MUR
Mayotte ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Member Countries of the
African Development Bank Group................ ADB Unit of Account ...................................................... XUA
Mexico....................................................................... Mexican peso ..................................................................... MXN
Mexico....................................................................... Mexican Unidad de Inversion (UDI) ........................... MXV
Micronesia (Federated States of) ........................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Moldova (The Republic of)................................... Moldovan leu ..................................................................... MDL
Monaco ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Mongolia................................................................... Tugrik .................................................................................. MNT
Montenegro.............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Montserrat................................................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Morocco .................................................................... Moroccan dirham ............................................................ MAD
Mozambique ............................................................ Mozambique metical ....................................................... MZN
Myanmar .................................................................. Kyat ...................................................................................... MMK
Namibia .................................................................... Namibia dollar .................................................................. NAD
Namibia .................................................................... Rand..................................................................................... ZAR
Nauru ........................................................................ Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Nepal ......................................................................... Nepalese rupee .................................................................. NPR
Netherlands (The)................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
New Caledonia ........................................................ CFP franc............................................................................ XPF
New Zealand ............................................................ New Zealand dollar.......................................................... NZD
Nicaragua ................................................................. Cordoba oro ....................................................................... NIO
Niger (The) ............................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Nigeria ....................................................................... Naira .................................................................................... NGN
Niue............................................................................ New Zealand dollar.......................................................... NZD
Norfolk Island ......................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Northern Mariana Islands (The)......................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Norway...................................................................... Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK
Oman......................................................................... Rial omani .......................................................................... OMR
Pakistan .................................................................... Pakistan rupee................................................................... PKR
Palau .......................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Palestine, State of .................................................... No universal currency .....................................................
Panama ..................................................................... Balboa.................................................................................. PAB
Panama ..................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Papua New Guinea ................................................. Kina ..................................................................................... PGK
Paraguay ................................................................... Guarani ............................................................................... PYG
Peru ............................................................................ Sol ......................................................................................... PEN
Philippines (The) .................................................... Philippine peso.................................................................. PHP
Pitcairn...................................................................... New Zealand dollar.......................................................... NZD
Poland ....................................................................... Zloty..................................................................................... PLN
Portugal .................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Puerto Rico .............................................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Qatar .......................................................................... Qatari rial ........................................................................... QAR
Runion..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Romania.................................................................... Romanian leu .................................................................... RON
Russian Federation (The) ...................................... Russian ruble ..................................................................... RUB
Rwanda ..................................................................... Rwanda franc..................................................................... RWF
Saint Barthlemy .................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Useful Tables 343

CurrencyContinued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
Country Currency
code
Saint Helena, Ascension
and Tristan Da Cunha ...................................... Saint Helena pound.......................................................... SHP
Saint Kitts and Nevis ............................................. East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Saint Lucia ................................................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Saint Martin (French Part)................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Saint Pierre and Miquelon.................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines...................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Samoa ........................................................................ Tala....................................................................................... WST
San Marino .............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Sao Tome and Principe.......................................... Dobra................................................................................... STD
Saudi Arabia............................................................. Saudi riyal........................................................................... SAR
Senegal ...................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Serbia ......................................................................... Serbian dinar ..................................................................... RSD
Seychelles.................................................................. Seychelles rupee ................................................................ SCR
Sierra Leone ............................................................. Leone ................................................................................... SLL
Singapore .................................................................. Singapore dollar ................................................................ SGD
Sint Maarten (Dutch Part).................................... Netherlands Antillean guilder ...................................... ANG
Sistema Unitario De Compensacion
Regional De Pagos Sucre .............................. Sucre .................................................................................... XSU
Slovakia ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Slovenia ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Solomon Islands...................................................... Solomon Islands dollar.................................................... SBD
Somalia...................................................................... Somali shilling .................................................................. SOS
South Africa ............................................................. Rand..................................................................................... ZAR
South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands ............................................... No universal currency .....................................................
South Sudan ............................................................. South Sudanese pound .................................................... SSP
Spain .......................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Sri Lanka................................................................... Sri Lanka rupee ................................................................. LKR
Sudan (The) .............................................................. Sudanese pound ................................................................ SDG
Suriname .................................................................. Surinam dollar .................................................................. SRD
Svalbard and Jan Mayen........................................ Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK
Swaziland.................................................................. Lilangeni ............................................................................. SZL
Sweden ...................................................................... Swedish krona ................................................................... SEK
Switzerland .............................................................. Swiss franc.......................................................................... CHF
Switzerland .............................................................. WIR Euro ........................................................................... CHE
Switzerland .............................................................. WIR franc........................................................................... CHW
Syrian Arab Republic............................................. Syrian pound ..................................................................... SYP
Taiwan (Province of China) ................................. New Taiwan dollar ........................................................... TWD
Tajikistan .................................................................. Somoni ................................................................................ TJS
Tanzania, United Republic of .............................. Tanzanian shilling ........................................................... TZS
Thailand .................................................................... Baht ...................................................................................... THB
Timor-Leste ............................................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Togo ........................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Tokelau ...................................................................... New Zealand dollar.......................................................... NZD
Tonga ......................................................................... Paanga ................................................................................ TOP
Trinidad and Tobago ............................................. Trinidad and Tobago dollar ........................................... TTD
Tunisia....................................................................... Tunisian dinar ................................................................... TND
Turkey ....................................................................... Turkish lira......................................................................... TRY
Turkmenistan .......................................................... Turkmenistan new manat .............................................. TMT
Turks and Caicos Islands (The) ........................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Tuvalu........................................................................ Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Uganda ...................................................................... Uganda shilling ................................................................. UGX
Ukraine ..................................................................... Hryvnia............................................................................... UAH
United Arab Emirates (The)................................. UAE dirham....................................................................... AED
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland (The) ............................. Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
United States Minor Outlying Islands (The) .... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
United States of America (The) ........................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
344 Chapter 17

CurrencyContinued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
Country Currency
code

United States of America (The) ........................... U.S. dollar (Next day) ...................................................... USN
Uruguay .................................................................... Peso Uruguayo .................................................................. UYU
Uruguay .................................................................... Uruguay peso en Unidades
Indexadas (URUIURUI) ............................................ UYI
Uzbekistan ............................................................... Uzbekistan sum ................................................................ UZS
Vanuatu..................................................................... Vatu...................................................................................... VUV
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) ................... Bolvar ................................................................................. VEF
Viet Nam .................................................................. Dong .................................................................................... VND
Virgin Islands (British) ......................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Virgin Islands (U.S.) .............................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Wallis and Futuna .................................................. CFP franc............................................................................ XPF
Western Sahara ....................................................... Moroccan dirham ............................................................ MAD
Yemen ........................................................................ Yemeni rial ......................................................................... YER
Zambia ...................................................................... Zambian kwacha .............................................................. ZMW
Zimbabwe ................................................................. Zimbabwe dollar ............................................................... ZWL

Source: http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a.1.html.
Useful Tables 345

Metric and U.S. Measures 1

Length
Metric unit U.S. unit
10 millimeters....................................1 centimeter. 12 inches..............................................1 foot (ft).
10 centimeters....................................1 decimeter. 3 feet .....................................................1 yard.
10 decimeters .....................................1 meter. 22 yards ...............................................1 chain.
10 meters .............................................1 dekameter. 10 chains .............................................1 furlong (660 ft).
10 dekameters ....................................1 hectometer. 8 furlongs ............................................1 mile (5,280 ft).
10 hectometers...................................1 kilometer. 1 nautical mile ...................................1.1508 mile.
1 kilometer .........................................1,000 meters. 1 league................................................3 nautical miles.

Mass Weight
Metric unit U.S. unit
10 milligrams (mg)...........................1 centigram. 16 ounces.............................................1 pound.
10 centigrams ....................................1 decigram (100 mg). 100 pounds (lbs) ................................1 hundredweight.
10 decigrams ......................................1 gram (1,000 mg). 2,000 lbs ..............................................1 ton.
10 grams (g) .......................................1 dekagram.
10 dekagrams .....................................1 hectogram (100 g).
10 hectograms ...................................1 kilogram (1,000 g).
1,000 kilograms.................................1 metric ton.

Volume
Metric unit U.S. liquid capacity
10 milliliters .......................................1 centiliter. 3 teaspoons .........................................1 tablespoon.
10 centiliters .......................................1 deciliter. 2 tablespoons......................................1 fluid ounce (fl oz).
10 deciliters ........................................1 liter. 1 cup .....................................................8 fl oz.
1,000 liters ..........................................1 cubic meter. 2 cups ...................................................1 pint.
2 pints ..................................................1 quart.
4 quarts................................................1 gallon.
42 gallons ............................................1 petroleum barrel.
U.S. dry measure 2
2 pints ..................................................1 quart.
4 quarts................................................1 gallon.
2 gallons ..............................................1 peck.
4 pecks .................................................1 bushel.
8 bushels ..............................................1 quarter.

Temperature Conversion 3
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin
100 ...................................... 212 373.1 0....................................... 32 273.1
50 ........................................ 122 323.1 10 .................................. 14 263.1
40 ........................................ 104 313.1 20 .................................. 4 253.1
30 ........................................ 86 303.1 30 .................................. 22 243.1
20 ........................................ 68 293.1 40 .................................. 40 233.1
10 ........................................ 50 283.1 50 .................................. 58 223.1
273.1 ............................. 459.7 0

1
At this time, only three countriesBurma, Liberia, and the United Stateshave not significantly transitioned to
the International System of Units (SI, or metric system) as their official system of weights and measures.
2
Dry measurements are mainly used for measuring grain or fresh produce. Do not confuse dry measure for liquid
measure, as they are not the same.
3
The equation for converting temperatures is as follows: C to F: multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32;
F to C: subtract 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9.
346 Chapter 17

Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents

U.S. to metric Metric to U.S.

Inch ......................................2.54 centimeters. Centimeter..............................0.3937 inch.

Foot ......................................0.3048 meter. Meter........................................3.2808 feet.
Yard......................................0.9144 meter. Do ....................................1.0936 yards.
Mile ......................................1.6093 kilometers. Kilometer ................................0.6214 mile.
Nautical mile .....................1.852 kilometers. Do ....................................0.5399 nautical mile.
League .................................5.556 kilometers. Do ....................................0.1799 league.
Square inch ........................6.452 square centimeters. Square centimeter .................0.155 square inch.
Square foot .........................0.0929 square meter. Square meter ..........................10.7639 square feet.
Square yard ........................0.836 square meter. Do ....................................1.196 square yards.
Acre ......................................0.4047 hectare. Hectare ....................................2.471 acres.
Square mile ........................259 hectares. Do ....................................0.0039 square mile.
Cubic inch ..........................16.39 cubic centimeters. Cubic centimeter...................0.06 cubic inch.
Cubic foot ...........................0.0283 cubic meter. Cubic meter ............................35.3146 cubic feet.
Cubic yard ..........................0.7646 cubic meter. Do ....................................1.3079 cubic yards.
Cord .....................................128 cubic feet.
Ounce (liquid) ...................29.574 milliliters. Milliliter ..................................0.0338 ounce (liquid).
Pint (liquid)........................473.176 milliliters.
Quart (liquid) ....................946.35 milliliters. Liter ..........................................1.06 quarts (liquid).
Gallon (liquid)...................3.79 liters. Do ....................................0.26 gallon (liquid).
Pint (dry) ............................550.61 milliliters.
Quart (dry) .........................1101 milliliters. Do ....................................0.91 quart (dry).
Quart, imperial .................1137 milliliters.
Gallon (dry) .......................4.40 liters. Do ....................................0.23 gallon (dry).
Gallon, imperial ................4.55 liters.
Peck ......................................8.810 liters. Do ....................................0.1135 peck.
Peck, imperial ....................9.092 liters.
Bushel ..................................35.24 liters. Do ....................................0.028 bushel.
Bushel, imperial ................36.37 liters.
Grain 1..................................64.799 milligrams.
Ounce 2 ................................28.35 grams. Gram ........................................0.04 ounce.
Ounce, troy 3.......................31.103 grams. Do ....................................0.032 troy ounce.
Pound 2 ................................0.4536 kilogram. Kilogram.................................2.20 pounds.
Pound, troy.........................12 troy ounces.
Ton, short............................907.185 kilograms.
Do................................2,000 pounds.
Ton, metric .........................1,000 kilograms.
Do................................2,204.6 pounds.
Ton, long .............................1,016.047 kilograms.
Do................................2,240 pounds.
1
The grain is used to measure in ballistics and archery; grains were originally used in medicine but have been
replaced by milligrams.
2
Avoirdupois; avoirdupois is the measure of mass of everyday items.
3
The troy ounce is used in pricing silver, gold, platinum, and other precious metals and gemstones.
Useful Tables 347

Measurement Conversion
Fractional Decimal Milli- Fractional Decimal Milli-
inch inches meters Picas Points inch inches meters Picas Points
116 .............. .0625 1.587 0p4.5 4.5 .............. .875 22.225 5p3 63
................ .125 3.175 0p9 9 1516 ........... .9375 23.812 5p7.5 67.5
316 .............. .1875 4.762 1p1.5 13.5 1................ 1 25.4 6 72
................ .25 6.35 1p6 18 1............. 1.25 31.75 7p6 90
516 .............. .3125 7.937 1p10.5 22.5 1............. 1.5 38.1 9 108
................ .375 9.525 2p3 27 1............. 1.75 44.5 10p6 126
716 .............. .4375 11.112 2p7.5 31.5 2................ 2 50.8 12 144
................ .5 12.7 3 36 2 ............ 2.5 63.5 15 180
916 .............. .5625 14.287 3p4.5 40.5 3................ 3 76.2 18 216
................ .625 15.875 3p9 45 3 ............ 3.5 88.9 21 252
1116............. .6875 17.462 4p1.5 49.5 4................ 4 100.6 24 288
................ .75 19.05 4p6 54 5................ 5 127 30 360
1316............. .8125 20.637 4p10.5 58.5 6................ 6 152.4 36 432
18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions

Geologic terms
For capitalization, compounding, and use of quotations in geologic terms,
copy is to be followed. Geologic terms quoted verbatim from published ma-
terial should be left as the original author used them; however, it should be
made clear that the usage is that of the original author.
Formal geologic terms are capitalized: Proterozoic Eon, Cambrian Period.
Structural terms such as arch, anticline, or uplift are capitalized when pre-
ceded by a name: Cincinnati Arch, Cedar Creek Anticline, Ozark Uplift. See
Chapter 4 geographic terms for more information.
Divisions of Geologic Time
[Most recent to oldest]
Eon Era Period
Phanerozoic................ Cenozoic............................ Quaternary.
Tertiary (Neogene, Paleogene).
Mesozoic........................... Cretaceous.
Jurassic.
Triassic.
Paleozoic .......................... Permian.
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, Mississippian).
Devonian.
Silurian.
Ordovician.
Cambrian.
Proterozoic ................. Neoproterozoic ............... Ediacaran.
Cryogenian.
Tonian.
Mesoproterozoic ............. Stenian.
Ectasian.
Calymmian.
Paleoproterozoic............. Statherian.
Orosirian.
Rhyacian.
Siderian.
Archean....................... Neoarchean.
Mesoarchean.
Paleoarchean.
Eoarchean.
Hadean.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; for graphic see http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/
fs2007-3015.pdf.

349
350 Chapter 18

Physiographic regions
Physiographic regions are based on terrain texture, rock type, and geologic
structure and history. The classification system has three tiers: divisions,
which are broken into provinces, and some provinces break further into sec-
tions. All names are capitalized, not the class; for graphic see http://tapestry.
usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html.
Physiographic Regions of the Lower 48 United States
Division Province Section
Laurentian Upland ...................... Superior Upland.
Atlantic Plain ................................ Continental Shelf.
Coastal Plain.................................. Embayed.
Sea Island.
Floridian.
East Gulf Coastal Plain.
Mississippi Alluvial Plain.
West Gulf Coastal Plain.
Appalachian Highlands ............. Piedmont ....................................... Piedmont Upland.
Piedmont Lowlands.
Blue Ridge ...................................... Northern.
Southern.
Valley and Ridge ........................... Tennessee.
Middle.
Hudson Valley.
St. Lawrence Valley ...................... Champlain.
Northern.
Appalachian Plateaus .................. Mohawk.
Catskill.
Southern New York.
Allegheny Mountain.
Kanawha.
Cumberland Plateau.
Cumberland Mountain.
New England ................................. Seaboard Lowland.
New England Upland.
White Mountain.
Green Mountain.
Taconic.
Adirondack.
Interior Plains ............................... Interior Low Plateaus ................... Highland Rim.
Lexington Plain.
Nashville Basin.
Central Lowland ........................... Eastern Lake.
Western Lake.
Wisconsin Driftless.
Till Plains.
Dissected Till Plains.
Osage Plains.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 351

Division Province Section

Great Plains.................................... Missouri Plateau, glaciated.
Missouri Plateau, unglaciated.
Black Hills.
High Plains.
Plains Border.
Colorado Piedmont.
Raton.
Pecos Valley.
Edwards Plateau.
Central Texas.
Interior Highlands....................... Ozark Plateaus............................... Springfield-Salem Plateaus.
Boston Mountains.
Ouachita ......................................... Arkansas Valley.
Ouachita Mountains.
Rocky Mountain System ............ Southern Rocky Mountains.
Wyoming Basin.
Middle Rocky Mountains.
Northern Rocky Mountains.
Intermontane Plateaus ............... Columbia Plateau ........................ Walla Walla Plateau.
Blue Mountain.
Payette.
Snake River Plain.
Harney.
Colorado Plateaus ........................ High Plateaus of Utah.
Uinta Basin.
Canyon Lands.
Navajo.
Grand Canyon.
Datil.
Basin and Range ........................... Great Basin.
Sonoran Desert.
Salton Trough.
Mexican Highland.
Sacramento.
Pacific Mountain System............ Cascade-Sierra Mountains ......... Northern Cascade Mountains.
Middle Cascade Mountains.
Southern Cascade Mountains.
Sierra Nevada.
Pacific Border ................................ Puget Trough.
Olympic Mountains.
Oregon Coast Range.
Klamath Mountains.
California Trough.
California Coast Ranges.
Los Angeles Ranges.
Lower California.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
352 Chapter 18

Geographic divisions
The Public Land Survey System has a hierarchy of lines. Principal merid-
ians and base lines and their related townships, sections, and subdivisions of
sections are incorporated in the description of land conveyed by the Federal
Government and others.
The Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States 1

Black Hills Meridian and Base Line. New Mexico Principal Meridian and Base
(South Dakota) Line. (New Mexico-Colorado)
Boise Meridian and Base Line. (Idaho) Point of Beginning and Geographers
Chickasaw Meridian and Base Line. Line. (Ohio)
(Mississippi-Tennessee) Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Choctaw Meridian and Base Line. (Mississippi) (Montana)
Cimarron Meridian and Base Line. Salt Lake Meridian and Base Line. (Utah)
(Oklahoma) San Bernardino Meridian and Base Line.
Copper River Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska) (California-Nevada)
Fairbanks Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska) Second Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois-Indiana)
Fifth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Arkansas-Iowa-Minnesota-Missouri- Seward Principal Meridian and Base Line.
North Dakota-South Dakota) (Alaska)
First Principal Meridian and Base Line. Sixth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Ohio-Indiana) (Colorado-Kansas-Nebraska-South
Dakota-Wyoming)
Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois) St. Helena Meridian and Base Line.
(Louisiana)
Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line
Wisconsin. (Minnesota-Wisconsin) St. Stephens Meridian and Base Line.
(Alabama-Mississippi)
Gila and Salt River Meridian and Base Line.
(Arizona) Tallahassee Meridian and Base Line.
(Florida)
Humboldt Meridian and Base Line.
(California) Third Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois)
Huntsville Meridian and Base Line.
(Alabama-Mississippi) Uintah Special Meridian and Base Line.
(Utah)
Indian Meridian and Base Line. (Oklahoma)
Umiat Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Kateel River Principal Meridian and Base
(Alaska)
Line. (Alaska)
Ute Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Louisiana Meridian and Base Line.
(Colorado)
(Louisiana-Texas)
Washington Meridian and Base Line.
Michigan Meridian and Base Line.
(Mississippi)
(Michigan-Ohio)
Willamette Meridian and Base Line.
Mount Diablo Meridian and Base Line.
(Oregon-Washington)
(California-Nevada)
Wind River Meridian and Base Line.
Navajo Meridian and Base Line. (Arizona-
(Wyoming)
New Mexico)
1
Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 353

Public Land Surveys Having No Initial Point as an Origin

for Both Township and Range Numbers 1

Between the Miamis, north of Symmes Purchase. Scioto River Base. (Ohio)
(Ohio) Twelve-Mile-Square Reserve. (Ohio)
Muskingum River Survey. (Ohio) United States Military Survey. (Ohio)
Ohio River Base. (Indiana) West of the Great Miami. (Ohio)
Ohio River Survey. (Ohio)
1
Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Sources: Manual of Surveying Instructions: For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, Bureau of
Land Management, 2009, GPO; Initial Points of the Rectangular Survey System, C. Albert White, 1996.
See http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/cadastralsurvey.html for more information on prinicipal
meridians and base lines.

Major Rivers of the World

Length Length
River (in miles) River (in miles)
Nile (Africa) ............................................... 4,160 MacKenzie (Canada) .......................... 2,635
Amazon (S. America)............................... 4,000 Mekong (Vietnam) .............................. 2,600
Yangtze (China) ........................................ 3,964 Niger (Africa) ....................................... 2,590
Yellow (China) ........................................... 3,395 Yenisey (Russia) ................................... 2,543
Ob-Irtysh (Russia) .................................... 3,362 Missouri (U.S.) ..................................... 2,540
Amur (Asia) ............................................... 2,744 Parana (S. America) ............................ 2,485
Lena (Russia).............................................. 2,734 Mississippi (U.S.) ................................. 2,340
Congo (Africa)........................................... 2,718 Murray-Darling (Australia) .............. 2,310

Note.Information compiled from numerous public domain websites; references cite different lengths for
the same river depending on origin.

Major Rivers of the United States

Length Length
River (in miles) River (in miles)
Missouri ...................................................... 2,540 Ohio......................................................... 1,310
Mississippi .................................................. 2,340 Red ........................................................... 1,290
Yukon .......................................................... 1,980 Brazos ...................................................... 1,280
Rio Grande ................................................. 1,900 Columbia ................................................ 1,249
St. Lawrence ............................................... 1,900 Snake ........................................................ 1,040
Arkansas ..................................................... 1,469 Platte ........................................................ 990
Colorado ..................................................... 1,450 Pecos ........................................................ 926
Atchafalaya................................................. 1,420 Canadian................................................. 906

Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; see http://water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html.

354 Chapter 18

States, capitals, and counties

The following includes parishes, boroughs, census divisions, districts,
islands, municipalities, and municipios of the 50 States, U.S. possessions,
and territories. County totals include city counties as defined by the National
Association of Counties. See www.naco.org for more information.

ALABAMA (AL) (67 counties)

Capital: Montgomery

Autauga Cleburne Fayette Lowndes Russell

Baldwin Coffee Franklin Macon St. Clair
Barbour Colbert Geneva Madison Shelby
Bibb Conecuh Greene Marengo Sumter
Blount Coosa Hale Marion Talladega
Bullock Covington Henry Marshall Tallapoosa
Butler Crenshaw Houston Mobile Tuscaloosa
Calhoun Cullman Jackson Monroe Walker
Chambers Dale Jefferson Montgomery Washington
Cherokee Dallas Lamar Morgan Wilcox
Chilton DeKalb Lauderdale Perry Winston
Choctaw Elmore Lawrence Pickens
Clarke Escambia Lee Pike
Clay Etowah Limestone Randolph

ALASKA (AK) (29 entities: 19 boroughs,* 10 census areas)

Capital: Juneau

Aleutians East* Haines* Kusilvak Petersburg* Wrangell*

Aleutians West Hoonah- Lake and Prince of Yakutat*
Anchorage* Angoon Peninsula* Wales-Hyder Yukon-
Bethel Juneau* Matanuska- Sitka* Koyukuk
Bristol Bay* Kenai Susitna* Skagway*
Denali* Peninsula* Nome Southeast
Dillingham Ketchikan North Slope* Fairbanks
Gateway* Northwest Valdez-
Fairbanks
North Star* Kodiak Island* Arctic* Cordova

AMERICAN SAMOA (AS) (5 entities: 2 islands,* 3 districts)

Capital: Pago Pago

Eastern Manua Rose* Swains* Western

Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 355

ARIZONA (AZ) (15 counties)

Capital: Phoenix

Apache Gila La Paz Navajo Santa Cruz

Cochise Graham Maricopa Pima Yavapai
Coconino Greenlee Mohave Pinal Yum

ARKANSAS (AR) (75 counties)

Capital: Little Rock

Arkansas Craighead Howard Miller Randolph

Ashley Crawford Independence Mississippi St. Francis
Baxter Crittenden Izard Monroe Saline
Benton Cross Jackson Montgomery Scott
Boone Dallas Jefferson Nevada Searcy
Bradley Desha Johnson Newton Sebastian
Calhoun Drew Lafayette Ouachita Sevier
Carroll Faulkner Lawrence Perry Sharp
Chicot Franklin Lee Phillips Stone
Clark Fulton Lincoln Pike Union
Clay Garland Little River Poinsett Van Buren
Cleburne Grant Logan Polk Washington
Cleveland Greene Lonoke Pope White
Columbia Hempstead Madison Prairie Woodruff
Conway Hot Spring Marion Pulaski Yell

CALIFORNIA (CA) (58 counties)

Capital: Sacramento

Alameda Imperial Modoc San Diego Solano

Alpine Inyo Mono San Francisco Sonoma
Amador Kern Monterey San Joaquin Stanislaus
Butte Kings Napa San Luis Sutter
Calaveras Lake Nevada Obispo Tehama
Colusa Lassen Orange San Mateo Trinity
Contra Costa Los Angeles Placer Santa Barbara Tulare
Del Norte Madera Plumas Santa Clara Tuolumne
El Dorado Marin Riverside Santa Cruz Ventura
Fresno Mariposa Sacramento Shasta Yolo
Glenn Mendocino San Benito Sierra Yuba
Humboldt Merced San Bernardino Siskiyou
356 Chapter 18

COLORADO (CO) (64 counties)

Capital: Denver

Adams Crowley Gunnison Mesa Rio Blanco

Alamosa Custer Hinsdale Mineral Rio Grande
Arapahoe Delta Huerfano Moffat Routt
Archuleta Denver Jackson Montezuma Saguache
Baca Dolores Jefferson Montrose San Juan
Bent Douglas Kiowa Morgan San Miguel
Boulder Eagle Kit Carson Otero Sedgwick
Broomfield Elbert Lake Ouray Summit
Chaffee El Paso La Plata Park Teller
Cheyenne Fremont Larimer Phillips Washington
Clear Creek Garfield Las Animas Pitkin Weld
Conejos Gilpin Lincoln Prowers Yuma
Costilla Grand Logan Pueblo

CONNECTICUT (CT) (8 counties)

Capital: Hartford

Fairfield Litchfield New Haven Tolland

Hartford Middlesex New London Windham

DELAWARE (DE) (3 counties)

Capital: Dover

Kent New Castle Sussex

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (DC) (single entity)

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FM) (4 States)

Capital: Palikir

Chuuk Kosrae Pohnpei Yap

FLORIDA (FL) (67 counties)

Capital: Tallahassee
Alachua Charlotte Duval Gulf Holmes
Baker Citrus Escambia Hamilton Indian River
Bay Clay Flagler Hardee Jackson
Bradford Collier Franklin Hendry Jefferson
Brevard Columbia Gadsden Hernando Lafayette
Broward DeSoto Gilchrist Highlands Lake
Calhoun Dixie Glades Hillsborough Lee
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 357

Leon Miami-Dade Palm Beach Santa Rosa Volusia

Levy Monroe Pasco Sarasota Wakulla
Liberty Nassau Pinellas Seminole Walton
Madison Okaloosa Polk Sumter Washington
Manatee Okeechobee Putnam Suwannee
Marion Orange St. Johns Taylor
Martin Osceola St. Lucie Union

GEORGIA (GA) (159 counties)

Capital: Atlanta
Appling Cobb Grady Madison Sumter
Atkinson Coffee Greene Marion Talbot
Bacon Colquitt Gwinnett Meriwether Taliaferro
Baker Columbia Habersham Miller Tattnall
Baldwin Cook Hall Mitchell Taylor
Banks Coweta Hancock Monroe Telfair
Barrow Crawford Haralson Montgomery Terrell
Bartow Crisp Harris Morgan Thomas
Ben Hill Dade Hart Murray Tift
Berrien Dawson Heard Muscogee Toombs
Bibb Decatur Henry Newton Towns
Bleckley DeKalb Houston Oconee Treutlen
Brantley Dodge Irwin Oglethorpe Troup
Brooks Dooly Jackson Paulding Turner
Bryan Dougherty Jasper Peach Twiggs
Bulloch Douglas Jeff Davis Pickens Union
Burke Early Jefferson Pierce Upson
Butts Echols Jenkins Pike Walker
Calhoun Effingham Johnson Polk Walton
Camden Elbert Jones Pulaski Ware
Candler Emanuel Lamar Putnam Warren
Carroll Evans Lanier Quitman Washington
Catoosa Fannin Laurens Rabun Wayne
Charlton Fayette Lee Randolph Webster
Chatham Floyd Liberty Richmond Wheeler
Chattahoochee Forsyth Lincoln Rockdale White
Chattooga Franklin Long Schley Whitfield
Cherokee Fulton Lowndes Screven Wilcox
Clarke Gilmer Lumpkin Seminole Wilkes
Clay Glascock McDuffie Spalding Wilkinson
Clayton Glynn McIntosh Stephens Worth
Clinch Gordon Macon Stewart
358 Chapter 18

GUAM (GU) (single entity)

Capital: Agana

HAWAII (HI) (4 counties)

Capital: Honolulu

Hawaii Honolulu Kalawao Kauai Maui

IDAHO (ID) (44 counties)

Capital: Boise

Ada Bonneville Custer Kootenai Owyhee

Adams Boundary Elmore Latah Payette
Bannock Butte Franklin Lemhi Power
Bear Lake Camas Fremont Lewis Shoshone
Benewah Canyon Gem Lincoln Teton
Bingham Caribou Gooding Madison Twin Falls
Blaine Cassia Idaho Minidoka Valley
Boise Clark Jefferson Nez Perce Washington
Bonner Clearwater Jerome Oneida

ILLINOIS (IL) (102 counties)

Capital: Springeld

Adams DuPage Jo Daviess Massac Schuyler

Alexander Edgar Johnson Menard Scott
Bond Edwards Kane Mercer Shelby
Boone Effingham Kankakee Monroe Stark
Brown Fayette Kendall Montgomery Stephenson
Bureau Ford Knox Morgan Tazewell
Calhoun Franklin Lake Moultrie Union
Carroll Fulton LaSalle Ogle Vermilion
Cass Gallatin Lawrence Peoria Wabash
Champaign Greene Lee Perry Warren
Christian Grundy Livingston Piatt Washington
Clark Hamilton Logan Pike Wayne
Clay Hancock McDonough Pope White
Clinton Hardin McHenry Pulaski Whiteside
Coles Henderson McLean Putnam Will
Cook Henry Macon Randolph Williamson
Crawford Iroquois Macoupin Richland Winnebago
Cumberland Jackson Madison Rock Island Woodford
DeKalb Jasper Marion St. Clair
De Witt Jefferson Marshall Saline
Douglas Jersey Mason Sangamon
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 359

