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Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

First Published 2013

New Impressions 2014, 2015

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of
binding or cover other than that in which it is published
and without a similar condition including this condition
being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director
of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.
We have used some photographs which are under
creative common licence. They are acknowledge at
the end of the book.

This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. S.S. Map litho,

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

Free Distribution by Government of Telangana

Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.

ii
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vi
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|#dT+< \TdTe& < |Ps|s\qT
|jTdT+{sT. M]<s | <eq
ne>Vq #dTe& n+<TuT q
eqT>\qT \TdTH+<T w #dT + {sT.
ks\,<s\ eTq+ #d |jT\qT
MsT #d |]o\q\T, |]X<q\ <s nH
n+{ * | $C q Xg+ ( Science)
= $w j \qT q T + | \qT
nqe#T. eTq |dTq nH n+X\qT
Xs|sTksT.
|]o*+#&+ <s > jT+ |]dT
dV |jT\qT b* +& |j>\qT X+ $T\$T\ yT]d q \T, >V \T,
sV+#&+ <s > eTq #T q | >\ #j \qT rd |]o*+# K>
ne>Vq #dTe#T. Xgy\T (Astrophysicist) yesD+
u\qqT |+| es\, yT|\ de#s
$Cq Xg+ n+f eTq+ m+| #dTq
$e]+# yesD Xgy\ T (Climatologist)
n+X eT |< b{d |j >\ <s
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 1
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s + s | ] X< \T. m+{ | * \T deTTbsq #d $<H *|< dH nq e.

e]> ekj #&& $$< c>\ | < w j \qT $e]+# &
e< skjTq #s y>\qT |]o*+# skjTq | ] o\q\qT, | j >\qT Xgy \ T
Xgy\T (Chemists) es esZ+ |j+#T+{s \TdTH+ <!
#*+# edTe\ y>\qT =*# nDTu $< q+ <s e TB ] +q C H
Xgy\ T (Nuclearphysicist) $$< B|q \ sb+~+q e\ n+f Xgy\
qjT DC\ |#s\qT |]o*+# Je d++~+q de#s L& $Cq Xg+
Xgy\T (Biologist) y{ |esq e *jTCdT+~. sT#T> eTq+ dH nH |<
qT>=q& eT|< mH s\T> n<jTH < < <s b+~q CH
|j>\T #d+{sT. |]X<&T $e]+#& y&T+{+. nsTT dH m+<T
s>\ sD\qT nHwd eTs= |]X< &T \TdTH+<T |jT<+.
< y]+# eT+<T\T |&&T. +=sT $Cq Xg+ ` e> <<+
y < + # d+< T | j +# | ] s \T
jT+\T qT>=+{sT. n+f Xgy\T ] Xgy\T @$T #ks m+<T #ks
|]X<q |* \qT <s+> #dT = eTs=sT \TdTH+ <! B yqT < eq eTs=
qq n+X\qT qT>=+{sqe. D |]o*<+. # d+<s\ Xgy\ T
+ eTT+<T qT>=q n+X\ MT<H ]
|q *|q <VsD\T XdjT+> |j >\T #d +{sT. m+<T #ksT ?
|]o*+#&yT> (Observational science) ysT #dTq~ @$T+f = #q\qT
|j>+> (Experimental science) |+#Te& |jT+#&+ < b
s]+#Te&+ L& +T+~. \T ueq\qT d|#&+ <s = $wj\qT
<] + |j >X\ Xgy\ T #d |]X<q \T qT=q& w #jT&+. B e\ Xgy\T
|\ mH s\T> |j>|&sTT. $C q Xg # ] k q + d + b~+q
| m |#dT+< \TdTH ysesT. qT>=q qq ueq\T eTq
eT+ Xgy\T | |]o*+#&+, #H $<H esksTT. <VsD
|]o\q\qT qy<T #jT &+, y{ $Xw + #&+ |P{qT eTq+ +\+ es >V+>
<s | jTe\qT $|\+> ns+ >T]+#+ qq |]X<q\T n~ >V+
#dT e&+ eT |< b{ksT . | < s]+#sTT. n> &T| n\s
eT]+ yTsT>T>, nse++> $e]+#& V s | n\yT , y \ s D eT
>+ qT>=q d\T, d<+\ e+{ b nqT+T+&y+. B u]j
u eq\ < T \T> = u eq\qT sDeT H&T qT>=HsT. + eTT+<T
$w]+#&+ Xgy\ |<q \\ {. mes $e]+# deTdqT < n+X
Xg+ nH |<+ dj (Scientia) qT>=q&+ <s Xgy\T | #+<TsT.
nH {H |<eTT qT+& e+~. dj n+f n+f Xgy\T eT d+| d+ eTT
Cq+ (Knowledge) n ns+. n+f CH X$TdTHsqe. k] HdH >]
2 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{
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m+d|P |j>X\H +& d| MT n+~+#&+ |CkeT de+jTT eTTKyTq

eTqdT VsTT> n|+# |<X y+& u<.
n &sT d\V #&T. n|&T HdH eT s+& jT<s de<q+ @$T+f
q |j >X\ y[ LsTH&T. n+f y] |\ ] d>T\qT n_e~ #jT&+. B
|]X<q\T #jT&+H | \T>TT+<q d+ # eT+~ Xgy\T | eqsTq
e. |{*j T +, KC\qT q T>=q& + <
$Cq Xg+ ` ke <<+: |qsT #jT&+ dsq, deTse+yTq
esZ\ d+ nHwksT . e Xgy\ T be
|q d+q n+X+ e> <<+ ~>T&# |+\T, |+& yTT\T qT>=q&+
$Cq Xg+ >T]+ $e]d n+X+ $Cq <s e <s |\+<] bwVs+
Xk deC q d++< >T]+ n+~+ s>e+yT q deC sb+~+#
$e]dT+~. Xgy\, dH >T]+ +# & |jTksT. deTse+yTq k+
e\ <X+ m+<T dVjT+ #dT+<H~ |]CH |j + skjTq Xgy\ T =
Xs+ *+# $wjT+. MTsT |j>\T syTq skjTq |<s\qT n_e~ #ksT.
#jT+& de+ m<Ts=+Tq deTd\ n> u Xgy\T nyV (Super
|]cs\T qT>=q+& n Xgy\ de+ conductivity) e+{ = $wj\qT $w
u& eqsT\qT m+<T deTLsTdT+~? ]dTHsT. M{+{ e\q de+ ]
de+ d+ Xgy\T eT J$\qT >+ |]|w sT>TT+~. <T ||+#+
#jT&+, qq CH n_e~ #jT& de+ jTT m<T>T<\ ]b{ |qH
Xgy\qT @ n+X+ |s|dT+~? M+{ <s|& +T+~ { $Cq Xg n_e~
de<q+ |\ Jeq $<H yTsT>T|s\H n+f u$wT e\dq ] eqsT\qT
|q y] +&&yT. qTXgy\T = |+b+~+#TH+<T |T& |&yT.
\D\T s+ qT+ eTs= s m
d + $ Tk j ne>V q * k s T . Je $Cq Xg+ ` esT
Xgy\T y<T\T y| #+< esZ\qT Xgy\T s+s+> =|]X<q\T#d,
\T|sT. s+& L& keq eqe\T qq $wj \T, d<+\T qT>=+{sT {
eT+ J$ >&| & <V<+ #d n+X dH <s @s& Cq+ s+s+> esT
<! u>, yesD Xgy\T yesD #+<TT+~. nTe+{ esT\ e\q |
es T \qT \ Td T e& nH q q ne>Vq #dTH eT+ eTT+<&T>T yk+.
qeTH\qT jsT #ksT. u+b\qT, ~ k~+#\+f eTq+ |dT+ eTqq
=+&#]jT\T $]|&&, n|s\ #q\T dsqy < \TdTH+<T s#T
$k H > T ]+ | ] o*+# & + <s |+#T+ +&*.
Xu\T> eqy[ m<Ts=+Tq deTd\ |]X<q\ |*+> d<+\T eksTT
|]cs\T qT>=+ dede #ksT . |\ bsTT < qT>TD+> esT #+<TsTT.
J$\ >T]+ + y] q dV s b # q \qT | +q| & T , =
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 3
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<s H\T qT>=q&sTT. sY b|sY e Xgy \ T | | ] o*+ =

#b\+f d]~<& |\ #]H dqT jTe\qT, sVk\qT qT>=+{sT.
n+{sT. n\sY HdH L& HqT | $wsD\ | <s|& # s\ qq
d + e s + > d + e s + sd q < $wj\T s|<\T+{sTT. qq
es T d T + {qT n # b & T . #eT+~ $wj\qT jT |&+ Xgy\T |
Xgy\T @eTqT+{s+f = Xu\ |< ne\+_ksT. MsT nqTd]+q
sTy ] + eTT \+ #|q $<H Xdj T |< (Scientific method)
$wj\T #dq |j>\T @@ esT\ n+{+. ysT m |< nqTd]ks
> T ]nj sTT, q q +> m s | ~< T #<+.
Hj #&\ sT+{sT.

Xgy\T m |#ksT? ` XdjT |<: |]X<H |D[

Xgy\T >T]+q deTd\, |X\ m de<H*ks \Tk? ysT = eT|<T\qT
$jksT. BH XdjT|< n+{+. XdjT|< nH~ |D[ @sT, n<jTH
|j>|&TT+~. MsT XdjT |j H|D\T (Scientific process skills) $jksT.
H|D\T, dsD, sVD, $XwD, de#sesD e+{$ #jT{ <V<|&sTT.
Xdj
T |< |+#&+ , |]\q\T #jT &+, |D[ #jT &+, |j >+ sV+#&+ , |* \qT
|<]+#&+ nH kbH\T+{sTT.
ns$+< XdjT |< q |X
de<H qT>=q& |jTdTH&T. $H\T yTT\& @ H\
MTsT L& kbH\qT nqTd]+#e#T. yTsT>q~? ss\ H\\ >T]+
eT]= $wj\qT HqT
kbq+`1 |]o\q, |X\T n&>+. \TdTe\d +~.
z | ] o\q d + MT C H + ~j \qT
$j+#Ty*.
z MTsT de<q+ \TdTy\qT+Tq
@<H |XqT sdT+&.
z MT |X d++~+, |{ MT
@$T\TdTH sdT+&.
z MT @ s d e #s + ned s y
ssTT+#T+&.
z MTsT ssTT+#Tq n+X+ >T]+ me
de#s+ d+ |]X<q (Research)
#jT+&.

4 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{

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kbq+`2
|]\qqT sb+~+#Te&+.
z MT |X neXeTTq de<q+ < dT H\ &T +\T
|]\qqT sjT+&. |+#& M\Tq u> yTT\TjT HqT
k< eTj T d e < H | ] \ q nqT+THqT.
(Hypothesis) n+{+.
z MT | ] \ qqT | P ] ns e + e TsTTq
y+ sjT+&.
z H |j>+ +, sT dsyTq #ssX
\T. dT, +eT{, eT{ nH 3 s\
H\\T esT>*q #ssX\T.
kbq+`3 |j>+ d+ |D[
z #ssX\qT jT+d |]\q\qT |+# eT+ |j> ssTT+#+&.
z |]X<H |* |u$+ #d n+X\qT #ssX\T (Variables) n+{+.

z MTsT |+#& nqTd]+# kbH\qT sdT+&.

z MT nedseTjT |]s\ C_qT jsT#jT+&.

z de#s m d]+#*, m qy<T #j ssTT+#T+&.

eT&T ysTysT H\
syTq $H\qT HTqT.
| +& s+> sT, +
n+~kqT.qT HqT sT,
+ e+{ #ssX\qT
jT++#>\ T>TqT.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 5

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kbq+`4 |j> sVD:

z sd T q kbH\ | s y T $H\ qT+& eq
|#jT+&. yTT\ b&e\qT | eT&T
z C>> |]o*d, =\\qT qy<T sE\ k] =\TkqT. M{
#jT+&. |{ b+<T|sTkqT. | yTT
21 sE m~q b&e\
z > e T+q | es T qT qy < T
<s+> kbq +
#jT+&. (Bar graph) ^kqT.
z de#s eT|< +#+&.
z <s MTsT dT\u+>, C>>
n< jTq+ #jT & M\T \T>TT+~.

yTT |sT>T<\
sE dT H\ H\ +eT{H\
3 1.8 d+.MT. 1.8 d+.MT. 1.5 d+.MT.
6 2 d+.MT. 2 d+.MT. 1.7 d+.MT.
9
12

kbq+`5 s]+#+, |*\ |<sq

.....! H |]\q |.
z MTsT d]+q de#s $Xw+#+&. f, dT H\ H{q
z de#s |{\T, #sT\T, >|t\ $H\T yTT\sTT. deq+>
s|+ |<]+#*. b~>sTT. +eT{ H\
$H\T yTT\sTT u>
z es |* (eTT+|) sjT+&. MT
b<> < T .
|]\qq |*+ b*, $Xw+#+&.
z MT |]\q dsq<H < ssTT+#+&.

6 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{

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|]X<qqT =qk<+
|&T HqT = |]\qqT
z MT | ] \ q | sTT MT n+X
|]o*kqT. + eT{, dT,
d + +~ + eTs= | X qT j s T
eT{ $TXeT+ &T +\T u>
#dTy*. |XqT |+#*.
yTT\TsTT. { < H&
z MT |]\q |sTT eTs= |]\qqT
|D[ d<+ #dT+{qT.+eT{,
sb+~+ $$< #ssX\qT esTd dT, eT{ eT&+{ *|
|+#*. +& rdT +\T
ns$+< = |]\q dsq< MTsT HTqT.
u $d T H s? B d + | D [ , |
sVDqT d<+ #dT= qT>=q+&.
XdjT |j H|D\ $j>+
|j >\T sV+#|&T < |X \ yT\qT qT>=H |jT + Xgy\ T $j+#
#H ds\qT |j H|D\T (Process skills) n+{+.
e{&|&T, $H|&T, #~y|&T, sd|&T, +#|&T eTq+ # |j
H|D\qT $jk+.
|X \ de<H\T e&, |j >\T #jT &, eTq #T q ||+ # |]X~+#&
MTsT L& |j H|D\qT m $j+# +#+&.
|]X<q #jT& kY @ |D[\T d<+ #k&T?
kY deTT< rs d+<]+q|&T >e\ (Shells) qT d]+#&T. >e\qT
eZ]+#\qTH&T. y{ |]eD\, s\ <s+> y{ eZ]+#&T.
kY |j H|D\qT m $j+#&T?
n&T >e\qT |]o*+ , s+>T, s+, |j H|D\T:
|]eD+ e+{ \D \qT b&T. y{ s+, |]o*+#&+ (Observation)
|]eD+ <s+> >e\qT eZ]+#&T. edTe\T, d+|Tq\qT >T]+
HsTe&+ CH+~j\qT y&&+.
b\&+ (Compare)
edTe\, d+|Tq\ \D\T @$<+>
, ysT> +{j qT>=q&+.
eZ] +#&+ (Classification)
edTe\qT, d+|Tq\T = \D\qT
<s+> #dT=, y{ deTV\T>,
esZ\T> $u+#&+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 7
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|]X<q #jT & #] @ |D[\T d<+ |j H|D\T:

#d+~? =\e&+ (Measure)
edTe\ \Dq <es (Mass),
b&e(Length), |T q|]eD+ (Volume
or capacity ) nH y{ >eTT,
d+{ M TsY , sY nH | e D\
=\Tks.
d]+#&+ (Gather)
|*\qT }V+#&,
ssDse& |]o\q <s
d]+q de#s+ <V<|&TT+~.
qy<T #jT&+ (Record)
>|t\T, |{\ s|+ |]o\q
C_\qT HT |d+ qy<T
#j*.
|<]+#&+ (Display)
#sY\T, |{\T, >|t\ s|+
C_\qT |<]+#&+.
ssTT , |]eD+ esT >\
}V+#&+ (Interpret)
sD n<jTq+ #j\ #] d
#|+~. ssTT dT sT<+ e\, ssTT sb+~+q C_ <s+>
|# T \T> $& b T +<? < s + , }V+#&+ <s |*\qT s]+#*.
|]eD+ esT edT+ <? s<? qT>=q& ns$+< @$T qT=y\qTH&T?
yT |j> |D[ d<+ #dT+~. q |& >~ \T y\>& d#Y
#] m+{ |j H|D\qT q d++< \TdTy\qTH&T. d#Y
$j++~? m |#dT+< #&\qTH&T.
yT eT&T sqT d]++~. y{
<esX\qT =\+~. sqT sT, dT
>\ >dT ++~. sp k] }|
ys+ sE\ bT #d+~. ys+ s
yT s, dT, >dT <esX\qT =*+~
eq de#s $Xw++~. s dT
sT<&+ e\ n$ |#T\T> $&bjT
s]++~.
8 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{
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n&T \T, V\s,Y u\T, ||sT | \t T, yT eT&T s\ eqT m+| #d+~.

>T+&T |qT\T |j+#&T. n+<T s+ $T*q y{ +f me
ns $ +< | j H | D\qT m { XwdT+< }V++~. q |]\qqT
|j+#&T? |+ #{ +~ kbH\qT |j +
>& >\ ysT d#Y\ e~]> |j>+ #j\qTq~.
qeTHqT jsT#dTH&T. \T, r>\T,
u\ \|&+ e\ \T y\T>TT+<
}V+#&T. ||sT |tqT <|+ e\ $<TY
| y V + bsTT \T ]b T +< z eT&T ;sqT rdT+~. | ;sT
>V +#&T. |j >+ #d #dT= q }VqT sT { bd+~.
d]#dTH&T. z eT&T s\ eqT ysTysT ;s 10

|j H|D\T: d+& bT ++~.

qeTH $j>+ (Use a model) : z { qT+& eqT rd n~ |\Tq sT

@<H #q, edTe, ]bjT $<+> 5 d+& d| eTs

n+X+ m |#dT+< ne>Vq ;sT ++~. eT&T Ty qT+&
#dTe& n< \D\qT b*q sT ]bjT #d+~.
qeTHqT sb+~+#Ty*. z | ;sT { |]eD =*+~.

