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MINI PROJECT REPORT
On
WIRELESS-EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR
Submitted for partial fulfillment of the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
ARJUN MC-15
GAYATHRI MS-27
KRISHNA CU-30
SURAJ MENON-40
Under the guidance of
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Designation
Sree Narayana Gurukulam College Of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution and IAO Accredited
NBA Accredited Department
Kadayiruppu P O, Kolenchery, Ernakulam-682311
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Sree Narayana Gurukulam College Of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution and IAO Accredited
NBA Accredited Department
Kadayiruppu P O, Kolenchery, Ernakulam-682311
Bonafide Certificate
We hereby declare that the work being presented in this report entitled
WIRELESS-EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR is an authentic record
of our own work carried out under the supervision of Ms.
The mater embodied in this report has not been submitted by me / us for the award of
any other degree.
Dated: Name of Student(s)
ARJUN MC-15
GAYATHRI MS-27
KRISHNA CU-30
SURAJ MENON-40
Department: ECE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate(s) s is correct to the
best of my knowledge.
(Name of Supervisor)
(Head of Department)
(SUPERVISOR)
Date.
Designation:
Department:
Date.
Attended and submitted for the university viva-voce examination held on __________
Faculty in charge
Name & Designation
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those people who have
been Associated with this project and thus making it a worthwhile experience.
I would like to thank our project guide Ms NITHA S UNNI and our HOD
Dr.S.P.NAMBOOTHIRI. Finally I would like to thank the teaching staffs of EC department
& also the principal Dr. CB SAJI.
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INDEX
Sl.no Topic name Page no
1. Abstract 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Objectives 7
4. Cost analysis 8
5. Components required 9
5.1 Resistor 9
5.2 Capacitor 9
5.3 Piezoelement 10
5.4 LED 10
5.5 Diode 11
5.6 Transistor 12
5.7 Condenser microphone 13
5.8 Inductor 13
5.9 Potentiometer 14
6. Circuit Diagram 15
7. Working 16
8. Block Diagram 17
9. Testing 18
10. Conclusion 19
11. Future Enhancement 20
12. Reference 21
Seminar Topics:
13. Wi-Vi Technology 22
14. 5G 37
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1. ABSTRACT
This project aims at designing an earthquake detection circuit that is capable of
warning people, when a small magnitude earthquake occurs so that people can
take necessary precautions. This system will save human lives. This circuit is
very simple to make it this can kept in house to detect earthquakes. This circuit
comprises of different resistor, capacitors, transistors etc. this circuit exploits
piezoelectric property of the piezoelement. When vibrations(earthquakes)
occurs piezoelement will detect it and produce current, then circuit starts
working and this reaches the transmitter circuit which transmits these vibration
and this get detected by a FM radio and produce a sound.
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2. Introduction
EARTHQUAKE:
An earthquake is a sudden movement of the earths surface.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of the earths tectonic plates.
If these plates gets stuck it causes a lot pressure on surrounding rocks. When this
pressure is released it produces shock waves. These waves are called seismic waves.
PROJECT:
In this project we aim to design wireless earthquake detection circuit.
There is a piezoelement which detect the seismic waves at a smaller magnitude.
In this an FM radio is used as a receiver when earthquakes occurs, it produce an
alerting sound.
The detector circuit detects these waves before an hour when the real destruction
occurs.
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3. OBJECTIVES
By detecting earthquakes before it starts its destruction we can save lives of many
people.
This project is about earthquake detector which can be installed in small house or flat.
Low power consumption.
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4. COST ANALYSIS:
PARTS SPECIFICATION NUMBER COST(Rs)
TRANSISTORS BC 557,BC 547,BC549 6 30
PIEZOELEMENT 12V 1 10
RESISTORS 680E,120E,220K,2.7K,100K, 12 12
270K,1M
CAPACITORS 22/25V,1PF(104),100/25V,.001KPF 4 4
DIODE 1N4148 2 4
PCB 1 30
BATTERY AND 9V 2 40
BATTERY 2 10
CONNECTOR
FM 1KM 1 140
TRANSMITTER
KIT
LED 5mm 1 5
LEAD WIRE 1 70
355
It is very economically feasible.
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5. COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
5.1 RESISTOR:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators.
SYMBOL:
5.2 CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in
an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor
is specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of practical
applications by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced conductors,
and the intervening dielectric material.