INDIANA (IN) (92 counties)

Capital: Indianapolis

Adams Elkhart Jefferson Ohio Sullivan

Allen Fayette Jennings Orange Switzerland
Bartholomew Floyd Johnson Owen Tippecanoe
Benton Fountain Knox Parke Tipton
Blackford Franklin Kosciusko Perry Union
Boone Fulton LaGrange Pike Vanderburgh
Brown Gibson Lake Porter Vermillion
Carroll Grant LaPorte Posey Vigo
Cass Greene Lawrence Pulaski Wabash
Clark Hamilton Madison Putnam Warren
Clay Hancock Marion Randolph Warrick
Clinton Harrison Marshall Ripley Washington
Crawford Hendricks Martin Rush Wayne
Daviess Henry Miami St. Joseph Wells
Dearborn Howard Monroe Scott White
Decatur Huntington Montgomery Shelby Whitley
DeKalb Jackson Morgan Spencer
Delaware Jasper Newton Starke
Dubois Jay Noble Steuben

IOWA (IA) (99 counties)

Capital: Des Moines

Adair Clay Hancock Madison Sac

Adams Clayton Hardin Mahaska Scott
Allamakee Clinton Harrison Marion Shelby
Appanoose Crawford Henry Marshall Sioux
Audubon Dallas Howard Mills Story
Benton Davis Humboldt Mitchell Tama
Black Hawk Decatur Ida Monona Taylor
Boone Delaware Iowa Monroe Union
Bremer Des Moines Jackson Montgomery Van Buren
Buchanan Dickinson Jasper Muscatine Wapello
Buena Vista Dubuque Jefferson OBrien Warren
Butler Emmet Johnson Osceola Washington
Calhoun Fayette Jones Page Wayne
Carroll Floyd Keokuk Palo Alto Webster
Cass Franklin Kossuth Plymouth Winnebago
Cedar Fremont Lee Pocahontas Winneshiek
Cerro Gordo Greene Linn Polk Woodbury
Cherokee Grundy Louisa Pottawattamie Worth
Chickasaw Guthrie Lucas Poweshiek Wright
Clarke Hamilton Lyon Ringgold
360 Chapter 18

KANSAS (KS) (105 counties)

Capital: Topeka

Allen Doniphan Jackson Morris Saline

Anderson Douglas Jefferson Morton Scott
Atchison Edwards Jewell Nemaha Sedgwick
Barber Elk Johnson Neosho Seward
Barton Ellis Kearny Ness Shawnee
Bourbon Ellsworth Kingman Norton Sheridan
Brown Finney Kiowa Osage Sherman
Butler Ford Labette Osborne Smith
Chase Franklin Lane Ottawa Stafford
Chautauqua Geary Leavenworth Pawnee Stanton
Cherokee Gove Lincoln Phillips Stevens
Cheyenne Graham Linn Pottawatomie Sumner
Clark Grant Logan Pratt Thomas
Clay Gray Lyon Rawlins Trego
Cloud Greeley McPherson Reno Wabaunsee
Coffey Greenwood Marion Republic Wallace
Comanche Hamilton Marshall Rice Washington
Cowley Harper Meade Riley Wichita
Crawford Harvey Miami Rooks Wilson
Decatur Haskell Mitchell Rush Woodson
Dickinson Hodgeman Montgomery Russell Wyandotte

KENTUCKY (KY) (120 counties)

Capital: Frankfort

Adair Caldwell Estill Harrison Lee

Allen Calloway Fayette Hart Leslie
Anderson Campbell Fleming Henderson Letcher
Ballard Carlisle Floyd Henry Lewis
Barren Carroll Franklin Hickman Lincoln
Bath Carter Fulton Hopkins Livingston
Bell Casey Gallatin Jackson Logan
Boone Christian Garrard Jefferson Lyon
Bourbon Clark Grant Jessamine McCracken
Boyd Clay Graves Johnson McCreary
Boyle Clinton Grayson Kenton McLean
Bracken Crittenden Green Knott Madison
Breathitt Cumberland Greenup Knox Magoffin
Breckinridge Daviess Hancock Larue Marion
Bullitt Edmonson Hardin Laurel Marshall
Butler Elliott Harlan Lawrence Martin
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 361

Mason Muhlenberg Perry Scott Union

Meade Nelson Pike Shelby Warren
Menifee Nicholas Powell Simpson Washington
Mercer Ohio Pulaski Spencer Wayne
Metcalfe Oldham Robertson Taylor Webster
Monroe Owen Rockcastle Todd Whitley
Montgomery Owsley Rowan Trigg Wolfe
Morgan Pendleton Russell Trimble Woodford

LOUISIANA (LA) (64 parishes)

Capital: Baton Rouge

Acadia Concordia Lafayette Richland Terrebonne

Allen De Soto Lafourche Sabine Union
Ascension East Baton La Salle St. Bernard Vermilion
Assumption Rouge Lincoln St. Charles Vernon
Avoyelles East Carroll Livingston St. Helena Washington
Beauregard East Feliciana Madison St. James Webster
Bienville Evangeline Morehouse St. John the West Baton
Bossier Franklin Natchitoches Baptist Rouge
Caddo Grant Orleans St. Landry West Carroll
Calcasieu Iberia Ouachita St. Martin West Feliciana
Caldwell Iberville Plaquemines St. Mary Winn
Cameron Jackson Pointe Coupee St. Tammany
Catahoula Jefferson Rapides Tangipahoa
Claiborne Jefferson Davis Red River Tensas

MAINE (ME) (16 counties)

Capital: Augusta

Androscoggin Hancock Oxford Somerset

Aroostook Kennebec Penobscot Waldo
Cumberland Knox Piscataquis Washington
Franklin Lincoln Sagadahoc York

MARSHALL ISLANDS (MH) (33 municipalities)

Capital: Majuro

Ailinginae Bokak Kili Mejit Ujae

Ailinglaplap Ebon Kwajalein Mili Ujelang
Ailuk Enewetak Lae Namorik Utirik
Arno Erikub Lib Namu Wotho
Aur Jabat Likiep Rongelap Wotje
Bikar Jaluit Majuro Rongrik
Bikini Jemo Maloelap Toke
362 Chapter 18

MARYLAND (MD) (24 counties)

Capital: Annapolis
Allegany Carroll Garrett Prince Talbot
Anne Arundel Cecil Harford Georges Washington
Baltimore Charles Howard Queen Annes Wicomico
Calvert Dorchester Kent St. Marys Worcester
Caroline Frederick Montgomery Somerset Baltimore city

MASSACHUSETTS (MA) (14 counties)

Capital: Boston
Barnstable Dukes Hampden Nantucket Suffolk
Berkshire Essex Hampshire Norfolk Worcester
Bristol Franklin Middlesex Plymouth

MICHIGAN (MI) (83 counties)

Capital: Lansing

Alcona Clare Iosco Marquette Otsego

Alger Clinton Iron Mason Ottawa
Allegan Crawford Isabella Mecosta Presque Isle
Alpena Delta Jackson Menominee Roscommon
Antrim Dickinson Kalamazoo Midland Saginaw
Arenac Eaton Kalkaska Missaukee St. Clair
Baraga Emmet Kent Monroe St. Joseph
Barry Genesee Keweenaw Montcalm Sanilac
Bay Gladwin Lake Montmorency Schoolcraft
Benzie Gogebic Lapeer Muskegon Shiawassee
Berrien Grand Traverse Leelanau Newaygo Tuscola
Branch Gratiot Lenawee Oakland Van Buren
Calhoun Hillsdale Livingston Oceana Washtenaw
Cass Houghton Luce Ogemaw Wayne
Charlevoix Huron Mackinac Ontonagon Wexford
Cheboygan Ingham Macomb Osceola
Chippewa Ionia Manistee Oscoda

MINNESOTA (MN) (87 counties)

Capital: St. Paul
Aitkin Brown Clearwater Faribault Hubbard
Anoka Carlton Cook Fillmore Isanti
Becker Carver Cottonwood Freeborn Itasca
Beltrami Cass Crow Wing Goodhue Jackson
Benton Chippewa Dakota Grant Kanabec
Big Stone Chisago Dodge Hennepin Kandiyohi
Blue Earth Clay Douglas Houston Kittson
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 363

Koochiching Martin Pennington Roseau Wabasha

Lac qui Parle Meeker Pine St. Louis Wadena
Lake Mille Lacs Pipestone Scott Waseca
Lake of the Morrison Polk Sherburne Washington
Woods Mower Pope Sibley Watonwan
Le Sueur Murray Ramsey Stearns Wilkin
Lincoln Nicollet Red Lake Steele Winona
Lyon Nobles Redwood Stevens Wright
McLeod Norman Renville Swift Yellow
Mahnomen Olmsted Rice Todd Medicine
Marshall Otter Tail Rock Traverse

MISSISSIPPI (MS) (82 counties)

Capital: Jackson
Adams Forrest Kemper Noxubee Tate
Alcorn Franklin Lafayette Oktibbeha Tippah
Amite George Lamar Panola Tishomingo
Attala Greene Lauderdale Pearl River Tunica
Benton Grenada Lawrence Perry Union
Bolivar Hancock Leake Pike Walthall
Calhoun Harrison Lee Pontotoc Warren
Carroll Hinds Leflore Prentiss Washington
Chickasaw Holmes Lincoln Quitman Wayne
Choctaw Humphreys Lowndes Rankin Webster
Claiborne Issaquena Madison Scott Wilkinson
Clarke Itawamba Marion Sharkey Winston
Clay Jackson Marshall Simpson Yalobusha
Coahoma Jasper Monroe Smith Yazoo
Copiah Jefferson Montgomery Stone
Covington Jefferson Davis Neshoba Sunflower
DeSoto Jones Newton Tallahatchie

MISSOURI (MO) (115 counties)

Capital: Jefferson City

Adair Boone Cass Crawford Gasconade

Andrew Buchanan Cedar Dade Gentry
Atchison Butler Chariton Dallas Greene
Audrain Caldwell Christian Daviess Grundy
Barry Callaway Clark DeKalb Harrison
Barton Camden Clay Dent Henry
Bates Cape Girardeau Clinton Douglas Hickory
Benton Carroll Cole Dunklin Holt
Bollinger Carter Cooper Franklin Howard
364 Chapter 18

Howell McDonald Nodaway Randolph Shelby

Iron Macon Oregon Ray Stoddard
Jackson Madison Osage Reynolds Stone
Jasper Maries Ozark Ripley Sullivan
Jefferson Marion Pemiscot St. Charles Taney
Johnson Mercer Perry St. Clair Texas
Knox Miller Pettis Ste. Genevieve Vernon
Laclede Mississippi Phelps St. Francois Warren
Lafayette Moniteau Pike St. Louis Washington
Lawrence Monroe Platte Saline Wayne
Lewis Montgomery Polk Schuyler Webster
Lincoln Morgan Pulaski Scotland Worth
Linn New Madrid Putnam Scott Wright
Livingston Newton Ralls Shannon St. Louis City

MONTANA (MT) (56 counties)

Capital: Helena
Beaverhead Fallon Lewis and Phillips Stillwater
Big Horn Fergus Clark Pondera Sweet Grass
Blaine Flathead Liberty Powder River Teton
Broadwater Gallatin Lincoln Powell Toole
Carbon Garfield McCone Prairie Treasure
Carter Glacier Madison Ravalli Valley
Cascade Golden Valley Meagher Richland Wheatland
Chouteau Granite Mineral Roosevelt Wibaux
Custer Hill Missoula Rosebud Yellowstone
Daniels Jefferson Musselshell Sanders Yellowstone
Dawson Judith Basin Park Sheridan National Park
Deer Lodge Lake Petroleum Silver Bow

NEBRASKA (NE) (93 counties)

Capital: Lincoln
Adams Butler Dawes Gage Holt
Antelope Cass Dawson Garden Hooker
Arthur Cedar Deuel Garfield Howard
Banner Chase Dixon Gosper Jefferson
Blaine Cherry Dodge Grant Johnson
Boone Cheyenne Douglas Greeley Kearney
Box Butte Clay Dundy Hall Keith
Boyd Colfax Fillmore Hamilton Keya Paha
Brown Cuming Franklin Harlan Kimball
Buffalo Custer Frontier Hayes Knox
Burt Dakota Furnas Hitchcock Lancaster
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 365

Lincoln Nemaha Polk Seward Valley

Logan Nuckolls Red Willow Sheridan Washington
Loup Otoe Richardson Sherman Wayne
McPherson Pawnee Rock Sioux Webster
Madison Perkins Saline Stanton Wheeler
Merrick Phelps Sarpy Thayer York
Morrill Pierce Saunders Thomas
Nance Platte Scotts Bluff Thurston

NEVADA (NV) (17 counties)

Capital: Carson City
Churchill Esmeralda Lincoln Pershing Carson City
Clark Eureka Lyon Storey City
Douglas Humboldt Mineral Washoe
Elko Lander Nye White Pine

NEW HAMPSHIRE (NH) (10 counties)

Capital: Concord
Belknap Cheshire Grafton Merrimack Strafford
Carroll Coos Hillsborough Rockingham Sullivan

NEW JERSEY (NJ) (21 counties)

Capital: Trenton
Atlantic Cumberland Mercer Passaic Warren
Bergen Essex Middlesex Salem
Burlington Gloucester Monmouth Somerset
Camden Hudson Morris Sussex
Cape May Hunterdon Ocean Union

NEW MEXICO (NM) (33 counties)

Capital: Santa Fe
Bernalillo Dona Ana Lincoln Rio Arriba Socorro
Catron Eddy Los Alamos Roosevelt Taos
Chaves Grant Luna Sandoval Torrance
Cibola Guadalupe McKinley San Juan Union
Colfax Harding Mora San Miguel Valencia
Curry Hidalgo Otero Santa Fe
De Baca Lea Quay Sierra
366 Chapter 18

NEW YORK (NY) (62 counties)

Capital: Albany

Albany Dutchess Madison Putnam Sullivan

Allegany Erie Monroe Queens Tioga
Bronx Essex Montgomery Rensselaer Tompkins
Broome Franklin Nassau Richmond Ulster
Cattaraugus Fulton New York Rockland Warren
Cayuga Genesee Niagara St. Lawrence Washington
Chautauqua Greene Oneida Saratoga Wayne
Chemung Hamilton Onondaga Schenectady Westchester
Chenango Herkimer Ontario Schoharie Wyoming
Clinton Jefferson Orange Schuyler Yates
Columbia Kings Orleans Seneca
Cortland Lewis Oswego Steuben
Delaware Livingston Otsego Suffolk

NORTH CAROLINA (NC) (100 counties)

Capital: Raleigh
Alamance Chowan Guilford Mitchell Rutherford
Alexander Clay Halifax Montgomery Sampson
Alleghany Cleveland Harnett Moore Scotland
Anson Columbus Haywood Nash Stanly
Ashe Craven Henderson New Hanover Stokes
Avery Cumberland Hertford Northampton Surry
Beaufort Currituck Hoke Onslow Swain
Bertie Dare Hyde Orange Transylvania
Bladen Davidson Iredell Pamlico Tyrrell
Brunswick Davie Jackson Pasquotank Union
Buncombe Duplin Johnston Pender Vance
Burke Durham Jones Perquimans Wake
Cabarrus Edgecombe Lee Person Warren
Caldwell Forsyth Lenoir Pitt Washington
Camden Franklin Lincoln Polk Watauga
Carteret Gaston McDowell Randolph Wayne
Caswell Gates Macon Richmond Wilkes
Catawba Graham Madison Robeson Wilson
Chatham Granville Martin Rockingham Yadkin
Cherokee Greene Mecklenburg Rowan Yancey
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 367

NORTH DAKOTA (ND) (53 counties)

Capital: Bismarck
Adams Divide LaMoure Pembina Stark
Barnes Dunn Logan Pierce Steele
Benson Eddy McHenry Ramsey Stutsman
Billings Emmons McIntosh Ransom Towner
Bottineau Foster McKenzie Renville Traill
Bowman Golden Valley McLean Richland Walsh
Burke Grand Forks Mercer Rolette Ward
Burleigh Grant Morton Sargent Wells
Cass Griggs Mountrail Sheridan Williams
Cavalier Hettinger Nelson Sioux
Dickey Kidder Oliver Slope

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS (MP) (4 municipalities)

Capital: Saipan
Northern Rota Saipan Tinian
Islands

OHIO (OH) (88 counties)

Capital: Columbus
Adams Darke Hocking Miami Scioto
Allen Defiance Holmes Monroe Seneca
Ashland Delaware Huron Montgomery Shelby
Ashtabula Erie Jackson Morgan Stark
Athens Fairfield Jefferson Morrow Summit
Auglaize Fayette Knox Muskingum Trumbull
Belmont Franklin Lake Noble Tuscarawas
Brown Fulton Lawrence Ottawa Union
Butler Gallia Licking Paulding Van Wert
Carroll Geauga Logan Perry Vinton
Champaign Greene Lorain Pickaway Warren
Clark Guernsey Lucas Pike Washington
Clermont Hamilton Madison Portage Wayne
Clinton Hancock Mahoning Preble Williams
Columbiana Hardin Marion Putnam Wood
Coshocton Harrison Medina Richland Wyandot
Crawford Henry Meigs Ross
Cuyahoga Highland Mercer Sandusky
368 Chapter 18

OKLAHOMA (OK) (77 counties)

Capital: Oklahoma City
Adair Cotton Jackson Mayes Roger Mills
Alfalfa Craig Jefferson Murray Rogers
Atoka Creek Johnston Muskogee Seminole
Beaver Custer Kay Noble Sequoyah
Beckham Delaware Kingfisher Nowata Stephens
Blaine Dewey Kiowa Okfuskee Texas
Bryan Ellis Latimer Oklahoma Tillman
Caddo Garfield Le Flore Okmulgee Tulsa
Canadian Garvin Lincoln Osage Wagoner
Carter Grady Logan Ottawa Washington
Cherokee Grant Love Pawnee Washita
Choctaw Greer McClain Payne Woods
Cimarron Harmon McCurtain Pittsburg Woodward
Cleveland Harper McIntosh Pontotoc
Coal Haskell Major Pottawatomie
Comanche Hughes Marshall Pushmataha

OREGON (OR) (36 counties)

Capital: Salem
Baker Deschutes Josephine Morrow Wasco
Benton Douglas Klamath Multnomah Washington
Clackamas Gilliam Lake Polk Wheeler
Clatsop Grant Lane Sherman Yamhill
Columbia Harney Lincoln Tillamook
Coos Hood River Linn Umatilla
Crook Jackson Malheur Union
Curry Jefferson Marion Wallowa

PALAU (PW) (16 States)

Capital: Melekeok
Aimeliik Kayangel Ngarchelong Ngeremlengui
Airai Koror Ngardmau Ngiwal
Angaur Melekeok Ngatpang Peleliu
Hatohobei Ngaraard Ngchesar Sonsorol

PENNSYLVANIA (PA) (67 counties)

Capital: Harrisburg
Adams Beaver Blair Butler Carbon
Allegheny Bedford Bradford Cambria Centre
Armstrong Berks Bucks Cameron Chester
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 369

Clarion Forest Lebanon Northumber- Tioga

Clearfield Franklin Lehigh land Union
Clinton Fulton Luzerne Perry Venango
Columbia Greene Lycoming Philadelphia Warren
Crawford Huntingdon McKean Pike Washington
Cumberland Indiana Mercer Potter Wayne
Dauphin Jefferson Mifflin Schuylkill Westmoreland
Delaware Juniata Monroe Snyder Wyoming
Elk Lackawanna Montgomery Somerset York
Erie Lancaster Montour Sullivan
Fayette Lawrence Northampton Susquehanna

PUERTO RICO (PR) (78 municipios)

Capital: San Juan
Adjuntas Catao Gurabo Maunabo San Juan
Aguada Cayey Hatillo Mayagez San Lorenzo
Aguadilla Ceiba Hormigueros Moca San Sebastin
Aguas Buenas Ciales Humacao Morovis Santa Isabel
Aibonito Cidra Isabela Naguabo Toa Alta
Aasco Coamo Jayuya Naranjito Toa Baja
Arecibo Comero Juana Daz Orocovis Trujillo Alto
Arroyo Corozal Juncos Patillas Utuado
Barceloneta Culebra Lajas Peuelas Vega Alta
Barranquitas Dorado Lares Ponce Vega Baja
Bayamn Fajardo Las Maras Quebradillas Vieques
Cabo Rojo Florida Las Piedras Rincn Villalba
Caguas Gunica Loza Ro Grande Yabucoa
Camuy Guayama Luquillo Sabana Grande Yauco
Canvanas Guayanilla Manat Salinas
Carolina Guaynabo Maricao San Germn

RHODE ISLAND (RI) (5 counties)

Capital: Providence
Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington

SOUTH CAROLINA (SC) (46 counties)

Capital: Columbia
Abbeville Beaufort Chesterfield Edgefield Hampton
Aiken Berkeley Clarendon Fairfield Horry
Allendale Calhoun Colleton Florence Jasper
Anderson Charleston Darlington Georgetown Kershaw
Bamberg Cherokee Dillon Greenville Lancaster
Barnwell Chester Dorchester Greenwood Laurens
370 Chapter 18

Lee Marlboro Pickens Sumter

Lexington Newberry Richland Union
McCormick Oconee Saluda Williamsburg
Marion Orangeburg Spartanburg York

SOUTH DAKOTA (SD) (66 counties)

Capital: Pierre
Aurora Corson Hand McCook Spink
Beadle Custer Hanson McPherson Stanley
Bennett Davison Harding Marshall Sully
Bon Homme Day Hughes Meade Todd
Brookings Deuel Hutchinson Mellette Tripp
Brown Dewey Hyde Miner Turner
Brule Douglas Jackson Minnehaha Union
Buffalo Edmunds Jerauld Moody Walworth
Butte Fall River Jones Pennington Yankton
Campbell Faulk Kingsbury Perkins Ziebach
Charles Mix Grant Lake Potter
Clark Gregory Lawrence Roberts
Clay Haakon Lincoln Sanborn
Codington Hamlin Lyman Shannon

TENNESSEE (TN) (95 counties)

Capital: Nashville
Anderson Decatur Henderson Marion Sequatchie
Bedford DeKalb Henry Marshall Sevier
Benton Dickson Hickman Maury Shelby
Bledsoe Dyer Houston Meigs Smith
Blount Fayette Humphreys Monroe Stewart
Bradley Fentress Jackson Montgomery Sullivan
Campbell Franklin Jefferson Moore Sumner
Cannon Gibson Johnson Morgan Tipton
Carroll Giles Knox Obion Trousdale
Carter Grainger Lake Overton Unicoi
Cheatham Greene Lauderdale Perry Union
Chester Grundy Lawrence Pickett Van Buren
Claiborne Hamblen Lewis Polk Warren
Clay Hamilton Lincoln Putnam Washington
Cocke Hancock Loudon Rhea Wayne
Coffee Hardeman McMinn Roane Weakley
Crockett Hardin McNairy Robertson White
Cumberland Hawkins Macon Rutherford Williamson
Davidson Haywood Madison Scott Wilson
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 371

TEXAS (TX) (254 counties)

Capital: Austin
Anderson Coke Freestone Jasper Matagorda
Andrews Coleman Frio Jeff Davis Maverick
Angelina Collin Gaines Jefferson Medina
Aransas Collingsworth Galveston Jim Hogg Menard
Archer Colorado Garza Jim Wells Midland
Armstrong Comal Gillespie Johnson Milam
Atascosa Comanche Glasscock Jones Mills
Austin Concho Goliad Karnes Mitchell
Bailey Cooke Gonzales Kaufman Montague
Bandera Coryell Gray Kendall Montgomery
Bastrop Cottle Grayson Kenedy Moore
Baylor Crane Gregg Kent Morris
Bee Crockett Grimes Kerr Motley
Bell Crosby Guadalupe Kimble Nacogdoches
Bexar Culberson Hale King Navarro
Blanco Dallam Hall Kinney Newton
Borden Dallas Hamilton Kleberg Nolan
Bosque Dawson Hansford Knox Nueces
Bowie Deaf Smith Hardeman Lamar Ochiltree
Brazoria Delta Hardin Lamb Oldham
Brazos Denton Harris Lampasas Orange
Brewster DeWitt Harrison La Salle Palo Pinto
Briscoe Dickens Hartley Lavaca Panola
Brooks Dimmit Haskell Lee Parker
Brown Donley Hays Leon Parmer
Burleson Duval Hemphill Liberty Pecos
Burnet Eastland Henderson Limestone Polk
Caldwell Ector Hidalgo Lipscomb Potter
Calhoun Edwards Hill Live Oak Presidio
Callahan Ellis Hockley Llano Rains
Cameron El Paso Hood Loving Randall
Camp Erath Hopkins Lubbock Reagan
Carson Falls Houston Lynn Real
Cass Fannin Howard McCulloch Red River
Castro Fayette Hudspeth McLennan Reeves
Chambers Fisher Hunt McMullen Refugio
Cherokee Floyd Hutchinson Madison Roberts
Childress Foard Irion Marion Robertson
Clay Fort Bend Jack Martin Rockwall
Cochran Franklin Jackson Mason Runnels
372 Chapter 18

Rusk Smith Terry Van Zandt Willacy

Sabine Somervell Throckmorton Victoria Williamson
San Augustine Starr Titus Walker Wilson
San Jacinto Stephens Tom Green Waller Winkler
San Patricio Sterling Travis Ward Wise
San Saba Stonewall Trinity Washington Wood
Schleicher Sutton Tyler Webb Yoakum
Scurry Swisher Upshur Wharton Young
Shackelford Tarrant Upton Wheeler Zapata
Shelby Taylor Uvalde Wichita Zavala
Sherman Terrell Val Verde Wilbarger

UTAH (UT) (29 counties)

Capital: Salt Lake City
Beaver Duchesne Kane San Juan Utah
Box Elder Emery Millard Sanpete Wasatch
Cache Garfield Morgan Sevier Washington
Carbon Grand Piute Summit Wayne
Daggett Iron Rich Tooele Weber
Davis Juab Salt Lake Uintah

VERMONT (VT) (14 counties)

Capital: Montpelier
Addison Chittenden Grand Isle Orleans Windham
Bennington Essex Lamoille Rutland Windsor
Caledonia Franklin Orange Washington

VIRGIN ISLANDS (VI) (3 islands)

Capital: Charlotte Amalie
St. Croix St. John St. Thomas

VIRGINIA (VA) (95 counties)

Capital: Richmond
Accomack Bedford Charles City Essex Goochland
Albemarle Bland Charlotte Fairfax Grayson
Alleghany Botetourt Chesterfield Fauquier Greene
Amelia Brunswick Clarke Floyd Greensville
Amherst Buchanan Craig Fluvanna Halifax
Appomattox Buckingham Culpeper Franklin Hanover
Arlington Campbell Cumberland Frederick Henrico
Augusta Caroline Dickenson Giles Henry
Bath Carroll Dinwiddie Gloucester Highland
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 373

Isle of Wight Madison Orange Richmond Stafford

James City Mathews Page Roanoke Surry
King and Mecklenburg Patrick Rockbridge Sussex
Queen Middlesex Pittsylvania Rockingham Tazewell
King George Montgomery Powhatan Russell Warren
King William Nelson Prince Edward Scott Washington
Lancaster New Kent Prince George Shenandoah Westmoreland
Lee Northampton Prince William Smyth Wise
Loudoun Northumber- Pulaski Southampton Wythe
Louisa land Rappahannock Spotsylvania York
Lunenburg Nottoway

WASHINGTON (WA) (39 counties)

Capital: Olympia
Adams Douglas King Pacific Stevens
Asotin Ferry Kitsap Pend Oreille Thurston
Benton Franklin Kittitas Pierce Wahkiakum
Chelan Garfield Klickitat San Juan Walla Walla
Clallam Grant Lewis Skagit Whatcom
Clark Grays Harbor Lincoln Skamania Whitman
Columbia Island Mason Snohomish Yakima
Cowlitz Jefferson Okanogan Spokane

WEST VIRGINIA (WV) (55 counties)

Capital: Charleston
Barbour Grant Logan Nicholas Summers
Berkeley Greenbrier McDowell Ohio Taylor
Boone Hampshire Marion Pendleton Tucker
Braxton Hancock Marshall Pleasants Tyler
Brooke Hardy Mason Pocahontas Upshur
Cabell Harrison Mercer Preston Wayne
Calhoun Jackson Mineral Putnam Webster
Clay Jefferson Mingo Raleigh Wetzel
Doddridge Kanawha Monongalia Randolph Wirt
Fayette Lewis Monroe Ritchie Wood
Gilmer Lincoln Morgan Roane Wyoming
374 Chapter 18

WISCONSIN (WI) (72 counties)

Capital: Madison
Adams Douglas Kewaunee Ozaukee Taylor
Ashland Dunn La Crosse Pepin Trempealeau
Barron Eau Claire Lafayette Pierce Vernon
Bayfield Florence Langlade Polk Vilas
Brown Fond du Lac Lincoln Portage Walworth
Buffalo Forest Manitowoc Price Washburn
Burnett Grant Marathon Racine Washington
Calumet Green Marinette Richland Waukesha
Chippewa Green Lake Marquette Rock Waupaca
Clark Iowa Menominee Rusk Waushara
Columbia Iron Milwaukee St. Croix Winnebago
Crawford Jackson Monroe Sauk Wood
Dane Jefferson Oconto Sawyer
Dodge Juneau Oneida Shawano
Door Kenosha Outagamie Sheboygan

WYOMING (WY) (23 counties)

Capital: Cheyenne
Albany Crook Laramie Platte Uinta
Big Horn Fremont Lincoln Sheridan Washakie
Campbell Goshen Natrona Sublette Weston
Carbon Hot Springs Niobrara Sweetwater
Converse Johnson Park Teton

Common misspellings
Geographers and cartographers omit the possessive apostrophe in pla-
cenames; however, apostrophes appearing in legally constituted names of
counties should not be changed.
The names of the following counties are often misspelled and/or confused:
Allegany in Maryland and New York Brooke in West Virginia
Alleghany in North Carolina and Virginia Brooks in Georgia and Texas
Allegheny in Pennsylvania Bulloch in Georgia
Andrew in Missouri Bullock in Alabama
Andrews in Texas Burnet in Texas
Aransas in Texas Burnett in Wisconsin
Arkansas in Arkansas Cheboygan in Michigan
Barber in Kansas Sheboygan in Wisconsin
Barbour in Alabama and West Virginia Clarke in Alabama, Georgia, Iowa,
Brevard in Florida Mississippi, and Virginia
Broward in Florida Clark in all other States
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 375

Coffee in Alabama, Georgia, and Manatee in Florida

Tennessee Manistee in Michigan
Coffey in Kansas Merced in California
Coal in Oklahoma Mercer in all other States
Cole in Missouri Morton in Kansas
Coles in Illinois Norton in Kansas
Cook in Illinois and Minnesota Muscogee in Georgia
Cooke in Texas Muskogee in Oklahoma
Davidson in North Carolina and Park in Colorado and Montana
Tennessee Parke in Indiana
Davie in North Carolina Pottawatomie in Kansas and
Daviess in Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma
and Missouri Pottawattamie in Iowa
Davis in Iowa and Utah Prince George in Virginia
Davison in South Dakota Prince Georges in Maryland
DeKalb all one word Sanders in Montana
Dickenson in Virginia Saunders in Nebraska
Dickinson in Iowa, Kansas, and Smyth in Virginia
Michigan
Smith in all other States
Dickson in Tennessee
Stafford in Virginia
Forrest in Mississippi
Strafford in New Hampshire
Forest in all other States
Stanley in South Dakota
Glascock in Georgia
Stanly in North Carolina
Glasscock in Texas
Stark in Illinois, North Dakota,
Green in Kentucky and Wisconsin and Ohio
Greene in all other States Starke in Indiana
Harford in Maryland Stephens in Georgia, Oklahoma,
Hartford in Connecticut and Texas
Huntingdon in Pennsylvania Stevens in Kansas, Minnesota,
Huntington in Indiana and Washington
Johnston in North Carolina and Storey in Nevada
Oklahoma Story in Iowa
Johnson in all other States Terrell in Georgia and Texas
Kanabec in Minnesota Tyrrell in North Carolina
Kennebec in Maine Tooele in Utah
Kearney in Nebraska Toole in Montana
Kearny in Kansas Vermillion in Indiana
Kenedy in Texas Vermilion in all other States
Linn in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Woods in Oklahoma
and Oregon Wood in all other States
Lynn in Texas Wyandot in Ohio
Loudon in Tennessee Wyandotte in Kansas
Loudoun in Virginia
19. Congressional Record

Code of laws of the United States and rules for publication of

the Congressional Record
Title 44, Section 901. Congressional Record: Arrangement, style,
contents, and indexes.The Joint Committee on Printing shall control
the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and while providing
that it shall be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all
needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk. It shall provide for the
publication of an index of the Congressional Record semimonthly during
and at the close of sessions of Congress.
Title 44, Section 904. Congressional Record: Maps, diagrams,
illustrations.Maps, diagrams, or illustrations may not be inserted in
the Record without the approval of the Joint Committee on Printing.