}V+#&+ (Predict) : X jT+ #ssX\T> | ;sT

|]o\q\T < nqTuy\ <s+> deqyTq sT rdT+~. dsq deTj
sue |*\qT }V+#Ty*. #dT+ |j> sV++~.
s]+#&+ (Inference): |j H|D\T:
|]o\q\ <s+> |*\qT |]\q #jT&+ (Hypothesis):
s]+#&, d+|Tq\qT }V+q < sue |*\ >T]+
$e]+#& ] $y#qqT $e]+#&+.
|j+#*. |D[ ` |j>+ sV+#&+
(Planing and conducting experiment) :
X m |]X~+#\qTq~? |]\qqT |+#& nedsyTq
X @ syTq Ty\T me { kbH\qT >T]+ d]+q <+X\
<s+> |D[ |s+ |j>+
XwdT + < \TdTy\qTq~. $$< s\ #j*. d]+q C_\qT qy<T
Ty m+ { Xwkj |+ #\qTq~. #d $Xw+#*.
< sT y @ sy T q e =+f u>T+T+< #ssX\ jT+D (Control variables)
y Hq #b\qT+~. |j> |*\qT |u$+ #d
z X | j H | D\qT m s\qT >T]+ y{ jT++#*.
|j++~? |j>+ #ss eyT
|+#*.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 9
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HsTe&+ d+ #<e&+ $ us<X+ n+]+bjT |e<+ q yTT\T, +T CT\ C_qT dksTT.

|{ ` 1
Xgy\T #<e+, sjT+, yTT\T, +Te\T
yTT\T
C|sT
n&$ |e\T (]&), >+<+ #T, ddt, Ww< yTT\T,
d+K\T yTT<q y{ y] |qT ds>+~ yTT

y&sT. ysT |]X<q #d n+X +Te\T sT|*, d+V+, &\T, msq, msb+&, |*, m&] |*
yTTd*, u\T, =+&\Te, yT |, |*H HeT*, >{
d++~+q | $wj \TdT +&jTH VsY_, >\H eT+, \jTH f eT, \] \+>sY,
]dt.
e&+ d+ $d+> #<TesT. m+&$T CT\T (endamic species) z eTq sc |]$TyT q m+&$T C
+~ |{\qT |]o*+, >T]+#+&. |s=q+&.
Xgy> #~y $wj\qT ns+ n> +Te\T m& |kj \TdT+&. z +>sT`d*j, $`q+&
#+~q m+&$T Je\T> #|e#T.
#dTy\+f Xd |<C\+, y{ z | \ @ +Te eTq<X m+&$T
C neT+~?
ns \ qT \ Td T e& + # us< X + s m+&$T CT\ |sq T
\T|+&. +<Td+ MT bsX \ >+<\jT |d \T
eTTKyTq~. MTsT eTyTq Xd < n+s\+ dVjT+ rdT+&.

bs&T y\+f +< q |<T\T MT \Tk?

us<X+ n~ d+K m+&$T
MT dV]ksTT. CT\T HsTT. ||+#+ yTT+ m+&$T
CTq uj T #s\ <<| 62%, \T\
(ddb\T) <<| 50% us< X + |eT
#<e& eTT+<T qTeT\ HsTT.

z MTsT < dyT yTTHs +Te\T ||+#+ = | +es CT\T nH |< n+]+ bsTTq,
b+\ eyT +{sTT. = yTT\T, |< q Je\ |jd e#+.
< d+ nqT+< de#s +Te\T ||+ #+ n+{ y|+ +&&+ L& e]Cu eq (species concept) n Je\
+#<T . Cueq, y{ eT< ]> + |T
MT \TdT. = CT\ yTT\T, +Te\T
d]+#+&. = b+\ |]$TyT +{sTT. <X+ <
| yT q b+ |]$TyT +& e, +T
<s d+H ]| n~ d+K Je\
e]dT+~. <VsD nH +Te\T, |w+#
+# + & : es D eed n+{sT.
C T \qT m+& $ T C T \T (endamic species) yTT\T, eT]jTT = s\ dJe\T.

n+X\T m eed + njj

\TdTe& |jT+#+&. #~y|&T
z |<C\+| <wk]+#+& yTT<{ |s>|t |<qyTq uy
z | | < MTs T d ] > | \ > \ s
>T]+#+&. dJe\ deTV\T eT]jTT y{
ssTT+#T+&. |]ds\T esD eedqT jsT #ksTT.
z ||< ne>Vq #dT+&.
sTy |s>|t MT #q dV]+#
n+X qT>=q+&.
z ||< s+#+&. < ns+ e#T
z = es D eed e d + K
|< y+ $j+#T+&. eyT Je s +T+~.
z $u> q o]qT #<e+&.
z |]ds\ me ydd\ +, Vs+, ed
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eed n+X\qT \TdTe& =+ e*q n d<Tbj\T +{sTT.
de#s+ #<e\dq neds+ +~. $$< MTsT #~$ ne>Vq #dTq n+X
esD eed\T nH o] Je+ q, Je+ d]#dT+&.
n+X\ d++~+q de#s z | $u > + y q T q | X \
*jTCdT+~. de<H\T sjT+&.
10 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{
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z MT de<H\T sb ] sT|+{sTT. { esD eedqT | m&] esDeed

jTT j |eD+ (Functional unit of
$u > # < e +& | X uu>+ <<| 17% |<X+ yTs
nature) > u$+#e#T.
m&sT\T $d]+ HsTT. b++ d>T
MT bsX\ >+<\jT+ Jey$<
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esb+ 23$T.MT.\ H e> +T+~.
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d<dT, V<u< 1`19, nsT, 2012)
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b<\T, >&C T\T, = e\T m&] = s\ +Te\qT eyT
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|* y|+q XUjTTyT q ysT eed * +Ty$<+ # e> +T+~.
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s < \T m&s T \ ed k s TT. =
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$TeT* MTsT |+#T+&. esD eed # j T & neX + \ T> T T +~.

n+f @$T{? esD eed ]> |jT\T | ] X< q eTT \ Td T q n+X
@$T{? Xgy\T sksT <<s ysT #dq |
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(Photos),$|sD \qT (Illustrations) |j>|&TT+~. MTsT Xgy\T> | #d
n<jTq+ #jT+&. MTsT #dq | $e]+#& +< d+q
o]\T, >T]+q u>\ |sqT #<e+&. s |<T\qT |j+#+&.
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e]d sjT&+
uy s s|+ |<]+#&+ sd|&T MTsT = $wj\qT
MTsT #~$q n+X+ >T]+ MT k+ e]+#e#T, <VsD*ee#T, <\T>
e sjT+ e\q MTq = #q\qT #|e#T.
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n_bj e+ #d s <+X\qT $Xw + #&+

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12 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{
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6. c qT+& <s+> +&+&: $<TY

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Xu+> +#+&. MT b&yq y+T\T+f nedseTeT+~. $wsD s>\+f
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14 $CqXd+ n+f @$T{

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20 yesD Xg+ (Meteorology) yesD+ u skjTq >o\T, u$T
deTT<\T, |eH\T |uy\T
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+{ |+# Je ||+#+ >T]+ eTq \TdTy*.
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+<+ sD\T HsTT. M{ H D +>\T

( Organcells ) n+{s T . B $$<
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#+ @yTH &\T >eT+#s? D\T +{j?
T>ZD\ #T q bsqT D#+ | $T*jTq =B JesdT\T HsTT.
(Cell Membrane) n+{sT. D#+ D n$ s s \ s\, | ] eD\
s dT+~. D#+ >T+& e\+ = +{sTT. M{ D\ d+K &\T+{sTT.
|<s\T eyT |* jT{ |eVksTT. B >T]+ \TdTe& eT]= D\qT
B >T]+ eT] $es\qT s s> |]o*<+.
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s+&T D\ s+>T *eq >T+& DJe\T (Unicellular organisms) n+{sT.
sD\THsTT <! M{H +<+ (Nucleus) M{ D+ +T+~. VsdsD,
n+{sT. T>ZD\ +<+ <<|> XdjT , $dsq , |sT>T<\ eT]jTT |T
eT<H +T+~. *bs D\ +{ JejT\+{ DyT sVdT+~.
+<+ eT< +& =+#+ |>
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20 D+`Je\ eT[ |eD+
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s +&+{ D\T $<+ > Hj? < D\+{ yTT #&>\ T>T+. $$<
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22 D+`Je\ eT[ |eD+
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dJe\ D\T |]eDeTT # = D\qT +{ #&>\+. eqe

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qT+& = d+{MTsT es +&e#T. # +T+~. w| (d#Y) >T&T n+{ +f
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1 yTqT R 1000 HHMTsT |]eD\, ysTysT d+K +{sTT.J$
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z dJe\ D\ ]yTqy.
z yTTyTT< 1665d+ ssYVQ D\qT |]o*+#&T.
z qT jsTCdq d<s +<yH yHV yTTyTT< dJeD\qT |]o*+#&T.
z DeTT D#+, D<e+, +<+ nH 3 eTTKu>\T+{sTT.
z ssYuH ]&|\ D\ +< qT>=H&T.
z +T D+ +f, eD+ D#+ #T n<q| bs +T+~. < De#+ n+{sT.
z De#+ D , >{<H dT+~.
z D\T |]eD+, seTT eT]jTT d+K y$< |<]ksTT.
z D+ q Je\qT @DJe\ {+f me D\Tq Je\qT VQD Je\
n+{sT.
24 D+`Je\ eT[ |eD+
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z VQD Je\ $$< s\ D\T b<$T JejT\T s]ksTT.

T +<+
nu dH yTsT>T|s#
1. yTTyTT< D mesT, m |{sT? ( AS 1)
2. D+ jTT s+ @jT n+X\| <s|& +T+~?( AS 1)
3. @DJe\, VQDJe\ &\T @$T{? ( AS 1)
4. d& MT< +q |<s+ s> ]b+& +&\+f @+ #ke? ( AS 1)
5. eTq+ D\qT +{ #&+ n BY #b&T. y+ b? b? m+<T
sjT+&? ( AS 1)
6. |< *>&\qT, q *>&\ b*q|&T |< D\T * +{sTT n ]jC
#b&T? n&T #|q < e @u$ky? sD\T $e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
7. +~ y\T #<e+& |> qy{ >T]+ de]+ sjT+&. ( AS 1)
m. De#+ eD\ | d]> neds+.
_. +<+ D+ jTT JejT\qT jT+dT+~.
d. @DJe\T XdjT, $dsq, |sT>T<\ eT]jTT |T +{ JejT\+{
sVksTT.
&. +<+, D+>\T dw+> #&{ s+q+ #jTqeds+ <T.
8. +<+ $<T\qT $e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
9. * bs D\, >& #eT+ +&+ n&T D\ &\T \+&. ( AS 1)
10. |q e&q |{\ u>\T >T]+#+&. M{ @~ eDy? @~ +TDy
>T]+#+&? ( AS 1)
11. D\ y$<+ >T]+ \TdTe& e @ jT |X\T n&T>Te? ( AS 2)
12. @DJe\, VQDJe\ >T]+ \TdTy\qT+f @yT$T |X\T n&T>TsT?
( AS 2)
13. { + |# yTTqT (Slime) d]+#+&. < qT+& dq u> ysT #d d&
MT< yd yT k|t <s |]o*+#+&. MTsT |]o*+q < |+ ^jT+&. ( AS 3)
14. MT |]ds\ \T d]+#+&. \ |]\ D\T s\qT d<]
#&+&. |{ jsT#jT+&. |{ eTd+K, |sT, s+,
uV#+ D\T s+ sjT+&. MTsT |+> qT>=q n+X\qT |{ +<
sjT&+ eTsTee<T. ( AS 4)
15. bs+ MTsT |]o*+q D\qT n+s\+ qT+& d]+ y{ T|d+
n+, y{ $<T\T sjT+&. ( AS 4)
16. d<] |]o*+ e, +T D\ |{\qT, u>\qT ^jT+&. ( AS 5)
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 25
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C
F
I
B
E
A

D G
H

A B C
D E F

G H I
17. eqe\T, +Te\T, e\T yTT<qe +{ |+# D\ ]yTHsTT.
B e @ $<+> n_q+~ke? ( AS 6)
18. eD\ De#+ b yTT\T \&e n B| q $TT&T CH
#b&T? n&T #|q < y deT]ke? ( AS 7)
nqT+<+
<w +
400 d+es\ qT+& ~ >=+
d<] nH esT\ d\ desD
e~ #jT&+~. |Ps+ >=+
sE yTk|t e\+ d desD
+ e y T n+
| j +# y s T . B |&
k< s D d < ] >E |\
( Simple microscope )
|t
n+{sT. yT| HDyTq
|s+
\T jsT#XsT.
de]D
d + j T T d < ]
(Compound microscope)
<sD+
{ + f m e <s |s+
\T +{sTT.
y T T y T T< { d + j T T |+`13 d+jTT d <]

26 D+`Je\ eT[ |eD+

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d<] 1595d+ sdt CqH nH Xdy jsT#X&T. ssYVQ jsT#d+~

L& d+jTT d <]H. d <] $cs+ eT]+T> |]o\q\T s|& + k< eTsTT+~.
d<] m |j+# #<+.
d]jTq |< d<] |j+#&+
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|j+# $es+> HsT+<+.
1. eTT+<T> d<] D+> F #jT+&.
m. \ neT]q eT rd, yT{ XuyTq T&y*.
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+& <sD de]+#*.
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* +{sTT. eTq+ 10x keTs + q n C& + | ] o*d , eTq+
40x(4I10ksTR40x),100x,400x eT]jTT 1000x sT |<~> esq+#d #&>\T>T+
3. >E |\ (d& )qT & XuyTq b&>T& T&y*.
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(Focussing) n+{sT. $<+> #dTq|&T d&|q +q |<s+ < <| q sT
n+T+& s~+#& < # |\T# >E eTT (esY d|t) b*.
5. >E d& |q y*>, &|sY > #T sT bj*. |]o*+#<\T#Tq |<s
wt>, d~>, TeTeTT\T > rd {#T +#*. d~ dVjT+ esY
d|t < b*. |\sY ||sY n~ n~+> q sT rdyj*.
6. nT T <T| <| q ddeTH + +~ e# neTs*. y+H d&qT |s+
MT< |{ |t _+#*. edT |, +~ <T| bdt (+B+) #j*. +~
<sD de]d q+ + |& d]#d d& MT< ddeTH u> q& #j*.
d<] d& jsT#jTT
n<jTq+ #jTe\dq |<s d+jTT d<] #&& d& MT< d<+ #j* B
d+
1. d<] d& jsT#jT& 2$T.MT. eT+<+ 3 d+.MT.I8d+.MT. q Bs #Tsks|
bs<s| XuyTq >E |\ y*.
2. n<jTq+ #jTe\dq |<s+ u> |\T#>, #<TqT> +f < yT{ wt kjT+ d&
eT< #T sT yd < +#*. y d& #d| +#e\d ed { #Tb
#T d]H #s*. d&| +q |<s+ m+&b+& n~ b&TT+~.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 27

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3. n<jTq+ #jTe\dq |<s+ eT+<+> +f < |<THq u& |\T#> <<| 0.5$T.MT.
< n++f e eT+<+ +&T j*. n<jTq+ #d |<s+ bs<s+> +f
< nj&H, k|H, bdt^H < s skjTq| s+>T\ s+q+ #j*. Be\
eTq+ |]o*+# $$< D\ eT< &\T dw+> \TksTT.

Droper Cover Slip Needle

Slide

|+:14 yT k| d& j
4. >E |\ MT< { q n<jTq+ #d |<s esYd|t b*. ~ #d|&T
{T&>\T @s&+& C> rdTy*. n+#T\ y+& jT eq n<q| { |\sY
||sY < u{+> ||sY =\+#*. sT, n++&, ddeTH n++& esY
d|t sdT+~. n++& #&e\dq |<s+ eTT&\T |&+& esY d|t e |&TT+~.
|&T d& |]o*+#& d<+> +<qe{.
s+q+ #d $<q+
D+ $$< u>\T ysTysT s+>T\qT |\T+{sTT nH $<q+| s+q+ #d |<
<s|& +~. Be\ D+ = | u>\T eT]+ dw+> ksTT. s+>TqT
\T>Cd s\qT s+H\T (stains) n, $<H s+q+ #jT&+ (staining) n+{sT.
$<H dJe\qT, D+ $$< u>\qT |]o*+#& |jksT. B d+ k|H,
$T~H , nj&H\b, msdsqT L& s+H\T> |jksT. k|H j
=s 1/4 {dH k|HqT 100$T.. { \b*.

28 D+`Je\ eT[ |eD+

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bs+
3 d Je\ ||+#+`1

|sT>T jsT #jT& >sTy# jsT #X&T. n~ edTe 300 sT |<~

b\ =~> eT> m+<T \T|+? e+&q #d #|>* +~. Xe +yT q \T #jT >\
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n< j T + +{ es T \
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$Cq Xg+> $s$++~. +<yH L (Animalcules) n |*#&T. sTy
\yHV + { \+ M{ u]j nH |sT e+~.
u < + + > me*L bT nH s\ d Je\qT
|]o*+ dJe\ L& |]o*+#&T. sTy \+ j
$w s D H+~ dJe\ ysT ysT |sT |&+ ]+~.
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q\T es&T. n&T |& <V<|&HsTT.
+ q +<yH dJe\T n+f @$T{? n$ m&
d<] (|+`1) \yHV +{j \TdT+<+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 29
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dJe\T:
eTq #T q |]ds\ nH Je\qT #d +{+. =+{ eTq +{ #&e TT.
y{ e\+ d<] eyT #&>\+. n+<T#H y{ dJe\T n+{sT. |+ 2
qT+& 6 es q dJe\ |{\qT |]o*+#+&.

ud\d t ud\d t ud\d t

|+`2 $$< s\ ud\d ut ] j

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$T&yHdt d s>s &j yT

|+`5(b) Xe \T
30 dJe\ ||+#+
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

d sT*H &>jT+ ds{jT +

|+`5 (b) Xe \T

d |t &| j > $T qTs| $T

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dJe\ deTV\T q $$< d Je\ |{\ (2`6) b\+&.