SYMBOL
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5.3 PIEZOELEMENT:
Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are
used for quality assurance, process control, and for research and development in many
industries. Piezoelement follows the principle of piezoelectric effect.
SYMBOL:
5.4 LED: (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn
junction diode that emits light when activated.
SYMBOL:
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5.5 DIODE: (1N4148)
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and
long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. The
1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-recovery
time of no more than 4 ns.
FEATURES:
High speed silicon switching diodes, axial leaded.
General purpose, industrial, military and space applications.
Hermetically sealed glass with a stud on either side of the glass passivated chip provides
excellent stability.
Extremely low leakage and very high reliability.
SYMBOL:
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5.6 TRANSISTORS:
A transistor is semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit.
TRANSISTORS USED:
1. BC 557: PNP SILICON TRANSISTORS.
2. BC 547: NPN SILICON TRANSISTORS.
3. BC 549: NPN SILICON TRANSISTORS.
SYMBOL:
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5.7 CONDENSER MICROPHONE:
A condenser microphone is used to accept the sound signals. Inside the mic, a capacitive
sensor diaphragm is present. It vibrates according to the air pressure changes and generates
AC signals.
5.8 INDUCTOR:
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor
typically consists of an electric conductor, such as a wire, that is wound into a coil around a
core.
When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field
induces a voltage in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of induction. According to
Lenz's law, the direction of induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) opposes the change in current
that created it. As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them.
SYMBOL:
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5.8 POTENTIOMETER:
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an
adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as
a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on
audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as
position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly
control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer
would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.
SYMBOL:
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6. Circuit diagram:
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WORKING
Here is ultrasensitive earthquake detector circuit that can sense seismic vibration. It can
detect vibrations in the earth.
A piezo element sensor is used as the sensing device, which can be kept on a table, roof etc
which will sense the vibration and convert the mechanical vibration into electrical undergone
amplification by the transistor amplification stages. After amplification the output is given to
a buzzer and an LED so when vibrations occur the LED will glow and buzzer starts ringing.
This ringing sound is absorbed by a condenser mic and the signal is converted and
transmitted through an antenna
These signals transferred are received by a analog FM receiver (radio). Tune the frequency
from 88 to 108 Hz and we can receive the output in a particular frequency between the given
range of frequencies (88-108hz).
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Seismic
waves(vibr
7. BLOCK DIAGRAM: ations)
Peizo
element
and
amplifying
circuit
FM
transmitter
circuit
FM radio
receiver
circuit
Alerting
sound
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8. TESTING
After soldering the components on the PCB we connected the input terminal to 9v DC
supply. A flot switch is used to test the circuit. When the vibrations occur the detector detects
and the buzzer will make an alerting sound. This sound will be absorbed by the condenser
mic and the output is given to an antenna.
At the receiver end we tune the radio from 88 to 108 Hz frequency and the sound is detected
and verified the result.
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9. CONCLUSION
This is a simple circuit of an Wireless-Earthquake detector. This circuit can be kept in house
or offices by doing this we save many lives. This is a very simple and efficient Earthquake
detector circuit.
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10. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
1. To this circuit we can add a Richter scale, and then it can show the magnitude of
seismic waves.
2. Improve the circuit by connecting solar panel so that it can get it charge from solar
energy.
3. By connecting with the modern technology we can get to know even there is small
shift in the earths plates so that we can alert the people before many days the
earthquake occurs.
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11. REFERENCE
1. Modern IC data & substitution manual - BPB Publication
2. Sites :
www.wikipedia.com
www.electroschematic.com
WWW.IEEE.COM
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WI-VI TECHNOLOGY
(Wireless-vision)
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ABSTRACT
Wi-Fi signals are typically information carriers between a transmitter and a
receiver. In this we show that Wi-Fi can also extend our senses , enabling us to
see moving objects through walls and behind closed doors. In particular, we can
use such signals to identify the number of people in a closed room and their
relative locations. We can also identify simple gestures made behind a wall, and
combine a sequence of gestures to communicate messages to a wireless receiver
without carrying any transmitting device. the paper introduces two main
innovations. First, it shows how one can use MIMO interference nulling to
eliminate reflections off static objects and focus the receiver on a moving
target. Second, it shows how one can track a human by treating the motion of a
human body as an antenna array and tracking the resulting RF beam. We
demonstrate the validity off our design by building it into USRP software
radios and testing it in office buildings.