General rules
The rules governing document work (FIC & punc.) apply to the Congres-
sional Record, except as may be noted herein. The same general style should
be followed in the permanent (bound) Record as is used in the daily Record.
It is important to be familiar with the exceptions and the forms peculiar to
the Record.
Much of the data printed in the Congressional Record is forwarded to GPO
using the captured keystrokes of the floor reporters. Element identifier codes
are programmatically inserted, and galley output is accomplished without
manual intervention. It is not cost-effective to prepare the accompanying
manuscript as per the GPO Style Manual, and it is too time-consuming
to update and change the data once it is already in type form. Therefore,
the Record is to be FIC & punc. Because of its volume, it is not necessary to
stamp the manuscript FIC & punc. However, Record style will be followed,
as stated in the following rules:
Daily and permanent Record texts are set in 8-point type on a 9-point body.
Extracts are set in 7-point type on an 8-point body.
An F-dash will be used preceding 8-point cap lines in the proceedings of the
Senate and House.

377
378 Chapter 19

All 7-point extracts and poetry will carry 2 points of space above and below
unless heads appear, which generate their own space.
All extracts are set 7 point unless otherwise ordered by the Joint Committee
on Printing.
Except as noted below, all communications from the President must be set
in 8 point, but if such communications contain extracts, etc., the extracts are
set in 7 point.
An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or referred to as
an extract is set in 7 point.
A letter from the President to the Senate is set in 7 point when any form of
treaty is enclosed that is to be printed in the Record in connection therewith.
The letter is set in 7 point whether the treaty follows or precedes it or is sepa-
rated from it by intervening matter.
In all quoted amendments and excerpts of bills and in reprinting bills, the
style and manuscript as printed in the bill will be followed.
Except where otherwise directed, profanity, obscene wording, or extreme
vulgarisms are to be deleted and a 3-em dash substituted.
Floor-approved statements in a foreign language, will be printed following
their English translation.
Extreme caution must be used in making corrections in manuscript, and no
important change will be made without proper authorization.
Observe the lists of names of Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, com-
mittees of both Houses, and duplicate names. Changes caused by death,
resignation, or otherwise must be noted. There is no excuse for error in the
spelling of names of Senators, Representatives, or department officials. In
case of doubt, the Congressional Directory will be the authority.
Datelines should be followed on Extensions of Remarks. If any question
arises as to the proper date to be used, a supervisor must be consulted.
Indented matter in leaderwork will be 1 em only.
Do not write queries on proofs.
Congressional Record 379

Capitalization
(See also Chapter 3 Capitalization Rules)
If the name of the Congressional Record is mentioned, it must be set in caps
and small caps and never abbreviated, even when appearing in citations,
except in extract matter, then cap/lowercase.
The name of a Senator or a Representative preceding his or her direct re-
marks is set in caps and is followed by a period with equal spacing to be
used.
The name of a Senator or a Representative used in connection with a bill or
other paperthat is, in an adjectival senseis lowercased, as the Engel bill,
the Fish amendment, etc.; but Udalls amendment, etc.
The names of Members and Members-elect of both Houses of the Congress,
including those of the Vice President and Speaker, will be printed in caps
and small caps if mention is made of them, except in extract matter.
Deceased Members names will be set in caps and small caps in eulogies
only on the first day the House or Senate is in session following the death
of a Member, in a speech carrying date when the Member was eulogized, or
on memorial day in the Senate and House. Eulogy day in one House will be
treated the same in the other.
Certificates of Senators-elect of a succeeding Congress are usually presented
to the current Congress, and in such cases the names of the Senators-elect
must be in caps and small caps.
Names of Members of Congress must be set in caps and lowercase in votes,
in lists set in columns, in the list of standing and select committees, in con-
tested-election cases, in lists of pairs, and in all parts of tabular matter (head,
body, and footnotes).
Observe that the names of all persons not certified Members of Congress
are to be set in caps and lowercase; that is, names of secretaries, clerks, mes-
sengers, and others.
Names of proposed Federal boards, commissions, services, etc., are
capitalized.
380 Chapter 19

Capitalize principal words and quote after each of the following terms:
address, album, article, book, caption, chapter heading, editorial, essay, head-
ing, headline, motion picture or play (including TV or radio program), paper,
poem, report, song, subheading, subject, theme, etc. Also, following the word
entitled, except with reference to bill titles which are treated as follows: A
bill (or an act) transferring certain functions of the Price Administrator to
the Petroleum Administrator for War, etc.

Figures
Follow the manuscript as to the use of numerals. Dollar amounts in Record
manuscript are to be followed.
Figures appearing in manuscript as 20 billion 428 million 125 thousand
dollars should be followed.

Tabular matter and leaderwork

Record tables may be set either one or three columns in width, as follows:
One-column table: 14 picas (168 points).
Three-column table: 43 picas (522 points). Footnote(s) will be set 43
picas.
All short footnotes should be run in with 2 ems between each.

Italic
Italic, boldface, caps, or small caps shall not be used for emphasis; nor shall
unusual indentions be used. This does not apply to literally reproduced
quotations from historical, legal, or official documents. If italic other than
restricted herein is desired, the words should be underscored and Fol. ital.
written on each folio. Do not construe this to apply to Provided, Provided
further, Ordered, Resolved, Be it enacted, etc.
Names of vessels must be set in italic, except in headings, where they will be
quoted.
The prayer delivered in either House must be set in 8-point roman. If pref-
aced or followed by a quotation from the Bible, such quotation must be set
in 8-point italic. Extracts from the Bible or other literature contained in the
body of the prayer will be set in 8-point roman and quoted.
Congressional Record 381

When general or passing mention is made of a case in 8 point, the title is

set in roman, as Smith Bros. case. When a specific citation is indicated and
reference follows, use italic for title, as Smith Bros. case (172 App. Div. 149).
In 8-point manuscript, titles of cases are always set in italic if followed by
references. In 7 point, manuscript is followed.
In 8-point matter, when only the title of a case is given, set in roman, as
United States versus 12 Diamond Rings.
When versus is used in other than legal phrases and for the purposes of
showing contrast, it is not abbreviated or set in italic, as airplanes versus
battleships.

Miscellaneous
Do not quote any communication carrying date and signature. However,
a letter (or other communication) bearing both date and signature that ap-
pears within a letter shall be quoted.
Do not put quotation marks on centerheads in 7-point extracts unless cen-
terheads belong to original matter.
In newspaper extracts, insert place and date at beginning of paragraph. Use
caps and small caps for name of place and roman lowercase for spelled-out
date. Connect date and extract by a period and an em dash. If date and place
are credited in a bracket line above extract, they need not be used again at
the beginning of the paragraph.
Each Whereas in a preamble must begin a new paragraph. The Therefore be
it must be preceded by a colon and be run in with the last Whereas. Be it
will run in with the word Therefore, but it must not be supplied when not in
manuscript. Note the following:
Whereas it has been deemed advisable Resolved, That the committee, etc.
to, etc.: Therefore be it

In the titles of legal cases, manuscript is followed as to spelling, abbrevia-

tions, and use of figures.
Use single punctuation in citations of cases and statutes:
United States v. 12 Diamond Rings (124 U.S. 329; R.S. p. 310, sec. 1748).
382 Chapter 19

Indent asterisk lines 2 ems on each side. Use five asterisks.

If a title is used as part of the name of an organization, vessel, etc., spell; thus,
General Ulysses S. Grant Post No. 76, Grand Army of the Republic.
The order of subdivision of the Constitution of the United States is as fol-
lows: article I, section 2, clause 3.
If an exhibit appears at the end of a speech, the head Exhibit is set in 7-point
caps and small caps.
In extracts containing votes the names must be run in, as Mr. Smith of
Texas, AuCoin, and Clay, etc.
In a Senators or a Representatives remarks, when amendments, sections,
etc., are referred to by number, follow the manuscript.
In text references to Senate and House reports and in executive and miscel-
laneous documents, follow the manuscript.
In headings and text references to resolutions and memorials, follow the
manuscript.

In gross or en gros
When a bill comes to final action, in the presentment of amendments col-
lectively for a vote, either the term in gross or the French equivalent en
gros may be used.

Examples of Congressional Record

USE OF CAPS AND SMALL CAPS

[Note the use of parentheses and brackets Mr. HUDSONs amendment was
in the following examples. Each will be used adopted.
as submitted, as long as they are consistent Mr. FARR. Madam Speaker, I yield
throughout.]
to Mr. HOYER.
Mr. THUNE. (Name all caps when a Mr. HOYER said: If not paired, I
Member or visitor addresses Senate would vote no on this bill.
or House.) A MEMBER. And debate it afterward.
On motion by [or of] Mr. FRANKEN, it SEVERAL SENATORS. I object.
was, etc. But: Several Senators addressed
The VICE PRESIDENT resumed the Chair.
the chair. Mr. COATS, Mr. DONNELLY (and
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. others). Let it be read.
BLUNT). Is there objection? The ACTING SECRETARY. In line 11,
The SPEAKER called the House to after the word Provided, it is pro-
order. posed, etc.
Congressional Record 383

Mrs. CAPPS was recognized, and Mr. HOYER, for 1 hour, on Wednesday,
yielded her time to Mr. C RDENAS. February 2.
[When two Members from the same State Mr. ENGEL (at the request of Mr.
have the same surname, full name is used.] HOYER), for 1 hour, on February 2.
On motion of Ms. LINDA T. SNCHEZ of (The following Members (at the re-
California . . . quest of Mr. KING of New York) and to
On motion of Ms. LORETTA SANCHEZ of revise and extend their remarks and
California . . . include therein extraneous matter:)
Mr. DESANTIS and Mr. MARIO Mrs. COMSTOCK, for 5 minutes, today.
DIAZ-BALART of Florida rose to a Mr. HOLDING, for 5 minutes, today.
point of order. Mr. COFFMAN, for 60 minutes, today.
The CHAIRMAN appointed Mr. POE [Note the following double action:]
and Mr. ISRAEL as conferees. (Mr. HOYER asked and was given
[Extracts that consist of colloquies will permission to extend his remarks
use caps and small caps for names of persons at this point in the RECORD and to in-
speaking, as shown below:]
clude extraneous matter.)
Mr. DEFAZIO. I think this bill is so well
(Mr. HOYER addressed the House.
understood that no time will be required
for its discussion. His remarks will appear hereafter in
Ms. NORTON. Does this bill come from the the Extensions of Remarks.)
Committee on Armed Services?
The SPEAKER. It does.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED a previous order of the House, the
By unanimous consent, permis- gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. FOR-
sion to address the House, following TENBERRY) is recognized for 5 minutes.

the legislative and any special orders (Mr. FORTENBERRY addressed the
heretofore entered, was granted to: House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Extensions of Remarks.)

PUNCTUATION

Mr. REID. Mr. President, I call up The title was amended so as to

P\DPHQGPHQWZKLFKLVLGHQWLHGDV read: A bill for the relief of Maude S.
unprinted amendment No. 1296, and Burman.
ask that it be stated. A motion to reconsider was laid on
The bill was reported to the Senate the table. [House.]
as amended, and the amendment was [Use this form when title of bill is not
concurred in. given:]
The bill was reported to the Senate The bill was ordered to be engrossed
without amendment, ordered to be and read a third time, was read the
engrossed for a third reading, read third time, and passed, and a motion
the third time, and passed. to reconsider was laid on the table.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed [House.]
for a third reading, read the third
time, and passed. The bill was ordered to be engrossed
[Use this form when title of bill is given:] and read a third time, and passed.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed The amendments were ordered to
and read the third time, was read the be engrossed and the bill to be read a
third time, and passed. third time.
384 Chapter 19

The amendment was agreed to, and taxpayers investment in our highway in-
the bill as amended was ordered to be frastructure; and
Whereas, The General Assembly of the
engrossed and read a third time; and
State of Rhode Island and Providence
being engrossed, it was accordingly Plantations resolved jointly to urge the
read the third time and passed. Congress of the United States to . . .
There was no objection, and, by Resolved, That this House of Represen-
tatives of the State of Rhode Island and
unanimous consent, the Senate pro-
3URYLGHQFH 3ODQWDWLRQV KHUHE\ UHDIUPV
ceeded . . . its opposition to proposals, at all lev-
The question was taken, and the els of government, that would authorize
motion was agreed to. increases in the size and weight of com-
mercial motor vehicles because of the
The question being taken, the mo-
impact that these increases would have
tion was agreed to. on highway infrastructure, especially
Ordered to lie on the table and to be bridges; and be it further
printed. Resolved, That the Secretary of State be
and he hereby is authorized and directed to
Ms. EDWARDS. Mr. Chairman, I
WUDQVPLWGXO\FHUWLHGFRSLHVRIWKLVUHVR-
move to strike the requisite number lution to the President and Vice President
of words. of the United States, the Speaker of the
(Ms. EDWARDS asked and was United States House of Representatives,
the Majority Leader of the United States
given permission to revise and extend
Senate and the Rhode Island Delegation to
her remarks.) the Congress of the United States.
[Note use of interrogation mark in the [Note use of italic in title of cases:]
following:]
. . . This is the occasion America did
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, what not have to consider what other options
does this mean? might guarantee maternal safety
We have never received a dollar of this
while protecting the unborn. This is
amount.
POM376. A resolution adopted by the our national opportunity to recon-
House of Representatives of the State of sider Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Rhode Island expressing its opposition to Roe against Wade and its companion
federal proposals to authorize increases
case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973),
in the size or weight of commercial motor
vehicles; to the Committee on Commerce, granted abortion the elevated status
Science, and Transportation. of a fundamental constitutional right
HOUSE RESOLUTION NO. 8296 and invalidated almost all effective
Whereas, The State of Rhode Island is restrictions on abortion throughout
committed to protecting the safety of mo-
the 9 months of pregnancy . . . .
torists on its highways and to protecting

PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS

[The use of parentheses and brackets will be Mr. HUFFMAN. Madam Speaker, I
followed as submitted for acronyms, symbols, now yield 5 minutes to the gentleman
or abbreviations.]
from Indiana (Mr. HIGGINS).
This legislation would exempt cer- (Mr. BUTTERFIELD asked and was
WDLQ GHQHG &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH given permission to revise and extend
$JHQF\ >&,$@ RSHUDWLRQDO OHV IURP his remarks in the Record.)
the search and review process of Ms. MOORE. There is no may not
the Freedom of Information Act about it. Here is the form in which
[FOIA], thus permitting the Agency they are printed.
to respond much more quickly to Mr. DOYLE. I am in hopes we shall
those FOIA requests which are at be able to secure a vote on the bill
all likely to result in the release of tonight.
information. [Vote! Vote!]
Congressional Record 385

Mr. HICE. The Chair rather gets me [Names of Senators or Representatives

on that question. [Laughter.] I did not appearing in remarks of other Members of
Congress should be enclosed in brackets, ex-
rise. [Cries of Vote! Vote!]
cept in listing of tellers or when some title
Mrs. CAPPS [one of the tellers]. I do other than Mr. is used, as in the following
not desire to press the point that no examples:]
quorum has voted. Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President,
The CHAIRMAN [after a pause]. If I thank my friend from Rhode
QR JHQWOHPDQ FODLPV WKH RRU WKH Island [Senator WHITEHOUSE] for
Clerk will proceed with the reading WKDW PDJQLFHQW H[FKDQJH RI FRU-
of the bill. respondence between the Hebrew
Mr. HURD of Texas. Then he is en- congregation of Newport, RI, and
deavoring to restrict the liberty of President Washington.
the individual in the disbursement May I say that Senator WHITEHOUSE,
of his own money. [Applause on the in his own bearing and substance,
Republican side.] lives out the promise of religious
Mr. ELLISON. Mr. Speaker, I desire IUHHGRPWKDWRXUUVW3UHVLGHQWJDYH
to ask unanimous consent that the to all Americans.
time of the gentleman[Cries of Perhaps I should say I say that as
Regular Order!] one of the descendants of the Stock
[Laughter.] of Abraham who is privileged to be a
The SPEAKER. Is there objection Member of the Senate today. I thank
to the consideration of this bill at Senator WHITEHOUSE. I thank Senator
this time? [After a pause.] There is no MORAN.
objection. I am going to take the liberty, if I
The CHAIRMAN [rapping with his may, to speak for a few minutes while
gavel]. Debate is exhausted. we are waiting for either Senator
Mr. HURT of Virginia. Patrick MURKOWSKI, Senators WARNER or
Henry said: MENENDEZ, who are going to read doc-
Ceasar had his Brutus, Charles I his uments before I conclude.
Cromwell, and George III
[here he was interrupted by cries of [In Senate manuscript a Senator is referred
Treason, Treason] to as the Senator from [Mr. ]. Do not
DQG *HRUJH ,,, PD\ SURW E\ WKHLU H[- supply name and brackets if name does not ap-
ample. If this be treason, let us make the pear in manuscript.]
most of it! [Note that brackets are used only when Mr.,
etc., appears in manuscript.]
(Mr. MILLER of Florida addressed
[See also use of Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms. in expla-
the Committee [or House]. His re- nation of votes under Pairs.]
marks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.)

VOTING IN THE HOUSE AND IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE

[Note that a dash is used only when a comma So (no further count being called
is necessary to separate the ayes and noes. If
for) the amendment of Mr. SCOTT of
only the ayes or the noes are given, no punc-
tuation is to be used. If the word and is used Virginia was not agreed to.
to connect the ayes and noes, as ayes 52 and So (two-thirds having voted in favor
noes 65, or 52 ayes and 65 noes, the dash is thereof) the rules were suspended,
omitted after the word were or being.]
and the bill was passed.
On the question of ordering the yeas So (two-thirds not having voted in fa-
and nays there were 18 ayes and 88 vor thereof) the motion was rejected.
noes. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman
The House divided; and there were raises the point of no quorum. The
ayes 52, noes 65. Chair will count. [After counting.]
386 Chapter 19

Two hundred and seventeen present, ther proceedings under the call shall
a quorum. The noes have it, and the be considered as vacated.
amendment is rejected. The Committee will resume its
The question being taken on the mo- business.
tion of Mr. HOYER to suspend the rules The pending business is the demand
and pass the bill, it was agreed to of the gentleman from Minnesota
(two-thirds voting in favor thereof). [Mr. PAULSEN] for a recorded vote.
6R WKH DIUPDWLYH QRW EHLQJ RQH A recorded vote was refused.
IWK RI WKH ZKROH YRWH WKH \HDV DQG So the amendment to the amend-
nays were not ordered. ment offered as a substitute for the
The question was taken by a viva amendment was rejected.
voice vote, and the Speaker an- The CHAIRMAN. The question is on
nounced that two-thirds appeared the amendment offered by the gentle-
WR KDYH YRWHG LQ WKH DIUPDWLYH man from Pennsylvania [Mr. MEEHAN]
and [after a pause] that the bill was as a substitute for the amendment of-
passed. fered by the gentlewoman from South
The yeas and nays were ordered, Dakota [Mrs. NOEM].
WKHUH EHLQJ  LQ WKH DIUPDWLYH The question was taken; and the
PRUHWKDQRQHIWKRIWKHODVWYRWH Chairman announced that the noes
The question being taken on Mr. appeared to have it.
SHELBYs motion, there wereayes 18, RECORDED VOTE

noes 35. Mr. MEEHAN. Mr. Chairman, I de-

The question being taken on con- mand a recorded vote.
curring in the amendments of the A recorded vote was ordered.
Senate, there wereayes 101, noes 5. The vote was taken by electronic
The question was taken; and on a di- device, and there wereayes 228,
vision [demanded by Mr. HOYER] there noes 188, answered present 1, not
wereayes 17, noes 29. voting 47, as follows
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Chairman, I de- [Roll No. 509]
mand a recorded vote, and pending AYES228
that, I make the point of order that a Abraham Ellmers (NC) Huelskamp
quorum is not present. Babin Farenthold Sensenbrenner
Brooks (AL) Fincher Walker
The CHAIRMAN. Evidently a quo- Brooks (IN) Garrett Westerman
rum is not present. Chabot Goodlatte Yoho
The Chair announces that pursuant Curbelo (FL) Hartzler Zeldin
to clause 2, rule XXIII, he will vacate
proceedings under the call when a NOES188
quorum of the Committee appears. Adams Matsui Takano
Members will record their presence Bonamici McCollum Van Hollen
by electronic device. DeGette O'Rourke Vargas
The call was taken by electronic Deutch Ryan (OH) Veasey
Hastings Sarbanes Wilson (FL)
device. Langevin Schakowsky Yarmuth
1715

[The above box followed by a four-digit ANSWERED PRESENT1

QXPEHULQGLFDWHVRRUWLPHLQWKH+RXVH
Fleming
p.m.)]
QUORUM CALL VACATED

The CHAIRMAN. One hundred Mem- NOT VOTING17

bers have appeared. A quorum of the Bishop (UT) Lipinski Price (NC)
Duckworth McKinley Reichert
Committee of the Whole is present. Gohmert Nugent Ross
Pursuant to rule XXIII, clause 2, fur- Graves (LA) Palazzo Valadao
Congressional Record 387

1311 [If the Speaker votes, his name is not used,

but at the end of the yeas or nays, accord-
Mr. RYAN of Wisconsin changed his
ing to his vote, insert: The Speaker.]
vote from aye to no.
So the amendment offered as a
Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Ms.
substitute for the amendment was
ESHOO, and Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN
agreed to.
changed their vote from no to aye.
The result of the vote was an-
[The Speakers vote is recorded only in the
nounced as above recorded.
Ayes or Noes. It is never recorded as not
voting.]

VOTING BY YEAS AND NAYS

Senate Montana (Mr. TESTER) are necessarily

QUORUM CALL absent.
The clerk will call the roll. Mr. CORNYN. The following
The assistant legislative clerk Senators are necessarily absent:
proceeded to call the roll, and the fol- the Senator from Minnesota (Mr.
lowing Senators entered the Chamber FRANKLIN), the Senator from Nevada
and answered to their names: (Mr. HELLER), the Senator from
[Quorum No. 42] South Carolina (Mr. GRAHAM), the
Alexander Murkowski Tillis Senator from New Hampshire (Mrs.
Feinstein Nelson Udall SHAHEEN), the Senator from Arizona
Grassley Paul Vitter (Mr. MCCAIN), the Senator from
Hatch Sullivan Warner
Heinrich Tester Whitehouse
Alaska (Ms. MURKOWSKI), the Senator
Kaine Thune Wicker from South Dakota (Mr. THUNE), the
Senator from Louisiana (Mr. VITTER),
The PRESIDING OFFICER [Mr. and the Senator from Mississippi (Mr.
SASSE]. A quorum is not present. WICKER).
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I move Further, if present and voting,
that the Sergeant at Arms be in- the Senator from Minnesota (Ms.
structed to require the attendance KLOBUCHAR) would have voted yea.
of absent Senators, and I ask for the The result was announcedyeas 52,
yeas and nays on the motion. nays 40, as follows:
THE PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
[Rollcall Vote No. 163 Leg.]
WKHUH D VXIFLHQW VHFRQG" 7KHUH LV D
YEAS76
VXIFLHQWVHFRQG
The yeas and nays were ordered. Baldwin Heitkamp Pryor
Begich Hirono Reed
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Bennet Johnson (SD) Reid
question is on agreeing to the motion Blumenthal Kaine Rockefeller
of the Senator from Nevada. On this Booker Klobuchar Sanders
question the yeas and nays have been Boxer Landrieu Schatz
Brown Leahy Schumer
ordered, and the clerk will call the Cantwell Levin Shaheen
roll. Cardin Manchin Stabenow
The Assistant legislative clerk Carper Markey Tester
called the roll. Casey McCaskill Udall (CO)
Coons Menendez Udall (NM)
Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Durbin Merkley Walsh
Senator from Ohio (Mr. BROWN), the Feinstein Mikulski Warner
Senator from Massachusetts (Mr. Franken Murphy Warren
MARKEY), the Senator from Illinois Gillibrand Murray Whitehouse
Hagan Nelson Wyden
(Mr. KIRK), the Senator from Arkansas Heinrich
(Mr. BOOZMAN), and the Senator from
388 Chapter 19

NAYS10 NOT VOTING14

Alexander Flake Murkowski Barrasso Donnelly Moran
Ayotte Graham Paul Blunt Harkin Roberts
Boozman Grassley Portman Chambliss Hatch
Burr Heller Risch
Coats Hoeven Rubio
Coburn Inhofe Scott
So the motion was agreed to.
Cochran Isakson Sessions
Collins Johanns Shelby
Corker Johnson (WI) Thune
Cornyn King Toomey
Crapo Kirk Vitter
Cruz Lee Wicker
Enzi McCain
Fischer McConnell

PAIRS
[The word with must always be used in pairs The result of the vote was an-
in the House, not and; and manuscript must be nounced as above recorded.
altered to conform thereto, as Mr. Smith with
A motion to reconsider was laid on
Mr. Jonesnot Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones. Note
use of lowercase for names in list of pairs in the table.
House.] Mr. BARR. Mr. Speaker, I voted,
The Clerk announced the following but, being paired with the gentlelady
pairs: from Minnesota, Mrs. BEATTY, I
On this vote: withdraw my vote.
Mr. Abraham for, with Mr. Aderholt Ms. MAXINE WATERS of
against. California. Mr. Speaker, I have a pair
Until further notice: with the gentleman from New York,
Mr. Barr with Mrs. Beatty. Mr. SEAN PATRICK MALONEY of New York,
Mrs. Capps with Mr. Calvert. who, if present, would have voted
Ms. Maxine Waters of California yea. I voted nay. I withdraw my
with Mr. Sean Patrick Maloney of vote and vote present.
New York. [In House pairs do not use brackets when
Mr. Ackerman with Mr. Young of members are referred to by name. In Senate
Alaska. pairs observe the following use of brackets:]
Mr. HANNA of New York, Mrs. Mr. DAWES (when his name was
BUSTOS, Messrs. FOSTER, HILL, called). I am paired on this ques-
and ISRAEL changed their votes tion with the senior Senator from
from nay to yea. Massachusetts [Mr. MARKEY]. If he
So the bill was passed. were here, I should vote yea.

CALL OF THE HOUSE

Mr. PALLONE. Ms. Speaker, I move [Roll No. 41]
a call of the House. Abraham Garamendi Tiberi
Aguilar Hurd (TX) Tipton
A call of the House was ordered. Brady (PA) Hurt (VA) Tonko
The call was taken by electronic Brady (TX) Neugebauer Torres
device and the following Members re- Davis, Rodney Perlmutter Yoho
sponded to their names: DeFazio Ros-Lehtinen Young (AK)

[No reference will be made of the names of

those not voting.]

FORMS OF TITLES
>$OZD\VLQURPDQORZHUFDVHXVKDQGKDQJ the public 2 per centum bonds or
HPLIPRUHWKDQWZROLQHV@ FHUWLFDWHVHWF
H.J. RES. 2
Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep-
Joint resolution authorizing the Sec- resentatives of the United States of America
retary of the Treasury to issue to in Congress assembled, That the . . .
Congressional Record 389

H.R. 4487 America in Congress assembled, That it

shall be lawful for the Rock Island and
A bill to authorize the Rock Island
Southwestern Railway Company, a cor-
and Southwestern Railway Com- poration organized under the general
pany to construct a bridge, etc. incorporation, etc.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of

ADDRESSES AND SIGNATURES

[No line spacing, street addresses, or ZIP DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Having changed my
Code numbers are to be used in communica- politics from Republican to Democrat, etc.
tions in the Record.] With my best wishes.
The Honorable the SECRETARY OF THE Sincerely,
NAVY. VINCENT J. DELLAY.
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This is in response
to your letter, etc. U.S. SENATE,
Very sincerely yours, PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,
GEORGE W. BUSH. Washington, DC, March 17, 2016.
To the Senate:
COLUMBIA, MO, Being temporarily absent from the
January 17, 2016. Senate, I appoint Hon. ROB PORTMAN, a
Hon. CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Senator from the State of Montana, to
&DQQRQ+RXVH2IFH%XLOGLQJ perform the duties of the Chair during my
Washington, DC. absence.
The Presidents farm message of today ORRIN G. H ATCH,
. . . farmers and prevent the spread of this President pro tempore.
depression to every part of our country.
MISSOURI FARMERS
ASSOCIATION,
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO
F.V. H EINKEL, President.
TEMPORE

JANUARY 20, 2016. The SPEAKER pro tempore laid before
Hon. JACOB J. LEW, the House the following communication
The Secretary of the Treasury, Department from the Speaker:
of the Treasury, Washington, DC. WASHINGTON, DC,
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Mindful of the tre- June 17, 2016.
mendous workload, etc. I hereby appoint the Honorable KEN BUCK
I would appreciate your comment on the to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day.
foregoing proposal. PAUL D. RYAN,
Your proposal seems to be in the best in- Speaker of the House of Representatives.
terest of all concerned.
Sincerely yours, THE I NTERNATIONAL UNION, UNITED
JOHN P. SARBANES, AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND AGRI-
Member of Congress. CULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF
AMERICA,
ALEXANDRIA, MN, Detroit, MI, March 25, 2016.
November 10, 2016. To the Senate of the United States.
Hon. AMY KLOBUCHAR, To the United States House of Representa-
6HQDWH2IFH%XLOGLQJ tives.
Washington, DC. HONORABLE SIRS: April 7, 2016, being the
We oppose the nomination of John Smith WKDQQLYHUVDU\RIWKHPRGLFDWLRQHWF
for Secretary of Agriculture because he re- [Two to eight independent signatures, with
sists family farms. or without titles, are aligned on the left.]
RAYMOND WAGNER.
To the Honorable Senate and House of
BRANDON, MN.
Representatives of the United States of
America Now Assembled at Washington,
JANUARY 17, 1972. DC:
Re resignation from committee. 7KHXQGHUVLJQHGRIFHUVRIWKH1DY\RI
Hon. CARL ALBERT, the United States, respectfully show unto
The Speaker, U.S. House of Representa-
tives, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC.
390 Chapter 19

your honorable bodies the following infor- ersen, George Doty, Thomas
mation, etc. St. Martin; Joan ONeill;
JAMES G. GREEN.
Lloyd Moosebrugger; Sam
W.H. SOUTHERLAND.
THOMAS H ARRISON. Kaplan; Ronald Nemer; Dean
F.F. FLETCHER. Potter; Philip Archer; Thomas
ROBERT WHELAN. McDonough; Mrs. Lloyd
C.C. WILSON.
Moosebrugger; Minnesota
Young Democratic Civil
Respectfully submitted,
KARL F. FELLER, Rights Committee.
International President.