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Xe\T, +<\T, b{CeqT eT]jTT MT $TT\ #]+#+&, b<jTT dV jT+
s b & # + ~q d Je\ > T ]+ L& rdT+&.
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B d+ d <] neds+ . d <] |sT #|>\s?
m |j+# D+`Je\ eT[ dJe ||+#+ >T]+ eT]+ T>
|eD+ nH n<jT+ \TdTHsT <! \TdTe& eT]= \T #<+.
+`1 +<\qT |]o*<+
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qT+& =+ { d]+#+&. + sT n|&|&T # +&+|q \ eT#\ +{
| # T +& # d T +& . s\qT L& |]o*+# +{sT. \
d]+q { qT+& 1`2 #T\ { d&| eT#\T +<\ e\ @s&sTT. +~ +
yd d<] dVjT+ |]o*+#+&.MTsT <s +<\ >T]+ eT]+ D+>
|]o*+q y{ |{\T ^jT+&. |d+ |]o*<+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 31
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+`2
[ q L s > j T \T >, q\ > e] |+`7(_)
#&bsTTq u& >, =] > d]+#+&. ds TTH #dq
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u ] j qT eT > < |s T > T qT, s>\T \T>Ck sTT.= s u] j\
H\T| +& b (HsT Xu+ #jTeTT+<T) dV Jeq+ #ksTT. eTq Xs+ |\ L&
qT, H\qT, # +&+|q, #s+MT<, ss \ u] j\THsTT. eTq Jse ed
#+qT + nH |<X\ #&e#T. +& u] j\T Vs Js+ #jT &
M{ k<sD d<] #&+. +~ |j >|& sTT. u] j\T +& #f<
+ <s y{ eT]+ D+> |]o*<+. #| e#T. H\, {, >* \\ d+K
+`3 HsTT. $ n e, n me c>\
{ < s+&T #T\T eT> rdT= L& J$+#>\ T>TsTT. 1999 V&.jTH.
d&|q |s#*. d&qT 3`4 dq bT y& w nH Xdy qMT_j deTT<rs
#j*. < |q = #T\T d y{ b++ ~jesZ{ qMT_jTdt nH
<eD+ yj *. 30`60 dqb T <| +& u] jqT qT>=HsT. ~ <<| 0.75mm
+#*. sTy { d&qT |<s+ =T b&e +T+~. B eTq+ HsT> +{
b+& HeT~> &>*. B d+jTT #&e#T.
d<] dVjT+ |]o*+#+&. MTsT Xe \qT |]o*<+
|]o*+q < |+ ^jT+&. e ^q |{ +\ \Te eq sT |#>
|+`7(_) b* #&+&. +&& eTq+ #d+{+. { |]>
Xe\ e\ { |#<q+ edT+~. ds>s,
Us +{ Xe\T +{ #&e#T. {
+& # Xe\qT +{ #&+. e\+
d<] kjT+ eyT #&>\+. {
+ { | # T d V
d]+#+&. { +& = s\ +{
|+# Xe\T #&{ +~ +
|+`7(m) H |sT>T #<+.
32 dJe\ ||+#+
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

+`4 dVjT|&sTT. = s\ d sb&\T

d]+q { qeTH qT+& dq <s| eTq #seTT|q, qTs|\ |q, |sT|\,
b>T+{ sD\T < y{ eTT\qT d& |q <T| yTT<q |<X\ L& +{sTT.
rdTy*. esYd|t |, d<] nsTT $ dJe\T e.
|]o*+#*. MTsT |]o*+q y{ |{\T = yT sb&\T k_dt (>) +{
^j T +& . MTs T ^q | { \qT | +`5 #sy<T\qT \T>CksTT. <: >$T
b\+&. MT \Tk?
MT \Tk? eT u]j, b{Cy, yT
sb&, o+<\T yTT<q dJe\T
d Xe\T (yT Z) ]| sDq me> +{sTT. ms+ eT 8
d+j>jT u$T MT< Je\ # n+>T\ eT+<+ q | bs +&
eTTK+. yesD+ bDyjTTe d> u ] j \T, +< \T ns qT es
u>+ y #ksTT. . e+{sTT. M{ ysT ysT jq\ esq+
#jTe#T.
b{Cy\qT |]o*<+
H\qT, {qT +& eTs= syTq +`6
d Je\ deTVyT b{Cy .+~ \ H\ d Je\qT |]o*<+
<s M{ |]o*<+.
b\+ qT+& d]+q eT{ ;sT
+`5 < >dT yd sT bjT+&. u> \|+&.
b{Cy\qT esq + #jT & m+&T>& sTy eT{D\T ;sT n&T>Tq |sTH
{ Hqu{*. 3`4 sE\ sTy >& es >+&. < qT+& { #TqT
dV { d]+#*. &|sY rdT d&|q yjT+&. d<]
>&dV d]+q { qT+& #T dV jT+ |]o*+#+&. MTsT |]o*+q y{
{ d&| rdT esY d|t b*. < |{\T ^jT+&. ^q |{\qT 4, 5, 6\
d<] |]o*+#*. MTsT |]o*+q |{\ b\+&.
y{ |{\T ^jT+&. ^q |{\qT |+`4 +es #dq \ <s d Je\
b\+&. q y$< ns+ #dTHsT <! eTq
|+# Je\ ||+#+ #H +~ <!
d sb&\qT |]o*<+ ~ +> n<T+ <! eT] $es\qT
H\ ks |+#& =s\ yT sy bs+ #]<+.
sb& Je\T # nedss . $ Je |<s
[bjT #ksTT. d+w |<s\qT ds
|<s\T> e] H\ ks |+#&+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 33
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

MT \Tk?
ysdt\T # d s+# dJe\T. $
dJe DeTT jT q|&T e\T> |e]ksTT.
u]j, eD\T, +T D\ +{
n<jT D\ |T sT|Tq|&T
dJe\T> |e]ksTT.M{ Xe+yTq m\
yTk|\ eyT #&>\+.
b*j, d H |P , +& \, neTysT, \TT, HIV {u yTTksTT ys d t
T, msTT& yTT<q y<T\ ysdt\ e\qH |+`8
\T>TsTT.

# s\ dJe\T +Te\, yTT\ MT \Tk?

Xs L& +{sTT. $ n+ o\
|<X\ n~ y& |<X\, m&sT\, u]j n_s+q+
& H\q m&H ds J$+#>\ T>TsTT. u]j\T # q dJe\T.
= dJe\T s Je\ MT< <s|& d<] #&\+f y{ n_s+q+
J$ksTT. +{ y{ |sqJe\T n+{sT. #j *. u] j\T *q e< e d& |
=s \ d Je\T d + + > yd eTs= d& sT~ deT+> #d =~> y&
J$+#>\T>TsTT. #j*. sTy #T d y{ yd 30
fbsTT&, jT (sY ddt), w, qT+& 60 dqT y&# j *. sT y HeT~>
&j]j +{ T\T u]j e\q d&|q sT bd &>*. &]q sTy
\T>TsTT. eT]j, nMT_jddt +{ d<] (25I < 40I e|wH)
y<T \T b{Cy\ e\ \T>TsTT.+<\T |]o*+#*.
u]j, yT sb&\ e\ = s\
#sy<T\T \T>TsTT.

\ |<\T
d Je\T, d JeXg+, u] j, Xe \T, +<\T, b{Cy, d sb&\T,
ysdt\T, n_s+q+, fbsTT&, d<],

34 dJe\ ||+#+
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
z dJe\T # q$. y{ e\+ +{ #&+.
z dJe\qT d<] eyT #&>\+.
z +<yH \$HV + q Xe+yTq d<] qT>=H&T.
z eTq#T q >*, sT, H\\uT n me, n e c>\ L& d Je\T
J$ksTT.
z dJe\qT u]j\T, +<\T, b{Cy\T, Xe\T nH 4 |<q deTV\T>
eZ]ksT..
z ysdt\T |yTq dJe\T. $ dJe\ e\ eT< ys~> +{sTT. $ dJe
D\ q|&T eyT |T sT|sTT.

nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. @ J$ dJe\ e\ eT< nqTd+<q+ nqT+THsT? m+<T? ( AS 1)
2. dJe\ e\q *> y<T\ >T]+ sjT+&.( AS 1)
3. + { @jT sq dJe\T +{sTT? ( AS 1)
4. d Je\T eTq |sT? n|sT? $e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
5. eT> *|q|&T @ syTq b\T |sT>T> essTT? |]\q #jT+&.( AS 2)
n) #\ b\T
) y&b\T
) >sTy# b\T
6. eqe sb\ e\ d Je\ V \T>T+~ ~ > =qk
@eTeT+~.( AS 2)
7. MTsT ud\dt u]jqT |j>X\ |]o*+q|&T nqTd]+q $<H
$e]+#+&? ( AS 3)
8. MT b<jTT dVjT+ MT <>Zs u d+<]+ u&, jsT#d |<
\TdT= y~ sjT+&. ( AS 4)
9. eT{ <s > @< dJ$ qeTH jsT #jT+& < \D\qT
$e]d y~ sjT+&..( AS 5)
10. MT bsX\ dH u q dJe\ |sH+{ d&\T |]o*+#+&. y{ |{\T
^jT+&. ( AS 5)
11. uq+ #deTT+<T #T\qT dT Xu+> m+<T &Ty*?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 35
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

bs+
3 d Je\ ||+#+`2

dJe\T`XTe? $TT? es +#+&. H\ b\qT |]o*+#+&.

d Je\T H\, {, >*, +Te\, z b\ @ $<yTq esTqT >eT+#e?
yTT\ Xs, Xs+|q n |<X \ z esT sD+ @$T{?
+{jT \TdTH+ <! M{ = ud\d t nH u] j b\qT |sT>T>
eTq | j > | & sTT. eT]= V esTT+~.
*ksTT. +`2
bs + d Je\T eTq m 100 >eTT\ yT< |+& H
dV jT+ #kj ? m nbjT+ *kj ? rdT=+&. 1 < 2 dH\ sTdt b&sYqT yd
\TdT+<+. q+ sT bd < yT{ |+&> \|+&.
|j>syTq dJe\T *|q |+& 3`4 >+\T y# |<X+
J$+ = d Je\T eTq # +#+&. sTy |+& |]o*+#+&.
$<\T> |j>|&sTT. <VsD z |+& e |]o*+q esT\T @$?
|sT>T, &, <d, u&, jsT #jT{ z esT sD+ @$T u$dTHe?
|j>|&sTT. = s\ dJe\T MT $TT\ #]+#+&?
y<T \T qjT+ #d eT+<T\T j sT #jT { MT neT &, <d |+& eTT+<TsE
|j>|&, eT]= sT Hk\T> H\ m+< T s T _ |& s T ? s D + @$T{
ks |+#+ dVjT|&sTT. = #|+&?
\ <s d Je\T (yT u) eTq m
|j>|&j \TdT+<+.
+`1
>sTy# b\qT s +&T H\ rdT+&.
= #T\ eT> < |sT>TqT H
yjT+&. s+&e b\ H @$T \|e<T.
s+&T H\qT <|+& 5 qT+& 6 >+\ |+`1 yT< |+&>\ | \T
36 dJe\ ||+#+`2
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

z | s +&T | \ q |+& < |jTqT Dq+ (fermentation) n+{sT.

dT \T|&+~. @ | \T|&+< |< |<y T T+ \V\T, yH , ;sY, md{
}V+#+&. e\ j |jksT. +<Td+
u u& jsT #d|&T yT< dTqT dV#s\T *q u, ><TeT,
|+& dT *|q|&T =~ deTjT+ sTy <sk\ |+#TsT. #s |]XeT
yT< |+& TT+~. m+<T+f Dq njT yTTddt <eD+ dTqT *|
|jT sH &j& yjTTe < \V\TqT jsT #ksT.
neT+~. nsTTq yjTTe yT< eT+<T\ j dJe\T
|+& #s& + e\ < |]eD+ |] k+
jsT neT+~. eTq+ m|&H T |&q |&T , >jT|&q |&T
Xg ]q|&T &sT eT+<T\T ksT.
+`3 eT+<T\T s>s dJe\qT (u]j)
dJe\ yD|syTq |j>\T # + | y k s TT. s y T q eT+< T \qT
d JeHX\T (antibiotics) n+{sT. =
s+&T q H\T < ;sT rdT+&. |yTq dJe\ (+<\T)qT |+#&+
s+&+{ d>+ es sT bjT+&. y{ 5 <s d JeHX \qT # k s T .
qT+& 10 #+#\ #s \|+&. < 2 |*H, f{dH, dbyTdH, m]yTdH,
qT+& 3 #+#\ dTq T \|+&. s +&T H\| db, m$TdH +{ j+{j{qT
eT\T |{ y# |<X+ +#+&. 3 < eT+<T\ |]XeT\ ( bsd{)
4 >+\ sTy eT\T rd ydq #&+&. #dTHsT. u]j e\ e# fbsTT&, jT,
>H]j, &jT]j e+{ nH y<T\qT
dJeHX\T qjT+ #ksTT. n<$<+>
d|d$Tj ($w|P] s+) e+{ y<T\qT
L& s~ksTT.

|+`2 j+{j{ |
z s+&T H\ MTs+ &qT >eT+#sT.
z dT *|q H e# ydq sD+ |+`3 j+{j{ +q T
@$T u$dTHsT.
#sqT dT\T \V\T> esTsTT d JeHX \qT + T e\,
{ dT *|q # s qT+& \V\T ydq yTT\ u]j e\ *> y<T\qT
edT+ ~. $<+ > # s\qT \V\T> es s~+#& |jksT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 37
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

MT \Tk?
j+{j{ m|&+fn|&T w+ eqT |j+#s<T. ns *q &sT q
d#q\ |syT |j+#*. b y{e\ eTq V \>e#T. neds+ +&, me
y<T j+{j{ |j+#+ e\ Jseed yT\T #d u]j q+bT+~
eT]jTT s>s u]j\ s<qT (Resistance power) |+#T+{sTT.

dJeH ` |*H $wsD

|*H dw s |+`3 |{&w t u] j

& n>+&sY |$ T+> |sT>T<\qT s~+# |*jT+

yTT<{ ||+ # jTT< \+ & n>+&sY >T]+#&T. |*jT+ +<+ #dq

|$T+> dq+ &sT> | #dysT. |<s |$T+> |*H n |sT |{&T.
jTT<+ >jT|&q d\T u]j e\ & n>+&sY |$T+> u]j\qT #+|
H|H >Ts #be& jTq #XsT. eT+<T dJe HX+ (antibiotics) >
B sD\qT nHw+#& dJe HeTsD+ #X&T.
HX\|q q |j>X\ |]X<q\T 1929 |*H nH dJe HX+
#jTk>&T. $wsDqT ||+# *b&T. |*H
q |]X<q u>+> |$T+> u]j qT=q+<T 1945e d+es+ &
deTV\qT |{&wt\ |+#&T. sE n>+&sY |$T+> eTs= <sT Xgy\
|{&w t |]q sy T q +<+ n+<T (& VAesY b eT]jTT & msdt _.#H)
|+#TTq u] j |sT>T<\qT s~+#& *| HT VQeT b+<&T. u]j\
jTq >eT+#&T. +<+ #dq e\ *> nH T\qT qjT+ #jT&+
|<s ysT #d s u]j deTV\| |j>|& |*H $wsD dbyTdH,
L& |+#&T. |<s+ s y<T\T m]yTd H +{ nH s\ j+{j{
* +# u ] j \ |s T > T < \ qT L & eT+<T\qT qT>=q& <V<+ #d+ ~. +{
s~+qT \TdTH&T. $<+> ysT j+{j{ eT+<T\T y& +& eTq Xs+
# d q +< y T |*j T + H{+> y<T \T s+& s~+# >\T>TT+<?
38 dJe\ ||+#+`2
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

MT \Tk?
]jyTdH dws
b{ |dTq e mes MT \Tk!
jTq |U Xgy & jT|>&
dTuse. jTq |eT ><e]
| { s T . d T use>s T ]j y T d H |+`4 b*j#T\T rdT+Tq H]
(f {d H ) nH
j +{ j { q T z b*j # T \ s e > T ]+
|{sT. u]j\T $e]+# s| d]+#+&. <
n+X\ | #]+#+&.
\ T> C d f b sTT& ,
jT, |>T e+{ nH MT \Tk?
y<T\qT f{dH
& Cqdtk (Jonas salk) 1952
qjT+ #dT+~. & jT|>& dTuse b*j { qT
{\T (yH) q T>=H& T . <
n+< ] + >
eTq+ @<H y~ >Tsq|&T y{ n+~+#<\#TH&T.
Z+#+<T &sT eT+<T\T ksT. n+<T nqT <|
eT+<T\qT eTq+ {u s|+>, { |f+{ (dsV\T)
s | + >, + H s | + > & Cqdtk
=s |jT +#< T . &\sY k_H b*j
rdT+{+. Be\ y~ y+H qjT+ #T\ eT+<TqT 1957 qT>=H&T.
neT+~. {\T (yH) rdTe&+ <s
=s\ y<T\T s+& s+#Te#T. @<H y~ *+# dJe\T eTq
{\T y<T\T s+& eTq* # \+ X s + | y d , y{ qT+&
bT s k s TT. = y< T \T s +& s+#TH+<T eTq Xs+ = s\qT
J$+ + s k s TT. < T d + e s\ #dT + ~. y{H |s \T (antibodies)
ej T d T q | \ \ b*j # T \T n+{s T . | s \T y~ * +#
|d]> ysTT+#* nH |q #ksT d Je\ bs+ #ksTT. y #+|yd q
#d +{sT. b*j #T\T |\\ m+<T < \V q | ] q d Je\qT eTq
y*? Be\ |j>+ @$T{? MTsT Xs+ |yX|{q|&T L& eTq Xs+
q|&T b*j #T\T rdTHs? | s \qT j s T # d T = \
b*j y~ m ed T + ~? B m +#T+T+~. n<$<+> b*j #T\T
s*+#e#T? b*j sV de+ d+ ydq|&T L& XseTT b*j *+#
eTq n+<s+ @$T #j MT dVT\, dJe\qT m<Ts=q& |s\T
b<jTT\ #]+#+&. # d X s + \ +# T +T+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 39
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

|s\T y~ *+# dJe\T Xs+ +`4

|y+q|&T y{ m<Ts= s*ksTT. MT <>Zs q b<$T s> +<
y<T\T s+& b&sTT. #+|&q < d+<]+ s> ssq T < &s Y \e+&.
\Vq|s#&q y~ *+# dJe\qT $$< y<T\T s+& @ ejTdT @ {\T
eTq XseTT |yX|& yHwH ks \TdT+&. MTsT d]+q de#s
n+{sT. b*j yHqT #T\ s|+ |{ > j sT #d s> >~ |<] +#+&.
H{ yksT . b*j #T\T rdTq |\\
T (s_dt) yHqT \sTTbXsY
b*j y~ s+& yH s~dT+~.
qT>=H&T. s _dt \T>C d ys d t s _dt q
eT]= s\ y<T\T s+& +H
T <s eTw |ydT+~.
s|+ yH ksT. < neTysT,
V|f{dt,>e<_\T, &|]j, <qTs+,
MT \Tk?
]+<>TZ, T yTT<q$.
|&T $$< s\ y<T\T *+# .X 1796 m&sY CqsY n<Ty T q
dJe\ u]qT+& eTq* s+#TH+<T |]X<q #X&T. < |*+> eqy[
nH s\ yH\T n+<TuT e#sTT. eD+ q eTXS y~ yH j ssTT+~.
300 d+es\ + $<+> y<T\
qT+& s+# yq >T]+ *jT<T. 18e eTXS {\T $wsD
X + nH e T+~ Xgy \ T # d q >MTD b++H q y< e
|j>\T, |]X<q eTq yqT #j\ & m&sY CqsY rdTq sjT+
\_+#& dVjT|&sTT. nH y<T\ qT+& eqe C n+]+
sE dJe\ qT+& yqqT |< b+& s+#+<T jTq |{q yH
yTT+ jsT #dTHsT. yqT m+ dVjT|&+~. y<+ d+ jTq
eqe\ bT +Te\qT L& nH e< e# eTXS kq y]bT e\
y<T\ u] qT+& sdTHsTT. k b ( cowpox ) k q s T \T

|+`5
eTXS kq H] m&sY CqsY eTXS y~ { dTq <X+
40 dJe\ ||+#+`2
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

neds+. nsTT yTT\T yesD+ +&

q H s T > rd T e . s C _j T +,
Hk, nq_H, n{us Y (|+`67) e+{
dJe\T >* q >V+, q
d y T H \ s | + e] y T T \
n+~+#&+ dVjT|&sTT. q
dyTH\qT H\ $&T<\ #ksTT. y{
|+`6 Hk yTT\T rdT+{sTT.
(b\d+ e\qT |+#ysT) L& e#ysT.
me] b kT+< y] eTXS
(smallpox) kb e& jTq >eT+#&T.
n+f b kq y] y~ s<X
(immunity) n_e~ #+~ n~ y] eTXS
y~ s+& b&T+< >T]+#&T.
1796 m&sY CqsY b\ & | #d b
kq e Xs+ MT< q u qT+& ky
(sd) rd s>+> q 8 d+es\ u\T |+`7 nq_H
#&T. sT ys\ sTy u\T& H\ +& u]j, +<\ e+{
eTXS >T] #X&T. ( u\T MT< dJe\T Je d++~ |<s\qT $q+
|]X<q #jT& n *<+&T\ qT+& #d ds dyTH\T> e]yksTT.
nqTeT rd T H& T ). u\T dyTH\T yTT\ |sT>T<\ # neds+.
mTe+{ eTXS \D\T q|&<T. n+f
q k|q
b u ke+ +& |<s+ eTXS
y~ s+& yH> |#d+<qe! >T$THd yTT\ ysT u&|\ +&
eTXS yH \ ~ eT+~ uj T +sy T q sC_jT+ u]j q k|q #dT+~.
s>+ qT+& b&+~. $wsD s +`5
\+ nH y<T \ yqqT qTe& ysTXq>, &T, s e+{ >T$THd
esZ+ #|+~. yH |<+ y nH {H C yTT\ ysT u&|\T d]+#+& y{
|<+ qT+& e+~. y (vaca) n+f e >{> q*| b& #jT+& =+ b& d&|q
n ns+ y d # T s T < qH y j T +& .
H\ +& dJe\T ` H\ks+ d<] |]o*+#+&. |]o*+q y{
eTq #T q yesD+ +& >* | + ^j T +& . y{ > T ]+ $T T \
78% q yjTTe +T+~. yTT\T # ] +# + & . MTs T | ] o*+q y{
bw\qT jsT #dTH+<T q |+`67 b\+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 41
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