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KEY IDEA:
Wi-Vi
Wi-Vi
Device
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Challenges Faced in Designing Wi-Vi:
Challenge #1: Flash Effect
RF signals penetrate walls:
Reflect off objects on other side of wall
Distinguish reflectors by their arrival times
At low bandwidth:
Wall reflection much stronger than reflections coming from behind the
wall.
Flash effect: wall reflection saturates the ADC
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Challenge #2: Identifying and tracking Humans
Traditional System:
Array of Spaced Antennas
Previous attempts to track moving targets through
walls have done so using an array of spaced antennas.
This would be too expensive and bulky.
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How Can We Eliminate the Walls Reflection?
Wi-Vi uses interference nulling to cancel both the wall reflections and the direct signal
from the transmitting to the receiving antenna, hence increasing its sensitivity to the
reflections of interest.
NULLING TO REMOVE THE FLASH
MIMO systems can pre-code their transmissions such that the signal received at a
particular antenna is cancelled.
This property can be tailored to eliminate the flash effect as well as the direct
signal from the transmitting to the receiving antenna, thereby enabling Wi-Vi to
capture the reflections from objects of interest with minimal interference.
At a high level, Wi-Vis nulling procedure can be divided into three phases:
Initial nulling
Power boosting
Iterative nulling
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Wi-Vi Setup & Working:
Any objects that the signals hit including the wall create identical reflections, they too
are cancelled out by this nulling effect.
Only those reflections that change between the two signals, such as those from a
moving object, arrive back at the receiver.
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Multiple human tracking:
Tracking of multiple people can be done by Smoothed Music Algorithm.
This algorithm computes w x w correlation matrix R[n]
It then performs an Eigen decomposition of R[n] to remove the noise and keep the
strongest Eigen vectors, which in our case correspond to the few moving humans, as
well as the DC value.
Tracking of 2 humans:
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Through-Wall Gesture-Based Communication:
For a human to transmit a message to a computer wirelessly, they typically has to
carry a wireless device.
Wi-Vi can enable a human who does not carry any wireless device to communicate
commands or short messages to a receiver using simple gestures.
Wi-Vi designates a pair of gestures as a 0 bit and a 1 bit.
At this stage, Wi-Vis interface is still very basic, yet we believe that future advances
in through-wall technology can render this interface more expressive.
Gestures as Angles:
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Advantages:
Wi-Vi is relatively a low-power, low-cost, low-bandwidth, and accessible to average
users.
Wi-Vi requires only few MHz of bandwidth and operates in the same range as Wi-Fi.
It operates in ISM band.
Wi-Vi can perform through-wall imaging without access to any device the other side
of the wall.
Wi-Vi employs signals whose wavelengths are 12.5 cm.
Extend human vision beyond the visible electromagnetic range, allowing us to detect
objects in the dark or in smoke.
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Limitation:
Display has very low resolution.
We cannot detect humans behind concrete walls thicker than 8.
To achieve a narrow beam the human needs to move by about 4 wavelengths (i.e.,
about 50 cm).
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Applications:
1. Personal security
2. Emergency situation
3. Smart sensing
4. Gaming
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Conclusion:
Wi-Vi, a wireless technology that uses Wi-Fi signals to detect moving humans behind
walls and in closed rooms. In contrast to previous systems, which are targeted for the
military, Wi-Vi enables small cheap see-through-wall devices that operate in the ISM
band, rendering them feasible to the general public, without carrying any transmitting
device.
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Future Scope:
Wi-Vi could be built into a Smartphone or a special handheld device.
Evolution of seeing humans through denser building material and with a longer range.
High quality images.
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5 GENERATION
TH
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Abstract:
5G ( 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems )
is a name used in some research papers and projects to denote the next
major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the
upcoming 4G standards (expected to be finalized between approximately
2011 and 2013).
Currently, 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification
or in any official document yet made public by telecommunication
companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or
ITU-R. New 3GPP standard releases beyond 4G and LTE Advanced are
in progress, but not considered as new mobile generations. The
implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be around
the year of 2020.
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G
technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high
bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value
technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell
phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of
advanced features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in
huge demand in near future.
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Introduction:
In this presentation we will discuss 5G wireless systems, better known as 5th
generation mobile technology.
Mobile wireless industry had started its technology creation, revolution and evolution
since early 1970s.
5G wireless technology can change the way we use wireless gadgets by providing
very high bandwidth.
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Evolution of networks:
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Vision of 5G wireless technology:
5G envisions designing a real wireless world that is free from obstacles of the earlier
generations.