THOMAS RUSCH,
JOHN SMITH,
Director of Organization.
Lieutenant Governor
ARTHUR GILDEA,
(For the Governor of Maine).
Secretary-Treasurer.
JOSEPH E. BRADY,
Director of Legislation. TEXARKANA TEXTILE
MERCHANTS &
[More than eight signatures, with or without MANUFACTURERS
titles, are set full measure, caps and lower- ASSOCIATION,
case, run in, indented 2 and 3 ems, as follows:] JOHN L. JONES,
Secretary.
Gene H. Rosenblum, Cochairman;
Paul H. Ray, Cochairman;
Cynthia Asplund, James Ped-

CREDITS

[From the Wall Street Journal, Since the program became public in 2006,
Oct. 31, 2007] Congress has been asserting appropriate
SURVEILLANCE SANITY oversight. Few of those who learned the
details of the program have criticized its
(By Benjamin Civiletti, Dick Thornburgh
necessity. Instead, critics argued that if
and William Webster)
the president found FISA inadequate, he
Following the terrorist attacks of Sept. should have gone to Congress and gotten
11, 2001, President Bush authorized the the changes necessary to allow the pro-
National Security Agency to target al gram to proceed under court orders. That
Qaeda communications into and out of process is now underway. The administra-
the country. Mr. Bush concluded that this tion has brought the program under FISA,
was essential for protecting the coun- and the Senate Intelligence Committee
try, that using the Foreign Intelligence recently reported out a bill with a strong
Surveillance Act would not permit the bipartisan majority of 132, that would
necessary speed and agility, and that he make the changes to FISA needed for
had the constitutional power to authorize the program to continue. This bill is now
such surveillance without court orders to being considered by the Senate Judiciary
defend the country. Committee.

POETRY

[If poetry is quoted, each stanza should $QG WKHQ ZKHQ &RRQH\ GLHG DW UVW DQG
start with quotation marks, but only the last Barrows did the same,
stanza should end with them. The lines of A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of
the poem should align on the left, those that the game.
rhyme taking the same indention. Poems are
A straggling few got up to go in deep
XVK OHIW RYHUV  HPV  SRLQWV RI VSDFH EH-
despair.
tween stanzas, and 2 points of space above
The rest clung to that hope which springs
and below.]
eternal in the human breast;
CASEY AT THE BAT They thought, if only Casey could get but a
The outlook wasnt brilliant for the whack at that
Mudville nine that day: Wed put up even money now, with Casey at
The score stood four to two, with but one the bat.
inning more to play.
Congressional Record 391

But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also Close by the sturdy batsman the ball
Jimmy Blake, unheeded sped
And the former was a hoodoo and the latter That aint my style, said Casey. Strike
was a cake; one, the umpire said.
So upon that stricken multitude grim mel- From the benches, black with people, there
ancholy sat, ZHQWXSDPXIHGURDU
For there seemed but little chance of Like the beating of the storm-waves on a
Caseys getting to the bat. stern and distant shore.
But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonder- Kill him! Kill the umpire! shouted some-
ment of all, one on the stand;
And Blake, the much despised, tore the And its likely theyd a-killed him had not
cover off the ball; Casey raised his hand.
And when the dust had lifted, and the men With a smile of Christian charity great
saw what had occurred, Caseys visage shone;
There was Jimmy safe at second and Flynn He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the
a-hugging third. game go on;
7KHQIURPYHWKRXVDQGWKURDWVDQGPRUH He signaled to the pitcher, and once more
there rose a lusty yell; WKHGXQVSKHUHHZ
It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire
the dell; said, Strike two.
It pounded on the mountain and recoiled Fraud! cried the maddened thousands,
XSRQWKHDW and echo answered fraud;
For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing to But one scornful look from Casey and the
the bat. audience was awed.
There was ease in Caseys manner as he They saw his face grow stern and cold, they
stepped into his place; saw his muscles strain,
There was pride in Caseys bearing and a And they knew that Casey wouldnt let
smile lit Caseys face. that ball go by again.
And when, responding to the cheers, he The sneer is gone from Caseys lip, his
lightly doffed his hat, teeth are clenched in hate;
No stranger in the crowd could doubt twas He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon
Casey at the bat. the plate.
Ten thousand eyes were on him as he And now the pitcher holds the ball, and
rubbed his hands with dirt; now he lets it go,
Five thousand tongues applauded when he And now the air is shattered by the force of
wiped them on his shirt. Caseys blow.
Then while the writhing pitcher ground Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun
the ball into his hip, is shining bright;
'HDQFH JOHDPHG LQ &DVH\V H\H D VQHHU The band is playing somewhere, and some-
curled Caseys lip. where hearts are light,
And now the leather-covered sphere came And somewhere men are laughing, and
hurtling through the air, somewhere children shout;
And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty But there is no joy in Mudvillemighty
grandeur there. Casey has struck out.
Ernest Lawrence Thayer.

EXTRACTS

[Extracts must be set in 7 point unless or- transparent. We have had a very thorough
dered otherwise by the Joint Committee on review of what were doing. Weve got it
Printing. This does not refer to a casual quo- nailed.
tation of a few words or a quotation that would
A week later, she told the House
not make more than 3 lines of 7-point type.
The beginning of the 7-point extract must Appropriations Subcommittee on
start with a true paragraph; 8-point type fol- Defense:
lowing is always a paragraph.] The Air Force followed a carefully
On February 29, Sue Payton, who is structured source selection process,
the Air Forces Assistant Secretary They what?
for Acquisition, said at a DOD news designed to provide transparency,
EULHQJ maintain integrity, and ensure a fair
competition.
We have been extremely open and
392 Chapter 19

And throughout the last 4 months, [Note, as above, that following an excerpt,
$LU)RUFHRIFLDOVKDYHLQVLVWHGWKDW the 8 point must begin with a paragraph.]
they selected the cheapest plane that [An address of the President delivered out-
best met their criteria and that they side of Congress or referred to as an extract
will be set in 7 point.]
made no mistakes.

SCHEME OF TEXT HEADINGS

[In 8-point, heads are 8-point caps. After VA ACCOUNTABILITY FIRST

the cap head, all sub heads are 7-point small AND APPEALS MODERNIZATION
caps, regardless of any perceived hierarchy.
ACT OF 2016
>,QSRLQWWKHSURJUHVVLRQLVDVIROORZVLQ
descending order):
7-point caps and small caps. SPEECH OF

7-point small caps.

HON. CHRIS VAN HOLLEN
7-point italic lowercase.
OF MARYLAND
7-point roman caps and lowercase.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
7-point roman lowercase.]
Tuesday, September 13, 2016
The House in Committee of the Whole
USE OF DOUBLE HEADS House on the state of the Union had under
consideration the bill (H.R. 5620) to amend
This is something which has been title 38, United States Code, to provide for
entirely overlooked by the . . . the removal or demotion of employees of
ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF THE the Department of Veterans Affairs based
COMMITTEE BILL on performance or misconduct, and for
other purposes:
AMENDMENTS CHANGING THE INTERSTATE
COMMERCE PROVISIONS OF THE ACE [The words Speech of are to be used only
when on manuscript and is an indication that
As the law stands today, it applies
that particular Extension of Remarks is to
only to an employee who . . . be inserted in the proceedings of the bound
Record of the date used in the heading.]

EXECUTIVE PROGRAM
MISSING CHILDREN
ESTATE TAX CONVENTION WITH
CANADA
HON. ORRIN G. HATCH
OF UTAH

AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

Wednesday, February 3, 1999

RECIPROCAL TRADE Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise before this
AGREEMENTS distinguished assembly to focus additional
attention on the tragedy of missing chil-
dren. The Department of Health and Human
WARREN AMENDMENT NO. 1194
Services has estimated that approximately
1.3 million children disappear each year. A
signicant number do not leave of their own
HEADS USED IN EXTENSIONS OF
accord. . . .
REMARKS
Congressional Record 393

CONGRESSIONAL PROCEEDINGS

SENATE
TUESDAY, JULY 12, 2016
(Legislative day of Monday, July 11, 2016) 1

The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., on the I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
expiration of the recess, and was United States of America, and to the
Republic for which it stands, one nation
called to order by the Honorable LISA
under God, indivisible, with liberty and
MERKOWSKI, a Senator from the State justice for all.
of Alaska.
[Above line to be used only when Senate had
been in recess.] APPOINTMENT OF ACTING
The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., and PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
was called to order by the Honorable The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
JAMES LANKFORD, a Senator from the clerk will please read a communica-
State of Oklahoma. tion to the Senate from the President
[Note.Entire prayer set in 8 point.] pro tempore (Mr. HATCH).
The legislative clerk read the fol-

lowing letter:
PRAYER
U.S. SENATE,
The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,
offered the following prayer: Washington, DC, September 26, 2016.
Let us pray. To the Senate:
Our Father in heaven, we thank You Under the provisions of rule I, section
3, of the Standing Rules of the Senate, I
for the beautiful differences in the
hereby appoint the Honorable JONI ERNST, a
human family, for its varied shapes Senator from the State of Iowa, to perform
and sizes, its features and colors, its the duties of the Chair.
abilities and talents. Deliver us from ORRIN G. H ATCH,
President pro tempore.
the forces that would destroy our
unity by eliminating our diversity. Mrs. ERNST thereupon assumed
Bless the Members of this body. Help the chair as Acting President pro
them in their debates to distinguish tempore.
between substance and semantics,
between rhetoric and reality. Free RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY
them from personal and partisan pre- LEADER
occupations that would defeat their
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro
aspirations and deprive Americans of
tempore. The majority leader is
just and equitable solutions. May our
recognized.
lawmakers avoid the works of dark-
ness and put on Your armor of light.
We pray in Your holy Name. Amen. SCHEDULE
Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President,
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE following my remarks and those of
7KH3UHVLGLQJ2IFHUOHGWKH3OHGJH Senator REID, there will be a period
of Allegiance, as follows: of morning business for 1 hour, with
Senators permitted to speak therein
1
To be used only when the Senate had for up to 10 minutes each. The major-
been in recess. LW\ ZLOO FRQWURO WKH UVW  PLQXWHV
394 Chapter 19

the Republicans will control the sec- LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPRO-

ond 30 minutes. PRIATIONS ACT, 2017MOTION
Following morning business, the TO PROCEED
Senate will resume consideration of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under
the motion to proceed to S. 3044, the the previous order, the Senate will re-
Consumer-First Energy Act. The sume consideration of the motion to
UVWKRXUVRIGHEDWHZLOOEHHTXDOO\ proceed to H.R. 5325, which the clerk
divided and controlled in 30-minute will report.
alternating blocks of time, with the The senior assistant legislative
PDMRULW\FRQWUROOLQJWKHUVWPLQ- clerk read as follows:
utes and Republicans controlling the Motion to proceed to Calendar No. 516,
next 30 minutes. H.R. 5325, a bill making appropriations for
Upon conclusion of the controlled WKH /HJLVODWLYH %UDQFK IRU WKH VFDO \HDU
ending September 30, 2017, and for other
time, Senators will be permitted to
purposes.
speak for up to 10 minutes each.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
$V D UHPLQGHU \HVWHUGD\ , OHG
assistant Democratic leader.
cloture on the motion to proceed to
ZIKA VIRUS FUNDING
S. 3101, the Medicare Improvements
Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I can
for Patients and Providers Act. That
VWLOO UHFDOO WKH UVW EULHQJ , KDG DV
cloture vote will occur tomorrow
a Member of Congress on something
morning.
called HIV/AIDS. . . .

RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPRO-
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- PRIATIONS ACT, 2017MOTION
pore. Under the previous order, the TO PROCEEDContinued
leadership time is reserved.

MORNING BUSINESS [Note the use of bullets signifying that

ZKLFKZDVQRWVSRNHQRQWKHRRU@
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the previous order, the ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Senate will proceed to a period of
morning business for up to 1 hour, with TRIBUTE TO GEORGE TAKEI
Senators permitted to speak therein Ms. HIRONO. Mr. President, "Oh
for up to 10 minutes each, with the Myyy!" My friend George Takei is
time equally divided and controlled being honored with the National Asian
between the two leaders or their 3DFLF $PHULFDQ %DU $VVRFLDWLRQ
V
designees, with the majority control- NAPABA, Inspire Award. In addition
OLQJWKHUVWKDOIDQGWKH5HSXEOLFDQV to his many contributions to the arts,
FRQWUROOLQJWKHQDOKDOI George has been on the forefront for
GHFDGHV JKWLQJ IRU WKRVH ZKR GRQ
W
have a voice. . . .
Ms. BALDWIN. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded. MESSAGES FROM THE
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- PRESIDENT
out objection, it is so ordered. Messages from the President of the
United States were communicated
CONCLUSION OF MORNING to the Senate by Mr. Pate, one of his
BUSINESS secretaries.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Morn-
ing business is now closed.
Congressional Record 395

EXECUTIVE MESSAGES the title, in which it requests the con-

REFERRED currence of the Senate:
As in executive session the S. 253. An act to amend the Commu-
nications Act of 1934 to consolidate the
3UHVLGLQJ 2IFHU ODLG EHIRUH WKH
reporting obligations of the Federal
Senate messages from the President Communications Commission in order to
of the United States submitting sun- improve congressional oversight and re-
dry nominations which were referred duce reporting burdens.
to the appropriate committees.
(The nominations received today ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
are printed at the end of the Senate
At 10:05 a.m., a message from the
proceedings.)
House of Representatives, delivered
by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading
REPORT OF THE VETO OF S. 2040, clerks, announced that the Speaker
THE JUSTICE AGAINST SPON- has signed the following enrolled bill:
SORS OF TERRORISM ACT, H.R. 5325. An act making continuing
RECEIVED DURING ADJOURN- DSSURSULDWLRQV IRU VFDO \HDU  DQG
for other purposes. The enrolled bill was
MENT OF THE SENATE ON
subsequently signed by the President pro
SEPTEMBER 23, 2016PM 56 tempore (Mr. HATCH).
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid The President pro tempore (Mr.
before the Senate the following mes- HATCH) announced that on today,
sage from the President of the United September 29, 2016, he signed the fol-
States which was ordered to be print- lowing enrolled bills, which were
ed in the RECORD, spread in full upon previously signed by the Speaker of
the Journal and held at the desk: the House:
S. 1878. An act to extend the pediatric
To the Senate of the United States: priority review voucher program.
I am returning herewith without S. 2683. An act to include disabled
my approval S. 2040, the "Justice veteran leave in the personnel manage-
Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act" ment system of the Federal Aviation
Administration.
(JASTA) . . . .

The JASTA, however, does not
At 12:56 p.m., a message from the
contribute to these goals, does not
House of Representatives, delivered
enhance the safety of Americans
by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading
from terrorist attacks, and under-
clerks, announced that the House has
mines core U.S. interests. For these
passed the following bill, in which
reasons, I must veto the bill.
it requests the concurrence of the
BARACK OBAMA.
Senate:
THE WHITE HOUSE, September 23, 2016.
H.R. 5303. An act to provide for improve-
[The above to be 8 point.] ments to the rivers and harbors of the
[When communications from the President United States, to provide for the conserva-
contain extracts, etc., such extracts must be tion and development of water and related
in 7 point.] resources, and for other purposes.

MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE MEASURES REFERRED

At 12:21 p.m., a message from the The following bills were read
House of Representatives, delivered WKH UVW DQG WKH VHFRQG WLPHV E\
by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading unanimous consent, and referred as
clerks, announced that the House indicated:
has passed the following bill, with an H.R. 5065. An act to direct the
amendement and an amendment to Administrator of the Transportation
Security Administration to notify air
396 Chapter 19

carriers and security screening per- Requirements for Derivatives Clearing

sonnel of the Transportation Security Organizations" (RIN3038AE29) received
Administration of such Administration's LQWKH2IFHRIWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH6HQDWH
guidelines regarding permitting baby on September 21, 2016; to the Committee
IRUPXOD EUHDVW PLON SXULHG GHLRQL]HG on. . . .
water, and juice on airplanes, and for other
purposes, to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation. REPORT ON CLASSIFIED
INFORMATION (S. DOC. NO. 107)
Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, the
MEASURES PLACED ON THE
Committee on Armed Services of
CALENDAR
the Senate has recently requested
The following bill was read the sec- WKH 2IFH RI 3XEOLF 5HODWLRQV RI WKH
ond time, and placed on the calendar: Department of the Navy to submit
S. 3326. A bill to give States the authority
WR LW D UHSRUW RQ FODVVLHG LQIRUPD-
to provide temporary access to affordable
private health insurance options outside tion. The Department of the Navy has
of Obamacare exchanges. complied with the request, and I now
present the report and ask that it be
published as a Senate document.
MEASURES READ THE FIRST The VICE PRESIDENT. Without
TIME
objection, the report will be printed
7KHIROORZLQJELOOZDVUHDGWKHUVW as a document as requested by the
time: Senator from Virginia.
H.R. 954. An act to amend the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 to exempt from the [Note the insertion of S. Doc. No. in
individual mandate certain individu- cases where papers are ordered to be printed
als who had coverage under a terminated as a document. To be inserted only when or-
TXDOLHG KHDOWK SODQ IXQGHG WKURXJK WKH dered to be printed or its equivalent is in
Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan manuscript.]
(CO-OP) program.

Third reading and passage of a bill.

ENROLLED BILL PRESENTED MISSOURI RIVER BRIDGE NEAR
The Secretary of the Senate re- ST. CHARLES, MO
ported that on September 12, 2016, she The bill (S. 4174) to extend the times
had presented to the President of the for commencing and completing the
United States the following enrolled construction of a bridge across the
bill: Missouri River at or near St. Charles,
S. 2040. An act to deter terrorism, pro- MO, was considered, ordered to be en-
vide justice for victims, and for other
grossed for a third reading, read the
purposes.
third time, and passed, as follows:
S. 4174
EXECUTIVE AND OTHER Be it enacted by the Senate and House
COMMUNICATIONS of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That
The following communications the times for commencing and completing
were laid before the Senate, together the construction of the bridge across the
with accompanying papers, reports, Missouri River, etc.
and documents, and were referred as
indicated: GOVERNMENT OF THE
EC7000. A communication from the
TERRITORY OF HAWAII
Secretary of the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission, transmitting, The Senate proceeded to consider
pursuant to law, the report of a rule the bill (S. 1881) to amend an act enti-
entitled "System Safeguards Testing
tled An act to provide a government
Congressional Record 397

for the Territory of Hawaii, approved Committee that it is reported as a

April 30, 1900, as amended, to estab- Senate joint resolution. I ask for a
lish a Hawaiian Homes Commission, PRGLFDWLRQ RI LW VR WKDW LW ZLOO EH D
and for other purposes, which had Senate resolution instead of a Senate
been reported from the Committee joint resolution.
on Interior and Insular Affairs with The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. It is pro-
amendments. posed to strike out S.J. Res. 4 and
7KHUVWDPHQGPHQWZDVRQSDJH insert S. Res. 85.
line 22, to strike out Keaaupaha and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
insert Keaaukaha. WKHUH REMHFWLRQ WR WKH PRGLFDWLRQ"
The amendment was agreed to. The Chair hears one and it will be so
The next amendment was, on page 6, PRGLHG
OLQHDIWHUWKHJXUHWRLQVHUW Mr. INHOFE. Would it not be neces-
by further authorization of Congress sary to change the resolving clause
and, so as to make the paragraph also? The resolving clause reads:
read: Resolved by the Senate and House of
(1) by further authorization of Congress Representatives of the United States of
DQG IRU D SHULRG RI YH \HDUV DIWHU WKH America in Congress assembled,
UVW PHHWLQJ RI WKH +DZDLLDQ +RPHV The amendment was agreed to.
Commission only those lands situated on
the island of Molokaki, etc. >1RWHXVHRIZRUGVJXUHVDQGSXQFWXDWLRQ
in the following example. Follow manuscript.]
The Amendment was agreed to.
The next amendment was, on
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
page 34, in line 9, under the head-
for a third reading, read the third
ing Employees Compensation
time, and passed.
Com mission, before the word as-
Forms of amendments
VLVWDQWV WR VWULNH RXW YH DQG
The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 4) re- insert three; in line 10, after the
questing the President to negotiate word clerks and before the words of
a treaty or treaties for the protec- class 3, to strike out seven and in-
tion of salmon in retrain parts of the VHUWYHLQOLQHEHIRUHWKHZRUGV
3DFLF2FHDQZDVDQQRXQFHGDVQH[W of class 2, to strike out twelve and
in order. insert nine; in the same line, before
Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I have the words of class 1, to strike out
just had an opportunity to exam- twenty-seven and insert twenty;
ine this joint resolution. I offer this in line 12, before the words at $1.000
amendment. each, to strike out three and in-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The sert two; and in line 18, to strike out
Secretary will state the amendment $124,940 and insert $102,590, so as
offered by the Senator from Arizona. to read:
The READING CLERK. On page 1, line EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION COMMISSION
11, it is proposed to strike out the Salaries: Three Commissioners at $4,000
words both within and, so as to each; secretary, $2,750; attorney, $4,000;
make the joint resolution read: chief statistician, $3,000; chief of ac-
Resolved by the Senate and House of counts, $2,500; accountant, $2,250; claim
Representatives of the United States of examinerschief $2,250, assistant $2,000,
America in Congress assembled, That the assistant $1,800, three assistants at $1,600
President of the United States be, and he is each; special agentstwo at $1,800 each,
hereby, requested to negotiate on behalf of WZR DW  HDFK FOHUNVYH RI FODVV 
the United States, as promptly as is prac- nine of class 2, twenty of class 1, two at
ticable, etc. $1,000 each; in all $102,590.
Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I Mr. UDALL submitted an amend-
observe in the report of the bill by the ment intended to be proposed by him
chairman of the Foreign Relations to the sundry civil appropriation bill,
398 Chapter 19

which was ordered to lie on the table That's the America I know. That's the
and to be printed, as follows: country we love. Clear-eyed. Bighearted.
Optimistic that unarmed truth and un-
Add a new section, as follows: That
FRQGLWLRQDO ORYH ZLOO KDYH WKH QDO ZRUG
the President of the Senate appoint three
That's what makes me so hopeful about
Members of the Senate; and the Speaker of
our future. Because of you. I believe in you.
the House three Members of the House.
7KDW
VZK\,VWDQGKHUHFRQGHQWWKDWWKH
The Senate resumed the consider- State of our Union is strong.
ation of the bill (H.R. 4075) to limit Thank you, God bless you, and God bless
the United States of America.
the immigration of aliens into the
BARACK OBAMA.
United States.
THE WHITE HOUSE, January 12, 2016.

[An executive session usually being open, To the Senate of the United States:
the following precedes the recess or adjourn- To the end that I may receive the
ment heading:] advice and consent of the Senate to rati-
REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE FDWLRQ , WUDQVPLW KHUHZLWK D WUHDW\ RI
arbitration and conciliation between the
UNION DELIVERED TO A JOINT
United States and Switzerland, signed at
SESSION OF CONGRESS ON Washington on March 17, 1952.
JANUARY 12, 2016PM 36 H ARRY S. TRUMAN.
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid THE WHITE HOUSE, March 17, 1952.
before the Senate the following mes- [A letter from the President to the Senate
sage from the President of the United is set in 7-point type when any form of treaty
is encloses that is to be printed in the Record
States which was ordered to lie on the
in connection therewith. The letter is set in
table. 7-point type whether the treaty follows or
To the Congress of the United States: precedes it or separated from it by interven-
Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, ing matter.]
Members of Congress, my fellow
Americans:
Tonight marks the eighth year I've come
here to report on the State of the Union. RECESS UNTIL TOMORROW AT
$QG IRU WKLV QDO RQH ,
P JRLQJ WR WU\ WR 10:30 A.M.
make it shorter. I know some of you are
Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I
antsy to get back to Iowa. I also under-
stand that because it's an election season, know of no further business to come
expectations for what we'll achieve this before the Senate. I move, in ac-
year are low. Still, Mr. Speaker, I appreci- cordance with the order previously
ate the constructive approach you and the
entered, that the Senate stand in
other leaders took at the end of last year
to pass a budget and make tax cuts perma- recess until the hour of 10:30 a.m.
nent for working families. So I hope we can tomorrow.
work together this year on bipartisan pri- The motion was agreed to and, at
orities like criminal justice reform, and
7:34 p.m., the Senate recessed until
helping people who are battling prescrip-
tion drug abuse. We just might surprise Wednesday, June 5, 2016, at 10:30 a.m.
the cynics agains. [After the recess or adjournment the follow-
But tonight, I want to go easy on the ing may appear:]
traditional list of proposals for the year
ahead. Don't worry, I've got plenty, from
helping students learn to write computer
code to personalizing medical treatments NOMINATIONS
for patients. And I'll keep pushing for prog-
Executive Nominations received by
ress on the work that still needs doing.
Fixing a broken immigration system. the Senate.
Protecting our kids from gun violence. [Under the heads Nominations, Con-
Equal pay for equal work, paid leave, rais- UPDWLRQV :LWKGUDZDO and Rejection,
ing the minimum wage. All these things the following scheme for subheads is to be
still matter to hardworking families; they followed:
are still the right thing to do; and I will not [Heads indicating service, or branch or
let up until they get done. . . . department of Government and subheads
Congressional Record 399

indicating subdivision or type of service INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A POSITION OF IM-

PORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10,
7-point small caps.] U.S.C., SECTION 601:
[Subheads indicating new rank of appoin-
tee7-point italic initial cap. To be vice admiral
>7H[WLVVHWLQSRLQWFDSV VICE ADMIN. DIXON R. SMITH

>1RWH 1RPLQDWLRQV ZLOO EH VHW UVW QDPH

PLGGOH QDPH RU UVW PLGGOH LQLWLDO DQG
last name throughout followed by period. CONFIRMATIONS
Asterisks, if any, precede names as in execu-
([HFXWLYH QRPLQDWLRQV FRQUPHG
tive nominations.]
by the Senate September 28, 2016:
Executive nominations received by IN THE AIR FORCE
the Senate: THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINT-
NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON MENT IN THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE TO THE
GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION
THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES 624:
JANE MARIE DOGGETT, OF MONTANA, TO BE A MEM-
BER OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON THE HUMANITIES To be brigadier general
FOR A TERM EXPIRING JANUARY 26, 2022, VICE CATHY COL. KENNETH P. EKMAN
M. DAVIDSON, TERM EXPIRED.
To be brigadier general
STATE JUSTICE INSTITUTE COL. ALFRED F. ABRAMSON III
WILFREDO MARTINEZ, OF FLORIDA, TO BE A MEM- COL. PETER B. ANDRYSIAK, JR.
BER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE STATE
JUSTICE INSTITUTE FOR A TERM EXPIRING SEPTEM- COL. ROBERT W. BENNETT, JR.
BER 17, 2019. (REAPPOINTMENT)

IN THE NAVY
THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINT-
MENT IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY TO THE GRADE
400 Chapter 19

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2016
[When the Speaker is in the Chair, follow
this style.]
The House met at noon. PRAYER 1
The Chaplain, the Reverend The Chaplain, the Reverend
Patrick J. Conroy, offered the follow- Patrick J. Conroy, offered the follow-
ing prayer: ing prayer:
Merciful God, we give You thanks We give You thanks, O God, for giv-
for giving us another day. ing us another day. In the wake of a
In this year of post-9/11, we pray great American holiday, we ask Your
that the children of this generation special blessing on American work-
and their childrens children may ers, those fortunate to have jobs
never have to experience another GXULQJWKHVHGLIFXOWHFRQRPLFWLPHV
GD\ OLNH WKH RQH WKDW RRGHG RXU 79 and those desiring work. May they
screens so many years ago. NQRZDQGEHFRQGHQWRIWKHQRELOLW\
Protect and guide this Nation to a and sacredness of their labor.
new security, built upon human in- As the Members of the peoples
tegrity and communal solidarity House return to the Capitol, call
with all who love freedom and human them, as well, with Your gentling
dignity, while respecting the lives voice of collegiality.
and beliefs of others. When a sense of alienation shadows
Empower the Members of Congress DOO RI RXU VRXOV ZH QG RXU GLIIHU-
and governments around the world to HQFHVGLIFXOWWREHDUZHPRYHDZD\
establish just laws and seek the com- from each other. Insofar as this spirit
mon good that will lead to ways of of alienation has descended upon this
equity and peace. House, help each Member to overcome
May all that is done this day be for unnecessary divisions that ham-
Your greater honor and glory. per productive work on behalf of our
Amen. Nation.
[When the Speaker is not in the Chair, fol- Bring them to a deeper level of
low this style.] awareness of Your spirit, and make
The House met at 12:30 and was us one Nation. Give the Members lis-
called to order by the Speaker pro tening hearts, ready and willing to
tempore (Mr. BOST). respond to Your spirit living in each
one.
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO And may all that is done be for Your
TEMPORE greater honor and glory.
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid Amen.
before the House the following com-
munication from the Speaker: THE JOURNAL
WASHINGTON, DC,
June 17, 2016. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
I hereby appoint the Honorable MIKE BOST Chair has examined the Journal of
to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day. the last days proceedings and an-
PAUL D. RYAN, nounces to the House his approval
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
thereof.
1 Pursuant to clause 1, rule I, the
Head is not used when the Speaker is in
the chair. See preceding example. Journal stands approved.
Congressional Record 401

PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE WELCOMING THE HONORABLE

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Will WARREN DAVIDSON TO THE
the gentleman from Iowa (Mr. BLUM) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
come forward and lead the House in [Welcoming speeches follow.]
the Pledge of Allegiance. [Initial speech of new Representa-
Mr. BLUM led the Pledge of tive follows.]
Allegiance as follows:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
United States of America, and to the ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE
Republic for which it stands, one nation SPEAKER
under God, indivisible, with liberty and
The SPEAKER. Under clause 5(d)
justice for all.
of rule XX, the Chair announces to
the House that, in light of the admin-
SWEARING IN OF THE HONORABLE LVWUDWLRQ RI WKH RDWK RI RIFH WR WKH
WARREN DAVIDSON, OF OHIO, AS gentleman from Ohio (Mr. DAVIDSON),
A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE the whole number of the House is 435.