sC_jT+ u]j +`6

&T C (>T$THd) MT bsX\ & eT\q < MT
yTT\ ys u&|\ +{>\ U d\ eTT s +&T >T+\T e+&
+{sTT. s C _j T +
yesD+ q
|+`8
q\ s|+ e] ysT T&|\T
y s \ # k s TT.
< yTT\T $j+#T+{sTT. yTT\T
sC_jT+ yk ksTT. s+&
<={ dV]+#T+{sTT {
d++< dV Jeq+ (symbiosis) n+{sT. |+`9 +bdt >T+
>yT |+\T |+&+#&+ e\ H\ ks+ < 2 U +&\T rdT+&. M{ d>+ es
|sT>TT+~. eT{ +|+&. B s*q \T, e<
z =\] ydq n\d+<, |*|ds e+{ nsTTq L s > j T \T, + eTT \T,
||<H\ yTT\qT sT\T b\+ ##<s+ +|+&. s+&e < y&
*| <TqTsT. m+<T +#+&? bsdq bd d+#T\T, edTe\qT b*BH
d+#T\qT, >E eTT\ +|+&. |&T
MT \Tk? s+&T +&\qT < >T+\qT eT{ |+&.
MTsT _.{ |, _.{ e+> nH e\T y{| { #\+&. $<+> |sE sT
$H +{sT. _.{. n+f ud\d t Ts +Cddt #\+&. eT&T, H\T>T ys\ s >T+\/
~ syTq u]jT+. ~ $&T<\ #d +&\| eT{ =\+#+&. MTsT ydq
syTq $w |<s+ (Toxin) yTT\| | < s + @y T $T es T \T e#j
|]> eTT\qT #+|ydT+~. n+<T B |]o*+#+&
j |dd& (Je d++< |sT>TeT+<T) z < |<s\T sTT? m+<T?
n+{sT. z esT #+< / |<s\ e\ eTq
{H #d qTeqT Cf @yTH qw+ +<? #]+#+&.
+]+> |<T\ <s ysT #d |+ +{ esT\qT MTsT MT |]ds\
yTT\ D\ ~ #d qT e]& L& >eT+# +{sT. >*, sT H\
|+ yTT\qT sb+~ksT . qT e]& +& = d Je\T eTq# T q
yTT\T eT yT djT+> |sT>T\ qT+& |]ds\ e<> |& q Jed++< es\qT
s+#T+{sTT. +Te\ eT s\qT [bjTT
yTT\qT q |sT>T\T #bsTT. #ksTT. es\qT, ds |<s\T> e]
+{ yTT\T eTqTw\ dV s yksTT. dJe\T eTq #T +&
+Te\ MT< re |u e+ *kjT H ueq |]ds\qT Xu+ #jT T <s eTq dV jT+
+~. B >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&. #ksTT.
42 dJe\ ||+#+`2
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dJe\T eTq Xs+ |yksTT.

+#+& ` #]+#+&
n k T > yes D + es T \T
y eTq |]ds\ d Je\T b d+u$ +q|&T n+f es\T ]d|&T #*
@$T sT>TT+< }V+#+&. |]q|&T k<sD+> eTq \TT, <>TZ
eTT] { X~ #jT &+ u] j e+{ e+{ y<T \T se& MTsT >eT+# +{sT.
d Je\T m+ dV jT |& sTT. deTT<+ T++ ] \TT ed +{*b~
z&\ qT+& |e<eXT *bsTTq qH edT+<+{sT <! m+<T sT>TT+~.
T e\ deTT<+ nH Je\ ds q H \TT, <>TZ eq e\T T$Tq|&T,
<=s #bsTT. qHqT H u]jqT <Zq|&T, y]qT+& y~ s dJe\T
|yX|&+ <s qH T \#s\ >* |yksTT. <s n$ s>
|e<s+ +& jT+ksT. e+T\qT #] y] L& \TT e#
# k s TT. $< + > ] qT+& ]
nbjTsyTq dJe\T d + $ T+# y< T \qT n+Ty< T \T
eqy[ V *+# d Je\ >T]+ ( Communicable diseases ) n+{s T .
\ Td T +<+. d Je\T eqe\ , n+Ty<T\T >*, sT, Vs+, s
|+\, +Te\ $$< s\ y<T\T dV+> +&&+ <s, >\T, <eT\T
\T>CksTT. $ Vs |<s\qT, <TdT\qT, e+{ \ <s y| k s TT. \TT,
s edTe\qT b&T #ksTT. +&\, eTXS, dH|P, jT, H>TH
eqe\ y<T\T \T>Cd dJe\T yTT<qe n+Ty<T.

+`7
MT <>Zs q b<$T s> +<
< &sTqT d+<]+ dJe\ e\ e#
$$< s\ y<T \qT >T]+ n& \TdT+&.
$es\T H{T qy<T #d $TT\
#]+#+&.
dJe\T eTq |]ds\ n+{
y|+ +{sTT nq $wjT+ \TdTH+ |+`10 & mH|* dt <eT
<! y<T\T \T>Cd dJe\qT y~ = \T, + T e\T y< T \qT
q\T (b<CH) n n+{sT. y~ *+# dJe\qT * +& M{ <s
q\T >sT <s, | >* <s, H s Je\ y<T\qT y|+|CksTT. y{
Vs+ <s eTq Xs+ |yksTT. yV\T (Carriers) n+{sT. bk&jT+
n<$<+> y~ >Tsq e\qT &+ e\ nH dJ$ eT]jqT \T>CdT+~. &
(direct contact) , s> yVq +Te\ mH|*dt <eT e qT+& eT]jTT e
<s, \ <s L& y<T\T \T>Cd eT]j y~ s eTT\qT y|+|Cd T + ~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 43
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z eT]juT> <eT\ e\ e# s
y<T\T @$?
>\T L& ss\ y<T\T \T>Cd
dJe\qT rdTysTT. fbsTT&, \s,
&jT]j yTT<q y<T\T >\ e\ eksTT.
>\T # #<s+|q, y~ u<|& e\,
+Te\ eT\+|q y*q|&T y~s
dJe\T > Xs n+T=+{sTT.
|+`11 mss D\ bk&jT + >\T eT\T | Vs |<s\|q
y*q|&T < Xs n+Tq d Je\T
n+f # s <eT yV + > |
>\T y*q |<s\ ~ nesTT.
#dT+<qe. yV\qT jT++#&+
<s eT]j y~ y| n]e#T. Te+{ Vs |<s\qT rdTq y]
<eT\T \ q { >T&T |&sTT. <eT\ y~ e# neX+ +T+~. n+<T eTq+
d + K e~ # + < +& +&\+f eTq eT\T | |<s\qT qL&<T. Vs
|]ds\ sT \ +&L&<T. n> |<s\| m\|& eT\T |{*. >\T
+&\, fs, |*q = |s # #<s\| nesTT. n+<T eTq
|P\+&\ sT \ +& #&*. |]ds\T |]Xu+ > +#Te&+ e\ >\qT
jT++#e#TqT.
MT \Tk?
& sH s dt
eT]jqT \T>Cd
b k & j T + &
mH|*dt <eT <s
y| # + < T T +< H
$wj qT>=H&T.
B > qT 1902 & sHs dt |+`12 Vs+| y*q >
jTq HT |sks+ \_++~.
|]X<q\T m& #X& \Tk? sH sdt z MT |]ds\ >\T me> |+#
>T]+ eT] = $wj\T \TdTy\ |<X\T @$? m+<T?
nqT+THs? nqT+<+ #<e+&. z >\qT s~+#\+{ @$T #j*?
sE dMTsY neT bT dT|
z <eT\T eTq* +& + @$T y&T . n& q >& MT< n+{+q bds T qT
#jTe#T. <eT\T +& #j\+f |]o*+#&T. MTs #<e+&.
@@ #s\T #|{ C_ sjT+&.
44 dJe\ ||+#+`2
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|{`1 eqe dJe\ e\ *> k<sD y<T\T

y~ |sT y~ s+ y|+# $<q+ ysD |<T\T
jT u]j >* <s {\T (_.d..)
s |j+q e
#sTe\T, >dT\T
|j+#s<T.
eTXS ysdt >* <s {\T (e]d)
T, >e< _\T ysdt >* <s MMR {
b*j ysdt >*, sT b*j #T\ eT+<T (OPV)
dH |P ysdt >* {\T
\s/fbsTT& u]j \TwyTq sT e> |]Xu,
Vs+ <s s eT+ sT
> (yV+) eT]+q sT >*
eT]j (#*s+) bk&jT+ & mH|*dt <eT <eT s\T, <eT\qT
bs< skjTH\T
|j+#*.
|]ds\ sT \ +&
#&*.
&+> ysdt m&dt <eT
H>TH ysdt m&dt <eT
yT<&Ty| y~ ysdt & L <eT
(|HmHd|{dt)
&|]j, ]+ <>TZ u]j \Tw sT, &.|.{
<qTs+ Vs+, | |< {| +{H

|{ q T #~e+&. +~ |X \ de<H\T 5. u]j\ e\, b{Cy\ e\ *>

HT |d+ sjT+&. y<T\ {\ <s sD b+<e#?
1. <eT\qT jT++#&+ <s @jT #]+#+&.
y<T\T s+& #&e#T? +Te\ y<T \T \T>C d d Je\T
2. {\ <s @jT y<T\T s+& +Te\, >=s\T, yT\ e# +<
b&Te#T? y~ eTqTw\| L& |u e+ #|T+~.b&
3. \TwyTq { <s e# y<T\T @$? |Xe\ \T, b<\e# >*+T y~,
4. >* <s y| #+< y<T\T @$?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 45
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

y<T\T, e# b b, sY |P,
&jddt, \ e# s_dt yTT<qe
d Je\ e\H eksTT.
yTT\ y<T\T \T>Cd dJe\T
dJe\T yTT\ L& y<T\T
\T>Ck sTT. eTq |+\qT d+s+ #Te&
|+`13 +< kq >=s\T M{ >T]+ n<jTq+ #jT&+ neds+. +~
H{ e# y<T\T, d| d$Tj y~, #|\T, |{ |+\ e# = y<T\T y{
s=jT\ e# yTT| e+{ ysdt \T>C d d Je\T e&sTT. |]o*+#+&.
|{ ` 2
= yTT\ e# y<T\T y{ \T>Cd dJe\T, n$ y|+# $<q+.
yTT\ e# y~ y~ \T>#d y~ y|+# $<q+ |+
dJe\T

ddt +sY u]j >*

(C+<yHdtd{)

#s ms >T\T +<+ >*, yTT\\T

(=*{fKyT byT)

ysTXq> { >T\T +<+ >*, $H\T

(dsks
s&)
b> eTTksTT y~ ysdt \T
(Tu yTTksTT)

e] T >T\T +<+ >*

(ddBksZ)

z MT b++ |+\ k<sD+> e# y<T\T @$? n$ m y| #+<Tj

#]+& sjT+&. +<Td+ MTsT eekjT de#s+ e+{ |\qT L& |]o*+#e#T.
46 dJe\ ||+#+`2
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Vs+ $wT\+ e&+ eT]= s\T> Vs \ #d

\Tw Vs+ dT| bqy] |<T\T \TdT+<+.
>T]+,n|&| &T eTq+ ys| \ #d y& eT]jTT #\ |< \ #jT&+
+{+ <! b&bsTTq Vs+ q&+ e\ MT +{ b\qT >& < \Te
n~ $w+> e] e\ T ndd >TsesT. #jT{ eTT+<T y& #jT&+ #d +{sT.
= dJe\T $w |<s* #jT&+ eTs> u& + e\ < d Je\T qksTT.
e\ Vs+ \Tw+ neT+~. eTq+ |+&T, Ls>jT\T, uq+ #dq
MT \Tk? sTy $T*q |<s\T yTT<q y{
]|ss \ +#T+ <! ]|ssY
d&jT+ uT*q+ nH u]j
dJe\ |sT>T<\qT |ydT+~. Vs
Vs+ \Tw+ e& eTTK sD+.
|<s\qT b&T#d = s\ dJe\T
Be\ *> y~ uT*yT n+{sT.
n me, n e c>\ <>Zs n+>
syTq \Tw Vs+ +f y+T\T,
e~#+<e.
$s#H\T \T>TsTT. =k] eTsD+
L& d+u$+#e#T. bXsCwH
H Vs+ \Tw+ +& m \ Cs nyT b\ b |q bXsC&
#j \TdT+<+. $T n sd +&& MTsT #d +{sT.
~ syTq \ #d $<q+. $<q+
Vs+ \ #jT&+ d]+q b\qT 70 &^\ d+{>& es 15
eTq+ H V s + MT< d Je\T qT+& 30 dqbT y& #ksT. y+H #]
|]qsTT n$ Vs b&T #ksTT. b&q \ #ksT . $<+ > #jT &+ e\ d Je\T
V s + # & T yd q ed T + ~. s T L & |s>+& s~+#&sTT. \sTTdt bXsY
e]bT+~. Vs |<s\ +& sT < q T>=q | < bX s C w H (High
eT dJe\T |s>{ <V<+ #ksTT. Temperature Short time Pasteurisation -
Vs m \ #dTe#T. Vs+ HTST) n+{sT. (145 e |J #&+&)
dJe\T |s>+& m s~+#>\y z bXsCwH $<q+ |b @$T
|]o*<+. ] +&< +#+&.
eTq $$< s\ Vs |<s\T bXs C w H $wsD
m \ #ks HsT HsT <! <VsD
|# j |, s+, qH \|&+, \sTTbXsY 1822 bqT q
CyT\T, C\T, |+& sk\T #s b+ yd >eT+ +#&T. nqT |sTT+sY nqT
y&#jT&+ e\.Ls>jT\ eTT\T, #|\T b<jTT&T y\ nqTH&T. n
| *| m+& u&+ e\ ss\ Vs >D e TT, uXg+, skjTq Xk\ eT+
|<s\qT \#ksT . Vs|< s\qT+& sT n_sT +&~. d{\|q |]X<q\T
< & =\+q|&T d Je\T |s>e . #dy&T. deTjT+ yH |]XeT\ \
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 47
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\ #jT&+ eT]jTT b+> #jT&+

eT< \+ =s\ |+&T, b\T,
Ls>jT\T, o\bj\T, qT+&s\T
yTT<q$ d\T #dq >* >\ (air tight)
&u\ neTTTHsT. b+> d Je\T
|y+#+& b&TT+~.
dsq $<q+ \ #jT&+ <s.....
1. Vs+ b&e+& s~+#e#T
\sTTbXsY 2. Vs me \+ \ #jTe#T
+q yH b&bT+&&+ e\ |]XeT 3. Vs HDqT me \+ b&e#T
d+u+ |&+~. yH |]XeT jTeqT\T
bXsYqT *XsT. bXsY B| n<jTq+ #d 4. = s\ |<s\qT <s b+\
yH b&Te& < d Je sDeT m>TeT #jT&+b n \
>T]+#&T. dJe\qT y& #jT&+ <s n+<TuT +#e#T.
jT++#e# u$+#&T. ~ bXsCwH MT b++ nyT Vs |<s\ jT{
q T& <V < | & + ~. n q T $ T b+\qT+& ~> T eT # d T H y{
d<+ (germ theory) |b~+#&T. s _dt de#s d]+ C_ jsT#jT+&.
( T) yH qT>=H&T. +< y{ @ |< \e #ks b<jTT
y~ L& {qT qT>=H&T. eqe\, #]+#+&.
+Te\ ss \ y<T \ d T \qT n< jTq+ bXsCwH $wsD dJ$ sV
# d y{ @ $< + > j T ++# $<q+ (sterilization process) qT>=q&
*jTCX&T.dJe\e\q |T |sT>T\ esZ+ #|+~. $<q+ d]CwH >~/
*> y<T \qT jT++# |< T \qT |&+ |f +q edTe\qT # me y& e<
<s \sT bXsY s eT]jTT bH\ 30 eTTc\ d| y& #ksT . Xg keT
d\T |]XeT\qT s+#&T. (Xg #d|&T |j+# edTe\T)
Cs k+ (Lazzaro spallanzani) |d]> d]C #j*, Be\ HH
1798 eT]+#&+ <s dJe\qT k+& s>T\qT b&e#TqT.
#+|e# s|+#&T.
\ |<\T
DD+, yV+, dVJeq+, bXsCwH, dJeXg+, eTXS, yH, y~s+.

48 dJe\ ||+#+`2
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eTq+ @+ HsT H+
z = dJe\T |j>syTq$ nsTT = nbjTsyTq$.
z dJe\T +{qT, |]XeT\qT, |sesD X~ #jT& |j>|&sTT.
z u $T q d Je\T s q d++~ es\qT [bjT #d |j >s y T q bw\T>
esTsTT. $ yTT\T |s>& L& |j>|&TsTT.
z =s\ dJe\T eqe\, yTT\, +Te\ y<T\T \T>CksTT.
z = dJe\ \T, +Te\T yV\T> |j>|&sTT.
z = d Je\T d]>Z \ #jT Vs |<s\qT b&T #ksTT. M{e\ Vs+ $w|P ]+>
(food poisioning) esTT+~.
z bXsCwH $<q+ me \+ bT b\qT \ #jT{ |j>|&TT+~.
z >T$THd C yTT\ ys u&|\ q sC_jT+ yesD+ q yTT\
k|q #ksTT.
T +<+
nu dH yTsT>T|s#
1. $ reyTq T #d &sT <>Zs y[+~. &sY 5 sE\ dJe HX\T
(antibiotics) eT+<T\T y&eT sX&T. eT&T sE\T y&q sTy T qjT+ nsTT+~.
yT j+{j{ eT+<T\T y&+ eyd+~. yT #d+~ dsq<H? < m+<T?
sD\T sjT+&. ( AS 1)
2. {\T eTq Xs+ @ $<+> | #ksTT? ( AS 1)
3. bXsCwH n+f @$T{? n~ m+<T |j>|&TT+~?( AS 1)
4. eT]j y~ s*+#& rdTe\dq C>\T @$T{? ( AS 1)
5. yH rdTe& @+{j{ rdTe& dsq deTjT+ @~? m+<T? ( AS 1)
6. yH @+{j{ &\T @$T{? ( AS 1)
7. |*H $wsD ||+# eTsD\ qT+& s++~ B $e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
8. |s\T n+f @$T{? m|&T nesTT? m eTq dVjT |&sTT? ( AS 1)
9. sJ q |+{ y] eTTsT>TsT \ +f y<T\T |\TsTT n #|+~.
deTjT+ yT y<T\ >T]+ @yT$T $wj\T #|+T+< }V+ sjT+&. ( AS 2)
10. eT&T H\T rdT= A, B, C> >T]+#+&. y{ >sTy# b\T, y&b\T, #\ b\T
esTd> bjT+&. eT&+{q = { dH #=|q |sT>T &T yjT+&. <|+&
5`6 >+\d| +#+&. sTy eT\T rd b\ eq esT\T >eT+#+&. ( AS 3)
z @ H b\T |sT>T> essTT?

z @ s+&T H\ b\T |sT>T> es<T? sD\T sjT+&?