This requires an integration of networks.
5G aims to design a Multi-Bandwidth Data Path by integrating the current and future
networks for new network architecture of 5G real wireless world.
The 5G wireless internet networks are real wireless world which shall be supported by
CDMA, OFDM, MCCDMA, UWB and IPv6.
5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together
unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating
system.
The Router and switch technology used in 5G network would provide high
connectivity for wireless gadget.
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Benefits of 5G:
High Speed, High Capacity
5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps .
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity
as to that of an HD Quality.
Faster data transmission that of the
Previous generations.
Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed,
Clarity in Audio/Video.
Support interactive multimedia , voice,
Streaming video, Internet and other
5G is more effective and more attractive.
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Features Of 5G Wireless Technology:
5G technology would offer high resolution for wireless gadget users and bi-
directional large bandwidth shaping.
The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and
effective.
The high quality services of 5G technology are based on Policy to avoid error.
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Comparison of speed of 5G with other networks:
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Technology used in 5G:
1. Millimetre wave
2. Small cell
3. Massive MIMO
4. Beam forming
5. Full Duplex
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1. Millimetre wave:
Their spectrum band between 30GHz and 300GHz.
They are between microwave and infrared waves.
Coverage is not limited to line of sight as first order scatter paths are variable.
Range of mm waves in 5G:
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2. Small cell:
A small cell is basically a miniature base station that breaks up a cell into smaller
pieces, and is a term that encompasses Pico cells, micro cells.
The main goal of small cell is to increase the data capacity, speed and overall
network efficiency.
A small cell is basically a miniature base station that breaks up a cell into smaller
pieces, and is a term that encompasses Pico cells, micro cells.
The main goal of small cell is to increase the data capacity, speed and overall
network efficiency.
Small cells are typically used in very densely populated urban areas, such as shopping
centers, sports venues, airports and train stations basically anyplace you have a lot
of people using data at a given point in time. Most small cell infrastructure
deployments are targeted for outdoor use today.
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3. Massive MIMO:
Massive MIMO is the currently most compelling sub-6 GHz physical-layer
technology for future wireless access.
Massive MIMO splendidly offers two most desirable benefits:
Excellent spectral efficiency, achieved by spatial multiplexing of many terminals in the same
time-frequency resource. Efficient multiplexing requires channels to different terminals to be
sufficiently different, which has been shown to hold, theoretically and experimentally, in
diverse propagation environments. Specifically, it is known that Massive MIMO works as
well in line-of-sight as in rich scattering.
Superior energy efficiency, by virtue of the array gain, that permits a reduction of
radiated power. Moreover, the ability to achieve excellent performance while
operating with low-accuracy signals and linear processing further enables
Considerable savings.
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4. Beam forming:
The introduction of massive beam forming leads to significantly better performance.
The maximum antenna gain is 28dBi, meaning that it radiates 28dB (630 times)
higher energy in the desired direction than an Omni-directional antenna would. The
large maximum antenna gain in combination with user-specific beam forming makes
it possible to overcome the challenging propagation conditions at 15GHz.
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5. Full duplex:
The concept being developed for 5G full duplex is to be able to transmit and receive
simultaneous on the same channel.
There are two main technologies involved in 5G full duplex:
1. Electrical balance isolation: The isolation technique employed effectively uses
the same technology as used in landline telephones to provide isolation between
the incoming and outgoing signals and this is obviously modified for RF. It can
provide around 20dB or so of isolation.
The scheme uses a hybrid that has four ports, between three of them the phase shift is
0, but the fourth has 180. Balance is achieved when balancing impedance matches
that of the antenna.
2. RF self-interference cancellation: the main amount of reduction of the transmitted
signal is provided by using RF cancellation techniques - often referred to as self-
interference cancelation, SIC. Much investigation work has been ongoing to
improve the performance and enable 5G full duplex in a single channel to be a
realistic option.
Before full duplex:
After full duplex:
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Conclusion:
5G technology is going to be a new revolution in wireless systems market.
As data traffic has tremendous growth potential, under 4G existing voice centric
telecom hierarchies will be moving flat IP architecture where, base stations will be
directly connected to media gateways.
5G will promote concept of Super Core, where all the network operators will be
connected one single core and have one single infrastructure, regardless of their
access technologies.
5G will bring evaluation of active infra sharing and managed services and eventually
all existing network operators will be MVNOs (Mobile virtual network operators).
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