Ms. KAPTUR. Mr. Speaker, I ask

unanimous consent that the gen- OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS
tleman from Ohio, the Honorable 7KH RDWK RI RIFH UHTXLUHG E\ WKH
WARREN DAVIDSON, be permitted sixth article of the Constitution of
WRWDNHWKHRDWKRIRIFHWRGD\ the United States, and as provided
+LV FHUWLFDWH RI HOHFWLRQ KDV QRW by section 2 of the act of May 13, 1884
arrived, but there is no contest and no (23 Stat. 22), to be administered to
question has been raised with regard Members, Resident Commissioner,
to his election. and Delegates or the House of
The SPEAKER. Is there objection Representatives, the text of which is
to the request of the gentlewoman carried in 5 U.S.C. 3331:
from Ohio? I, AB, do solemnly swear (or
There was no objection. DIUPWKDW,ZLOOVXSSRUWDQGGH-
The SPEAKER. Will Representa- fend the Constitution of the united
tive-elect DAVIDSON and the States against all enemies, for-
members of the Ohio delegation pres- eign and domestic; that you will
ent themselves in the well. bear true faith and allegiance to
All Members will rise and the the same; that you take this obli-
Representative-elect will please gation freely, without and mental
raise his right hand. reservation or purpose of evasion;
Mr. DAVIDSON appeared at the bar and that you will well and faith-
of the House and took the oath of of- fully discharge the duties of the
FHDVIROORZV RIFH RQ ZKLFK \RX DUH DERXW WR
Do you solemnly swear that you will enter, so help you God.
support and defend the Constitution of the
United States against all enemies, for- has been subscribed to in person and
eign and domestic; that you will bear true OHGLQGXSOLFDWHZLWKWKH&OHUNRIWKH
faith and allegiance to the same; that you House of Representatives by the fol-
take this obligation freely, without any
lowing Member of the 110th Congress,
mental reservation or purpose of evasion;
and that you will well and faithfully dis- pursuant to Public Law 412 of the 80th
FKDUJHWKHGXWLHVRIWKHRIFHRQZKLFK\RX Congress entitled An act to amend
are about to enter, so help you God section 30 of the Revised Statues of
The SPEAKER. Congratulations. the United States (2 U.S.C. 25, ap-
You are now a Member of the 114th proved February 18, 1948:
Congress. WARREN DAVIDSON, 8th District of Ohio.
402 Chapter 19

MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE provided to former Presidents so as to

A message from the Senate by reduce unnecessary costs to taxpay-
Ms. Curtis, one of its clerks, an- ers. But if implemented as drafted,
nounced that the Senate concurs in the bill would have unintended con-
the amendment of the House to the sequences. It would impose onerous
bill (S. 2146) An Act to authorize the and unreasonable burdens on the of-
Administrator of the Environmental FHV RI IRUPHU 3UHVLGHQWV LQFOXGLQJ
Protection Agency to accept, as part by requiring the General Services
of a settlement, diesel emission reduc- Administration to immediately ter-
tion Supplemental Environmental PLQDWHVDODULHVDQGEHQHWVRIRIFH
Projects, and for other purposes. employees and to remove furnish-
LQJV DQG HTXLSPHQW IURP RIFHV ,W
[Above usage occurs when there is only one
bill referenced. For more than one bill, use the would withdraw the General Services
following style.] Administrations ability to admin-
ister leases and negatively impact
operations, with unanticipated im-
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE plications for the protection and
A message from the Senate by Ms. security of former Presidents.
Curtis, one of its clerks, announced My Administration will work with
that the Senate has passed without the authors of the bill and other lead-
amendment a bill of the House of the ers in the Congress, in consultation
following titles: ZLWKWKHRIFHVRIIRUPHU3UHVLGHQWV
H.R. 3969. An act to designate the to explore the best ways to achieve
Department of Veterans Affairs commu-
these goals going forward. If the
nity-based Outpatient clinic in Laughlin,
1HYDGDDVWKH0DVWHU&KLHI3HWW\2IFHU Congress returns the bill having
Jesse Dean VA Clinic. appropriately addressed these con-
[Observe that bills from the Senate to the cerns, I will sign it. For now, I must
House read An act. If the manuscript should veto the bill.
read $ ELOO, change to An act in conformity BARACK OBAMA.
ZLWK WKLV UXOH DQG SODFH QXPEHU UVW 1RWH
THE WHITE HOUSE, July 22, 2016.
also the following forms:]
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
objections of the President will be
PRESIDENTIAL ALLOWANCE spread at large upon the Journal, and
MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2016 the veto message and the bill will be
VETO MESSAGE FROM THE printed as a House document.
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED Without objection, further consid-
STATES (H. DOC. NO. 114155) eration of the veto message and the
bill, H.R. 1777, is postponed until the
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid
legislative day of September 23, 2016.
before the House the following veto
There was no objection.
message from the President of the
United States: [Debate and vote follow.]

To the House of Representatives:

II am returning herewith with- MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
out my approval H.R. 1777, the
A message in writing from the
Presidential Allowance Mod-
President of the United States was
ernization Act of 2016, which would
communicated to the House by Mr.
amend the Former Presidents Act of
Sherman Williams, one of his secre-
1958.
taries, who also informed the House
I agree with H.R. 1777s goal of re-
that on the following dates the
forming the pensions and allowances
Congressional Record 403

President approved and signed bills MRS. VIRGINIA THRIFT

of the House and Senate of the follow- Mr. GOSAR. Ms. Speaker, by di-
ing titles: rection of the Committee on House
On July 1, 1996: Administration, I offer a privileged
H.R. 3029. An act to designate the United
resolution (H. Res. 321) and ask for its
States courthouse in Washington, District
of Columbia, as the E. Barrett Prettyman immediate consideration.
United States Courthouse. The Clerk read as follows:
On July 2, 1996: H. RES. 321
H.R. 2803. An act to amend the anti-car
Resolved, That there shall be paid out
theft provisions of title 49, United States
of the contingent fund of the House to
Code, to increase the utility of motor ve-
Mrs. Virginia Thrift, widow of Chester R.
hicle title information to the State and
Thrift, late an employee of the House, an
)HGHUDOODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIFLDOVDQGIRU
amount equal to six months' salary com-
other purposes.
pensation at the rate he was receiving at
On July 3, 1996: the time of his death, and an additional
H.R. 3525, An act amend title 18, United amount not to exceed $250 to defray funeral
States Code, to clarify the Federal juris- expenses of the said Chester R. Thrift.
diction over offenses relating to damage
to religious property. . . . The Resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
[Observe that bills coming from the Presi-
dent take the form of An act. This rule must the table.
be followed invariably, even if the manuscript
reads $ELOO.]
BILLS PRESENTED TO THE
PRESIDENT
MOURNING THE LOSS OF Karen L. Haas, Clerk of the House,
SHIMON PERES reported that on February 23, 2016,
(Mr. CICILLINE asked and was she presented to the President of the
given permission to address the United States, for his approval, the
House for 1 minute.) following bill:
Mr. CICILLINE. Mr. Speaker, I rise H.R. 644. To reauthorize trade facilita-
to express my deep sadness on the tion and trade enforcement functions and
activities, and for other purposes.
passing of former Israeli President
and Prime Minister Shimon Peres.
Shimon Peres was devoted to the ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
cause of the Jewish state and worked Ms. Lorraine C. Miller, Clerk of
tirelessly to achieve a lasting peace the House, reported and found truly
in the Middle East. enrolled bills of the House of the fol-
He was the founding father of lowing titles, which were thereupon
the State of Israel and remained, signed by the Speaker:
throughout his life, one of its great- H.R. 430. An act to designate the United
est champions. He was the central States bankruptcy courthouse located at
architect of the Oslo Accords and was 271 Cadman Plaza East in Brooklyn, New
respected around the world for his York, as the Conrad B. Duberstein United
States Bankruptcy Courthouse.
strong leadership as Prime Minister
H.R. 781. An act to redesignate Lock and
and President of Israel. His example Dam No. 5 of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas
should be an inspiration to us all, as 5LYHU 1DYLJDWLRQ 6\VWHP QHDU 5HGHOG
he fought so long for peace. Arkansas, authorized by the Rivers and
Harbors Act approved July 24, 1946, as the
My thoughts are with his family
Colonel Charles D. Maynard Lock and
and friends as well as the people of Dam.
Israel, who have lost a beloved leader. H.R. 1019. An act to designate the United
States customhouse building located at 31
Gonzalez Clemente Avenue in Mayagez,
Puerto Rico, as the Rafael Martinez
Nadal United States Customhouse
Building.
404 Chapter 19

PRIVATE CALENDAR and passed, and a motion to reconsider was

laid on the table.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mrs.
BLACK). This is the day for the call of The SPEAKER pro tempore. This
the Private Calendar. concludes the call of the Private
The Clerk will call the bill on the Calendar.
calendar.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
CORINA DE CHALUP TURCINOVIC Bills of the Senate of the following
The Clerk called called the bill titles were taken from the Speakers
(H.R. 306) for the relief of Corina de table and, under the rule, referred as
Chalup Turcinovic. follows:
S. 1479. An act to amend the Comp-
There being no objection, the Clerk
rehensive Environmental Response,
read the bill as follows: Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
H.R. 306 to modify provisions relating to grants,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House and for other purposes; to the Committee
of Representatives of the United States of on Energy and Commerce; in addition, to
America in Congress assembled, the Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure for a period to be subse-
SECTION 1. PERMANENT RESIDENT quently determined by the Speaker, in
STATUS FOR CORINA DE CHALUP each case for consideration of such provi-
TURCINOVIC. sions as fall with the jurisdiction of the
(a) IN GENERAL.Notwithstanding committee concerned.
subsections (a) and (b) of section 201 of S. 2829. An act to amend and en-
the Immigration and Nationality Act, hance certain maritime programs of
Corina de Chalup Turcinovic shall be eli- the Department of Transportation, and
gible for issuance of an immigrant visa for other purposes; to the Committee
or for adjustment of status to that of an on Armed Services; in addition, to the
alien lawfully admitted for permanent Committee on Transportation and
UHVLGHQFHXSRQOLQJDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRULV- Infrastructure; to the Committee on
suance of an immigrant visa under section Natural Resources; to the Committee on
204 of such Act or for adjustment of status Veterans Affairs; to the Committee on
to lawful permanent resident. . . . the Judiciary; and to the Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform for a
(e) DENIAL OF PREFERENTIAL period to be subsequently determined by
IMMIGRATION TREATMENT FOR the Speaker, in each case for consideration
CERTAIN RELATIVES.The natural of such provisions as fall within the juris-
parents, brothers, and sisters of Corina de diction of the committee concerned.
Chalup Turcinovic shall not, by virtue of
such relationship, be accorded any right, [In the reference of Senate acts to House
privilege, or status under the Immigration committees the name of the committee will
and Nationality Act. be repeated after the act, though there may be
several acts referred to the same committee.]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and
read a third time, was read the third time,

COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE ON

THE STATE OF THE UNION
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOP- Will the gentleman from Illinois
MENT ACT OF 2016 (Mr. HULTGREN) kindly take the
chair.
The SPEAKER pro tempore.
Pursuant to House Resolution 897 and 1535
rule XVIII, the Chair declares the IN THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE

House in the Committee of the Whole Accordingly, the House resolved it-
House on the state of the Union for the self into the Committee of the Whole
further consideration of the bill, H.R. House on the state of the Union for the
5303.
Congressional Record 405

further consideration of the bill (H.R. The Acting CHAIR. Under the rule,
5303) to provide for improvements to the Committee rises.
the rivers and harbors of the United Accordingly, the Committee rose;
States, to provide for the conserva- and the Speaker pro tempore (Mr.
tion and development of water and YODER) having assumed the chair,
related resources, and for other pur- Mr. EMMER of Minnesota, Acting
poses, with Mr. HULTGREN (Acting Chair of the Committee of the Whole
Chair) in the chair. House on the state of the Union, re-
The Clerk read the title of the bill. ported that that Committee, having
The Acting CHAIR. When the had under consideration the bill (H.R.
Committee of the Whole rose earlier 5303) to provide for improvements to
today, amendment No. 10 printed the rivers and harbors of the United
in House Report 114790 offered by States, to provide for the conserva-
the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. tion and development of water and
GRAVES) had been disposed of. related resources, and for other
Pursuant to House Resolution 897, purposes, and, pursuant to House
no further amendment to the amend- Resolution 897, he reported the bill
ment in the nature of a substitute back to the House with an amend-
referred to in House Resolution 892 ment adopted in the Committee of the
shall be in order except those printed Whole.
in House Report 114794. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
Each such further amendment the rule, the previous question is
shall be considered only in the order ordered.
printed in the report, may be offered Is a separate vote demanded on
only by a Member designated in the any amendment to the amendment
report, shall be considered as read, reported from the Committee of the
shall be debatable for the time speci- Whole?
HG LQ WKH UHSRUW HTXDOO\ GLYLGHG If not, the question is on the amend-
and controlled by the proponent and ment in the nature of a substitute, as
an opponent, shall not be subject to amended.
amendment, and shall not be sub- The amendment was agreed to.
ject to a demand for division of the The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
question. question is on the engrossment and
AMENDMENT NO. 1 OFFERED BY MR. BYRNE third reading of the bill.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
The Acting CHAIR. It is now in
and read a third time, and was read
order to consider amendment No. 1
the third time.
printed in House Report 114794.
So the bill was passed.
Mr. BYRNE. Mr. Chairman, I have
The result of the vote was an-
an amendment at the desk.
nounced as above recorded.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will
A motion to reconsider was laid on
designate the amendment.
the table.
The text of the amendment is as
follows:
At the end of title I, add the following:
SEC. ll. GULF COAST OYSTER BED
RECOVERY ASSESSMENT. . . .
(Voting occurs)
The amendment was agreed to.
406 Chapter 19

CONFERENCE REPORT AND STATEMENT

Conference reports and statements to be set in 7 point.

Use 3-point space before and after conference report and statement.
In the House the names of Members are to be first.
Follow manuscript literally in the report. Observe the form Amendments
numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., and, when the amendment is to make an independent
paragraph, the phrase And the Senate [or House] agree to the same will be a
paragraph by itself; otherwise it will be run in after the amendment with a
semicolon. Examples of each are given in the report following.
In the statement change numbered to No., as amendment No. 1, but do not
supply No. or amendment if omitted in manuscript; otherwise regular style
will prevail.
CONFERENCE REPORT (H. REPT. 114669) For consideration of the Senate bill and
WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWVDQGPRGLFDWLRQV
The committee of conference on the dis- committed to conference:
agreeing votes of the two Houses on the FRED UPTON,
amendments of the House do the bill (S. 524), JOSEPH R. PITTS,
to authorize the Attorney General to award LEONARD LANCE,
grants to address the national epidemics of BRETT GUTHRIE,
prescription opioid abuse and heroin use, ADAM KINZINGER,
having met, after full and free conference, LARRY BUCSHON,
have agreed to recommend and do recom- SUSAN W. BROOKS,
mend to their respective Houses as follows: BOB GOODLATTE,
That the Senate recede from its disagree- F. JAMES
ment to the amendment of the House to the SENSENBRENNER, JR.,
text of the bill and agree to the same with LAMAR SMITH,
an amendment as follows: TOM MARINO,
DOUG COLLINS,
In lieu of the matter proposed to be in- DAVID A. TROTT,
serted by the House amendment, insert the MIKE BISHOP,
following: KEVIN MCCARTHY,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF From the Committee on Education and
CONTENTS. the Workforce, for consideration of title
(a) SHORT TITLE.This act may be cited as 9,, RI WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGL-
the "Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery cations committed to conference:
Act of 2016". LOU BARLETTA,
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.The table of con- EARL L. BUDDY
tents for this Act is as follows: CARTER,
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. From the Committee on Veterans
Affairs, for consideration of title III of
Title 1PREVENTION AND EDUCATION
WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLFDWLRQV
Sec. 101. Task force on pain management. committed to conference:
Sec. 102. Awareness campaigns. . . . GUS M. BILIRAKIS,
In lieu of the matter proposed to be in- JACKIE WALORSKI,
serted by the House amendment to the From the Committee on Ways and
title of the bill, insert the following: An Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of
Act to authorize the Attorney General and the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the House
Secretary of Health and Human Services DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLFDWLRQV FRPPLW-
to award grants to address the prescrip- ted to conference:
tion opioid abuse and heroin use crisis, and PATRICK MEEHAN,
for other purposes.. ROBERT J. DOLD,
And the House agree to the same.
Congressional Record 407

Managers on the Part of the House. WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLFDWLRQV
CHUCK GRASSLEY, committed to conference:
LAMAR ALEXANDER, GUS M. BILIRAKIS,
ORRIN G. H ATCH, JACKIE WALORSKI,
JEFF SESSIONS, From the Committee on Ways and
Managers on the Part of the Senate. Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of
JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the House
THE COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLFDWLRQV FRPPLW-
The managers on the part of the House ted to conference:
and the Senate at the conference on the PATRICK MEEHAN,
disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the ROBERT J. DOLD,
amendments of the House to the bill (S. 524), Managers on the Part of the House.
to authorize the Attorney General to award CHUCK GRASSLEY,
grants to address the national epidemics of LAMAR ALEXANDER,
prescription opioid abuse and heroin use, ORRIN G. H ATCH,
submit the following joint statement to JEFF SESSIONS,
the House and the Senate in explanation of Managers on the Part of the Senate.
the effect of the action agreed upon by the
managers and recommended in the accom-
panying conference report: Amendments
The House amendment to the text of the >$VJXUHVDUHXVHGLQELOOVWRH[SUHVVVXPV
bill struck all of the Senate bill after the of money, dates, paragraph numbers, etc.,
enacting clause and inserted a substitute amendments involving such expressions must
text. EH VHW LQ JXUHV WKXV 6WULNH RXW  DQG
The Senate recedes from its disagree- LQVHUW  HWF IRU RWKHU HQXPHUDWLRQV
ment to the amendment of the House with etc., follow the manuscript as the data is
an amendment that is a substitute for the picked up from the bill and used for the Record
Senate bill and the House amendment. . . . and then picked up from the Record and used
for the report.]
CONSTITUTIONAL STATEMENT
OF AUTHORITY
Congress has the power to enact this leg-
islation pursuant to the following: Article EMANUEL F. LENKERSDORF
I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States The Clerk called the bill (H.R.
Constitution.
2520) for the relief of Emanuel F.
For consideration of the Senate bill and
Lenkersdorf.
WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWVDQGPRGLFDWLRQV
committed to conference: There being no objection, the Clerk
FRED UPTON, read the bill as follows:
JOSEPH R. PITTS, H.R. 2520
LEONARD LANCE,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
BRETT GUTHRIE,
of Representatives of the United States of
ADAM KINZINGER,
America in Congress assembled, That for
LARRY BUCSHON,
the purposes of the Immigration and
SUSAN W. BROOKS,
Nationality Act, Emanuel F. Lenkersdorf
BOB GOODLATTE,
shall be held and considered to have been
F. JAMES
lawfully admitted to the United States
SENSENBRENNER, JR.,
for permanent residence as of the date of
LAMAR SMITH,
the enactment of this Act, upon payment
TOM MARINO,
of the required visa fee. Upon the grant-
DOUG COLLINS,
ing of permanent residence to such alien
DAVID A. TROTT,
as provided for in this Act, the Secretary
MIKE BISHOP,
RI6WDWHVKDOOLQVWUXFWWKHSURSHURIFHUWR
KEVIN MCCARTHY,
deduct one number from the total number
From the Committee on Education and of immigrant visas and conditional en-
the Workforce, for consideration of title tries which are made available to natives
9,, RI WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGL- of the country of the aliens birth under
cations committed to conference: paragraphs (1) through (8) of section 203(a)
LOU BARLETTA, of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
EARL L. BUDDY
CARTER, With the following committee
From the Committee on Veterans amend ment:
Affairs, for consideration of title III of
408 Chapter 19

On page 2, strike lines 4 through 6 and SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED

insert in lieu thereof: which are made
By unanimous consent, permis-
available to natives of the country of the
aliens birth under section 203(a) of the sion to address the House, following
Immigration and Nationality Act or, if the legislative program and any spe-
applicable, from the total number of such cial orders heretofore entered, was
visas which are made available to such na-
granted to:
tives under section 202(3) of such Act..
(The following Members (at the
The committee amendment was request of Ms. HAHN) to revise and
agreed to. extend their remarks and include ex-
The bill was ordered to be engrossed traneous material:)
and read a third time, was read the Ms. HAHN, for 5 minutes, today.
third time, and passed, and a motion Mr. DEFAZIO, for 5 minutes, today.
to reconsider was laid on the table. Ms. KAPTUR, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. SIMPSON, for 5 minutes, today.
CONTESTED ELECTION, CARTER (The following Members (at the re-
AGAINST LECOMPTEMES- quest of Mr. SMITH of Nebraska) to
SAGE FROM THE CLERK OF THE revise and extend their remarks and
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES include extraneous material:)
(H. DOC. NO. 235) Mr. POE, for 5 minutes, June 20, 23
and 24.
The SPEAKER laid before the Mr. JONES of North Carolina, for 5
House the following message from minutes, June 20, 23 and 24.
the Clerk of the House of Rep- Mr. BISHOP of Utah, for 5 minutes,
resentatives, which was read and, today and June 18.
with the accompanying papers, re- Mr. MCCAUL, for 5 minutes, June 19.
ferred to the Committee on House
Administration:
JULY 29, 2008. ADJOURNMENT
The Honorable the SPEAKER,
Mr. FORBES. Mr. Speaker, I move
House of Representatives.
SIR: I have the honor to lay before the that the House do now adjourn.
House of Representatives the contest for a The motion was agreed to; accord-
seat in the House of Representatives from the ingly (at 9 oclock and 56 minutes
Fourth Congressional District of the State
p.m.), under its previous order, the
of Iowa, Steven V. Carter against Karl M.
/H&RPSWH QRWLFH RI ZKLFK KDV EHHQ OHG LQ House adjourned until tomorrow,
WKHRIFHRIWKH&OHUNRIWKH+RXVHDQGDOVR Wednesday, June 15, 2016, at 9:30 a.m.
transmit herewith original testimony, pa-
pers, and documents relating thereto.
RECESS
LEAVE OF ABSENCE The SPEAKER pro tempore.
Pursuant to clause 12(a) of rule I, the
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
Chair declares the House in recess
sence was granted to:
until 2 p.m. today.
Mr. CONYERS (at the request of Mr.
Accordingly (at 12 oclock and 50
HOYER) for today on account of per-
minutes p.m.), the House stood in re-
sonal business.
cess until 2 p.m.
Mr. ENGEL (at the request of Mr.
HOYER) for today on account of a codel
LJKWGHOD\ 1400
Mr. GENE GREEN of Texas (at the
AFTER RECESS
request of Mr. HOYER) for today on ac-
count of a doctors appointment. The recess having expired, the House
was called to order by the Speaker pro
tempore (Mr. BOST) at 2 p.m.
Congressional Record 409

[Follow manuscript as to expressing time of Designations; California [Docket No.:

DGMRXUQPHQWDVRFORFNDQGPLQXWHVSP APHIS-2016-0052] received August 8, 2016,
RUSP@ pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); Public
Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 868); to the
Committee on Agriculture.
6341. A letter from the Director, Issuances
MOTION TO DISCHARGE
Staff, Department of Agriculture, trans-
COMMITTEE PLWWLQJ WKH 'HSDUWPHQWV QDO UXOH
MARCH 17, 2008. Eligibility of Namibia To Export Meat
Products to the United States [Docket No.:
TO THE CLERK OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN-
FSIS-2012-0028] (RIN: 0583-AD51) received
TATIVES: July 28, 2016, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)
Pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXVII, I, (A); Public Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat.
PERCY J. PRIEST, move to discharge the 868); to the Committee on Agriculture.
Committee on Banking and Currency [Use the following form if only one commu-
from the consideration of the bill nication is submitted8 point:]
(H.R. 2887) entitled A bill transfer- 7147. Under clause 8 of rule
ring certain functions of the Price XII, a letter from the Director,
Administrator, with respect to petro- Regulatory Management Division,
leum and petroleum products, to the Environmental Protection Agency,
petroleum Administrator for War, transmitting the AgencyV QDO
which was referred to said committee rule(Z)-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctade-
March 7, 2008, in support of which mo- cane (Disparlure); Exemption from
tion the undersigned Members of the the Requirement of a Tolerance
+RXVH RI 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV DI[ WKHLU [EPAHQOPP20070596; FRL8367
signatures, to wit: 7] received June 9, 2016, pursuant to
1. Percy J. Priest. 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A), was taken from
2. Oren Harris. . . . the Speakers table, referred to the
217. William E. Hess. Committee on Agriculture, and or-
218. James G. Polk. dered to be printed.
This motion was entered upon the
Journal, entered in the CONGRESSIOAL
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON
RECORD with signatures thereto, and
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
referred to the Calendar of Motions
To Discharge Committees, February Under clause 2 of rule XIV, execu-
29, 2008. tive communications were taken
from the Speakers table and referred
House briefs
as follows:
[The briefs follow at end of days proceed-
6340. A letter from the Congressional
ings, heads and dashes to be used as shown
Review Coordinator, Animal and Plant
here. This data is supplied from the House and
Health Inspection Service, Department
is printed as submitted.]
of Agriculture, transmitting the
Departments interim rule Tuberculosis
in Cattle and Bison; State and Zone
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, Designations; California [Docket No.:
APHIS-2016-0052] received August 8, 2016,
ETC.
pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); Public
Under clause 2 of rule XIV, execu- Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 868); to the
tive communications were taken Committee on Agriculture.
from the Speakers table and referred
as follows: REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON
6340. A letter from the Congressional
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Review Coordinator, Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service, Department Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports
of Agriculture, transmitting the of committees were delivered to the
Departments interim rule Tuberculosis
in Cattle and Bison; State and Zone
410 Chapter 19

Clerk for printing and reference to the Department of Veterans Affairs for
the proper calendar, as follows: medicines relating to preventive health
services, and for other purposes; to the
Mr. GOODLATTE: Committee on the
Committee on Veterans Affairs.
Judiciary. H.R. 5578. A bill to establish
certain rights for sexual assault survi- [Use the following form when only one bill
vors, and for other purposes (Rept. 114707, or resolution is submitted:]
Pt. 1). Referred to the Committee of the
Under clause 2 of rule XII:
Whole House on the state of the Union.
Mr. FATTAH (for himself and Mr.
Mr. MILLER of Florida: Committee
WOLF): introduced a bill (H.R. 5158) to
on Veterans Affairs. H.R. 3286. A bill to
provide for the sealing or expungement
encourage effective, voluntary private
of records relating to Federal nonviolent
sector investments to recruit, employ,
criminal offenses, and for other purposes;
and retain men and women who have
which was referred to the Committee
served in the United States military
on the Judiciary, and in addition to the
with annual presidential awards to pri-
Committees on Agriculture, and Ways
vate sector employers recognizing such
and Means, for a period to be subsequently
efforts, and for other purposes; with an
determined by the Speaker, in each case
amendment (Rept. 114708). Referred to
for consideration of such provisions as fall
the Committee of the Whole House on the
within the jurisdiction of the committee
state of the Union.
concerned.
[Use above form also when only one report
is submitted.]

MEMORIALS
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 3 of rule XII, memo-
Under clause 2 of rule XII, public rials were presented and referred as
bills and resolutions of the following follows:
titles were introduced and severally [Use the following form when submitted
referred, as follows: by the Speaker if By the Speaker is not in
manuscript:]
By Mr. SHADEGG:
H.R. 6274. A bill to provide an equivalent 296. The SPEAKER presented a memo-
to habeas corpus protection for persons rial of the Senate of the State of California,
held under military authority under that relative to Senate Joint Resolution 26,
part of Cuba leased to the United States; calling upon the President of the United
to the Committee on the Judiciary, and States to encourage the Secretary of the
in addition to the Committee on Armed United States Department of Health and
Services, for a period to be subsequently Human Services to adopt policies to re-
determined by the Speaker, in each case peal the current discriminatory donor
for consideration of such provisions as fall suitability policies of the United States
within the jurisdiction of the committee Food and Drug Administration (FDA) re-
concerned. garding blood donations by men who have
By Mr. ROYCE (for himself, Mr. had sex with another man and, instead,
ZELDIN, Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN, direct the FDA to develop science-based
Mr. NUNES, Mr. MEADOWS, Mr. policies such as criteria based on risky
THORNBERRY, Mr. SESSIONS, behavior in lieu of sexual orientation; to
Mr. DONOVAN, Mr. MCCAUL, the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Mr. DENT, Mr. CHAFFETZ, Mr.
297. Also, a memorial of the Senate
CONAWAY, Mr. ROHRABACHER,
of the State of California, relative to
Mr. RIBBLE, Mr. TROTT, Mr.
Senate Joint Resolution 29, declaring un-
YOUNG of Iowa, Mr. DESJARLAIS,
necessary and unexplained increases in
Mr. COOK, Mr. PITTENGER,
pharmaceutical pricing is a harm to our
Mr. DESANTIS, Mr. DUFFY, Mr.
health care system that will no longer be
STIVERS, Mr. FITZPATRICK,
tolerated because the system cannot sus-
Mr. YOHO, Mr. ROTHFUS, Mr.
tain it; to the Committee on Energy and
CHABOT, and Mr. WILLIAMS):
Commerce.
H.R. 5931. A bill to provide for the prohibi-
tion on cash payments to the Government
of Iran, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs.
By Ms. DUCKWORTH (for herself and
Mr. ZELDIN):
H.R. 5932. A bill to amend title 38, United
States Code, to eliminate copayments by
Congressional Record 411

MEMORIALS [Note.Set sponsors caps and Members

caps and lower case.]
Under clause 3 of rule XII,
[Use the following form when only one me-
DISCHARGE PETITIONS
morial is submitted:] Under clause 2 of rule XV, the fol-
326. The SPEAKER presented a memo- ORZLQJGLVFKDUJHSHWLWLRQVZHUHOHG
rial of the Legislature of the State of Petition 8, March 12, 2014, by Mr.
Louisiana, relative to Senate Concurrent BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER on House
Resolution No. 51 memorializing the Resolution 490, was signed by the follow-
Congress of the United States to estab- ing Members: Bradley S. Schneider, Steny
lish a grant program to assist the seafood H. Hoyer, James E. Clyburn, Sam Farr,
industry in St. Tammany, St. Bernard, Sanford D. Bishop, Jr., Joseph Crowley,
Orleans, and Plaquemines parishes; to the Terri A. Sewell, Eddie Bernice Johnson,
Committee on Financial Services. Adam B. Schiff, Sander M. Levin, Sheila
Jackson Lee, Nydia M. Velazquez,
Ruben Hinojosa, Zoe Lofgren, Janice D.
PRIVATE BILLS AND Schakowsky, . . .
RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 3 of rule XII, private DISCHARGE PETITIONS
bills and resolutions of the following ADDITIONS OR DELETIONS
titles were introduced and severally
The following Members added their
referred, as follows:
names to the following discharge
By Mr. GROTHMAN:
H.R. 808. A bill to authorize the petitions:
President to award the Medal of Honor to Petition 1 by Ms. DELAURO on the bill
James Megellas, formerly of Fond du Lac, (H.R. 377): Katherine M. Clark.
Wisconsin, and currently of Colleyville, Petition 9 by Mr. GARCIA on the bill
Texas, for acts of valor on January 28, 1945, (H.R. 15): Rosa L. DeLauro, David Scott,
during the Battle of the Bulge in World War William L. Enyart, Bennie G. Thompson,
II; to the Committee on Armed Services. John Conyers Jr., Allyson Y. Schwartz,
By Mr. UPTON: Eliot L. Engel, Brad Sherman, Suzan K.
H.R. 809. A bill for the relief of Ibrahim DelBene, Donald M. Payne Jr., Carolyn
Parlak; to the Committee on the Judiciary. McCarthy, Theodore E. Deutch, John
B. Larson, Henry A. Waxman, Emanuel
[Use the following form when only one bill &OHDYHU *. %XWWHUHOG $QGUHt &DUVRQ
or resolution is submitted:] William R. Keating, Terri A. Sewell, and
Under clause 3 of rule XII, Tim Ryan.
The following Members name was
Mr. HUFFMAN introduced a bill (H.R.
deleted from the following discharge
6296) For the relief of Yeganeh Salehi
petition:
Rezaian; which was referred to the
Petition 1 by Ms. DELAURO on H.R. 377:
Committee on the Judiciary.
Edward J. Markey.