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 49

Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

11. yTj\J d++~+q $wj\T qT>=q Xgy\ >T]+ de#s d]+#+&.

$wsD\T eqy[ m |j>|&j d+# #sTqT sb+~+ s> >~
|<]+#+&. ( AS 4)
12. yT j\J (dJeXg+) $wsD\T #dq Xgy\ b{\ Album jsT
#jT+&. ( AS 4)
13. MT <>Zs q b\ & < >+<\j d+<]+#+&. bXsCwH ]> $<H
$e]+# bC jsT #jT+&. ( AS 4)
14. MT >eT+ |Xe\ dT| d+<]+ n& &sY n& |Xe\T, >=s\T eT]jTT
yT\ e# T\ C_ jsT #jT+&. ( AS 4)
15. dJe\T b u$T ##<s+, +Te\ eTs\ +&bT+~ n dMTsY
y Hq nH&T. n e @u$ky? m+<T? ( AS 6)
16. m&sY CqsY eTXS y~ { qT>=H eT+ b kq e u\ qT+& <e+ rd
8 d+es\ u\T& m+#&T. sTy u\T eTXS s< |j> |Ps+>
s|+#&T. m&sYC q sY jTT <s + L&q |]o\q\qT m n_q+~ke? ( AS 6)
17. +f ysD yT\T B| MT n_bjT+ sjT+&. ( AS 6)
18.#{, dteTT\T q sTy HsT u> |*+#* n \ q k<sT&T sCwt
#|+~. \ #|+~ yTH? m+<T? ( AS 7)
nqT+<+
sdt |]X<q
& mH|*dt <eT eT]j |sqJ$ qT>=q $<q+
s=Hsdt $T* &sY. jTq eT]j
y~| 16 d+es\ bT $d +> (1881`1897)
+&j |]X<q\T #X&T. dTBs |]X<q\
nq+s+ eT]jqT \T>Cd dJ$ &
mH| * dt <eT +T+< ~ eT ] j
y~>dT\ |sT>TT+< qT>=H&T. eT]j
d+$T+# $<H d$es+> *|q+<T sdt
& sH sdt H=T VQeT
1902 HT |sks+ \_++~.
eTq+<] eT]j s+ >T]+ \TdT, s#T> e{&TT+{+L&. <eT\T m&
me> +{j n& eT]j e# neX\T me.eTq sw s< + q>s\
fq d+<su<T <eT\ e\ e# eT]j y~| s=Hsdt |]X<q\T #X&T.
HT |sks |<q+ d+<s+> sdt q nqTuy\qT +~ e e+ #X&T.
50 dJe\ ||+#+`2
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HqT 1895 us<X+ #s H{ k syT+{ y< n~]> jT$TT&HqT. &

d\T me eT+~ eT]j u<|&TTHsT. & d\ q eT]j |sqJ$|
|]X<q #XqT. nsTT H |]X<q\T us<X |]$T+ #XqT. & dT|, us
(d\T +& |<X+) $|+> <eT\T+&$. HqT +>+& y{+f eTT+<T <eT\
d++~+q kV |+#Te& |jT\T #XqT.
+&j q <eT\ >T]+ $jT+ k~+#bjqT.
|P]> H |]o\q|H <s|&qT. k+> q <eT\qT
s+&TesZ\ #+~q$> nH \D\ ysT #dq|{ H
k\u+ d+ _+& <eT\T>, ><TeT es| <eT\T>
$u+#qT. 1897 H{ eT&e deTV+> eT#\ s\
(spotted winged) <eT\qT >T]+#qT.
1897 sdt d+<u< ueH\ eT]j| |]X<q\T #X&T.
sH sdt yT 13, 1857 |{ sK+& sh+ s nH |<X+ +#&T. n
+& ] yTsY, sdtqT 8 d+es\ ejTdT #<Te $T+ +>+& |+|+#&T. n
>D+ eT]jTT Kq+ n+f d. nqT sT&T y\qTH&T. n +&
\e++ MT< y< $<qT m+#TH&T. yT&dH |P] #dq sTy 1881 +&jTH $T*
n&MT #s&T. yT&dH #d|&T #eT+~ eT]j s>T\ HH y<+ #d qjT+
#X&T. #eT+~ dssTTq y<+ n+< #bjsT.
nqT u+>TSsT | #dTq|&T +> {sTT+#sT. < +&+ d+w+>
q|{ <eT\ e\ $|yTq *>~. n +> $T> +> +f <eT\T
me> +&$. { |b (Barrel) +& <eT s +&$. sdt |b { bsuX&T.
Be\ <eT\ s\T =\+#&sTT. <eT\T L& >ZsTT. <eT\T >T&T |f |<X\qT
+& #d <eT\qT |P]> y]+#e#T nH #q e#&T. n|{ eT]j e\ <<|
$T*jTH eT+~ #bjsT. sdt eT]j | |]X<q #j\q d |+b+~+#TH&T.
eT]j eTq<X+e+{ w eT+&\ b+\ e# |<q y<T\ {.
sdt us< X + 7 d+es\T | #dq sT y ] +>+& y&T . yT k| yT e\|
&be |P] #X&T. nqT & b{ eHdH *X&T. b{ eqdH qT |]\q #dq
d<++ <eT\T | ] j bT eT]jqT L& rdTysTT nH < sdt |+#TH&T.
~ sdt J$ e]yd+~. <eT\T y{ <s+ Xu\T *q ksY\qT ydTbjT
n&T |b~+#&T. <eT\T >T&T |{ #bsTT. Xu\Tq ksY\T { #sTsTT.
{ q y] y~ d+$TdT+~. s=Hsdt |]\q MT< | #X&T. eT]j
se& sT sD+ <H sj e#&T.
eT]j q sD >T]+#bTH sdt # sTV|&&T. b{
n bVdH H&T. n |]X<q\T |e< d\V #&T. eT]j |sqJe\T

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 51

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<eT\ Xs+ @< |yTq |< |ydT+{jT #b&T. eT]j y~s

<eT {q|&T =+ <eeTT <eTqT+& eTq Xs+ |y+#&+ e\ y~ edT+~ n
|]\q #X&T. |sqJ$ $<+> eqe Xs+ |ydT+~ ssD #k&T. .
|]\q s|+#& sdt <eT\qT eT]j *q e\qT #&T. sTy
<eT\ s>e+T #&T. eT]j k<T. nHksT |j> |qse+
#X&T. eT]j k<T.jTq L <eT\ |j>\T #k&T.
sE n <w >&MT< y*q ys= syTq <eT MT< |&+~. n~ | u+eT +~
< eT#\ s\ <eT> (dappled wing mosquito) |*#&T. n&T eTs\ d] b+<&T.
e\+ syTq <eT eyT |]j |sqJ$ ydT+~. n> @< |yTq <eT
eT]j |sqJ$ ydTbT+< &sY b{ eHdH n_bjT|&sT.
sdt q |j>\ |j+q <eT seTT d]jTq~ < >V+#&T. 1897 ]
d+<u< e#&T. sdt <eT\qT #<q+ #d yTk|t |]o*+#&T. eT]j y~>dT\
s+ >V+q sTy <eT\ | D yTk|t |]o*+#&T. 1897 >dT 15q, q
dVjT&T = s\T rdTe#&T. s+&e sE #es b<>&sTT. y{ =
eT#\ s\ <eT L& HsTT. # d+w|&&T. >dT 16q q e< q eT]j
y~>dT&T VQdHUHqT f #X&T. n s+ ns#+<s| sD\T #X&T. 17q
eTs= s+&T <eT\qT #<q+ #d |]o*+#> nk<sDyTq<~ q&<T. 19q eTs= <eT
#+| |]o*+#> |yTq ]\ qD\T (10 yTqT) <eT\ <s+ +&& jTq
qT>=H&T.
1897 >dT 20q 12 yTq ydeTTq dwyTq
>T+& D\T |+#sTT. |q |+q |
D+ q\ eT#\THsTT. y{ T \T j sT
#X&T. e] $<+> sdt eT]j *+#
esZ\qT |{&T. n~ @eTq> y~>dT s+
<eT <s+ \ >+<T \T <eTT
s>e+T d+eTD. { >dT 20H&T
s=H sdt w >s$d ||+#y|+> ||+#
eT]j ~q+ sT|+{+. |\ eT]j|
L& n dVjT&T eTV< dVjT+
|]X<q #X&T.

sdt |]o\q\T qy<T #dT q |]o\H |+

52 dJe\ ||+#+`2
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bs+
4 +Te\ |T

sE |eH y s> >~ y+{sY m+<T+f $ |T d++~+q$. MTsT

qT+& bes+ |\ C]|&+~. |eH n 7e s> yTT |T nH bs+
$TT\ *d bes+ |\q T C>> eTs\ yTT qT+ eTs= yTT m
y+{sY |{&T. < |f|&T neT+< HsTHsT <! n<jT+
bes+ >&T = >T&T L& +&&+ +Te\ |T >T]+ \TdT+<+.
>eT+#&T.

|+`1 b<T>TTq >T&T |+`2 bes+ |\

y{ =+{ qT+& |\\T se&+ #d
Xsbj&T.
+#+&`#]+#+&:
$T*q > T & qT+& L & | \ \ T z n +Te\T >T&T |&j?
z @ @ +Te\T |\*+{sTT?
ekjTyq m<TsT#k&T. sbjT
d] #q |&&T. z @ @ +Te\T >T&T |&j, @$ |\*
b~q n >T& qT+& |\\T ekj? +{j \TdTe&+ m?
z n \ Td T e& | < T y T H
>T&TeTT+<? |\eTT+<?
>T& b |\\ T +{j? |\ b Hj?
>T&T +{j? MTsT nH sq +Te\qT #dH
+{ |X\T MTsT $H +{sT. +{sT. =+{ #e\T jT |d,
M{ n+ =+<s> yT\T #|+. eT]=+{ #e\T jT |+#e.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 53
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= +Te\ |sT +< e&sTT. y{ |]o*+ |{`1 +|+&.

(&, sT, |+~, #|, ><, s|, |, *, , beTT, @qT>T, |*)
|{ ` 1
.d+. #e\T jT |+# Je\T #e\T jT |+# Je\T

(MT *dq eT]= Je\ |sqT L& uT, |, @qT>T, ><, bes+, |*, HeT*,
|{ #jT+&.) *)
z #e\T jT |+#b
sTTH Je\T (MT *dq eT]= +Te\ |sqT
m{ $q>\T>TTHsTT? |{ #jT+&)
+< e&q Je\ |sqT #~$ |{ 2 d#q:|{`2 n+X\ neqT nH
|P] #jT+&. de<q+ ed 9 <T nH de<q+ ed8qT
(e, m\T, , |+~, q, &, +f, >T]+#+&.
|{ ` 2
.d+. +Te\ |sT #$ jT |dTq<? #s+| se\THj? s\| \T Hj?

#e\T jT |dTq n +Te\ MTsT |]o*+q s \D\qT L&

#s +| se\T Hj? #s +| se\T q #jT+&.
+Te\T >T&T |&j? |\* +{j? |\* H +Te\qT X<\T
X< Je\T, n+&< Je\T (viviparous) n+{sT.
>T&T |f +Te\qT n+&<\T
| |{ q T >eTd eTq$T nse Te+~?
(oviparous) n+{sT.
k<sD+> #e\T jT |+#,
@&e s> MTsT $q+ yTT\T
#s +| se\T q +Te\T |\* +{sTT.
>T]+ \TdTHsT. $q+ qT+& |{q
#e\T jT |+#, #s+| se\T
yTT\ |< #T> |sT>TT+~ <!
+Te\T >T&T |&sTT n #|e#T.
54 +Te\ |T
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J$ qT+& (yTT +Te) ny +`1

b*\Tq eTs= J$ |& |T
V & su e H |]o*<+ (Budding
( Reproduction ) n+{s T . Xd j T ,
JsjT\ > ~ L& |<qyTq in Hydra)
JejT. B e\q C n+]+ b+& V & su e q+ $$< <X\ qT *|
+T+~. |T J$ jTT \D\qT |sH+{ d&\qT < +~ ueT\qT
sTy s #syd XX+> +#T> |]o*+#+&. MT bsX\ |j>X\ qT+&
<V<|& |jT. +Te\ $$< s\ rdT+&. d<] |]o*+#+&. V&
|T $<H\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+...! Xs+|q @yTH uT u&|\T q&j?
+#& |jT+#+&.
+Te\ |T ` s\T
+ T e\T eTTK+> s +& T $< \T>
|T sT|+{sTT. n$
1. + |T 2. n+ |T 1 2 3 4
|+`3 V & su e q+
+><T+|, sDb\, #eT+ yTT<q $$< d&\ q u&|\ |]eD+
yTT\ ]> |T $<H >TsT esTqT |]o*+#+&. MTsT yTT<{ d& @$T
#T+&. $ n+ |<T\ |T >eT+#sT. d& 1, 2 \qT b\+&. V&
sT|+{sTT. Xs+ @ u>+ uT> |k+~?
yTT\ e~]>H +Te\ L& n>, $T*q n d& \ qT b* #&+&.
n+ |T sT>TT+~. ~ m +~ |X\ de<q+ #|+&.
sT>TT+< \TdT+<+. m) yTT<{ eT&T d&\ V& Xs+ @
n+ |T: esT |++~?
k<sD+> eTq#T +& +Te\ _) yTT<{ s +&T eT]jTT s s +&T d& \
d |sTw Je\T ysTysT> +&& MTsT eTTKyTq esT @$T{?
>eT+# +{sT. nsTT = eTksTT d) uT> |+q u>+ <> e]+~?
Je\ d |sTw $u<q+ +&<T. M{ V& e+{ dJe\T n+ |T
d+j>;C\T @s&e. n$ y{ d+ sT|+{sTT. |r V& { <
e+ @ss#T>\T>TsTT. d+j> n++f me uT u>\T @s&sTT.
;C\T @s&+&, d+jTT ;+ (zygote) u>\qT s\T (buds) n+{sT. MTsT
+& = s @ss# |< n+ 7e s> dt D\ sueq+ >]
|T (Asexual reproduction) n+{sT. HsT HsT <! n> V & L& s\
n+ |T ]| Je\ |sT #|>\s!
n+{ Je\qT V Q X MTs T # d qT+& = V&\T |T=ksTT. Te+{
+&be#T. sD+ +{ q& V&, |T sueq+ (budding) n+{+.
|sMTdjT+, nMTu e+{ Je\T n+ $<yTq |T d+j> ;+
|T sT|sTT. @s&+<? m+<T +#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 55
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dt, V&\ ]> sueq+ MTsT |+`5qT |]o*+#+&. MT |]o\q\qT

@yTH b*\T, u<\qT >eT+#>*>s! |{`3 sjT+&.
#]+ sjT+&. |{ ` 3
|&T eTq+ eTs= d J$ ]> nMTu +<+ / Xs sD+
|+
n+ |T >] \TdT+<+. esT\T
|+`1
|+`2
|+`3
|+`4
|+`5
|+`6
|+`4 nMTu
| +`4 # d q J$ MTs T + ~ es m nMTu\T @s&sTT?
s>T\ #d +{sT. n<$T{ #|+&. +<+ |]| <X #]q s nMTu
dJ$ nMTu n+{s. ~ eT+ $ yTT<\eT+~. (|+`5) #&+&.
{ J$dT+~. B Xs+ D+ +< $uq s nMTu Xs+ s+&T>
+T+~. { M{ @D Je\T n+{s. $&bT+~. nq> * nMTu qT+& s+&T
d <] dV jT+ MT bsX \ q nMTu |\ nMTu\T @s&sTT. * nMTu q
d& q T |]o*+#+&. n> |+`4qT L& T+~. Te+{ n+ |T
>eT+#+&. B Xs+ eT< u>+ >T+& ~< (Binary Fission) n+{s.
sD >eT+#s? sD @eT+{sT? +Te\ ]> n+ |T
< $<T\ >T]+ MT b<jTT& n& e\+ ~<$, sueq+ nH |<T\T
\TdT+&. HT|d + sjT+&. eyT +{j?
s+&T |<T +& +Te\
+`2 n+ |T yssT |<T L&
nMTu ~<$ >eT<+. sT>TT+~. |<T\qT >] MT bsX\
>+<\jT+ |]o*+#+& < b<jTT&
n& \TdT+&. M{ >T]+ $|\+> |
s>T\ \TdT+{sT.
+ |T:
7e s> MTsT yTT |T nH
bs+ yTT ]> + |T >T]+
\TdTHsT <! |< ds+ qT+&
|+`5 nMTu (Binary Fission) ~<$ nsTTq |s> sDTe\T, n+&+ *d
56 +Te\ |T
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| \ B s D + # + < T sTT. d s e[ qT+& d+j>;yTq n+&+ (Ovum) d+j>+

$&T<q |s>s DTe\T >+ | #]q s #+~ d+jTT ;+ @s&TT+~.
|s>H+ @s&TT+~. |s>H+ |\J$ @s&\+f d+jTT ;+ |
|sTw; D\T n+&XjT+ q n+&+ @s&\ \TdTH+ <! +Te\ |sTw
|\BsD+ #+~ d+jTT;+ (zygote) d+j>;C\T eT]jTT d d+j>;C\T y{
@s & T T +~. $< + > d , | s T w qT+& nej \TdT+<+!
d+j>;C\T *d d+jTT ;+ @s&
|+`6(m), 6(_)\ q <eT |c\qT
$< H + | T ( sexual
reproduction) n+{s. yTT\ e~]>H
|]o*+#+&. MT |]ds\ d, |sT w |c\qT
+Te\ L& + |T sT>TT+~. d]+#+&. y{ |]o*+ |T u>\
+Te\ + |T |sTw |sT sjT+&. d, |sTw |T eed\
d+j>;Cq XD\T (sperm), d eT< &\qT MT HT|d+ sjT+&.

|+`6(m) |sTw <eT |w+ |+`6(_) d <eT |w+

y{ u>\T y{ u>\T
1. ......................................... 1. .........................................
2. ......................................... 2. .........................................
3. ......................................... 3. .........................................
4. ......................................... 4. .........................................
5. ......................................... 5. .........................................
6. ......................................... 6. .........................................
yTT\ e~]>H +Te\ L& d, |sTw |T u>\T+{sTT. eqe\ |T
m sT>TT+< \TdT+<+!
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 57
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|sTw |T eed: +{sTT. $T*jTq =B XD\qT

e\T < & \ qe+, y T \ T #ksTT. | eTTw+ qT+& XyV
yT|\\ qe+ MTsT #d +{sT. jT\T<sT T+~. XD \T XyV\ >T+&
* _& qdT+~. qe&+ eT> | j D + | s T c+> + <s j T
J$ b @yTH +<y k] +#+&! $&T<\esTT. XD\T n dyTq$.
|e qT+& $q + m edT+ < k] XD+ \, eT< u>eTT, b&yq qT
>TsT #T+&. $q+ se&+ e\+ * +T+~. \ u > + +< +
n+&+ jTT b eyT +<? eT] +T+~, eT< u>+ nH yT{ +&j \T
|s>sDTe\ b @$T{? $q+ se+ +{sTT. $ X D \T # * +# &
|s>sDTe\T, n+&\T |\BsD+ #+<* e\dq X #ksTT. X D\T m
<! n> +Te L& |T =s #*kj #|>\s!
XD+ eT]jTT n+&+ jTT \sTT X D\ #d | @$T{
neds+. @ D+ e\ J$ @s&<T. }V+#+&.
d |T eed
XyV\T d |T eed <s+ |\, H_
=+#+ ~>Te> neT] +T+~. eed
d ;X\T (Ovaries),
b|jTH H\T (fallopian tubes),
eTTc\T >sXj T + (uterus), uV qH+>+ +{sTT.
|sTc+>+
b|jT H
|+`7 eqe |sTw |T eed
H+
\ d ;X+
}
yT& >sXj
T +
|+`9 d |T eed
yT{+&j

|+`8 XD + +<+

eqe |sTw |T eed <s+ ~>Te

u>+ neT] +T+~. |sTw |T D<e+
eed eTTc\T, XyV\T,
|sT c+>+ +{sTT. eTTc\T n+&s+ |+10: eqe n+&+
58 +Te\ |T
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d ;X\T <s+ |\, { u>+ |T yTT<{ <X XD+ jTT

