NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE c) Imperative- meant to issue a command.

Ex. Jordan, wash all the dishes in the sink.

3 stages in the Apprehension of concepts for d) Expletive- meant to issue a wish
Knowledge to be Possible: Ex. Can you please bring some water here?
e) Exclamatory- meant to express surprise.
1) Perception- it involves an activity that does Ex. Help!!!!!
not make us different from animals.
Types of Statements
2 types:
a. External perception- it happens when we 1. Analytic statements
perceived things using our five senses. - The truth or falsity of the knowledge
Percept- result of the process of claim being made by an analytic
external perception. statement could be found within the
b. Internal perception- it happens when you statement itself.
use your imagination and memory. Ex. A kitten is young cat.
Image or phantasm- product of internal 2. Empirical statement
perception. - Its truth or falsity depends on the state
of affairs being claimed.
2) Abstraction it distinguishes us from - Are also known or identified as in
animals. philosophical literature as truth of fact.
- It involves the use of intellect.
Concepts- result of the process of *An evaluative/ normative statement is a statement
abstraction or simple apprehension. It is containing evaluative terms. Evaluative terms are
the building blocks of knowledge. meant to express approval or disapproval, value or
disvalue, like or dislikes, importance or
3) Judgment- putting 2 stages together in unimportance and others.
order to make a statement or a proposition
that could either be true or false about the Types of Knowledge
world.
1) Formal Knowledge (Facts)
Statement or proposition- result of - Corresponds to knowledge in the formal
judgment sciences whose main concern is the
validation of their knowledge claims
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE within the formal system in their
respective disciplines.
1. The Faculty of reason- is constructed here
as an analytic faculty that is able to 2) Empirical Knowledge (Experimental)
determine the truth of analytic statements. - General term used to describe the
2. The faculty of experience or sense different disciplines in the empirical
perception- it has to do with the use of the sciences.
five senses, including sensory extending
devises for purposes of verifying our
empirical claims. NATURE OF TRUTH
3. The Faculty of Intuition- deals with the
immediate or direct recognition of self- 1. The Coherence Theory of Truth- deals with
evident truths. the consistency of the truth of statements
being claimed within the system that is
SENTENCES AND STATEMENTS being used or employed.
2. Correspondence theory of truth- has to do
*Sentences- use to express concepts with the correspondence of knowledge
- It has no truth value. claims being made with the state of affairs
- They are merely uttered as the verbal means of in the world.
communication. 3. The Pragmatic theory of truth- is
tantamount to the good or practical
5 types: consequences that the belief in the idea
a) Declarative- meant to express a statement. would bring.
Ex. My name is Luisa.
b) Interrogative- meant to ask questions.
Ex. What time is it?
REASONING h. Appeal to the people ( Argumentum ad
populum)
1. Inductive reasoning - An argument that appeals or exploits
- Is based from observations in order to peoples vanities, desire, esteem. And
make generalizations. anchoring on popularity.
2. Deductive reasoning i. False cause ( post hoc)
- Draws conclusion from usually one - This fallacy is also referred to as
branch of judgment or definition. coincidental correlation not causation.
Ex. All philosophers are wise. (Major j. Hasty generalization
premise) - The fallacy is commonly based on a
Confucius is a philosopher. (Minor broad conclusion upon the statistics of a
premise) survey of a small group that fails to
Therefore, Confucius is wise. (Conclusion) sufficiently represent the whole
population.
k. Begging the question ( petiio principii)
FALLACIES - This is a type of fallacy in which the
- Is a defect in an argument other than its proposition to be proven is assumed
having false premises. implicitly in the premise.

Here are some of the usually committed errors in THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
reasoning:
A. Hinduism
a. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad - At the heart of Hinduism lies the idea of
misericordiam) human beings guest for absolute truth,
- a specific kind of appeal to emotion in so that ones soul and the Brahman or
which someone tries to win support for Atman (absolute soul) might become
an argument or idea by exploiting his of one.
her opponents feelings of pity or guilt. - For the Indians, God first created sound
b. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum Ad and the universe arose from it. As the
ignorantiam) most sacred sound, The Aum (Om) is
- Whatever has not been proved false the root of the universe and everything
must be true, and vice versa. that exists and it continues to hold
c. Equivocation everything together.
- This is a logical chain of reasoning of a - According to Hinduism, human beings
term or a word several times; but giving have a dual nature: one is the spiritual
the particular word a different meaning and immortal essence (soul); the other
each time. Example: Human beings have is empirical life and character.
hands; the clock has hands. He is - Hindus generally believe that the soul is
drinking from the pitcher of water; he is eternal but is bound by the law of
a baseball pitcher. Karma (action) to the world of matter,
d. Composition which it can escape only after spiritual
- This infers that something is true of the progress through an endless series of
whole from the fact that it is true of births.
some part of the whole. The reverse of - Hinduism holds that humanitys life is a
his fallacy is division. continuous cycle (samsara).
e. Division - Also common to all Hindu thought are
- One reasons logically that something the four primary values namely:
true of a thing must also be the part of WEALTH, PLEASURE, DUTY and
all some of its parts. ENLIGHTENMENT.
f. Against the Person (Argumentum ad B. Buddhism
Hominem) - Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of
- This fallacy attempts to link the validity Buddhism.
of a premise to a characteristics or - Four Noble Truths that Gautama taught:
belief of the person advocating the (1) Life is full of suffering; (2) suffering
premise. is caused by passionate desires,
g. Appeal to force ( Argumentum ad baculum) lusts, cravings; (3) only as these are
- An argument where force,coercion, or obliterated, will suffering cease; (4)
the threat of force, is a given such eradication of desire may be
justification for a conclusion.
 accomplished only by following the
Eightfold Path of earnest endeavor.
- The eightfold path steps are:
1. Right belief in and acceptance of the
Fourfold Truth
2. Right aspiration for ones self and
for others.
3. Right speech that harms no one.
4. Right conduct, motivated by
goodwill toward all human beings.
5. Right means of livelihood, or
earning ones living by honorable
means.
6. Right endeavor, or effort to direct
ones energies towards wise ends
7. Right mindfulness in choosing
topics for thought
8. Right meditation or concentration
to the point of complete absorption
in mystic ecstasy.

THE BIBLICAL GOD AND HUMANITY

- Religious people definitely do not treat

Gods existence as a hypothesis. God is a
constant presence, rather than a being
whose existence is accepted the best
explanation of available evidence.
- It is the Jews who accepted the reality of
God.
- For Augustine, philosophy is amor
sapiental, the love of wisdom; its aim is
to produce happiness. For him, wisdom
is not just an abstract logical
construction; but it is substantially
existence as the Divine Logos.
- Christianity is the representation of the
full revelation of the true God and true
philosophy.
Sensation- it is the lowest form of
knowledge.
- For St.Thomas Aquinas, another
medieval philosopher, human beings
have the power to change themselves.
According to him, human beings are
considered as a moral agent. The soul of
human separates them from animals.

Prepared by:

LEA QUEEN M. TAMAYAO