ADDITIONAL SPONSORS PETITIONS, ETC.

Under clause 7 of rule XII, sponsors Under clause 3 of rule XII, petitions
were added to public bills and resolu- and papers were laid on the Clerks
tions, as follows: desk and referred as follows:
H.R. 27: Mr. RENACCI.
19. The SPEAKER presented a peti-
H.R. 169: Mr. REICHERT. tion of the City Commission of the City of
H.R. 213: Mrs. BEATTY and Mr. CONNOLLY, Lauderhill, FL, relative to Resolution No.
H.R. 265: Ms. MCCOLLUM, 15R-07-161, condemning the Dominican
Republics impending mass deportation of
H.R. 297: Ms. ROYBAL-ALLARD, Ms. KELLY
Haitian immigrants; to the Committee on
of Illinois, Mr. FARR, Ms. EDDIE BERNICE
Foreign Affairs.
JOHNSON of Texas, Mr. RYAN of Ohio, and Ms.
20. Also, a petition of the Oakland County
WILSON of Florida.
Board of Commissioners, Oakland County,
MI, relative to Miscellaneous Resolution
No. 15154, objecting to the development of a
nuclear waste repository in close proxim-
ity to the Great Lakes; to the Committee
on Foreign Affairs.
412 Chapter 19

[Use the following form when only one peti- AMENDMENTS

tion is submitted:]
Under clause 8 of rule XVIII, pro-
Under clause 1 of rule XXII, posed amendments were submitted
139. The SPEAKER presented a peti- as follows:
tion of the Council of the District of
H.R. 5303
Columbia, relative to the Council-adopted
resolution entitled, National Park OFFERED BY: MR. KILDEE
Service-Georgetown Branch Rail Right- AMENDMENT NO.: Add at the end the
of-Way Acquisition Resolution of 1990; following:
which was referred to the Committee on TITLE VDRINKING WATER
the District of Columbia.
SEC. 501. DRINKING WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE.
(a) DEFINITIONS.In this section: . . . .
Congressional Record 413

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD INDEX

General instructions
Set in 7 point on 8 point, Record measure (168 points, 14 picas).
Cap lines or italic lines are set flush left.
Entries are indented 1 em, with overs 2 ems.
Bill introductions are to be identified as to sponsor or cosponsor.
Bullet following page number in index identifies unspoken material.
Pages are identified as S (Senate), H (House), and E (Extensions).
Pages in bound Record index are entered numerically, without S, H, or E
prefixes.

Abbreviations and acronyms

(for use on notation of content line)
Abbreviations
Streets: St.; Ave.; Ct.; Dr.; Blvd.; Rd.; Sq.; Ter.
Names: Jr.; Sr.; II (etc.)
Businesses: Co.; Corp. (includes all Federal corporations); Inc.; Ltd.; Bros.
States: See rule 9.13.
Dept. of Agriculture ............................................................................. Sec. of Agriculture.
Dept. of Commerce .............................................................................. Sec. of Commerce.
Dept. of Defense .................................................................................... Sec. of Defense.
Dept. of Education ................................................................................ Sec. of Education.
Dept. of Energy...................................................................................... Sec. of Energy.
Dept. of Health and Human Services ............................................... Sec. of Health and . . .
Dept. of Homeland Security ............................................................... Sec. of Homeland Security
Dept. of Housing and Urban Development..................................... Sec. of Housing and . . .
Dept. of the Interior .............................................................................. Sec. of the Interior.
Dept. of Justice....................................................................................... Attorney General.
Dept. of Labor ........................................................................................ Sec. of Labor.
Dept. of State .......................................................................................... Sec. of State.
Dept. of Transportation ....................................................................... Sec. of Transportation.
Dept. of the Treasury............................................................................ Sec. of the Treasury.
Dept. of Veterans Affairs ..................................................................... Sec. of Veterans Affairs.
414 Chapter 19

Acronyms
Agency for International Development.......................................................................AID
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome .....................................................................AIDS
American Association of Retired Persons ..................................................................AARP
American Bar Association .............................................................................................ABA
American Civil Liberties Union ...................................................................................ACLU
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations......... AFLCIO
American Medical Association.....................................................................................AMA
British Broadcasting Corp .............................................................................................BBC
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ............................................ATF
Bureau of Indian Affairs .................................................................................................BIA
Bureau of Land Management ........................................................................................BLM
Bureau of Labor Statistics...............................................................................................BLS
Cable News Network .......................................................................................................CNN
Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network ........................................................................CSPAN
Central Intelligence Agency ..........................................................................................CIA
Civil Service Retirement System ...................................................................................CSRS
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services ....................... CHAMPUS
Commodity Credit Corp................................................................................................CCC
Commodity Futures Trading Commission................................................................CFTC
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act..... CERCLA
Congressional Budget Office .........................................................................................CBO
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act..................................................COBRA
Consumer Product Safety Commission......................................................................CPSC
Daughters of the American Revolution.......................................................................DAR
Deoxyribonucleic acid ....................................................................................................DNA
Disabled American Veterans .........................................................................................DAV
Drug Enforcement Administration .............................................................................DEA
Employee Retirement Income Security Act ...............................................................ERISA
Environmental Protection Agency...............................................................................EPA
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission .........................................................EEOC
Export-Import Bank of the United States ...................................................................EXIM Bank
Federal Aviation Administration .................................................................................FAA
Federal Bureau of Investigation ....................................................................................FBI
Federal Communications Commission ......................................................................FCC
Federal Crop Insurance Corp........................................................................................FCIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp...................................................................................FDIC
Federal Election Commission .......................................................................................FEC
Federal Emergency Management Agency ..................................................................FEMA
Federal Employee Retirement System .........................................................................FERS
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ....................................................................FERC
Federal Housing Administration .................................................................................FHA
Federal Insurance Contributions Act ..........................................................................FICA
Congressional Record 415

Federal National Mortgage Association......................................................................Fannie Mae

Federal Reserve System...................................................................................................FRS
Federal Trade Commission............................................................................................FTC
Food and Drug Administration....................................................................................FDA
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ...................................................................GATT
General Services Administration .................................................................................GSA
Government Accountability Office ..............................................................................GAO
Government Publishing Office .....................................................................................GPO
Gross national product ...................................................................................................GNP
Health maintenance organization(s) ...........................................................................HMO(s)
Human immunodeficiency virus .................................................................................HIV
Internal Revenue Service ................................................................................................IRS
International Business Machines Corp. ......................................................................IBM
International Monetary Fund .......................................................................................IMF
International Trade Commission .................................................................................ITC
Legal Services Corp. ........................................................................................................LSC
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program ......................................................LIHEAP
Missing in action..............................................................................................................MIA(s)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration .....................................................NASA
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People .............................. NAACP
National Broadcasting Co. .............................................................................................NBC
National Collegiate Athletic Association....................................................................NCAA
National Institute of Standards and Technology ......................................................NIST
National Institutes of Health .........................................................................................NIH
National Labor Relations Board ...................................................................................NLRB
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration...............................................NOAA
National Railroad Passenger Corp. ..............................................................................Amtrak
National Rifle Association .............................................................................................NRA
National Security Council..............................................................................................NSC
National Science Foundation ........................................................................................NSF
National Transportation Safety Board ........................................................................NTSB
North American Free Trade Agreement .....................................................................NAFTA
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ............................................................................NATO
Nuclear Regulatory Commission .................................................................................NRC
Occupational Safety and Health Administration .....................................................OSHA
Office of Management and Budget ...............................................................................OMB
Office of Personnel Management..................................................................................OPM
Organization of American States .................................................................................OAS
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries .....................................................OPEC
Overseas Private Investment Corp. ..............................................................................OPIC
Palestine Liberation Organization ...............................................................................PLO
Parent-Teachers Association ..........................................................................................PTA
Prisoner of war .................................................................................................................POW
416 Chapter 19

Public Broadcasting Service ..........................................................................................PBS

Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization Act......................................................RICO
Reserve Officers Training Corps..................................................................................ROTC
Securities and Exchange Commission ........................................................................SEC
Small Business Administration ....................................................................................SBA
Social Security Administration ....................................................................................SSA
Supplemental security income ......................................................................................SSI
Tennessee Valley Authority ...........................................................................................TVA
Trans-Pacific Partnership ..............................................................................................TPP
United Auto Workers ......................................................................................................UAW
United Nations .................................................................................................................U.N.
United Nations Childrens Fund ...................................................................................UNICEF
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization .................... UNESCO
Veterans of Foreign Wars ...............................................................................................VFW
Voice of America ..............................................................................................................VOA
Women, Infants, and Children Program ....................................................................WIC
World Health Organization...........................................................................................WHO
Young Mens Christian Association .............................................................................YMCA
Young Womens Christian Association.......................................................................YWCA

Spacing
Biweekly Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no extra
spacing.
Bound Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no extra
spacing.
History of Bills folioed in upper right and left corner using H.B. numbers;
no extra spacing.
Bound History of Bills folioed in lower right and left corner, first folio
numerically higher than the last folio of index; no extra spacing.

Capitalization
Capitalize principal words after these formats:
Addresses Brochures
Analyses Conference reports
Appendices Descriptions
Articles and editorials Documents
Biographies Essays
Book reviews Essays: Voice of Democracy
Booklets Eulogies
Congressional Record 417

Explanations Press releases

Factsheets Proclamations
Forewords Reports
Histories Report filed
Homilies Resolutions of ratification
Hymns Rsums
Memorandums Sermons
Messages Songs
Oaths of office Statements
Pamphlets Studies
Papers Summaries
Platforms Surveys
Poems Synopses
Prayers Testimonies
Prayers by visitors Transcripts
Prefaces Treaties

Lowercase after these formats:

Advertisements Communiques
Affidavits Comparisons
Agenda Cost estimates
Agreements Court decisions
Amendments Court documents
Announcements Declarations
Appointments Dedications
Awards Definitions
Bills and resolutions Descriptions
Bills and resolutions cosponsored Designated acting Presidents pro tempore
Bills and resolutions introduced Designated acting Speaker pro tempore
Bills and resolutions relative to Digests
Briefs Dispatches
Briefings Examples
Broadcasts Excerpts
Bulletins Executive orders
Certificates of election Financial statements
Chronologies Granted
Citations Granted in the House
Civilian Granted in the Senate
Cloture motions Guidelines
Colloquies Hearings
Commentaries Inscriptions
Comments Interviews
Communications from Introductions
418 Chapter 19

Invocations Recorded
Journals Regulations
Letters Remarks
Lists Remarks in House
Meetings Remarks in House relative to
Military Remarks in Senate
Motions Remarks in Senate relative to
Newsletters Resignations
Notices Resolutions by organizations
Obituaries Results
Opinion polls Reviews
Orders Rollcalls
Outlines Rosters
Petitions Rules
Petitions and memorials Rulings of the chair
Press conferences Schedules
Privilege of the floor Subpoena notices
Programs Subpoenas
Projects Tables
Proposals Tests
Questionnaires Texts of
Questions Transmittals
Questions and answers Tributes
Quotations Voting record

Punctuation
Comma precedes folio figures.
If numbers of several bills are given, use this form: (see S. 24, 25); (see H.R.
217, 218), etc.; that is, do not repeat S. or H.R. with each number.
In consecutive numbers (more than two) use an en dash to connect first with
last: S46S48, 518520.
Quotes are used for book titles.
A 3-em dash is used as a ditto for word or words leading up to colon:
Taxation: capital gains rates
earned income tax credit
rates
Congressional Record 419

Roman and italic

Use italic for Members of Congress descriptive data:
COCHRAN, THAD (a Senator from Mississippi);
CONYERS, JOHN, Jr. (a Representative from Michigan).
Names of vessels in italic:
Brooklyn (U.S.S.);
Savannah (vessel);
Columbia (space shuttle).

Flush cap lines

All cap lines are separate entries. They are set flush with overs indented 2
ems:
LEAHY, PATRICK (a Senator from Vermont)
YOUNG, DON (a Representative from Alaska)
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Barack Obama)
VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Joseph R. Biden, Jr.)
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS (House)
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS (Senate)
FARMERS see Agriculture
SENATE related term(s) Committees of the Senate; Legislative
Branch of the Government; Members of Congress; Votes
in Senate
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR related term(s) Bureau of Land
Management, Bureau of Reclamation
PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS
VOTES IN HOUSE
VOTES IN SENATE
420 Chapter 19

114 th
Vol. 162 JULY 21 TO AUGUST 8, 2016 Nos. 119 to 132

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422 Chapter 19

In history of bills, sequence is: Senate bills, Senate joint resolutions, Senate
concurrent resolutions, and Senate resolutions; then House bills, House
joint resolutions, House concurrent resolutions, and House resolutions: S.
14, S.J. Res. 7, S. Con. Res. 26, S. Res. 5, H.R. 980, H.J. Res. 9, H. Con. Res. 16,
and H. Res. 50.

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Congressional Record 423

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20. Reports and Hearings

The data for these publications arrives at GPO from many different
sources. Congressional committee staff members are responsible for gather-
ing the information printed in these publications.
Report language is compiled and submitted along with the bill language
to the clerks of the respective Houses. The clerks assign the report numbers,
etc., and forward this information to GPO for typesetting and printing. In
many instances the reports are camera-ready copy, needing only insertion
of the assigned report number.
Likewise, hearings are also compiled by committee staff members. The
data or captured keystrokes as submitted by the various reporting services
are forwarded to GPO where the element identifier codes are programmati-
cally inserted and galley or page output is accomplished without manual
intervention. It is not cost effective to prepare the manuscript as per the GPO
Style Manual as it is too time-consuming to update and change the data
once it is already in type form. Therefore, these publications are to be FIC
& punc., unless specifically requested otherwise by the committee. It is not
necessary to stamp the copy. However, style as stated in the following rules
will be followed.

Style and format of congressional reports

Below are rules that should be followed for the makeup of congres-
sional numbered reports. In either Senate or House reports, follow bill style
in extracts from bills. Report numbers run consecutively from first to sec-
ond session:
1. All excerpts to be set in 10-point type, cut in 2 ems on each side, except
as noted in paragraph 3 below. For ellipses in cut-in matter, lines of five as-
terisks are used.
2. Contempt proceedings to be considered as excerpts.
3. The following are to be set in 10-point type, but not cut in:
(a) Letters that are readily identified as such by salutation and
signature.
(b) Appendixes and/or exhibits that have a heading readily iden-
tifying them as such; and

425
426 Chapter 20

(c) Matter printed in compliance with the Ramseyer rule.1

4. All leaderwork and lists of more than six items to be set in 8-point
type.
5. All tabular work to be set in 7-point gothic type.
6. An amendment in the nature of a substitute to be set in 8-point type,
but quotations from such amendment later in the report to be treated as
excerpts, but set full measure (see paragraph 10 below).
7. Any committee print having a report head indicated on original copy to
be set in report type and style.
8. Committee prints not having a report head indicated on original copy
to be set in committee print style; that is, excerpts to be set in 8 point, full
measure.
9. If a committee print set as indicated in paragraph 8 is later submitted
as a report or included in a report, and the type is available for pickup, such
type shall be picked up and used as is in the report.
10. On matter that is cut in on the left only for purposes of breakdown,
no space is used above and below, but on all matter that is cut in on both
sides, 4 points are used above and below. Because of the indentions and the
limited number of element identifiers, do not squeeze bills that are submit-
ted as excerpts.
11. In reports of immigration cases, set memorandums in full measure
unless preceded or followed directly by committee language. Memorandums
are indented on both sides if followed by such language. Preparers should in-
dicate the proper indention on copy.
12. Order of printing (Senate reports only): (1) Report, (2) minority or ad-
ditional views, (3) the Cordon rule, 2 (4) appendix (if any).

1
If a House report contains the "Changes in Existing Law" section (in compliance with the Ramsey-
er rule), all main heads within that report should be set in caps and small caps, with secondary heads
set in all small caps.
2
If a Senate report contains the "Changes in Existing Law" section (in compliance with the Cordon
rule) with potential changes in law indicated, all main heads within that report should be set in caps
and small caps, with secondary heads set in all small caps. However, if the "Changes in Existing Law"
section consists of only an explanatory paragraph, all main heads within that report should be set in
all small caps.
Reports and Hearings 427

13. Minority or additional views will begin a new page with 10-point cap
heading. In Senate reports, Changes in Existing Law begins a new page
if following views. In conference reports, Joint Explanatory Statement
begins a new odd page.
14. Minority or additional views are printed only if they have been signed
by the authoring congressperson.

[Sample of excerpt]
In Palmer v. Mass., decided in 1939, which involved the reorganization of
the New Haven Railroad, the Supreme Court said:
The judicial processes in bankruptcy proceedings under sec-
tion 77 are, as it were, brigaded with the administrative processes
of the Commission.

[Sample of an excerpt with an added excerpt]

The Interstate Commerce Commission in its report dated February 29,
1956, which is attached hereto and made a part hereof, states that it has no
objection to the enactment of S. 3025, and states, in part, as follows:
The proposed amendment, however, should be considered to-
gether with the provisions of section 959(b), title 28, United States
Code, which reads as follows:
A trustee, receiver, or manager appointed in any cause pending
in any court of the United States, etc.

[Sample of amendment]
On page 6, line 3, strike the words and the service, strike all of lines 4, 5,
and 6, and insert in lieu thereof the following:
and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the service credit
authorized by this clause 3 of rule XIII of the Rule of the House of
Representatives, change shall not
428 Chapter 20

(A) be included in establishing eligibility for voluntary or in-

voluntary retirement or separation from the service, under any
provision of law;

[Sample of amendment]
The amendments are indicated in the bill as reported and are as follows:
On page 2, line 15, change the period to a colon and add the following:
Provided, That such approaches shall include only those neces-
sary portions of streets, avenues, and boulevards, etc.
On page 3, line 12, after operated, insert free of tolls.

[Sample of amendment in the nature of a substitute]

The amendment is as follows:

Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following:
That the second paragraph under the heading National Park Service in the
Act of July 31, 1953 (67 Stat. 261, 271), is amended to read as follows: The
Secretary of the Interior shall hereafter report in detail all proposed awards
of concessions leases and contracts involving a gross annual business of
RUPRUHRURIPRUHWKDQYH\HDUVLQGXUDWLRQLQFOXGLQJUHQHZDOV
thereof, sixty days before such awards are made, to the President of the
Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives for transmission to the
appropriate committees.

[Sample of letter inserted in report]

The Department of Defense recommends enactment of the proposed leg-
LVODWLRQDQGWKH2IFHRI0DQDJHPHQWDQG%XGJHWLQWHUSRVHVQRREMHFWLRQ
as indicated by the following attached letter, which is hereby made a part
of this report:
Reports and Hearings 429

0ARCH 21, 2008.

Hon. NANCY PELOSI,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
 0Y DEAR MADAM SPEAKER: There is forwarded herewith a draft of legisla-
tion to amend section 303 of the Career Compensation Act.
* * * * * * *
Sincerely yours,
DOUGLAS A. BROOK,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(Financial Management).

[Sample of cut-in for purposes of breakdown; no spacing above or below]

Under uniform regulations prescribed by the Secretaries concerned, a
member of the uniformed services who
(1) is retired for physical disability or placed upon the tem-
porary disability retired list; or
(2) is retired with pay for any other reason, or is discharged with
severance pay, immediately following at least eight years of con-
tinuous active duty (no single break therein of more than ninety
days);
may select his home for the purposes of the travel and transportation allow-
ances payable under this subsection, etc.

[Sample of leaderwork]
 $PRQJWKHYHVVHOVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDUHFODVVLHGDVPDMRUFRPEDW-
ant ships (aircraft carriers through escort vessels), in the following types:
Forrestal-class aircraft carriers ................................................................... 4
Destroyers.......................................................................................................... 10

* * * * * * *
Guided-missile submarine .............................................................................. 1
Total ............................................................................................................ 42
430 Chapter 20

[Sample of sectional analysis]

SECTIONAL ANALYSIS

Section 1. Increase of 1 year in constructive service for promotion

purposes
The principal purpose of the various subsections of section 1 is to provide
D\HDULQFUHDVHIRUPHGLFDODQGGHQWDORIFHUVLQ  

* * * * * * *
Subsection 101(a) is in effect a restatement of the existing law
This subsection authorizes the President to make regular appointments
LQWKHJUDGHRIUVWOLHXWHQDQWWKURXJK  

* * * * * * *

[Sample of amendment under Ramseyer rule]

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW

In compliance with clause 3 of rule XII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, as introduced,
are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in
black brackets, new matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no
change is proposed is shown in roman):
EXPORT CONTROL ACT OF 1949

* * * * * * *
TERMINATION DATE

SEC. 12. The authority granted herein shall terminate on June 30, [1956]
1959, or upon any prior date which the Congress by concurrent resolution
or the President may designate.
Reports and Hearings 431

[The following examples are for sample purposes only]

[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
114TH CONGRESS REPORT
" HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES !
2d Session 114716

PROVIDING FOR STABILITY OF TITLE TO CERTAIN LANDS

IN THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, AND FOR OTHER PUR-
POSES 1

SEPTEMBER 6, 2016.Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State

of the Union and ordered to be printed 2

Mr. BISHOP of Utah, from the Committee on Natural Resources,

submitted the following

R E P O R T
together with

DISSENTING VIEWS

[To accompany H.R. 3342]

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]

The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the

bill (H.R. 3342) to provide for stability of title to certain lands in
the State of Louisiana, and for other purposes, having considered
the same, report favorably thereon without amendment and rec-
ommend that the bill do pass. 3
PURPOSE OF THE BILL 4

The purpose of H.R. 3342 is to provide for the stability of title

to certain lands in the State of Louisiana.
BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

In 1842, the U.S. government completed a survey of lands in

Louisiana that included the area surrounding Lake Bistineau.
Using the results of this survey, Louisiana delineated its ownership
of lands under the Equal Footing Doctrine and transferred 7,000
acres of land around Lake Bistineau to the Commissioners of the
Bossier Levee District in 1901. Three years later, the Commis-
sioners of the Bossier Levee District conveyed this land to private
ownership.
59006

1
If title makes more than three lines in 10-point caps, set in 8-point caps.
2
Must be set as indicated in copy. If illustrations accompany copy and are not ordered to be printed,
do not add with illustrations. Return copy to Production Manager.
3
If the wording in this paragraph is prepared in the singular form, follow.
4
For Senate Committee on Finance and House Committee on Ways and Means, heads are set in bold
caps.
432 Chapter 20

[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]

Calendar No. 584 1

114TH CONGRESS REPORT
" SENATE !
2d Session 114312

JOHN MUIR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE EXPANSION ACT

AUGUST 30, 2016.Ordered to be printed

Filed, under authority of the order of the Senate of July 14, 2016 2

Ms. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee on Energy and Natural

Resources, submitted the following

R E P O R T
[To accompany H.R. 1289]

The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, to which was

referred the bill (H.R. 1289) to authorize the Secretary of the Inte-
rior to acquire approximately 44 acres of land in Martinez, Cali-
fornia, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports
favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the
bill do pass.
PURPOSE

The purpose of H.R. 1289 is to acquire approximately 44 acres

of land in Martinez, California.
BACKGROUND AND NEED

The John Muir National Historic Site was established by Con-

gress in 1964 (Public Law 88547) and is located in the San Fran-
cisco Bay Area, in Martinez, California. The historic site preserves
the 14-room Italianate Victorian mansion where the naturalist and
writer John Muir lived, as well as a nearby 325-acre tract of native
oak woodlands and grasslands historically owned by the Muir fam-
ily.
The legislation would authorize the Department of the Interior
to acquire by donation approximately 44 acres for inclusion in the
John Muir National Historic Site. The 44 acres includes adjacent
lands from John Swetts historic estate, who was also a farmer,
friend, and neighbor of John Muir in the Alhambra Valley hills. Se-
curing this property would benefit the Muir site as it will help pro-
59010

1
Use this type and form only on Senate reports. There is only one calendar in the Senate.
2
Style for filed line, if present.
Reports and Hearings 433

[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]

114TH CONGRESS REPORT

" HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES !
2d Session 114724

PROVIDING 1 FOR CONSIDERATION OF THE BILL (H.R. 5063) TO LIMIT DONA-

TIONS MADE PURSUANT TO SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS TO WHICH THE
UNITED STATES IS A PARTY, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 2

SEPTEMBER 6, 2016.Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed

Mr. COLLINS of Georgia, from the Committee on Rules,

submitted the following

R E P O R T
[To accompany H. Res. 843]

The Committee on Rules, having had under consideration House

Resolution 843, by a record vote of 9 to 2, report the same to the
House with the recommendation that the resolution be adopted.
SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS OF THE RESOLUTION

The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 5063, the Stop

Settlement Slush Funds Act of 2016, under a structured rule. The
resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the
bill. The resolution provides one hour of general debate equally di-
vided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of
the Committee on the Judiciary. The resolution makes in order as
original text for the purpose of amendment the amendment in the
nature of a substitute recommended by the Committee on the Judi-
ciary now printed in the bill and provides that it shall be consid-
ered as read. The resolution waives all points of order against that
amendment in the nature of a substitute. The resolution makes in
order only those further amendments printed in this report. Each
such amendment may be offered only in the order printed in this
report, may be offered only by a Member designated in this report,
shall be considered as read, shall be debatable for the time speci-
fied in this report equally divided and controlled by the proponent
and an opponent, shall not be subject to amendment, and shall not
be subject to a demand for division of the question in the House
or in the Committee of the Whole. The resolution waives all points
of order against the amendments printed in this report. The resolu-
tion provides one motion to recommit with or without instructions.

59008

1
If copy reads "To make" change to "Making", "To provide" change to "Providing", "To amend"
change to "Amending".
2
Sample of 8-point head.
434 Chapter 20

114TH CONGRESS REPORT

" HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES !
1st Session 114376

TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACT

OF 2015

DECEMBER 9, 2015.Ordered to be printed

Mr. BRADY of Texas, from the committee of conference,

submitted the following

CONFERENCE REPORT
[To accompany H.R. 644]

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the

two Houses on the amendment of the House to the amendment of
the Senate to the bill (H.R. 644), to reauthorize trade facilitation
and trade enforcement functions and activities, and for other pur-
poses, having met, after full and free conference, have agreed to
recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as fol-
lows:
That the Senate recede from its disagreement to the amend-
ment of the House to the amendment of the Senate and agree to
the same with an amendment as follows:
In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the House
amendment, insert the following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE.This Act may be cited as the Trade Facili-
tation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.The table of contents for this Act is
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE ITRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT
Sec. 101. Improving partnership programs.
Sec. 102. Report on effectiveness of trade enforcement activities.
Sec. 103. Priorities and performance standards for customs modernization, trade fa-
cilitation, and trade enforcement functions and programs.
Sec. 104. Educational seminars to improve efforts to classify and appraise imported
articles, to improve trade enforcement efforts, and to otherwise facilitate
legitimate international trade.
Sec. 105. Joint strategic plan.
Sec. 106. Automated Commercial Environment.
Sec. 107. International Trade Data System.
97818
Reports and Hearings 435

JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF

CONFERENCE
The managers on the part of the House and the Senate at the
conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendment of the House to the amendment of the Senate to the
bill (H.R. 644), to reauthorize trade facilitation and trade enforce-
ment functions and activities, and for other purposes, submit the
following joint statement to the House and the Senate in expla-
nation of the effect of the action agreed upon by the managers and
recommended in the accompanying conference report:
The Senate amendment struck all of the House bill after the
enacting clause and inserted a substitute text.
The House amendment struck all of the Senate amendment
after the enacting clause and inserted a substitute text.
The Senate recedes from its disagreement to the amendment
of the House with an amendment that is a substitute for the House
amendment and the Senate amendment. The differences between
the Senate amendment, the House amendment, and the substitute
agreed to in conference are noted below, except for clerical correc-
tions, conforming changes made necessary by agreements reached
by the conferees, and minor drafting and clarifying changes.
DIVISION ATRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE
ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 2015
TITLE ITRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT
SECTION 101. IMPROVING PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMS

Present Law
The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT),
codified in the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act
(SAFE Port Act) of 2006 (6 U.S.C. 961 et seq.), is a voluntary trade
partnership program in which Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) and members of the trade community work together to se-
cure and facilitate the movement of legitimate trade. Companies
that are members of CTPAT are considered low-risk, which expe-
dites cargo clearance based on the companys security profile and
compliance history.
House Amendment
Section 101 requires the Commissioner of CBP to work with
the private sector and other Federal agencies to ensure that all
CBP partnership programs provide trade benefits to participants.
This would apply to partnership programs established before enact-
ment of this bill, and any programs established after enactment. It
establishes elements for the development and operation of any such
partnership programs, which require the Commissioner to: 1) con-
(157)

O S \ \OC\
436 Chapter 20

103
EARMARK, LIMITED TAX BENEFITS, AND LIMITED TARIFF BENEFITS
In compliance with clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of Rule XXI of the
Rules of the House of Representatives, the conference report and
joint explanatory statement contain no earmarks, limited tax bene-
fits, or limited tariff benefits.
CONSTITUTIONAL STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY
Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to
the following: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States
Constitution.
For consideration of the Senate bill and the House amend-
ments, and modifications committed to conference:
FRED UPTON,
JOSEPH R. PITTS,
LEONARD LANCE,
BRETT GUTHRIE,
ADAM KINZINGER,
LARRY BUCSHON,
SUSAN W. BROOKS,
BOB GOODLATTE,
F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, Jr.,
LAMAR SMITH,
TOM MARINO,
DOUG COLLINS,
DAVID A. TROTT,
MIKE BISHOP,
KEVIN MCCARTHY,
From the Committee on Education and the Workforce, for
consideration of title VII of the House amendment, and
modifications committed to conference:
LOU BARLETTA,
EARL L. BUDDY CARTER,
From the Committee on Veterans Affairs, for consider-
ation of title III of the House amendment, and modifica-
tions committed to conference:
GUS M. BILIRAKIS,
JACKIE WALORSKI,
From the Committee on Ways and Means, for consider-
ation of sec. 705 of the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the
House amendment, and modifications committed to con-
ference:
PATRICK MEEHAN,
ROBERT J. DOLD,
Managers on the Part of the House.
CHUCK GRASSLEY,
LAMAR ALEXANDER,
ORRIN G. HATCH,
JEFF SESSIONS,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.