>sXj sTy| neT] +{sTT. | +<+ n+&+ jTT +<+ d+j>+
d ;X+ qT+& b|jTH H+ # + < T T +~. s +& T D \ +< \T
jT\T<sTT+~. *dbsTT +<+> esTsTT. <
d ;X\T d ; D\qT n+f |*+> d+jTT ;+ @s&TT+~. d+jTT
n+&\qT # k s TT. k< s D +> ;+ DyT nsTTq|{ n~ <jT d
eqe\ d ;X\ qT+& |rH <X (diploid) +T+~.
|]| yTq n+&+ $&T<\eT+~. Xe jTT XD+ G n+&+ d+jTT ;+
|sT>T<\ >sXjT+ sT>TT+~. n+s |\BsD:
XD+ e~]> n+&+ L& @ d
XD\T, d Xs+ |y+
<X (haploid) +T+~. (@ d+, <jT
d+jTT;+ @ss#& n+s |\BsD+
d + > T ]+q $es\T | s >
( internal fertilisation) n+{s. n+ s
HsT+{sT). n+&+ bs |&
|\BsD+ ]> +Te < =s |
+T+~. n+&+ |\ D<e+ >T+&
nejTe sD+ +T+~. = s\ \T,
+<+ *j&T +T+~.
beTT\T, \T\T, |\T, s<\T yTT<q
n+&+ XD+ \sTT (|\BsD+) y{ n+s |\BsD sT>TT+~.
d |T eed |+ #d, XD\T
n+&+ @ |<X+ |\BsD #+<&
neXeTT+< |]o*+#+&.
|+&_e~:
|\ BsD d+jTT; + @s&TT+~. ~
|+`11 |\ BsD + nH ks T $u q # + ~ nH D \qT
+~ b#sTqT >eT+#+&. @ssT#T+T+~. D\ *d +
|sTw&T d s b* +{sTT. (|+`12)

eTTc\T d;X\T

XD\T n+&eTT

d+jTT ;eTT

|+`12 d+jTT ;+ @s&T, |+&_e~

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 59
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D sTy $$< D C\T, |&TT+~. B >se~ \+ (gestation

nejTy\T> n_e~ #+<TsTT. $<+> period) n+{s.
n_e~ #+~q sDH |+&+ (Embryo) eTT+<T |J b#sT U |f\qT
n+{s. |+&+ >sXj T & n+{|T= +|& |jT+#+&.
+T+~ n+f | + & + < T | ] n_ e ~ z XD+, n+&+ |\BsD+ #+<b

>sXjT+ sT>TT+<qe. @eTeT+< #|>\s?

|+&+ D\T n_e~ #+~ \,, z = +Te\T eyT |\\ m+<T

#T\T, , #$, eTT e+{ nejTy\T qkj #|>\s?

@s&sTT. , |P]> n_e~ #+~q |+&H z +Te\ |\\ qe&+ |yd @+
uD+ n+{sT. d+jTT ;+ uD+> sT>TT+~?
es T # + < | j T qT > s + <\T *, +& qT+& e# D\T d+j>+
(Pregnency) n+{sT.k<sD+> Xe #+~ |\BsD sT>TT+~ <! n+|&T
| & d T es T > 270`280 sE\T |\\ *<+&T\ b*\T eyT ekj?
+`3
*<+&T\T y] |\\ eT< b*\T |]o*<+
<sT>TsT $<sT\ T> @s&+&. MT T duT\ *<+&T\ b{\qT d]+#+&.
b{\ y] b\+&. @ @ u>\T / nejTy\T, * < +& b*Hj
|]o*+, |{`4 qy<T #jT+&.
|{ ` 4
s T+
* b* +& b*
e.d+. MT dVT |sT nejTe+ |sT duT\T/+<Te\qT
+<? +<?
b* +<?
1. m.HsT
_.qT
d.qTueT\T
2.

=+<sT * b* +f =+<sT +& b* +{sT. =+<] *<+&T\ <] b*\

|ksTT. m+<T sT>TT+< b<jTT #]+#+&. =+<sT |\\T *<+&T\qT
b* +&sT. yTqeeT, yTq, eTT\ b*\ +{sT. m+<T sT>TT+<
#]+#+&.
MT +{ MT eTT&T / #* |]o*+ @ @ \D\T MT *<+&T\qT b* Hj |]o*+
|{`4 qy<T #jT+&.
60 +Te\ |T
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MT \Tk?
fdt u u;\T
=+eT+~ d\ b|jTH H\T
eTdTbsTT +{sTT. |\BsD ]>
neX+ e> +T+~. n> =+<sT
|sTw XD\ , y{ d+K
b\T+{sTT. { Te+{ e\
|\\ T |+ nsT<T. +{ |]d T &s T
d<sT e\ qT+&/ < <\ qT+& n+&+/
XD + d+>V + | H[ |\ BsD +
#+~ksT. BH (IVF) n+{s. |\BsD |+`13 | J$ #]
#+~q d+jTT ;C ys+ sE\ es = s \ + T e\ | \ \ T,
|j>X\ n_e~ #d sTy < * *<+&T\qT b* H, eT]= +Te\
>sXjT+ |yX|&sT. n b* +&e. = s\ >T&T |f Je\
$T*q | + &_ e ~ n+ * |\\T *<+&T\qT b* +&e. = <X\T
>sXjT+ sT>TT+~. sTy *, <{q s n$ *< + &T\qT b*q Je\T>
k<sD \T\e _& qdT+~. es T sTT. B s | $ j T
|< |f _&\ qT fdt u u;\T n+{s. (Metamorphosis) n+{s. n$ s|$jT
+{ |\\ T |H [H |&s =+<sT nH |jTH +{sTT.
nbV|&TT+{sT. ~ +<T. MTsT m|&H #sTe #|\ s+
<T& Je* #ks?
uV |\BsD |+`14qT >eT+#+&. Te+{ Je\qT
| \ B s D n+f X D \T eT]j T T sT| < {&b s (Tadpole) n+{s.
n+&D \ \sTT n \TdTH+ <! =
+Te\ |\BsD Xs+ y\T|\ sT>T
T+~. d J$ Xs+ y\T|\ ]>
|\BsDqT uV|\BsD (External
fertilisation) n+{s. |\ $<yTq
|\BsD sT>TT+~.
| J$ #]
n Je\T y] * < + & T \qT b* |+`14 {&b s
+{j? {&b s\T @ @ TTTe
7e s> |T| sT>T J$ #] >T]+ |kj #|+&.
MTsT \TdT= HsT. |T|sT>T jTT es\+ |\T m+<T uueT
s * b* +<? Xu\T #ksTT?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 61
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| J$ # ] $$< < X \ qT kbq+`1: es\+ <>sZ q #sT e

|]o*<+! <>Zs y[, { |]\+| \ e+{
## < s+ q# qTsT>T e+{ |<s+ d+
y<+&.
n$ | n+&\T neH <
b<jTT& n& \TdT+&.

|+`15 | \ d+j>+

|+`17 { + >T&T

XD\T
n+&\T

|+`16 | \ n+&\T XD \ $&T<\ |+`18 | >T&q T d]+#T

y&\T eT>\ dk dVjT+ |+
bC | (|+`17,18) #|qT n+&\qT d]+#+&.
>eT: bC me deTjT+ d]+#|&T n+&\T $&$&> +&
rd T +T+~. { z| , C> > >T+|> { dV d]+#T C>
#j *. { >T+\ | n+&\qT d]+# rdT+&.
deTjT+ C>> +&*. y n+&\T kbq+`2: d]+q n+&\qT 15d+.MT.
\_+#b sTTqsTT sX #+< +& &+ u T 8`10d+.MT. yks+ >\ ={
({& b ) < X qT+& bC q T es+&.
bs+_+#e#T. >T+ qT+& d]+q \T| yTT\T,
bC nedseTjT |]s\T Xe\ dV { ={ bjT+&.
y&\T eT>\ bs<s dk < ={, n+&\qT <>Zs qT+& |]o*+#+&.
bs < s > d T , &| s Y , |{ & w t , = n+&+ eT< u>+ #T e+{ sD
>T\s, u<+, ;sT. >eT+#e#T. n< | |+&+.
62 +Te\ |T
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kbq+`3: sp ={ q n+&\qT >eT+ |{`5 MT |]o\q\T qy<T #jT+&.

d+ | eT&T sE\=k] y{ |{\T ^jT+&. |{ ` 5
1`3 sE\T 4`6 sE\T 7`9 sE\T 10`12 sE\T
|]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+

13`15 sE\T 16`18 sE\T 19`21 sE\T 22`24 sE\T

|]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+

25`27 sE\T 28`30 sE\T 31`33 sE\T 34`36 sE\T

|]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+

37`39 sE\T 40`42 sE\T 43`45 sE\T 46`48 sE\T

|]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+ |]o\q\T, |+

kbq+`4: ={ { >E >dT d]+q m sE\ {&b +~

< ;sT rdT= {&b sqT nejTy\T |+#sTT?
|]o*+#+&. < ={ qT+ { dV 1. >T+& .............................
sqT &|sY rjT+&. y#Y>dT yd 2. |>T\T ...........................
|]o*+#+&.
3. meTT\T .........................
4. |wH+ .......................
5. eTT+<T .....................
6. yqT ......................
kbq+`6: yqT n+>\T |+q y+H
|+`20 #|qT neTs+&.

|+`19 {&b sqT d]+#T

kbq+`5: MT |]o\q\T |Pss TTq s
+~ |X\ de<H\T #|+&.
z >T&T b<>& m sE\T |{+~?

z {&b @ s b* +~?

z @ <X {&b yTT|\T |ksTT? |+`20 {&b sqT |]o*+#T

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 63
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

|*q +& < bd =f> & <

rdT=, n+<T d>u >+ { +|+&. = +> nH~ D+ jTT |sb
>Ts yjT+&. { +& bT j s T # d | < . | j T @< H
{&b\qT +& es+&. m+<T+f nejTy < |P] J$ jT<<+>
<X {&b jTT }|]T\ sD+ #ksT.
eT]jTT $<T\T yTT<\esTT. n+f {&b
}| ] T \ qT | j + Xd + # & +
yTT<\T|&TT+~.
C>> |]o*+q sT y +~ |X \
de<q+ #|+&.
z {&b s yTT| N*\T mqe sE

qT+& |+#+& bjsTT?

z mqe sE |P]> |+#+&

bsTT+~? yTTyT T<{> jH $\{ eT]jTT n

z {& b s | > es T m dV#sT\T sC*H Hd{ |t m&HsYZ
sE\T |{+~? Je\ +> |jTqT $jTe++>
sV+#sT. & (|+`21(d)) nH d]=
MT \Tk? >=sqT E 5, 1996 +> <s dw+ #sT.
yqbeTT e+{ = s\ Je\ ~ yTT<{ +> s<+> >T]+|
J$ |sTw eT]jTT d |T nejTy\T b+~+~.
+{sTT. qT M{ |+> |sTwJ$
n>, d J$ n > nq+. M{ uj T +
Je\T (Hermaphrodites) n+{s.
|+`21(m) |+`21(_) q\ |+`21(d)
| uV |\BsD { sT>TT+~ |H &s{ >=s eTTKeTT *q &
<! n> { uV |\BsD ]> k{wt &>=s
eT]= Je\ |sT \TdT+&. | uV & dw+# eT+ & |H &s{
|\BsD ]> $<H MT b<jTT >=s jTT dq >+<T\ qT+& D
dV jT+ #]+ MT HT |d + sjT+&. d]+, q\eTTKeTT *q k{wt & >=s
s> MTsT = s\ |T jTT +<+ rdyd q n+&+ b+<T|]#sT.
|<T\T \TdTHsT. y +& s b+<T|s# &q n+& k{wt & >=s
|< T L& Je\T |T sT|+{sTT. |yX |{sT . |+&+ |sT>T<\ |Pss TTq sT y
y{ >T]+ MTsT | s>T HsT+{sT. &>=s & q+~. & * q\
eTTK+ *q k{wt & >=s nsTTq|{
64 +Te\ |T
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< s+ K+> |H&s{ >=s > }|]T\ d++~+q y~ >Ts &

+~. k{wt & >=s n+&+ qT+& +<+ eTsD++~. & sTy +> |jT
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q+~. e]>, |e]14, 2003 q nk<sD \D\ |&y ]+~.
\ |<\T
uV |\BsD, d+, n+s|\BsD, eTTc\T, XD\T, n+&+, s|$jT, |+&+,
uD+, >s<sD, ~<$, >sXjT+, n+&<\T, X<\T, ujT+ J$.

eTq+ @+ HsT H+
z |\\ q# e, , eqe\ e+{ Je\qT X<\T n+{s.
z &, |, *, d \T e+{ >T&T|f Je\qT n+&<\T n+{s.
z X<\ uV #e\T+{sTT, Xs+|q se\T +{sTT.
z k<sD+> Je\T + |T , n+ |T nH s +&T |< T |T sT|sTT.
z n+ |T d+j> ;C\ \sTT s><T.
z n+ |T k<sD+> dJe sT>TT+~.
z ~<$, sueq+ yTT<\>Tq$ n+ |T k<sD+> |+# $<H\T.
z V& sueq+, nMTu ~<$ n+ |T $<q+H sT>TsTT.
z + |T d |sTw d+j> ;C\ \sTT e\q d+jTT ;+ @s&TT+~.
z |sTw |T eed eTTc\T, X yV\T eT]jTT |sTc+>+ +{sTT.
z d |T eed n+&Xj\T, ||jTH H\T, >sXjT+,
uVqH+>+ +{sTT.
z eTTc\T XD \, n+&XjT + n+&\ $&T<\ #ksTT. M{ \sTT |\ BsD + n+{s.
B |*+> d+jTT ;+ @s&TT+~.
z Xs+ y\T|\ ]> |\BsDqT uV |\BsD n+{+. Xs+ |\ ]> |\BsDqT
n+s |\BsD n+{s.
z |\BsD e\q |\\ * qT+& < +& qT+& e+X bs+|s+> = \D\T eksTT.
z d+jTT ;+ #ksT $uq #+~ |+&+> @s&TT+~. |P]> m~q |+& uD+
n+{s.
z s $$< esT\ H es> b& J$> sb+<TqT s|$jT n+{s.
z Je\ dV d<y T q |< H eT |< T L& |T H{ \+ neXeTT+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 65
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nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. | n Je\T |T |yd @+ sT>TT+~? ( AS 1)
2. +~ y{ &\qT \+&. ( AS 1)
m) + |T, n+ |T
_) d+j> ;+, d+jTT ;+
d) uV |\BsD, n+s |\BsD
&) n+&<\T, X<\T
3. V&, nMTu |T |jTqT b\+&. ( AS 1)
4. d+jTT ;+ @ss#+&H +Te\T y{ d+ #jT>\y? <VsD
$e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
5. uV \D\T |]o*+ J$ n+&<y, X<y m >T]+#>\e?( AS 1)
6. HqT me]? ( AS 1)
m) HqT |sTw, d d+j>;C\ \sTT e\q @s&qT.
_) H +T+~. n+&+ d+j>+ #+<TqT.
d) * >sXjT+ |P]> m~q |+& HqT.
7. nH u#s n+s |\BsD sT>T sD\T @yT +{sTT? ( AS 1)
8. +~ |{+ dVjT+ n+<T J$ jTT J$ #] $$< <X\qT >T]+#+&.
J$ s|$jT m sT>TT+< $e]+#+&.( AS 1)

9. |s#+&. ( AS 1)
m) n+&<\T ( ) 1. {&b <XqT+& b&J$> es&+
_) s|$jT ( ) 2. |\T
d) |+&+ ( ) 3. Xs+ y\T|\ ]> |\BsD
&) uV |\BsD ( ) 4. n_e~ #+~q d+jTT ;+

66 +Te\ |T
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10. U\qT |P]+#+&. ( AS 1)

m) |\\qT H +Te\qT ........................ n+{s.
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d) n+&\T ................ qT+& $&T<sTT.
&) {&b nH~ ......................... jTT b<$T s|+.
) sueq+, ~< $ ................ |T $<H\T.
11. nMTsY #sTe {&bqT #|> u$+ C>> n]jT+ +#&T. = sE\
sTy nMTsY < @yT$T esT\T >eTk& sjT+&. ( AS 3)
12. #|\T, |\T n~ d+K n+&\qT m+<T $&T<\ #ksTT? eqe&T e+{ s<\T
n~ d+K n+&\T $&T<\ #jTbe& sD\T @yT +{j b<jTT
#]+ sjT+&. ( AS 4)
13. MT >+<\jTeTTqT+& >, s eqsT\ qT+& > H{> jTT J$ #]qT d]+,
bsX\ d+bdjT+ n+X\qT #]+#+&. ( AS 4)
14. +~ |{\qT >eT+ ueT\T ^jT+&,y{ $<T\T sjT+&. ( AS 5)

15. eqe |sTw, d |T eed |{ ^jT+&? ( AS 5)

16.| J$ #] |+ ^ < @$ XUVs <X >T]+#+&. ( AS 5)

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 67

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bs+
5 es <X

qMH 8e s> #<TeTH&T. # Te+{ es T \T @y H MTq

#TsTq y&T. eT<\+ +]>, >eT+#s? y >eT+qsTT n$
d+> +TH&T. <|H d qs#&+ @$T{ sjT+&.
<T . =y ] >, +{ eq +<T e\ ......................................................
>, e{&{ # d>TZ |&TTH&T. ......................................................
_&jT+ my+~. e{&|&T >=+T ......................................................
u+>TsT b+~. *<+&T*# d\V\T .......................................................
|{+#T+& s+> eeV]dTH&T.
|d\T, edTe\T d] |TeTH MTsT es<X #sTHs?
CsT[ @yH edTe\T rdTseTH m+ +~ |X\T #<e+&. +{ esT\T
ndV q+ e+ #dT H &T. ns >\ #dT H &T. MTq edTHj < +#+&.
M& | e s q # * < + & T \T >s z MT MTk\T edTHj?

|&TTHsT. qMH y HqeT e+ e z >=+T esT ek+<?

dVyT y&T m<T>TTH& n+Tq~. z # + , qH+>\ < > Z s y + T \ T

z MT L& =+<sT H |e]dT+{sT edTHj?