Reports and Hearings 437

FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL

GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2016

HEARINGS
BEFORE A

SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION

SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT

APPROPRIATIONS
ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida, Chairman
TOM GRAVES, Georgia JOSE E. SERRANO, New York
KEVIN YODER, Kansas MIKE QUIGLEY, Illinois
STEVE WOMACK, Arkansas CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania
JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington SANFORD D. BISHOP, JR., Georgia
MARK E. AMODEI, Nevada
E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia
NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Rogers, as Chairman of the Full Committee, and Mrs. Lowey, as Ranking
Minority Member of the Full Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees.
WINNIE CHANG, KELLY HITCHCOCK,
ARIANA SARAR, and AMY CUSHING,
Subcommittee Staff

PART 5
Page
Oversight Hearing: Internal Revenue Service ................. 1
Internal Revenue Service, FY 2016 Budget Request ...... 123
Department of the Treasury ................................................. 205

(
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
96927 WASHINGTON : 2015
438 Chapter 20

COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky, Chairman
RODNEY P. FRELINGHUYSEN, New Jersey NITA M. LOWEY, New York
ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio
KAY GRANGER, Texas PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana
MICHAEL K. SIMPSON, Idaho JOSE E. SERRANO, New York
JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas ROSA L. DELAURO, Connecticut
ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina
JOHN R. CARTER, Texas LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California
KEN CALVERT, California SAM FARR, California
TOM COLE, Oklahoma CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania
MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida SANFORD D. BISHOP, JR., Georgia
CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania BARBARA LEE, California
TOM GRAVES, Georgia MICHAEL M. HONDA, California
KEVIN YODER, Kansas BETTY MCCOLLUM, Minnesota
STEVE WOMACK, Arkansas STEVE ISRAEL, New York
JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska TIM RYAN, Ohio
THOMAS J. ROONEY, Florida C. A. DUTCH RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland
CHARLES J. FLEISCHMANN, Tennessee DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida
JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington HENRY CUELLAR, Texas
DAVID P. JOYCE, Ohio CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine
DAVID G. VALADAO, California MIKE QUIGLEY, Illinois
ANDY HARRIS, Maryland DEREK KILMER, Washington
MARTHA ROBY, Alabama
MARK E. AMODEI, Nevada
CHRIS STEWART, Utah
E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia
DAVID W. JOLLY, Florida
DAVID YOUNG, Iowa
EVAN H. JENKINS, West Virginia
STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi
WILLIAM E. SMITH, Clerk and Staff Director
(II)
Reports and Hearings 439
440 Chapter 20
Index
[Numbers in parentheses refer to rules; bold indicates chapter heading]

A Organized bodies (9.8), 222

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols Parts of publications (9.389.40, 13.10),
(Chapter 9), 221262 231232, 286
Addresses: Period used (8.1078.118), 212214
Correspondence (16.3, 16.916.16), Not used (8.1198.127), 215216
313, 315317 Preparing copy (2.42), 15
Ordinals (12.10), 278 Provinces, etc. (9.13, 9.15), 223, 224
Signatures, lists of names (9.37, 16.3), Senator, Representative (9.30), 230
231, 313 States (9.129.13), 223224
Street (9.169.19, 13.6), 224225, 285 Tabular work (13.413.13), 285286
Article, section (9.39), 232 Technology (9.64), 256261
Calendar divisions (9.449.46, 13.5), 233, Territories and possessions (9.129.14),
285 223224
Closed up, with periods (9.7), 222 Time zones (9.47), 234
College degrees (9.32, 9.359.36), 230, Titles, civil and military, (9.25, 9.27, 9.29),
231 225230
Comma before and after (8.39), 201 U.S.:
Company, etc. (9.25), 225226 Before Government or Government
Not abbreviated (9.26), 226 organization (9.9, 13.7), 222223,
Compass directionals (9.50), 235 285
Congressional terms (9.30, 9.419.43, As adjective (9.10, 13.7), 223, 285
13.11), 230, 232233, 286 Vessels (9.27, 11.611.7), 226, 269270
Dates (9.449.46, 13.5), 233, 285 -able, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 9193,
Et al., etc. (3.53, 8.59), 41, 205 105
Figure, not abbreviated (9.40), 232 About This Manual, v
Foreign countries (9.11), 223 Accents:
Geographic terms (9.99.15), 222224 Anglicized and foreign words (3.15,
5.35.4), 30, 8788
Grammatical (7.13), 112
Geographic names (5.205.21), 95
Information technology (9.64), 256
Symbols (10.18), 262
Land descriptions (9.209.22, 13.9), 225,
285 Acronyms, initialisms, and coined words
(9.48, 9.61, 9.64), 234235, 239247,
Latin (9.63, 11.3), 252256, 269 256261
Lists (9.619.64), 238261 Congressional Record (Ch. 19), 414416
Measures, weights, etc. (9.5, 9.509.59), Plurals (8.11, 8.13), 195, 196
221, 235238
Act, 45
Metric (9.569.57), 236237
Adjectives (see also Compounding):
Military titles, U.S., 226230
Capitalization (3.63.7), 28
Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 277
Modifier (7.7), 111
Foreign, 339344
Nationalities (demonyms) (5.22, Ch. 17),
Numerals used with (9.5, 9.51, 13.4), 221, 95, 337339
236, 285

441
442 Index

Administration, 45 United Nations (3.18), 3132, 78

Adverbs ending in -ly (6.20), 102 Association (9.25), 225226
Advice to Authors and Editors (Chapter Asterisk(s):
1), 15 Ellipses (8.808.82), 208209
Air Force, 46, 226230 Footnote reference (13.6713.68,
Allmark (2.1012.102, 2.110, 2.113), 22, 23 15.1315.14, 15.17), 294, 308, 309
American National Standards Institute Astronomical:
(ANSI) (2.2, 9.61), 79, 239 Bodies, capitalization (3.31), 36
American Samoa (3.20, Ch. 4, 9.129.13, Time (12.9b), 275
9.47, Ch. 17), 33, 77, 223224, 234, 334, Astrophysical abbreviations (9.59), 238
337, 339, 343, 354
Atomic numbers (10.16), 264
Ampersand (&):
Comma omitted before (8.60), 204 B
Firm names (9.25), 225226 Backstrips, run down (2.19), 12
Index entries (15.27), 310 Base lines and meridians, 352353
Anglicized foreign words (3.15, 5.35.4), 30, Basin, 49, 62
8788 B.C. (9.7, 9.61, 12.9c), 222, 238, 275
ANSI (American National Standards Bible, etc. (3.35), 37
Institute) (2.2, 9.61), 79, 239
Bibliography:
Apostrophes and possessives (8.38.18),
Footnote numbering (15.2), 307
193197
Part of book (2.3m), 10
Abbreviations (8.118.12), 195196
References (2.128, 8.33, 8.62, 8.75),
Authentic form in names to be followed
2526, 201, 205206
(8.6), 194
Bill style (2.40), 15
Coined plurals (8.11), 195196
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15), 2
Contractions (8.11), 195196
Board on Geographic Names (5.205.21),
Possessive (8.38.10), 193195 95
Pronouns (8.88.9), 194195 Boldface:
Spelled-out words (8.13), 196 Page numbers, contents (15.30), 311
Appendix: Punctuation (8.150), 220
Abbreviation (9.38), 231 Braces, equations (10.14), 264
Footnote numbering (15.2), 303 Brackets (8.198.22, 10.14), 197198, 264
Part of book (2.3n), 10 Dates abbreviated in (9.45), 233
Plural form (5.10), 9091 Emphasis added, etc. (8.19, 11.4), 197, 265
Area: Equations (8.21, 10.14), 198, 264
Abbreviations (9.569.58), 236237 Headnotes (13.8713.88), 296
Metric equivalents, 345347 More than one paragraph (8.22), 198
Army, 4748, 227230 Type (8.153), 220
Article: Bylines in parentheses (8.101), 211
Abbreviation (9.389.39), 231232
Capitalization (3.123.13, 3.53), 2930, 41 C
Caps and small caps (9.39), 232 Calendar divisions:
Assembly: Abbreviations (9.449.46, 13.5), 233, 285
Legislative, 66 Capitalization (3.24), 34, 50
Index 443

Called, so-called (8.132), 216 Congressional Record, (Ch. 19), 382383

Capacity: Datelines, addresses, and signatures
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236, 237 (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
Metric equivalents, 345346 Figure (2.71, 8.116), 18, 214
Capitalization Rules (Chapter 3), 2743 Heads spaced with regular justification
Addresses, salutations, and signatures spaces (2.50), 16
(3.59, 16.2), 42, 313 Names, surnames (3.513.52), 41
Articles, definite (3.123.13), 29, 30 Note (13.74), 294
Calendar divisions (3.24), 34 Quotation marks in (11.10), 271
Common nouns and adjectives (3.6 Use of in hearings (8.19), 197198
3.11), 2829 Vessel names (11.611.7), 269270
Continued (13.37), 290 -cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 93
Countries, domains (3.203.21), 3233 Celsius (9.53, 9.62), 236, 248
Firm names (Ch. 4), 6061 Centerheads (see Heads, center and side).
First words (3.443.49), 4041 Chair (3.34), 36, 51
Heads, center and side (3.503.58), 4142 Chairman (3.37), 38, 51
Historic and documentary work (3.40), Chapter:
39
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Historic events (3.33), 36
Alignment, in contents (15.28), 310
Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34
Capitalization (3.10), 29
Interjections (3.60), 43
Chemical:
Organized bodies (3.183.19), 3132
Elements:
Particles (3.143.17), 30
Atomic numbers (10.16), 264265
Proper names (3.3), 27
Compounding (6.43), 108
Derivatives (3.43.5), 27
Numerals (6.43, 10.16), 108, 264265
Religious terms (3.35), 37
Symbols (10.16), 264265
Scientific names (3.273.32), 3536
Formulas (6.44, 11.12, 12.15), 108, 271,
Soil orders (3.30), 35 279
Time zones (Ch. 4), 77 Symbols:
Titles: Preparing copy (2.342.35), 14
Persons (3.363.39), 3738 Set in roman (10.16), 264265
Publications, etc. (3.403.43), 39
Church (3.35), 37
Trade names and trademarks (3.26,
And state (Ch. 4), 50
Ch. 4), 35, 77
Ciphers:
Capitalization Examples (Chapter 4),
4580 Leaderwork (14.714.8), 304
Capitals, foreign (Ch. 17), 327336 Numerals (12.9d), 275
Capitals, U.S. (Ch. 17), 326, 354374 Tabular work (13.2913.36), 289290
Capitol (Ch. 4), 51 Citations:
Caps and small caps: Abbreviations (9.429.43, 9.45), 232233
Abbreviation (1.22), 45, 239 Biblical, etc. (8.32), 200
Article, section (9.39), 232 Italic (11.3, 11.8), 269, 270
Capitalization, in heads (3.503.58), Punctuation (8.1008.101), 211
4142 Civil and military titles:
444 Index

Abbreviations (9.299.37), 226231 Chemical terms (6.426.44), 108

Capitalization (3.343.37), 3638 Civil and military titles (6.406.41), 105
Plurals (5.8), 8990 Fractions (6.386.39, 12.2612.28), 107,
Coast (3.22), 33 283
Coast Guard (Chs. 4, 9), 45, 52, 226230 General rules (6.46.7), 9798
Code (3.38), 39 Improvised compounds (6.466.52),
Colon (3.443.45, 3.48, 8.238.37), 40, 108109
198201 Numerical compounds (6.366.39,
Affecting use of numerals (12.8), 274 12.9o), 106107, 278
After salutations (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316 Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
Biblical citations (8.32), 200 (6.296.35), 104106
Bibliographic citations (8.33), 201 Short prefixes (6.7), 98
Bulleted or enumerated list (8.28), Scientific and technical terms (6.42
199200 6.45), 108
Capitalization following (3.443.49, Solid compounds (6.86.14), 98100
8.24), 40, 198 Unit modifiers (6.156.28), 100104
Ratio (8.368.37), 201 Units of measurement (6.45), 108
Subentries (8.29, 14.15), 200, 305 Congressional:
Combining forms (6.296.35), 104106 Abbreviations (9.419.43, 13.11), 232233,
Comma (8.388.63), 201205 286
Chemical formulas (6.44), 108 Capitalization (3.18), 3132
Compound sentences (8.47), 203 Ordinals (12.1012.11), 278279
Omitted (8.548.63), 204205 Congressional Record (Chapter 19),
Semicolon, used with (8.148), 219 377423
Commandant (9.30), 230 Addresses and signatures, 389390
Commander in Chief (3.37), 3738 Call of the House, 388
Compounding (6.40), 107 Capitalization, 379380
Plural (5.8), 89 Caps and small caps, 382383
Commission (3.18), 3132 Committee of the Whole House on the
state of the Union, 404405
Committee (Ch. 4), 53
Company: Conference report and statement,
406407
Abbreviation (9.259.26), 225226
Credits, 390
Ampersand with (9.25), 225226
Extensions of Remarks, 392
List (Ch. 4), 54, 60
Extracts, 391392
Compass directionals:
Figures, 380
Abbreviations (9.50), 235
Forms of titles, 388389
Capitalization (3.23), 34
General rules, 377378
Compound words (6.14), 100
In gross or en gros, 382
Land tract description (9.209.21), 225
Italic, 380381
Punctuation (6.14, 8.61, 9.17, 9.209.21,
9.509.51), 100, 204, 224225, 235 Miscellaneous, 381382
Compounding Examples (Chapter 7), Parentheses and brackets, 384385
111192 Poetry, 390391
Compounding Rules (Chapter 6), 97109 Proceedings:
Index 445

House, 400404 Folioing looseleaf or perforated work

Senate, 393399 (1.12), 2
Punctuation, 383 Footnote references (1.7), 1
Samples, 382412 Illustrations:
Speech heads, 392 Instructions (1.8), 1
Tabular matter and leaderwork, 380 Position (1.8), 1
Text headings, 392 Separate sheets (1.8), 1
Title 44, U.S.C., iv, 377 Legible (1.2), 1
Voting: Numbering (1.3), 1
House and Committee of the Whole, Paper stock (1.16), 23
385387 Paragraph, begin with (1.4), 1
Pairs, 388 Proofreaders marks (1.22), 45
Yeas and nays, 387388 Proper names, signatures, etc., plainly
Congressional Record Index, 413423 marked (1.5), 1
Abbreviations and acronyms, 413416 Reprint, in duplicate (1.3), 1
Capitalization, 416418 Style sheets furnished (1.11), 2
Flush cap lines, 419 Trim size (1.11, 1.17), 2
General instructions, 413 Typewritten, one side only (1.3), 1
Punctuation, 418 Cordon rule (Ch. 20), 426 fn.
Roman and italic, 419 Corrections:
Samples, 420423 Authors (1.191.20), 2
Spacing, 416 Proofreading (2.792.80), 19
Congressional work: Counties and geographic divisions,
Back title, 436, 438 354374
Cover and title pages, 431434, 437, Common misspellings, 374375
439440 Cover:
Joint explanatory statement, 435 Kind to be indicated (1.13, 2.5), 2, 11
Reports and hearings (2.39, Ch. 20), 15, Report sample, 9
425440
Crown (3.37, Ch. 4), 3738, 56
Consonants:
Currency (see also Money), 339344
A, an, before (5.165.19), 94
Doubled (5.145.15), 94 D
Hyphen, to avoid tripling (6.7), 98 Dagger (13.6713.68, 15.14), 294, 308
Contents (15.2015.30), 309311 Dash (8.648.79), 205208
Part of book (2.3i, 2.12), 10, 11 Em dash (8.648.75), 205206
Type (15.2815.30), 310311 En dash (8.768.79), 207
Contractions, apostrophe to indicate Figures, letters (8.768.77, 12.7), 207,
(8.118.12), 195196
274
Copy (see also Preparing copy):
Not to be used for and (8.79), 208
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15),
2 Not to be used for to (8.78, 13.110),
Corrections marked (1.191.20), 2 208, 299
Covers to be indicated (1.13), 2 Proportion (8.36), 201
Fold-ins, avoid use of (1.14), 2 Date columns (see Tabular work).
446 Index

Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures Diacritical and writing marks (5.35.4,

(Chapter 16), 313324 5.25), 8788, 96
Dates: Dimensions (12.9j), 276277
Abbreviations (9.449.46, 13.5), 233, 285 Diseases and related terms (3.32, Ch. 4),
A.D., B.C. (8.56, 12.9c), 204, 275 36, 58
Commas with (8.53, 8.56, 12.9c), 203, Do. (ditto):
204, 275 Leaderwork (14.4, 14.6), 303304
En dash (8.778.79, 12.9c), 207208, 275 Tabular work (13.4113.50), 290291
Ordinals in (12.11), 278 Dollar:
Roman numerals (12.29), 284 Abbreviation (9.60, 10.6), 238, 263
Tabular work (13.5), 285 Leaderwork (14.714.8), 304
Days: Tabular work (13.5113.56), 292
Abbreviations (9.46), 233 Dr. (9.29, 9.33), 226, 230
Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34 Not used with other titles (9.33), 230
Decimal inches, converted to (Chapter 17),
347 E
Decimals: Earth (3.31), 36
Alignment (2.28, 13.31), 13, 289 Editorial marks (illustration) (1.22), 45
Ciphers with (13.2913.33), 289 Editors and authors, suggestions (1.11.21),
Comma omitted (8.58), 204 13
Used with numerals (12.9d), 275 E.g. (9.7, 9.63), 222, 253
Decorations, medals, etc. (Chapter 4), 56 Ellipses (8.808.86), 208209
Decree: Email, email (Ch. 4, 11.16), 59, 272
Executive (Chapter 4), 60 Emphasis, italic not used (11.2), 269
Royal (3.40), 39, 57 Emphasis added, etc. (11.4), 269
Degree mark: Equations (10.810.15), 264
Repeated (10.6), 263 Esq., abbreviation (8.43, 9.329.33, 9.37,
Spacing (12.9f), 276 16.3, 16.12, 16.19), 200, 230, 231, 313,
316, 317
With figures (9.509.51, 9.53, 10.6, 12.9f),
235236, 263, 270 Et al. (9.63), 253
Degrees (scholastic, etc.): Et cetera, etc. (2.29, 9.63), 13, 253
Abbreviations (9.32, 9.33, 9.359.36), 230, Et seq. (9.63, 11.3), 252, 269
231 Even space after sentences (2.49), 16
Capitalization (9.36), 231 Ex- (6.34), 105
Closed up (9.7), 222 Exclamation point (8.878.89), 209210
Sequence of (9.35), 231 Extracts:
Deity, words denoting (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 55 Footnotes (15.8), 307308
Demonyms (nationalities, American) Quotation marks omitted (2.23), 12
(5.225.24, Ch. 17), 9697, 337339
F
Derivatives:
Compounds (6.6), 98 Fahrenheit (9.53, Ch. 17), 235236, 345
Proper names (3.43.5, Ch. 4), 27, 57 False title (2.3a), 10
Scientific names (3.273.29), 35 Federated States of Micronesia (9.12, 9.13, Ch.
Devil, etc. (3.35), 37 17, Ch. 18), 223224, 332, 338, 342, 356
Index 447

FIC & punc. (2.29, 2.39, 2.41), 13, 15 Fort (Ch. 4), 62
Figure (2.70, 3.10), 18, 29 Not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Not abbreviated (9.40), 232 State name with (9.12), 223
Period not used at end (8.116), 214 Fractions (12.2612.28), 283
Figures (see Numerals). Comma omitted (8.58, 12.9e, 12.27), 204,
Firm names (see also Company) (Ch. 4), 60 276, 283
First words capitalized (3.443.49), 4041 Hyphen in (6.386.39, 12.27), 107, 283
Flush heads (see Heads, center and side). Land descriptions (9.209.22), 225
Fol. lit. (2.39, 12.1), 15, 273 Spelled out (6.38, 12.26), 107, 283
Fold-ins, oversize, avoided (1.14), 2 Tabular work (13.8513.86), 295296
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Alignment (13.63), 293
Outlines (Chapter 15), 307312 Franking privilege (2.127), 25
Footnotes and reference marks (15.1 Frontispiece (2.3b), 10
15.19), 307309 -ful, words ending in (5.9, 6.30), 90, 105
Comma not used (8.54, 15.19), 204,
309 G
Follows punctuation (15.18), 309 General Instructions (Chapter 2), 726
Footnote added (2.95), 21 Geologic Terms and Geographic
Footnote eliminated (2.94g), 21 Divisions (Chapter 18), 349375
Run across (1.7, 13.71), 1, 294 Geographic divisions, 352
Sequence (15.14), 308 Geographic terms (Ch. 4), 62
Superior figures (13.67, 15.12), 294, 308 Geologic terms, 349
Thin space (15.12), 308 Gospel, etc. (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 63
Indexes and tables of contents (15.20 Government(s) (3.9, 3.21, Ch. 4), 28, 3233,
15.30), 309311 60
Leaderwork (14.1114.13), 305 Departments, capitalization (3.18), 3132
Outlines (15.31), 311312 Foreign (Ch. 17), 327336
Tabular work (13.6513.84), 293295 Governor (3.36), 37
Text (15.115.19), 307309 GPOs Digital Information Initiatives, ix
Foreign: Gravity terms (9.53), 235236
Countries: Guam (3.20, 4, 9.139.14, Ch. 17), 33, 77,
Abbreviations (9.11), 223 223224, 337, 341, 358
Capital cities (Ch. 17), 327336
H
Currency (Ch. 17), 339344
Heads of state (Ch. 17), 327336 Halftitle:
Money, abbreviations (9.60), 238 Imprint (2.115), 23
Nationalities (demonyms) (Ch. 17), Part of book (2.3j), 10
337339 H-bomb, H-hour (Ch. 4, 6.51), 64, 109
Rivers (Ch. 18), 353 Heads, center and side:
Words: Capitalization (2.31, 3.503.58), 14,
Accents (5.35.4), 8788 4142
Compounding (6.24), 103 Tabular work (13.2513.27), 288
Italic (11.2), 269 Heads of state, foreign (Ch. 17), 327336
Foreword (2.3f), 10 Hearings (see Reports and Hearings).
448 Index

Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34 Paragraphs (2.592.60), 17

Holy Scriptures, etc. (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 62 Index (15.2015.30), 309311
Honorable, etc. (9.31), 230 Entries (15.27), 310
House (Ch. 4), 6465 Part of book (2.3o), 10
Hyphen (see also Compounding Rules): Plural form (5.10), 9091
Chemical formulas (6.436.44), 108 Roman numerals (15.22), 309
Civil and military titles (5.8, 6.40), See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 271, 309
8990, 107 Inferior figures and letters:
Compass directionals (6.14), 100 Chemical elements (6.43), 108
Division at end of line (8.91), 210 Chemical formulas (10.16, 11.12, 12.15),
Fractions (6.386.39, 12.2612.28), 105, 264, 271, 279
283 Equations (10.8), 264
Numerical compounds (6.366.39, Italic (10.8, 11.12), 264, 271
12.9o), 106107, 278 Precede superiors (10.15), 264
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms Preparing (2.34), 14
(6.7, 6.296.35, 7.97.10), 98, 104106,
Information technology acronyms (9.64),
112
256261
Scientific terms (6.426.44), 108
Infra:
State abbreviations (8.76, 9.12), 207, 223
Italic (11.3), 269
Unit modifiers (6.156.28), 100104
Not abbreviated (9.49), 235
Not used when meaning is clear (6.16),
Integral sign (10.14), 264
101
Interjections:
I Capitalization (3.60), 43
Ibid, id. (9.63, 11.3), 253, 269 Exclamation point (8.878.89), 209210
-ible, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 9193, Internet, internet (Ch. 4), 65
105 Introduction (2.3f), 10
i.e. (9.7, 9.63), 222, 253 -ise, -ize, -yze (5.12), 93
Illustrations: Italic (Chapter 11), 269272
Makeup (2.3i, 2.12, 2.18), 10, 11, 12 Aircraft (11.6), 269270
Separate sheets (1.8), 1 Ante, post (11.3), 269
Imprints (2.1112.122), 2324 Continued from (11.11), 271
Signature marks (2.992.110), 2223 Credit line (8.66), 205
Improvised compounds (6.466.52), Datelines, addresses, and signatures
108109 (16.516.26), 313323
Inches, picas converted to (Ch. 17), 347 Emphasis (11.2), 269
Indents (see also Overruns) (2.592.65), Equations (10.710.8, 11.1211.13), 264,
1718 271272
Datelines, addresses, and signatures Fol. lit., etc. (2.39), 15
(16.516.28), 313324 Foreign words, etc. (11.211.3), 269
Do. (13.4113.50), 290291 Inferior letters (10.8, 11.12), 264, 271
Extracts (2.23), 12 Infra, supra (11.3), 269
Footnote tables (13.83), 295 Italic supplied, etc. (11.4), 269
Hanging (2.622.63), 17 Legal cases (11.8), 270
Heads (2.642.65), 18 Legends (2.72, 11.14), 18, 272
Index 449

nth degree (11.12), 267 Abbreviation before (8.127, 13.13), 216,

Not used for (11.2), 269 286
Paragraphs and sections, indicating Leaderwork (14.1), 303
(11.15), 272 Tabular work (13.9613.100), 297298
Provided, Resolved, etc. (3.49, 11.11), Leaderwork (Chapter 14) (see also Tabular
4041, 271 Work), 303306
To be followed (11.5), 269 Bearoff (14.2), 303
Publications, titles of (11.2), 269 Clears (14.9), 304
Salutations (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316 Columns (14.314.4), 303304
Scientific names (11.911.10), 271 Continued heads (14.5), 304
See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 271, 305 Definition (14.1), 303
Symbols (2.73, 11.1211.14), 18, 271272 Do. (14.6), 304
Tabular work (13.9413.95), 297 Dollar mark and ciphers (14.714.8), 304
Units of quantity (13.122, 14.14), 302, 305 Double up (14.19), 306
v. (11.8), 270 Examples (14.1514.20), 305306
Vessels (11.611.7, 13.94), 269270, 297 Flush items and subheads (14.914.10),
304
x dollars (11.12), 271
Footnotes (14.1114.13), 305
-ize, -ise, -yze (5.12), 93
Units of quantity (14.1414.20), 305306
J Leading and spacing (2.472.58), 1617
Journals (2.2), 8 Leading:
Jr., Sr.: Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.4), 313
Abbreviation (9.32, 9.34), 230
Extracts (2.532.56), 1617
Index entries (15.27), 310
Footnotes (2.57), 17
Punctuation (8.43, 9.34), 202, 230
Legends (2.57), 17
Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
Line of stars (8.83), 209
K Page, section, etc., over figure columns
(15.21), 305
King (3.36), 37
Tabular work, boxheads (13.1813.21),
Known as (8.132), 216 286
L Tabular work, centerheads (13.25,
13.28), 288
Land area abbreviations (9.56), 236237 Tabular work, footnotes (13.6513.84),
Land descriptions (9.209.22, 12.9f), 225, 293295
276 Spacing:
Latin abbreviations (9.63, 11.3), 252256, Abbreviations with points (9.6), 221
269 Ampersand (9.7), 222
Latitude, longitude: Article, section (9.39), 232
Abbreviated (9.51, 13.9), 235, 285 Citations (8.32), 200
Division at end of line (9.52), 235 Clock time (8.31, 12.9b), 200, 275
Spaces omitted (9.51, 12.9f), 235, 276 Colon (8.238.37), 198201
Law (3.40), 39 Datelines, addresses, and signatures
Leaders: (16.4), 313
450 Index

Degrees, academic (9.7, 9.329.33, Footnotes:

9.359.37), 222, 230, 231 Leaderwork (14.1114.13), 305
Ellipses (8.808.86), 208209 Tabular references repeated (2.13,
Footnote references (8.54, 15.12, 13.69), 11, 294
15.19), 204, 308309 Tabular sample (14.15), 301
Footnote symbols (13.68, 15.1215.13), Tabular work (2.96), 21
294, 304 Text (15.915.11), 308
Heads, center, side (2.50), 16 Illustrations (2.662.72), 18
Initials, personal name (9.7), 222 Parts of book (2.3), 10
Letters or figures in parentheses (2.39, Roman numerals (2.4), 11
8.98), 15, 211 Running heads and folios (2.92.10), 11
Mathematical signs (10.3), 263 Signature marks, imprints, etc. (2.99
Names, space after in small cap heads 2.126), 2225
(3.143.17, 3.513.52), 3031, 41 Signatures, jobs over 4 pages (1.15), 2
Particles (3.52), 41 Sink (2.8), 11
Question mark (8.1288.130), 216 Title pages (2.5), 11
Quotation marks (8.1318.147), Widow lines (2.6), 11
216219
Marine Corps (3.18, Ch. 4, Ch. 9), 31, 67,
Section mark (10.6), 263 226230
Stars (8.83), 209 Market grades (3.26), 35
Symbols with figures (10.6), 263 Marshall Islands (9.12, 9.13, Ch. 17),
Legal cases: 223224, 332, 338, 342, 361
Capitalization (3.12), 29 Mathematical equations (10.810.15), 264
Italic (11.8), 270 Signs (10.2, 10.3, 10.18), 263, 266
Legends (2.662.72), 18 Measurement:
Italic symbols (2.72, 11.14), 18, 272 Abbreviations (9.569.58), 236238
Leading (2.57), 17 Conversion table (Ch. 17), 347
Makeup (2.67, 2.71, 2.94f), 18, 21 Metric equivalents (Ch. 17), 345347
Punctuation (2.69, 8.116), 18, 214 Numerals (12.9j), 276277
Type (2.68), 18 Symbols (9.62), 248252
Legislative bodies, foreign (Ch. 17), 327336 Medals (see Decorations).
Letter of transmittal (2.3e), 10 Meridians and base lines (Ch. 18), 352353
Looseleaf work, blue folios marked (1.12), Messrs. (9.29), 226
2 Meteorology signs/symbols (10.18),
-ly, words ending in (6.20), 102 266268
Metric:
M
Abbreviations (9.569.57), 236237
M., Mlle., etc. (9.29), 226 Equivalents (Ch. 17), 345346
Magnification symbol (10.3), 263 Military:
Magnitudes (9.59), 238 Dates (8.56, 12.9c), 204, 275
Makeup (2.32.19), 1012 Installations, State name with (9.12), 223
Backstrips, run down (2.19), 12 Time (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279
Facing pages (2.7), 11 Titles:
Fold-ins to be avoided (1.14), 2 Abbreviations (Ch. 9), 226230
Index 451