<? m+<T? z eTTK+| yTT{eT\T q&TTHj?

z MTs m< T > T T Hs MT m| & H z eTTU b&sY ydT +THs? e{e{

n|++<? (sT #T>) MT ET <Te+THs? n<+

k<sD+> |\ m<T>T<\ 13 qT+& 19 #dT+THs?
d+es\ eT< \+ sT>TT+~. <Xq T z nesTT\T nusTT\/nusTT\T

es<X (Adolescence) n+{sT. <X nesTT\ e{ & | & T

X s + | \ , j T # es T \T d>TZ|&TTHs?
d+u$ ksTT. <VsD mT |sT>&+ , >=sT z + eTTqT| u\, u*\T *d

es&+ yTT<q$. \T &>\T>TTHs / &{ d

#|THs?
68 es <X
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HHe]

qTe # |<y&$.....
V ....! qTe #
e &e<T ....
qy&$. y[ |\\
qTy& yTeTT &+ ....
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b ....

|+`1
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deTd\qT *< + &T\ #]+#sT . |<y \Tk?

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& < T & T \ L & q < X . m+< T + f +`1

|&| & |\\ T XX e <Xq T <{ es<X
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d+Xj, d+~>, esT >TsjT <X. 2e, 3e >&T\T e |]> mT |dT+
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#|T+~. ~ d>Tq +q~ eyT.
mT |sT>T<\ e e eT< mT |sT>T<\ X+
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eTTKyTq |jT . eTq+ J$++ |sT>TH
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 69
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|{`1
ejTdT |P] mT |sT>T<\ |P] mT |sT>T<\
(d+es\) X+ (nusTT\) X+ (nesTT\)
8 72 77
9 75 81
10 78 84
11 81 88
12 84 91
13 88 95
14 92 98
15 95 99
16 98 99.5
17 99 100
18 100 100
| |{ MTsT >eT+q n+X\T @$? |s>> \ & qTe L& #| >\e. ~ #| &
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|X\ yT\T #|+&. |dT mT (d+.MT\)
z @ ejTdT #sTq s nusTT\ I 100
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z nesTT\ |sT>T<\ @ ejTdT y>+ > yT |dT mT 125d+.MT. ejTdT
sT>TT+< qTeqT+THe? +&e\dq |sT>T<\ mT X+ 95. d+
z nesTT\ |s T > T < \ @ ej T d T 125
|s+ R 95 I100R131.5d+.MT.
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z mesT y>+ > |sT>TsT! m{ #| >\e? mT #sT+T+~.
y T T y T T< > nesTT\T y > + > | |{ b+<T|sq de#s
|]q|{ 18e d+es+ e#|{ |j+ qTe m+ mT |s>>\y
sTe] |sT>T<\ s T deq+> +T+~. n+# H y j T > \ y! | | { @$T
e, e eT< |sT>T<\ esT *jT|sT dT+ <+f es<X nusTT\ H
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70 es <X
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+`2
mT n+#Hy<+
sT>TsT duT\ T> @s&+&. MT T duT\+<] |dT mTqT =\e+&. MTsT
u$wT m+es mT |s>e# |{ +|+&.
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1.
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bs X \ > \ s> s T \ d V j T +
+`3 rdTe#T. y s> sT\ T \u + b
MT Xs+ esT\T |]o*<+ MT {#s T dV jT+ C>> n+<] =\qT
MT s > $<s T \ + 5 T > rdT= y{ dsd] qy<T #jT +&. qy<T
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1.
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| s> (6`10) $&$&> |{\qT k<sD+> es <X |\\ +sds+

jsT#jT+&. b<jTT dVs+ es T T +~. nusTT u+> T s T >qT,
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+sds+ esT ~ >=+ T u > + j T b& T # T
z q |\\T bH e{&TTq|&T eqT> uT> |dT+~. es<X
>=+ T qT { nej , nuj <s sTT& eT<Td |s> + e\ &yT j|
#|>\e? @s&TT+<qe.
z e{&ysT nuj, nej m|&T es<X y\Te& = s\ |sTw
m #|>\T>T+? VsH\ |ue+ e\q sT>TT+~.
z es < X k< s D +> eT> | \ \ (VsH\T syTq skjTq jT+\T,
+sds+ esT m+<T edT+~? M{ >T]+ MTsT s s>T\ $es+>
72 es <X
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\TdT+{sT). VsH\ |ue+ e\q @+ #j*?

ds|{ q eT<Td n q +&s\T z yTT{eT\qT \s<T.
e< T \T nesTT eT]j T T eT+< + > z e s>TD+ >\ dT sE s+&T
j s e sTT. + & s \ > T +& >* eT&TksT eTTK+ &T>TT+&*.
|y +q|&T Xu\T u+>TsT> y\Te&sTT.
z >sTy# yTT{eT\qT &T>T
ds|{ +&s\T |P]> m~q sTy
+&*. nedsyT y<T& \y*.
u+>TsT<q+ Z >=+T >+;s+ > esTT+~.
n+<T es<X\ q u\Ts +f b& z y{ >T]+ me> |{+#TL&<T.
< X \ q | s T w \ >=+ T d w m+<T+f &, +<q\T yTT{eT\qT
+T+~. + me e# #ksTT.
sD+ #H ejTdT MT >=+T |T nejTy\ |sT>T<\
esT |dT+~. <X |P]nsTTq s MTsT + eTT+<T n<jT+ |T
MT dsyTq ds+ edT+~. nejTy\ >T]+ \TdTHsT <!
#eT ` yTT{eT\T ejTdT |sTw |T nejTyq
es<X u\u*\T s# n<+ eTTc\T eT]jTT |sTcejTy\T |P]>
|sT>TsTT. eTTc\ XD\
eTTK+ #dT+ +{sT. eTTK+ >T]+
yTT<\eT+~. nesTT\ d ;X\T
mH C>\T rdT+ +{sT. nsTT
n+&\qT $&T<\ #jT&+ bs+_ksTT. d
MT eTTK+ |+# yTT{eT\T, eT#\T ;X\ |]eD+ |], |]|+ #+~q
$TeT* \esbT >T]#dT+{sTT <! n+& H\ { #=|q $&T<\ #jT&+
=k] yTT{eT\T NeTT |{ sT|\T> bs+_ksTT.
esTT+{sTT. m+<T sT>TT+< nesTT\ eC\ m<T>T<\ |dT + ~.
\TdT+<+. nusTT\ > & + , MTk\T |s > & +
es<X #eT >+<T\T (Sweat yTT<\eT+~. #|q L& se\T |s>& +
glands), \ >+<T \T (Sebaceous glands) # yTT<\eT+~. #+\,qH+>\ <>Zs
#TsT> +{sTT. sD+ # eTTK+ MT< se\T eksTT. \D\qT ~rjT +
me> yTT{eT\T eksTT. >+<T \T $&T<\ \D \T (Secondary sexual characters) n
#d ky\ e\q me> #eT |& + , eTTK+ n+{sT. |T |\* & < eT> n
&T> es&+ sT>TT+~. =ksT Xs+ >T]+#& dVjT|& \D\qT b<$T
qT+& syTq ydq\T L& edT+{sTT. + \D \T (Primary sexual characters)
dsq C>\T rdT |]Xu b{+#&+ n+{sT.
<s M{ =+ es n] e # T .
yTT{eT\qT \&+ e\ u] j #] sT|\T> eqe J$+ |T <X
es |e<+ +~. B e\ @s& q\ eT#\T eqeC n+]+b+& +&&+
XX+> eTTK+ MT< +&bjT neX+ +~. |T |<q b bwdT+~. d, |sTw
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 73
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;D\ \sTT e\q |T sT>TT+< |sTw&T d

MT \TdT. |T keTs + eTq m|&T
eTTc\T d;X+
bs+ueTeT+< \Tk?

es < X m| & eTTc\T, XD\T n+&+
d; CX\T ;D\qT #jT &+, $&T<\
d+j>
#jT&+ yTT<\T|&j n|& |T
b|jTH H+
]| X yTT<qT . B d+ KyTq
ejTd+ @MT <T. ~ k<sD+> d<+> q n+&+

11`15 @ eT<\+ yTT<\eT+~. ~ |\BsD+ TTTXe+> $&T<\
=] =s+ > +T+~. yesD+, e&+.
rdTH Vs+, e+X bs+|s \ | <s|&
+T+~. ( eT<\+ nesTT\T s> d+jTT ;+
es<X #sT+THsT. sD+ y d\ TTT#+ eT]jTT |T eed
rdT=H Vs+ \Tw+ e&yT. <VsD eT+
kH me y<T +& b\T >&+ z nd\T n+&yT $&T<\ b @eTT+~?
z |\BsD+ #+~q n+&\T @eTesTT?
e+{$. n<$<+> syTq |<s\T
rdTe&+ e\q nusTT es<XqT z |\BsD s>b @eTT+~?

#sTe&+ \d+ ne+< |]X<q\T d\ |T <X k<sD+> 10`12

*jTCdTHsTT.) |sTw\ |T d+es\ ejTdT eT< yTT< dTesT>
keTs+ d\ +f me \+ =qk>T 45`50 dses\ es =qk>TT+~.
T+~. es<X |y +#>H n+&+ |]| + #+~
es<X q nusTT\T, nesTT\T $&T<\ e&+ yTT<\eT+~. ;X\ qT+&
Xs+ > |]q|{, |T nedsy T q H\k] n+&+ $&T<T+~. H\
eqd |]| +&<T. & ;X+ qT+& n+&+ $&T< <
nesTT\ es<X TTT#+ sTy H\ m&eT ;X+ qT+& n+&+
yTT<\eT+~. yTTyT T<{ TTT# sd\ $&T<T+~. ~ XD+ *dqsTT
(Menarche) n+{sT. yTTyTT<{k] d | \ B s D + s T > T T +~. d e Tj T +
;X\ qT+& n+&+ $&T<\ ~ d++. >sXjT &\T |\BsD #+~q n+&
|T <X\ e d+# b#sTqT d]+#+<T M\T> eT+<+> j sesTT.
(|+`4) |]o*+#+&. ~>Te q |X\ |* +> d\ T >s + <] +#>\ T>TsT. |\ BsD
de<H\T sjT+&. s>b, n+&+ eT]jTT >sXjT &+
z d\ n+&+ $&T<\ # sE\ es
bs\T s+ *d jT $&T<\ nesTT.
=qk>TT+<? BH TT T # + < V w e& +
z y n+&+ $&T<\ b @+ sT>T
(Menstruation) n n+{sT. ~ dV yTq
T+~? | j T . 45`50d + e s\ ej T d T
74 es <X
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TT T # + b T +~. TT T # + u\$yV+` ke <Ts#s+

be& yHbC n+{sT. $yV+ eTs= s dw+#&+ \
TTT#+ 28`30 sE\k] edT+~. b bwdT+~. ~ ke, k+d
= d+<s\ =+eT+~ yTT<{ |jT. $yV q ejTdT seTT+<
TTT#+ s =+\+ eT |< |[# j T & + , # d T e& + s> s y T q
sq|{ s z e b{dT+~.
|]DeT+ <T. u\$yV+ Hs+. ~ y
TT T # + d + e s + bT e T+
J$+ # Tb >T]#dT + ~. \ u\
b{+#b d\ y~ |DT\ (>q \dt) qT
$yV m m<TsT+< \TdT+<+!
d+|~+#*.
= deC\ Vw deTjT+ d\T , s T , y<T sT|+ eT+&\+,
sT\qT &+ b|+ n u$ksT. y >]><=q nH >eT+ 8es> #<Te
kq+ #jT& >, e+#jT& > +{+~. q *< + &T\T yT |[#j \
nqTeT+#sT. deTjT+ bsX\ L& XsTT+#THsT. |[ #dTy
nqTeT+#be&+ e\q #<Te L& \ <T. m>H *<+&T\qT |+#\
yqT&sT. =+eT+~ yqT +& #d+~. y |<T. q
L& nqTeT+#sT. deTdqT y b<jTT\ <w rdT [+~.
b<jTT&T eT]jTT =+eT+~ ke
+#+& ` #]+#+& ss\T, |uT <>T\T *d |[
|yX sT. |&T VsTT> dVTs
+{ $e d\ yT\T #dT+<? *d bsX\ X<> #<Te+{+~.
z B| # |]X<q\T ]|, e] z u\$yV+ ke <Ts#s+ nH
|]X<\T *+~ @$T+f TTT#+ n+X+| MT s> #]+#+&.
dV |jT. d\ | $e
z u\$yV + s> m V
#|+#&+ eT&q eT+ | mTe+{
XdjT <s\T e. @ s+ nsTT * d T + < MT b< j T T& n&
jT $&T<T+< n< s+ y \TdT+&.
|\BsD ]qsTT _& |sT>T<\ eTq<X+ #|s+> |sTw\ $yV
&&TT+~. ejTdT 21 d+eseTT\T eT]jTT d\ 18
z eT] n< s+ TTT#+ <s $&T<\jT d+eseTT\T> ssTT+|&+~. m+<T+f
|&T e+ m{ \Tw+ neT+~. es < X nesTT\T Xs + >qT,
z Te+{ eT&qeT\ e\ |jq+ eqd+ >qT * njT |]| b+~
\T>b> e> |]Xu b{+# +&sT. dsq ejTdT s eTTqT| >s<sD
be&+ e\q d\ nH s>\T y|+# _&\ s> eT+~ <T. ~ <]
neX+ +~. ss\ deTdqT |&TT+~. eTs s+>

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 75

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>s + <] +#+| d]jT q ne>Vq b e&+ +&+&, |qT #jT+& n+ sT\T
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e\ _& jTT C>\T, u< rdTe&+ =ksT n+^]ksT . eT]=ksT nsTTw+ >
y < q > T s e s T . n~ d \ b~ +{sT. =k] # #TsT>, VQcsT>
jTT L& #dT+~. +{sT. n+H dT> e]bT+{sT.
<&T ` d ejTdT |\\ |esq esT\T $+>
+{sTT.
es < X nH Xs es T \T
d+u$ ksTT. B &T> |esq L& # +`4
esT\T #T #dT+{sTT. <X |\\T +~ #*dt #<e+&. MTsT >
# s> sj\T rdT+{sT. > Hsy +#+&. MT |esq d]bjT
y{ m<TsT> 9 esT |+&.
#*dt:
z n<+ eTT+<T med| >&T| +{qT. ( )
z b&sY, d+T e+{ k+<s ke |j+#& w|&TT+{qT. ( )
z *+&T*# d#q\T w|&qT. ( )
z dVT*# d\V\T b{dT+{qT. ( )
z dVT\T #|y dsq$, *+&T\T #|$ dsq$ e nqT=+{qT. ( )
z b<jTT\T, deTejTdT\ <w |&\qT+{qT. ( )
z k++> sj\T rdTy\qT+{qT. ( )
z bsX\, +& # |qT\T u<> #dT+{qT. ( )
z <&T L&q |esqqT * +{qT. ( )
z +> + sj\T rdT=+{qT. ( )
z =ksT q+<+> +{qT, eT]= ksT d>TZ |&TT+{qT. ( )
z _q *+> eZjTT\ | sD * +{qT. ( )
z nHs>syTq n\y =+<s> ]+|&qT. ( )
z ds+ +{qT. ( )
z =ksT yX\ qe +{qT / =ksT dT+> |e]dT+{qT. ( )
MTsT m+<T |e]ks MT \Tk? k] #<e+&. #]+#+&.
MT @~ eT+#, @~ #& \TdT. MTsT z ejTdT Te+{ |esq dVyT.
ejTdT @~ q n< #j \qT+{sT. _q*+> eZjTT\| d * +&&+
MTsT dsq esZ+ m<>& es<X| L& dV \D yT. B >T]+ >s
MT eT]+ ne>Vq +&e\dq neds+ |&e\dq neds+ <T.
q~. +< = d#q\T MT d+ e&sTT.
76 es <X
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z es<X |\\T eqd+> & |+#Te& eT]+ w| & sT. y

+{s T . | r ~ \ Td T y\H | q *> d+<V \qT e #dT e&, |eT,
+T+~. #T sT>TTq $wj \ jTT n_eq+ n+~|#T e{, de+
sD\T \TdTy\ nqT+{sT. >T]+| b+<{ |jTdT+{sT.
z ejTdT neTs +q n_e~ z <X qy] d+<V \T e #jT &+
#+<TT+~. | ] u<. | dVyTq
z <>|s+> d+~>ed +{sT. #d sVk\ >T]+ < |e\dq neds+
|qT\ = #q\T #dT+{sT. <T . @ d+<V + L& e +&
z ued #d |qT\, |&T #d +&s<T.
|qT\ # & +T+~. |<\, es<X| VsH\ |ue+
deTejTdT\ |e]+# rsT L& _q+>
+~ |{ |]o*+#+&. ~ MT
+T+~.
VsH\ | ne>VqqT dT+ ~. |+
z es<X u\u*\T d++> MTsT n+'ke >+<T \T nq& | yT q
eeV]ksT. ds+ * +{sT. >+<T \qT #&e#T. >+<T \T = skjTq
z Xs, eqd esT\ e\q =+#+ |<s\qT s+ | + > $&T<\CksTT.
uj
+<q >TssT. y n_bj\
qT dVT\ |+#Te& w| & sT. eqe Xs+ n+'ke >+<T \ neT]
_ q *+> eZ j T T\ n_ bj \T

V b< eTdt |jT <V+

|] >+~
<eTdt >+~
<ssTT& >+~

n~e >+~
>T+&

eT+
eT|+&+
|sTw ;X+ d;X+
|+`3 eqe Xs+ n+'XM >+<T\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 77
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n+'ke >+<T\ |yTq H\T + \D\ VsqT\ |ue+ e\H

+&e. { M{ $H >+<T\T n L& \T>TsTT.
n+{sT. >+<T\ qT+& d$+# skjTq es<X u\Ts eTTc\T d$+#
|<s\qT VsH\T (Hormones) n+{sT. fkdsH nH |sTw VsH X D\
VsH\T eqe Xs+ = JejT \qT &&TT+~. d\ kH nH
jT+ksTT. <: Xs+ #s, *jT+, VsH d ;X\T d$ksTT. VsH
\eD\ e+{ |<s\ |]eD+ jT++#&+ . jTT |ue+ e\q nesTT\ eC\T
$ X s + { | ] eD L & |sT>TsTT. ($ _&\ b*# s>+<T\T)
j T +k s TT. | T nej T y\ TTT#+ deT+> s>&+ |j>
|sT>T<\ $ |eTTKb eVksTT.
|&TT+~. +~ |{ = n+'ke
TTT# bs+u+ , be&+, >s < sD, b\
>+<T\T, n$ #d ky\T (VsH\T)
yTT<\>Tqe M{ jT+DH
sT>TsTT. u\u*\ |+# ~rjT eT]jTT y{ $<T \T e&sTT. |]o*+#+&.

|{`4
.
d+. >+~ VsH |ue+
1. eTTc\T fkdsH XD\ , ~rjT + \D\T
2. d ;X\T 1. kH n+&\ $&T<\, |+&|k|q TTT#+
2. bCdsH jT+D , ~rjT + \D \T |+b+~+#T.
3. |jTw>+~ 1. |sT>T<\ VsH $T*q n+'ke >+<T\qT |sTdT+~.
(Growth Hormone) |sT>T<\| |ue+ #|T+~.
2. b* de TT{+ > VsH n+&+ nedseTjT kHqT
(FSH) |s|dT+~. |sTw\ eTTc\qT |s|+
3. \{qsTT+> VsH XD\T njTT #dT+~.
(LH) $&T<\ nsTTq n+&+ ||jTH H
|y+#& dV]dT+~.
4. n~e>+~ 1. m&q*H <>\qT jT+dT+~.