Capitalization (3.36), 37 Newspapers:

Enlisted rank, 228230 Capitalization (3.40), 39
Officer rank, 226228 Datelines (16.8), 315
Units, ordinals used (12.10), 278 Italic not used (11.2), 269
Millimeters, converted to (Ch. 17), 341 No., Nos. (9.38), 231
Million, etc.: Not abbreviated (13.22), 287
Roman numerals (12.29), 284 Northern Mariana Islands (9.129.13, Ch.
Use of figures with (12.24), 282283 17), 223224, 342, 367
Minute: Note (1.22, 8.111, 13.53, 13.74), 5, 213, 292,
Abbreviation (9.58), 238 294
Latitude, longitude (9.519.52, 12.9f), Nouns:
235, 276 Capitalization (3.63.11, 3.50), 2829, 41
Time (12.9b, 12.9n), 275, 277 Compounding (6.86.11), 9899
Astronomical (9.59, 12.9b), 238, 275 Nationalities, foreign (Ch. 17), 337339
Money: Plural forms (5.55.10), 8891
Abbreviations and symbols (9.60, 12.9k, States, natives of (5.23), 95
Ch. 17), 238, 277, 339344 nth degree (11.12), 271
Decimals (12.9k), 277 Number:
Fractions (12.2612.28), 283 Abbreviation (see No.).
Months: Chemical elements (10.16), 264265
Abbreviations (9.449.45, 13.5), 233, 285 Mark (#) (10.6, 10.18, 15.15), 263,
mo (9.58), 238 266268, 308
Punctuation (8.53, 8.778.79, 12.9c), 203, Numerals (Chapter 12), 273284
207, 275 Age (12.9a), 274
Moon (3.31), 36 Beginning a sentence (12.16), 280
Signs (10.18), 266268 Related numerals (12.25), 283
Mount, not abbreviated (9.19), 225 Chemical elements (6.43, 10.16), 108,
Mr., Mrs.: 264265
Abbreviation, when used (9.29), 226 Chemical formulas (6.44, 12.15), 108, 279
Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313 Clock time (9.54, 12.9b), 236, 275
With other abbreviations (9.33), 230 Colon affecting use (12.8), 274
Mr. Chairman, etc. (3.37), 38 Compound (6.366.39), 106107
Dates (see Dates).
N Decimals (12.9d), 275
Names (see Personal names, Natives). Degrees (12.9f), 276
Nation, etc. (3.203.21), 3233 Equations (10.810.15), 264
Nationalities (see Demonyms). Expressed in figures (12.412.13),
Natives: 273279
Foreign countries (Ch. 17), 337339 Formal writing (12.19), 281
States, U.S. (5.235.24), 9596 Fractions (see Fractions).
Nature (3.34), 36 Game scores (12.9g), 276
Navy, Naval, etc. (3.18, Ch. 4, Ch. 9), 31, Hearings, etc. (12.17), 280
6869, 226230 Indefinite expressions (12.22), 281282
Near East (3.22), 33 Land descriptions (9.21), 225
452 Index

Large numbers (12.20, 12.24), 281283 Tabular work (12.13, 13.102), 279, 298
Market quotations (12.9h), 276 Outlines:
Mathematical expressions (12.9i), 276 Indents (15.31), 311312
Measurement and time (12.9a12.9o), Numbering sequence (15.31), 311312
274278 Overruns (see also Indents):
In relation to other figures (12.6), 274 Center, side heads (2.642.65), 18
Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 277 Datelines, addresses, and signatures
Ordinals (see Ordinals). (16.5, 16.26), 313314, 320324
Percentage (12.9l), 277 Hanging indents (2.612.62), 17
Proportion or ratio (12.9m), 277 Indexes (15.2315.25), 309310
Punctuation (8.52, 8.1138.114, 12.14), Leaderwork (14.4), 303304
203, 214, 279 Paragraphs (2.592.65), 1718
Roman (see Roman numerals). Tabular work (13.8913.93), 296297
Serial (12.7), 274 Total, mean, and average lines
Single: (13.9113.93), 296297
10 or more (12.4), 273
P
Under 10 (12.23), 282
Unit of measurement, etc. (12.6), 274 Pact (3.40), 39
Spelled out (12.1612.25), 276, 280283 Page (3.10), 29
Tabular work (13.101), 298 Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Time (12.9n), 277 Numbers (2.4, 15.22, 15.30), 11, 309, 311
Unit modifiers (6.23, 6.366.37, 6.39, Palau (9.129.13, Ch. 17, Ch. 18), 223224,
12.9o), 103, 106, 107, 278 333, 338, 342, 368
Vitamins (12.9p), 278 Paper stock (1.16), 23
With abbreviations (9.5, 13.4), 221, 285 Paragraph (3.8), 29
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
O Mark () (10.6), 263
O, Oh: Paragraphs:
Capitalization (3.60), 43 Brackets, more than one paragraph
Exclamation point (8.888.89), 209210 (8.22), 198
-o, words ending in (5.5), 88 Indents (2.602.61), 1718
Occident, etc. (3.223.23), 3334 Overruns (2.612.62), 17
Oclock (9.55, 12.9b), 236, 275 Italic letters indicating (11.15), 272
Office (3.18), 3132, 69 Numbering sequence (8.112), 213214
Op. cit. (11.3), 222, 245, 254, 269 Parentheses (8.958.106), 210212
Order (3.40), 39 Abbreviations in (9.2), 221
Ordered (3.49, 11.11), 41, 271 Citations or references (9.45), 233
Ordinals (12.1012.13, 13.101), 278279, 298 Congressional (9.419.43), 232233
Beginning with 10th (12.13), 279 Latitude, longitude (9.51), 235
In relation to other ordinals or numerals Parts of publications (9.38), 231
(12.11), 278279 Steamships, railroads (9.27), 226
Leaderwork (12.13), 279 Alignment in tables (13.59, 13.63), 293
Military units (12.10), 278 Byline (8.105), 212
Street address (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285 Chemical formulas (6.44), 108
Index 453

Clauses (8.96), 210 Multiplication (8.118), 214

Closed up (2.41, 8.98, 8.102), 15, 211 Omitted (8.1198.127, 9.3, 13.13, 15.23),
Column numbers or letters (13.23), 287 215216, 221, 286, 309310
Enclose letters or figures (8.98), 211 Overruns, in indexes (15.23), 309310
Equations (10.14), 264 Roman numerals (8.124), 215
Explanatory word (8.97), 211 Run-in sideheads (8.111), 213
More than one paragraph (8.106), 212 Short name not abbreviation (8.123,
Not part of main statement (8.95), 210 9.23), 215, 225
Paragraph sequence (8.112), 213214 Symbols (8.119), 215
Type (8.153), 220 To indicate thousands (8.114), 214
Verifying numbers (8.99, 12.18), 211, 280 Words and incomplete statements
(8.125), 215
With punctuation (8.1008.102), 211212
Periodicals, titles of:
Part (3.9), 29
Capitalization (3.403.41, 3.43), 39
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Italic not used (11.2), 269
Particles (3.143.17), 3031
Makeup (2.22.3), 710
Parts of books:
Personal names:
Abbreviations (9.389.40), 231232
Abbreviations followed (8.123, 9.23
Capitalization (3.9, 3.40341), 29, 39 9.24), 215, 225
Makeup (2.3), 10 Initials set without space (8.43, 9.7, 9.34),
Quotation marks (8.133), 217 202, 222, 230
Percent (5.2), 83 Particles (3.143.17), 3031
Mark (10.18, 15.15), 267, 304 Variations (8.123, 9.239.24), 215, 225
Use of figures (12.9l), 277 Personification (3.34), 36
Period (8.1078.127), 212216 Physics, signs and symbols (10.18), 266268
Abbreviations (8.115, 9.69.7), 214, Physiographic regions (Ch. 18), 350351
221222 Pica conversion table (Ch. 17), 347
After article, section, etc. (8.117), 214 Pickup matter (2.32), 14
Boxheads (8.119), 215 Correcting (2.44), 16
Decimals (8.113, 12.9d, 13.2913.32), 214, Place:
275, 285
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285
Declarative sentence (8.107), 212
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285
Ellipses (8.808.86), 208209
Planets (3.31), 36
Explanatory matter within parentheses
(8.126), 215 Plate (3.10), 29
Indirect question (8.108), 212 Abbreviation (9.38), 231
In lieu of parentheses (8.109), 213 Numbers aligned (15.28), 310
Inside-outside quotation marks (8.138 Plurals:
8.139), 218 Apostrophe (8.7, 8.11), 194, 195196
Legends (2.70, 8.116), 18, 214 Coined (8.11), 195196
Letters used as names (8.121), 215 Common noun as part of proper name
Metric abbreviations (9.569.57), (3.9), 29
236237 Compound words (5.65.8), 8788
Middle initial not abbreviation (8.122), Irregular (5.10), 9091
214 Latin names (3.29), 35
454 Index

Letters and figures (8.11), 195196 FIC & punc., Fol. lit. (2.392.41), 15
Nouns ending in -ful (5.9), 90 Figures (2.25, 2.39), 13, 15
Nouns ending in -o (5.5), 88 Folioing and stamping (2.30), 14
Word plurals (8.13), 196 Footnotes and reference marks:
Poetry: Tabular work (13.6513.84), 293295
Capitalization of titles (3.40), 39 Text (15.115.19), 307309
Congressional Record (Ch. 19), 390391 Heads (2.31, 3.503.58), 14, 4142
Credit line (8.70), 206 Instructions to be followed (2.41, 11.5),
Quotation marks (3.40, 8.133), 39, 217 15, 269
Point, not abbreviated (9.19), 225 Italic (2.27, 2.39, Ch. 11), 13, 15, 269272
Points, converted to (Ch. 17), 347 Pickup (2.32), 14
Political parties (3.18, Ch. 4), 3132, 68 Plurals (2.37, 8.13), 15, 196
Adherents (3.19, Ch. 4), 32, 68 Punctuation followed (2.392.41), 15
Port, not abbreviated (9.19), 225 Sidenotes (2.33), 14
Possessions, U.S. (9.129.14, Ch. 18), Signs, symbols, etc. (2.342.35), 14
223224, 354374 Type to indicate shape (2.362.38), 1415
Possessives and apostrophes (see Prepositions (3.53), 4142
Apostrophes and possessives). In compound nouns (6.47), 107
Post (11.3), 269 Presidents and Vice Presidents, U.S.,
Post Office (Ch. 4), 71 325326
Box, as part of address (Ch. 4), 71 Pronouns:
Directory of Post Offices (5.20), 95 Compounding (6.126.13), 100
ZIP Code numbers (8.55, 16.1), 204, 313 Possessive (8.88.9), 194195
Pound mark (see Money, Number). Proofreaders marks (1.22), 45
Preface (2.3g, 2.12), 10, 11 Proofreading (2.732.85), 1819
Prefixes (6.7, 6.296.35), 98, 104106 Proofs:
Metric (9.56), 236237 Clean (2.45, 2.94a), 16, 20
Preliminary pages (2.32.4), 1011 Marking (1.181.20), 2
Roman numerals for (2.4), 11 Proportion (8.36, 12.9m), 201, 277
Preparing copy: Provided, etc.:
Abbreviations spelled out (2.42), 15 Capitalization following (3.49), 4041
Bills (2.40), 15 Italic (3.49, 11.11), 4041, 271
Capitalization (2.26, 2.36), 13, 14 Province (3.20), 3233
Copy kept clean (2.45), 16 Not abbreviated (9.15), 224
Cut-in notes (2.33), 14 Public Law, etc. (3.40), 39
Datelines, addresses, and signatures Not abbreviated (9.41, 9.43), 232, 233
(2.27), 13 Publications (see Periodicals):
Addresses (16.916.16), 315317 GPO (1.21), 3
Datelines (16.516.8), 313315 Puerto Rico (9.129.13), 223224, 369
Signatures (16.1716.28), 317324 Punctuation (Chapter 8), 193220
Decimals (2.28), 13 Abbreviations:
Et cetera, etc. (2.29), 13 Omitted (8.127, 9.3, 13.13), 216, 221,
Extracts (2.23), 12 286
Index 455

When used (8.43, 9.6), 202, 221 Not to be set (2.46), 16

Apostrophe (8.38.18), 193197 Proofreading (2.742.76), 19
Brackets (8.198.22), 197198 Question mark (8.1288.130), 216
Colon (8.238.37), 198201 Closed up (8.130), 216
Comma (8.388.63), 201205 Direct query (8.45, 8.128), 202, 216
Before and after abbreviations (8.43), Doubt (8.1298.130), 216
202 With quotation marks (8.138, 8.141), 218
Omitted (8.548.63), 204205 Quotation marks (8.1318.147), 216219
Used (8.388.53), 201203 Addresses, books, etc. (8.133), 217
Dash (3-em) (8.75), 206 Called, so-called, etc. (8.132), 216217
Dash (em) (8.648.74), 205206 Direct quotations (8.131), 216
Not used (8.738.74), 206 Display initial with (8.147), 219
Used (8.648.72), 205206 Double, single, double (8.141), 218
Dash (en) (8.768.79), 207208 Entitled, marked, etc. (8.132), 216217
Not used (8.788.79), 208 Extracts, omitted (2.23, 8.145), 12, 219
Used (8.768.77), 207 Indirect quotations (8.146), 219
Ellipses (8.808.86), 208209 Letters within a letter (8.135), 217
Exclamation point (8.878.89), 209210 Complete letter (8.144), 219
Function (8.1, 8.2), 193 Misnomers, slang, etc. (8.136), 217218
Hyphen (8.908.94), 210 More than one paragraph (8.134), 217
Compounding (Ch. 6), 97109 Precede footnote references (8.140), 218
Legends (2.69, 8.116), 18, 214 Punctuation with (8.51, 8.1388.139),
Numerals (12.14), 279 203, 218
Parentheses (8.958.106), 210212 Scientific names (11.10), 267
Period (8.1078.127), 212216 Spacing (8.137, 8.141), 218
Omitted (8.1198.127), 215216 Tabular work (13.123), 298
Used (8.1078.118), 212214 Thin space (8.137), 218
Question mark (8.1288.130), 216 Vessels (11.7, 11.8), 270
Quotation marks (8.1318.147), 216219 Quotations:
Not used (8.1428.147), 218219 Capitalization (3.44, 3.46), 40
Used (8.1318.141), 216218 Comma before (8.39), 201
Semicolon (8.1488.151), 219220 Ellipses (8.808.86), 208209
Sentence (2.49), 16
R
Single (8.128, 8.152), 216, 220
Railroads, abbreviated (9.27, 13.8), 226, 285
Q
Ramseyer rule (Ch. 20), 426 fn.
Quantity (see Units of quantity). Reference marks (see Footnotes and
Quart (9.58), 237238 references).
Metric equivalent (Ch. 17), 345, 347 Reference materials, GPO (1.21), 3
Quasi-, ex-, self- (6.34), 105 Region (3.10), 29
Queen (3.363.37), 3738 Ordinals (12.10), 278
Queries: Regular, etc. (3.18, Ch. 4), 31, 48, 59, 6979
Department must answer (1.20), 2 Related numbers:
456 Index

Group (12.5, 12.25), 273274, 283 Preliminary pages (2.4), 11

Ordinals (12.1012.13), 278279 Royal titles (3.363.37, 3.39), 3738
Religious terms (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 72 Rules in tables (13.3), 285
Report (3.403.41, Ch. 4), 39, 72 Running heads:
With quotation marks (3.41, 8.133), 39, Copy for, supplied (1.19), 2
217 Makeup (2.102.11), 11
Reports and Hearings (Chapter 20), Period omitted (8.119), 215
425440
Samples, 427440 S
Representative (3.18), 32 Sales notices (2.1252.126), 25
Not abbreviated (9.30), 230 Salutation:
Reprint: Capitalization (3.59, 16.15), 42, 316
All roman (no italic) exceptions (11.5), Colon after (8.30, 16.15), 200, 316
269 Italic (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316
Dates (2.1232.124), 25 Scientific terms:
Pickup (2.32), 14 Abbreviations, punctuation omitted
Signature marks (2.124), 25 (9.3), 221
Republic (3.20), 3233 Capitalization (3.273.32), 3536
Reservation (3.5), 2728 Compounding (6.426.45), 108
State name with (9.12), 223 Italic (11.911.10, 13.95), 271, 297
Resolution (3.40), 39 Quotation marks with (11.10), 271
Abbreviation (9.42, 13.11), 232, 286 Set in roman (11.9), 271
Resolved, etc. (3.49), 40 Scriptures, etc. (3.33), 36
Italic (3.49, 11.11), 4041, 271 Seaboard (3.22), 3334
Reverend, etc. (9.31), 230 Seal (16.2716.28), 323324
Revising (2.862.98), 2022 Seasons (3.23), 34
Galley (2.862.89), 20 2d, 3d, etc.:
Page (2.902.96), 2021 Comma omitted before (8.43, 8.63, 9.32),
Press (2.972.98), 2122 202, 205, 230
Rivers (Ch. 18), 353 Ordinals (12.1012.11), 278279
Road: Type (9.32, 16.3), 230, 313
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285 Secretary, etc. (3.35), 3738, 74
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285 General, 74
Roman numerals: No hyphen (6.40), 107
Army corps (12.10), 274 Plural form (5.8), 8990
Figure columns: Section (3.10), 29, 74
Indexes and contents (15.22), 309 Abbreviation (9.38, 13.10), 231, 286
Tabular work (13.62), 293 Not abbreviated (9.39), 232
List (12.29), 284 Caps and small caps (9.39), 232
Not preferred (12.3), 273 Italic to indicate (11.15), 272
Period: Roman, over figure column (15.21), 309
Aligned in contents (15.28), 310 Section mark ():
Not used after (8.124), 215 Footnote reference (15.14), 308
Index 457

Space after (10.6), 263 Formulas (6.44, 10.15, 12.15), 108, 264,
-sede, -cede, -ceed (5.13), 93 279
See, see also: Coined words and symbols (8.11, 8.76,
Italic (11.11, 15.20), 271, 309 8.136, 9.48), 195196, 207, 217, 234235
Roman (13.95), 297 Degree mark (9.509.51, 9.53, 9.56, 10.4,
12.9f), 235237, 263, 276
See footnote, etc. (15.4), 307
Equations (10.810.15), 264
Self-, ex-, quasi- (6.34), 105
Footnote references (15.1215.19),
Semicolon (8.1488.151), 219220
308309
Avoid, where comma will suffice (8.151),
Sequence (15.14), 308
220
Foreign money (9.60, Ch. 17), 238,
Before summarizing matter (8.150), 219
339344
Clauses containing commas (8.148), 219
Italic letters (2.72, 10.710.8, 11.1211.15),
Senate, 74 18, 264, 271272
Senator, 74 Legends (2.73), 18
Not abbreviated (9.30), 230 List (10.18), 266268
Serial: Mathematical signs (10.210.3), 263
Letter, italic (11.15), 272 Preparing copy (2.342.35), 14
Parentheses (8.98), 211 Standardized (10.17), 266
Numbers: Symbol columns (13.11413.115), 299
Comma omitted (8.58, 12.14), 204, 279 , crossed with, magnification (10.3), 263
Figures used (12.7), 274 Single punctuation (8.128, 8.152), 216, 220
Parentheses (8.98), 211 Sink (2.8), 11
Session: Small caps:
Abbreviation (9.41, 13.11), 232, 286 Etc., et al. (3.57), 42
Ordinals (9.41, 13.11), 232, 286 Heads spaced with regular justification
Shape, letters used (2.362.38), 1415 spaces (2.50), 16
Shilling mark, in fractions (12.27), 283 Italic inferior letters (10.8), 264
Sign (10.18), 266268 Proper names (3.513.52), 41
Signature marks (2.992.110), 2223 Roman numerals (2.4, 15.22), 10, 309
Signatures: Seal (16.2716.28), 323
Abbreviations (9.24, 16.19), 225, 317 v., lowercase in legal cases (11.8), 270
Capitalization (3.59, 16.2), 42, 313 Soil orders (3.30), 35
Caps and small caps (9.37), 231 Spacing (see Leading and spacing).
Examples (16.1716.27), 317323 Spelling (Chapter 5), 8196
Preceded by dash (8.70, 16.17), 206, 317 Anglicized and foreign words (5.35.4),
Preparation (2.27), 13 8788
Punctuation (16.23), 318 Apostrophes and possessives (8.38.18),
Quoted matter (16.25), 320 193197
Signed (8.132), 216 -cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 93
In signatures (16.24), 318321 Doubled consonants (5.145.15), 94
Signs and Symbols (Chapter 10), 263268 Geographic names (5.205.21), 95
Chemical: Idiomatic phrases (6.52), 109
Elements (6.43, 10.16), 108, 264265 Indefinite articles, use of (5.165.19), 94
458 Index

List (5.2), 8187 Preparing (2.33), 14

Nationalities (5.225.24), 9596 Type (8.153), 220
Native American words (5.25), 96 With punctuation (8.137), 218
Plural forms (5.55.10), 8891 Supra:
Transliteration (5.26), 96 Italic (11.3), 269
Square (Ch. 4, Ch. 7), 75, 175 Not abbreviated (9.49), 235
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285 Survey (3.18), 3132
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 278, 285 Symbols (see Signs and Symbols)
Stars (see Ellipses).
T
State, etc. (3.20, Ch. 4), 32, 75
Staten Island (9.14), 224 Table (see also Useful Tables) (3.9, Ch. 4, Ch.
States (3.6, 3.20, 3.22, Ch. 7), 28, 32, 33, 17), 29, 77, 325
7576, 175 Table of contents (see Contents).
Abbreviations (8.76, 9.129.13), 207, Tabular Work (Chapter 13) (see also
223224 Leaderwork), 285302
Capitals (Ch. 17, Ch. 18), 326, 354374 Abbreviations (13.413.13), 285286
Counties (Ch. 17), 354374 Bearoff (13.1413.17), 286
Natives of (5.23), 95 Leaderwork (14.214.4), 303304
Station (3.7, 3.10, Ch. 7), 2829, 76, 175 Tables without rules (13.116, 13.119),
State abbreviation with (9.12), 223 300, 301
Statutes, etc. (3.40), 39 Boxheads (13.1813.23), 286287
Abbreviations (9.43, 13.11), 233, 286 Horizontal (13.1913.21), 286
Street, 76 Centerheads, flush entries, and
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285 subentries (13.2513.28), 288
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285 Ciphers (13.2913.36), 289290
Subentries (8.29, 13.8913.90, 13.112, 14.15), Column numbers or letters (13.23), 287
200, 296, 299, 305 Continued heads (13.3713.38), 290
Subheads: Dash instead of colon (13.26), 288
Indexes and contents (15.29), 310 Dashes or rules (13.3913.40), 290
Leaderwork (14.10), 304 To separate nonmoney groups (13.53),
Suffixes (6.306.31), 105 292
Summation sign (10.14), 264 Date column (13.28), 288
Sun (3.31), 36, 76 Decimals, alignment (13.2913.36,
Sign (10.18), 266268 13.64), 289290, 293
Superior figures and letters: Ditto (Do.) (13.4113.50), 290291
Astrophysical matter (9.59), 238 Closing quotes (13.41), 290
Chemical elements (6.43), 108 Divide tables (13.10313.108), 296
Comma omitted (8.54), 204 Dollar mark (13.5113.56), 292
Equations (10.8), 264 Figure columns (13.5713.64), 293
Follow inferiors (10.15), 264 Decimals (13.2913.32, 13.6313.64),
Footnote references (13.66, 15.12, 15.17), 289, 293
293, 308309 Footnotes and references (13.6613.84),
Italic letters (8.54, 10.8, 11.12), 204, 264, 293295
271 Fractions (13.8513.86), 295296
Index 459

Hairline rules (13.3), 285 The:

Headnotes (13.8713.88, 13.103), 296, 298 Part of speech (3.53), 4142
Indents and overruns (13.8913.93), 296 Title, part of (3.123.13, 9.31), 2930, 230
Subentries (13.8913.90), 296 Thin space:
Total, mean, and average lines Footnotes (13.68, 15.12), 294, 308
(13.9113.93), 296 Names (3.513.52), 41
Italic (13.9413.95), 297 Number mark, not used with (10.6), 263
Leaders (13.9613.100), 297298 Paragraph mark (10.6), 263
Leading: Quotation marks (8.137), 218
Boxheads, solid in leaded tables Section mark (10.6), 263
(13.20), 286 Time:
Notes (13.84), 295 Abbreviations (9.549.55, 9.58, 9.59),
Makeup (see Makeup) 236238
No. (13.22), 287 Astronomical (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279
None (13.33, 13.35, 13.45), 289291 Capitalization, 77
Numerals (13.101), 298 Clock (12.9n), 277
Parallel tables (13.10213.108), 298 Geologic, 349
Quoted tables (13.123), 302 Military (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279
Reading columns (13.10913.113), 299 Use of figures (9.59, 12.9b, 12.9n), 238,
See, see also (13.95), 297 275, 277
Subentries (13.8913.90, 13.112), 296, 299 Zones (Ch. 4, 9.47), 77, 234
Symbol columns (13.11413.115), 299 Title (3.10), 29, 77
Tables without rules (see also Title page:
Leaderwork) (13.11613.119), 300302 Back of (2.3d), 10
Total, mean, and average lines (13.91 Congressional back title samples:
13.93), 296297 Appropriations hearing, 438
Tracing figures (13.106, 13.108), 298 Conference report, 434
Type (2.23, 13.3), 12, 285 Imprints, etc. (2.103, 2.1112.122), 2224
Units of quantity (13.12013.122), 302 Makeup (2.32.19), 1012
Spacing (13.28), 288 Part of book (2.3c), 10
Years, spacing (13.28), 288 Period omitted at ends of lines (8.119),
Technical terms (see Scientific terms). 215
Telephone numbers (8.58, 8.76, 12.7), 204, U.S., not abbreviated (9.9), 222223
207, 274 Titles:
Temperature, abbreviations (9.53), 235236 Acts (3.42), 39
Temperature conversion (Ch. 17), 345 Books, plays, songs, publications, papers,
Terrace: etc. (3.403.43, 8.133, 11.2), 39, 217, 265
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285 Civil and military:
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285 Abbreviations (9.25, 9.299.37),
Territory, etc. (3.20, Ch. 4), 32, 77 225226, 226231
Territories, U.S. (9.129.18), 223224, Compound (6.406.41), 107
354374 Plurals (5.8), 8990
Text footnotes (see Footnotes and Common nouns (3.37), 3738
references). Foreign books (3.43), 39
460 Index

Heads of state, 327336 Text (2.23), 12

Legal cases (3.40, 11.8), 39, 270
U
Persons (3.363.39), 3738
Second person (3.39), 38 Under Secretary (see also Secretary) (Ch.
To, en dash for (8.78, 12.9c, 12.9m, 13.110), 4), 78
208, 275, 277, 299 Union (3.20), 32, 78
To Whom It May Concern (8.30, 16.14), & in name (9.25), 225226
200, 316 Comma omitted between name and
Tracing figures (see Tabular work). number (8.53), 203
Trade names (3.26), 35, 77 Unit modifiers (see Compounding).
Treasury, etc. (3.18), 3132, 77 United Nations (3.18, Ch. 7), 31, 78
Treaty (3.10, 3.40), 29, 39, 77 Units of quantity:
Tribunal (3.18), 3132, 78 Leaderwork (14.14), 305
Tunnel, 78 Numerals (12.6, 12.9), 274278
Type: Tabular work (13.12013.122), 302
Boldface, punctuation in (8.153), 220 U.S. (see Possessions, Territories):
Brackets (8.153), 220 Abbreviation (9.99.10, 13.7), 222223,
Illustrating shape and form (2.36 285
2.38), 1415 Closed up (9.7), 222
Composition: Spelled out (9.99.10), 222223
Correcting pickup (2.44), 16 Presidents and Vice Presidents (Ch. 17),
Proofs, clean (2.45), 16 325326
Dash (8.153), 220 USD (9.60, Ch. 17), 238, 343
Datelines, addresses, and signatures Useful Tables (Chapter 17), 325347
(16.216.3), 313 Chemical elements (10.61), 264265
Extracts (2.23, 8.145), 12, 219 Currency (Ch. 17), 340344
Footnotes (15.5), 307 Demonyms (nationalities) (Ch. 17),
Headnotes (2.14, 13.8713.88), 11, 296 337339
Headings (2.30, 3.503.58), 13, 4142 Foreign countries, capitals, chiefs of
Indexes and contents (15.20, 15.29 state, etc. (Ch. 17), 327336
15.30), 309, 310311 Geologic time (Ch. 18), 349
Italic (Ch. 11), 269272 Measures, metric, etc. (Ch. 17), 345347
Vessels (11.611.7), 269270 Meridians and base lines (Ch. 18), 352
Jr., Sr. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313 Military titles (Ch. 9), 226230
Leaderwork (14.1), 303 Physiographic regions, U.S. (Ch. 18),
Legends (2.68), 18 350351
Mr., Mrs., etc. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313 Postal abbreviations (9.13), 224
Note (8.111, 13.53), 213, 292 Public land surveys (Ch. 18), 353
Parentheses (8.153), 220 Rivers (Ch. 18), 353
Picas converted to inches (Ch. 17), 347 Roman numerals (12.29), 284
Seal (16.2716.28), 323324 Signs and symbols (10.18), 266268
Signature marks (2.101), 22 State populations and their capitals (Ch.
Special typefaces (1.11), 2 18), 326
Tabular work (2.23, 13.3), 12, 285 Temperature conversion, 339
Index 461

U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents (Ch. Ward (3.10, Ch. 4), 29, 79
17), 325326 Web (Ch. 4), 79
V Website (Ch. 4, Ch. 7, 11.16), 79, 188, 272
Websters Dictionary (5.1, 7.5), 81, 111
v.: Weights:
Italic (11.8, 13.94), 270, 297 Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236238
Roman (11.8), 270 Metric (9.569.57), 236237
Van, von (3.143.17), 3031 Metric equivalents (Ch. 17), 345347
Verbs: Numerals (12.9j), 276277
Adverb compounds (6.9), 98 Widow lines (2.6), 11
Capitalization (3.53), 4142 Word division (8.91), 210
Infinitive (3.53, 3.56), 4142 Land descriptions (9.209.22), 225
Improvised (6.48), 109 Latitude and longitude (9.509.52), 235
Vessels: Words (see Spelling).
Abbreviations (9.27), 226 WWW (9.64), 261
Italic (11.611.7, 13.94), 269270, 297
Quotation marks (11.711.8), 270 XYZ
Virgin Islands (9.129.13, Ch. 17), 223224, x, dimension measurements (12.9j),
344, 372 276277
Volume (3.10, Ch. 4), 29, 79 , crossed with, magnification (10.3), 259
Abbreviation (9.38), 231 Yard (9.58), 237
Metric (9.56), 236237 Metric equivalent (Ch. 17), 346347
Vowels: -yze, -ise, -ize (5.12), 93
A, an, before (5.165.19), 94 Your Honor, etc. (3.39, Ch. 4), 38, 80
Hyphen, to avoid doubling (6.7), 98 ZIP Code numbers (Ch. 4, 8.55, 9.61, 16.1),
53, 80, 247, 313
W
War (3.31, Ch. 4), 36, 79