es<X ` s>+ es < X |s T > T < \ # s >

J$+ @ <XHH s>+> +&+ sT>TT+~ { <X dsq bw\T
# ned s + . Bd + d s q V s + rdTe&+, |]Xu b{+#&+ e+{$
rdT+, |]Xu b{+#&+ |d]. \b bwksTT. $wjT + >T C>\ T
b{+#&+ |d].
78 es <X
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d+T* Vs+ sE s+&TksT Xu+> kq+ #jT&+

es<X qy] Xs |sT>T<\ eT+~. |sE n Xs nejTy\T,
me> +T+~. { * me> C>> Xu+ #dTe&+, q <TdT\T
+T+~. ss\ Vs|<s\qT q& <]+#&+ eT+~. y #jTb
w|&sT. ejTdT y] Vs| m+| ss\ +<\ e\q, u]j\ e\q
|< |s+ C>> #jT e\d +T+~. T\T ek s TT. TT T # + d e Tj T +
d+T* Vs+ >T |]eD+ nesTT\T |yTq C>\T rdT+
sV&{\T, b{H\T, =e|<s\T e> |]Xu b{+#&+ # neds+.
eT]jTT $$TH\T +{jT MTsT eTT+<T y&bsd (Disposable) H|tH\T y&+
s>T\ HsTHsT <! eTq <ojT e\q # s\ TTT d++< y<T\qT
Vs|< sq , sf nq+, || , D<H\T <s+ #jTe#T.
z NPEGEL seT+ <s bsX\
jT>s |<s\T >T y<T
+{sTT. q T M{ > T | ] eD+ nesTT\ H|tH\T n+<CdTHsT. MT
rdTy*. qTeTT (Iron) sD\ j bsX\ |<+ u>+> @@
&&TT+~. qT sH \ueTjT |<sq se\T #ks sjT+&.
Ls\T, u\+ , e+d+, ddt C #+~q Xs yjeT+
|\T, d]jT\ e+{$ L& rdTe&+ sT jT d#yTq >* \_dT+~. n&
<X neds+. q& e & + , \T & T e+ e+{ $ # d
ejTdT * T ss\ s>+> +&>\T>T+. ejTdT q
dtyT, +|&, |t, k n+>& nyT nusTT\T, nesTT\+<s q&qT n\yT
Vs |<s\T q& w| & sT. yM #dTy*. *b{ yjeT+ #jT+
dsq bw\qT n+~+#e. { yM bT sT jT \T &*. ~ s>
d+T* Vs |ejT+ e. M{ # > +#&y T +& eT+ <qT, eqd
sp rdT=+f XssTe |] d\ j k L& dT+~. ~ sEy
(Obesity) >TsjT neX+ +~. M{ se\qT #TsT> #jT& dVjT
me> +f &T| |+&T, s+ #s |&TT+~. \T &+& {.$\ eTT+<T,
X + |s > & + , & , s b T e+{ $ + | P sY eTT+< T d e Tj m e>
\ T> T sTT. { es T \ + | & >&|ysT keT]bT jsT nesT.
H|&T $Tw+ +#+&. e< #<Te | X< #|sT. <X Xs+
#|+&. e# esT\ e\q eqd & n~e TT+~.
|]Xu nu< ue+ |sT>TT+~. <XH MT
es < X d< > + < T \T # T s T > mesH eTT|<s\T / e<<y\T y&
|#jT+ e\q Xs+ qT+& |fq #eT & >TZT+< d\V ee#T. $ #
ydq ed +T+~. { <X qysT |e<s+. +{ d\V\qT dT+>
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 79
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sd]+#+&. y deTdyH +f MT *<+&T\T, dVT\T, b<jTT\T, &sT s

|<y dVs+ rdT+&.

MT \Tk?
sE b>>&+, bHeTk e+{ b> T\T, q&+ edq+> e]+~.
15d+es\T n+ H e ejTdT >\ysT edH >TseTHsT. <X+
yTT+ Hu MsT 57.57% (+<|<X 68%) eT+~ HsT. +{ ysT 30 @
ejTdT #s|{ M] n+sZ nejTy\ <+{sTT. ~ ss\ s> deTd\T
|&TT+~. =ksT eTsD <] rdT+~. eTq<X+ edq+ +<q *+#
ksTT #sT+~. s|{ bsT\T s+ nsTTb <X |> +T|&TT+~. { es<X
qysT Te+{ y{ <s+> + s>syTq nyT n\esT#Ty*.

+#+& ` #]+#+&

z esT\T e<<y\ ud n~ <X u$wT| mTe+{ |ue+ #|T+~? MTsT

MT bsX \ ]> es $< (Red ribbon club) seT+ bZ+THs? MT bsX \
q s&]H u e duT&y? > eT&T H\\ MT s&]H u <s+ @@
se\T ]>sTT. M{| MT n_bj\qT sjT+&. kV nH eqd |DT&T
<X &<T&T\ L&q <X n |{+#&T. nsTT *<+&T\, b<jTT\ dVs+,
eT+ dVT\ dVjT+ n+<yTq J$ @ss#Te#T. ~ u$wT Jeq+ dTK+>
k>& u #|T+~.

\ |<\T
es<X, {HC, &yT j|, |]|, d<>+<T\T, dudjTdt >+<T\T, ~rjT
+ \D\T, TTT#+, sd\, |jT<V+, yHbC, >s+ <\&+, n+'ke
>+<T\T, VsH\T, fkdsH, kH.

eTq+ @+ HsTH+
z es <X |T nejTy\ |sT>T<\ sT>TT+~. ~ 10`18 @ eT< +T+~.
z <X Xs, eqd m<T>T<\ y>+> sT>TT+~.
z ds|{ q +T\T e<T\T e&+, >{|&&+ e\ >=+T esT edT+~.

80 es <X
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z es<X y>+> mT |sT>TsT. <X e] mT |sT>T<\ bT+~.

z <X VsH\T |#jT&+ yTT<\T|&sTT. qT ~rjT + \D\T |ksTT.
z n+'ke >+<T\ qT+& d$+|& skjTq |<s\qT VsH\T n n+{sT. $ |+>
s+ $&T<\esTT.
z |jTw>+~ d$+# VsH\T $T*q n+'ke >+<T\qT |sTksTT. ~ eTTc\T, d
;X\T, n~e >+<T\T |#jT+ \b bwdT+~.
z ~rjT + \D \T |+b+~+#&+ |sTw VsH fkds H, d VsH kH \b
bwksTT.
z d >sXjT+ &\T eT+<+> e] |\BsD #+~q n+&\ bqT> jseT+~.
z y n+&+ |\BsD #+<b, &+ bs |*bsTT s+ dV n+&+ jT
$&T<\eT+~. BH TTT#+ n+{sT.
z es<X dsq bw\T rdTe&+ # neds+. ~ s>syTq Xs, eqd
m<T>T<\ dVjT|&TT+~.

nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. ued es<X +f @ $<+> _qyTq~? ( AS 1)
2. |+> yjT+&. ( AS 1)
m. ~rjT + \D\T
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4. |s#+&: ( AS 1)
n) eTTc\T ( ) m) kH
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6. es <X e> |]Xu b{+#& qTe MT dVT& @+ d\V\T
ke? ( AS 1)
7. MT m|&H MT *<+&T\| |+ e+<? MT *<+&T\T m +&\ MTsT
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 81

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8. MTsT MT *< + &T\ +f dVT\ @@ deTd\qT, n_bj\qT |+#T+{sT. ( AS 1)

9. y y<T& d+|~+# neX+ ed, es<X <>\ >T]+ e n&>
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10. = yTTubq +& &jMTsTqT |j+ 6 qT+& 10e s> es #<TeTq
=+<sT $<sT\ ds\ bq'|H qy<T #d MT |]o\q\T sjT+&. ( AS 3)
11. u\$yV\T, u*\ >+| #| |ue+ >T]+ de#s+ d]+ y~
jsT#jT+&.( AS 4)
12. |+`3qT |]o*+#+&. eqe Xs+ +& n+'ke >+<T\T, n$ +& #TqT *|
|+ ^jT+&.( AS 5)
13. &yT j| |+ ^jT+&. ( AS 5)
14. es<X ]> esT\T, rdTe\dq C>\qT dd |Hdyd+
jsT#jT+&. ( AS 6)
15. |T |s+ > eTs= s+ d+ #d $<+ > | eqe Xs j sT#d+ ~.
B qTy{ n_q+~ke. ( AS 6)
16. u\$yV+ ke <Ts#s+ n MT \TdT. B ysD = H<\T
jsT#jT+&. ( AS 6)82
17. 13 @ ds|t q mT >T]+ \es|&T TH&T. nqT mT |sT>T&? q qTe #
d\V @$T{? ( AS 7)
18. MT bsX\ q s&]H u sV+# se\T yTsT>T|sT#Te& @yH <T
d\V\T d+#+&. ( AS 7)

82 es <X
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bs+
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bsq Vsq s sD q dVTs* eT]jTT +TXd d+|T+, \+&H (ZSL)
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d<dT`2012 d++~+q ||sY {+> +& k&T`>{ {s+, (gootytarantula)
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+< #<Te<e! d+sD +<+ yT | (Great indian
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n+<T s+&T CT\T +<|<X #+~qy |+`2 yT |
HsTT.
yk\qT <+d+ #jT&+, n&e\qT
q]yjT&+, e+ #sT dsD yTT<q
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yT | \T skH, >TsY, eTVsw, \T\ <T\T> e\+ qf m

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deyX+ (ZSL eT]jTT IUCN) |e<+
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V<su< ]q||+# Jey$< |\T, \T, #|\T> $u++~. =
d<d T `2012 eT]jTT n+]+bTq ||+ # < s+>T (colour code) >T]++~.
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+Te\T yT | , >{ {s+ (* s+>T
k&T) >T]+ #| +~. | &T ds k<sD+>
n+{ |+# |#T \T H&T n<XyT bjjT,
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nsT<bjjT sD * >TsT #d+~. =
d+es\ + mH |\T, +Te\T
\ yd+> *q }]es q |<
s+>Td (colour code)
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d+ < ={yjT&+ +{ d+|Tq\qT yTT\T ` yTT ` eTT<TsT |# (#T)
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n+> |+#&+ <T =+>\T, |#T\T MT |]o\q\ qeTH |+ jsT#d
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84 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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z | $TeT* n~+> ]+q<~? <T>TsT $<sT\ #=|q T> @s&+&.
z M{ |]o*dTq |&T MT |]ds\ >T]+ +~ #jT+&. + #jT&
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 85
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86 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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jTT beTTKqT $e]dT+~.
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|&T eT+s\ e< q n&$ be&+ (Extinct) n+{s.
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 87
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z MT b+ + @< H C n+ ] + +{ Je\qT |<qTq CT\T <

bsTT+<? y{ >T]+ \TdT= sjT+&. esZ\T n+{s.
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$ n+]+bjT |e<+ q us<X+ yTT\T, +T CT\ C_qT dksTT.

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d+s+# ~X> w |dT eTq<X+ 27 |* d+sD +<\T
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n&$ = b+\ |yX+ +& #d

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92 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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MT \Tk? Hu e\d q d ned s \qT

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94 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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j |<: +|dt sYu sY (Compressed Cardboard)

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| >TE e+ |j+# | #T +Te u$T| J$+# V
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n+{sT.
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+T+~. |d s& &{ T (Red Data Book) n+{sT.
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z Vs+ eT]jTT d+H d+ b++ qT+& eTs b+ |\T |jTqeTe&
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96 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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z # C>> $j+#Ty*. n~ \ $j>+, n~ eq $<+k

<]rdT+~.

T +<+
nu dH yTsT>T|s#
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Jey$<+ 2050
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m. d s+>T b++ (\sY &) @$T ddT+~?

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d. @jT b+\T w Jey$< qc ddTHsTT?
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. Jey$< d+s+#+<T @+ #s\T d+#>\e.
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3. Jey$<+ n+f @$T{? Je y$<\T +{jT m #|>\e? ( AS 1)
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m. n+]+q CT\T _. |< q CT\T d. m+&$T CT\T
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 97

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6. eqe sb\T @$<+> Je y$< qw+ *dTHsTT? Je y$< eXqT

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11. |&T eT]jTT 30@ + +& +Te\T/|\ C_qT jsT#jT+&. +<Td+
MT |<\ dVjT+ rdT+&. = +Te\T |dT+ |+# be&>\ sD$T{
sjT+&. ( AS 4)
12. e, esD eed> rdT= < d++<+ q yTT\T, +Te\qT qy<T
#jT+&. ( AS 4)
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d]+ C_ jsT#jT+&.( AS 4)
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15. dMT|+ >\ nMXK s\j d+<]+ n#{ k yTT\T, +Te\ de#s
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d+#+&.( AS 6)
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21. Jey$< d+sD eTq +{ qT+& yTT<\eT+< sD #|+~. ~ d]jTq<H? yTqT
e m deT]ke? ( AS 6)
22. | Jey$ < +| ne>Vq *+#T = H<\T < s| + #jT +&.( AS 7)
98 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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14. *|s+ |\d+sD +<+ o+ d;]j =+>\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 99
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n+ \d HjT+ d+ us|t eTVsE
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100 Je y$<+ ` d+sD
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eT>usTT+~. e] $T&\ T, d \T\T +Te\ | Ls+>H |e]+#sT. n$ qy

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102 Je y$<+ ` d+sD

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3. $qsT\T +TCT\ |sq T |{ +|+&. n+s\+
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+<? k + >q, b+\y]>q nM
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$j><sT\ +f me> Hj? ||+#eT+ y|+ HsTT. n$ eTq
m+<T? ]+>, |sesD|s+> $\Tyq de\qT
z n s\ n&e\ sy T q +Te\T n+~dTHsTT.
Hj? |yTq$ @yTH Hj?

|+`8 n&$ esD eed

110 esD eed\T
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eC\+: n&e\ me> e n+]+ ksX dssD\ s|+

|ksTT. |]eD+, sD+ me |d] dT+ ~. ksX <<| 57% yesD+
y$ < (greater degree of stratification)qT Xw + # & T T +~ eT]j T T n+ ] +
|<]ksTT. n&$ @s&q $<H { n& y < \ & T T +~. 35% ks X u $T
e d+|< +T+~. e\ bT b<\T y & # j T & , { $]# j T &
eT]jTT H\| |]> yTT\T +{sTT. |j >|& T T+~. <<| 8% ksX yTT\
+TC\+: +<T yTT\ \qT H #sT T+~. B 80`85% ksX yTT\T
XUVsT\T +{sTT. <VsD NeT\T, eT> XwksTT. Xw+q < 50% eyT
<eT\T, |& |sT>T\T, >=\ueT\T, |sT>T\T, sD q d+j> jT $j+#&TT+~.
k| sT>T\T yTT<q $. e\bT, +&+, ds X yTT\T >V+ eT |+
|\qT H @qT>Te+{ n |< +Te\ #dT Vs|<s\ dX s|+
bT \>+\T, &T\T, >_\T, eTT+^d \#dT +{sTT. n+<T# M{ <sT\T
e+kVsTq q +Te\T L& +{sTT. n+{sT. $ esDeed yTT<{ksTT
e+kVsTq d+V\T, |\T\T, beTT\T, | \T, d k s TT. y T T \ \ q X
\T\T, q\T yTT<q +Te\T L& +{sTT. esDeed >=\TdT s|+ |eVdT+~.
$ q s T \T: # bsTT [bsTTq Vs| >=\TdT H\T>T <X\ T +{sTT. n$
yTT\T +Te\ Xs\| |]> +<\T, 1. <sT\T,
u]j\T e+{ dJe\T n~d+K 2. b<$T $j><sT\T,
+{sTT. 3. ~rjT $j> <sT\T,
esDeed X |yV+ 4. rjT $j><sT\T
dJe ||+ # eTqT>& nH~ esDeed <sT\ qT+& $j><sT\ X
X |yV+, |<s\ |dsD| <s|& |eVdT+~. |k] X ~ njT|&T
+T+~. $$< s\ JejT \T sV+#& 80`90% dX XdjT eT]jTT s
X neds+ . X dsT qT+& \_dT + ~. $<H\ <s w+ s|+ $&T<\eT+~.
Vs esDeed dsX |yV
>T]+q de#s nqT+<+ #&+&.
\ |<\T
yd+, esDeed, VsC\+, <sT\T, $j><sT\T, $qsT\T.

eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
z esDeed (Ecosystem) nH |< m.. {Hd yTT<> |j+#&T.
z Je, e s\ eT< >\ |sds d++< esDeed u>+> n<jTq+ #jTe#T.
z esDeed dJeq yTT\T, +Te\T eT]jTT dJe\T Jed++< n+X\T.
z esDeed ds+, eT, sT e n+X\T> +{sTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 111
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z eTq#T nH s\ esDeed\T HsTT.

z Vs| >=\TdT, Vs| C\+, Je ` e n+X\ eT< >\ |sds d++< bwD
eT]jTT X s|+ dksTT.
z Vs| >=\TdT 3 ksTT\T HsTT. <sT\T, $j><sT\T, $qsT\T.
z <sT\T dss >V+ Vs jsT#ksTT.
z $j><sT\T <sT\qT < yTT\qT H +Te\qT Vs+> y{qT+& X
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z $qsT\T yTT\, +Te\ es|<s\ qT+& < #bsTT [q yTT\, +T
Xs\ qT+& Vs d]ksTT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. esDeedqT m ske? dsq <VsD $e]+#+&.( AS 1)
2. Jey$<+ esDeedqT |+ #jT& m <V<|&TT+< $e]+#+&.( AS 1)
3. esDeed m\T\T HsTT. n+<T me |\T\qT |yX|& @eTeT+~?( AS 1)
4. +~ y{ <sT&T @~? m+<T? ( AS 1)
m. q _. +<+ d. & &. >&
5. yk esDeed eT< & @$T{? ( AS 1)
6. HHe]? ( AS 1)
n) HqT Vs| >=\TdT |<q eT\+. ) HqT Vs+ =s sT \| <s& qT.
) HqT #bsTTq yTT\ +Te\ Xs\qT [+|#kqT.
7. yTT, |*, +<\T, q, ><.| y{ @<H d++< \TdT>\s? | C_ qT+&
+<\TqT rdy d @$T sT>TT+~? ( AS 2)
8. MT <>Zs bsT / qT d+<]+ n& MTsT |]o*+q yTT\, +Te\ $es\T
d]+ | q+sT 110 |{ +| y~ jsT#jT+&? ( AS 3)
9. MT b\+ < bsX \ |]o*+ <sT\T, $j><sT\T, eT]jTT $qsT\
C_qT jsT#jT+&. ( AS 4)
10. m&] +Te\T @@ nqTL\H\qT * +{j MT bsX\ >+<\jT+ |]o*+
|{ jsT #jT+&. ( AS 4)
11. Vs C\+ n+f MTs$T ne>Vq #dTHsT? Vs C\ MT d+ e\
e]+#+&. sU+ <s d+#+&.( AS 5)
12. yTT\T, +Te\ eT< |sds d++<\| MT ne>Vq @$T{? B MTsT m n
_q+~ksT? ( AS 6)
13. >&`yTT\T`$T&`|`beTT `><`yT`q`|*`&\T`+<\T ` M{ dVjT+
VsC\ |+ ^jT+&. ( AS 5)

112 esD eed\T

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14. >& H\ esDeed +<\T yTT\qT eyT +T+~. yTT\T |]> |H n$

yTT\qT =+<s> +{sTT. n+|&T esDeedqT deTd rdT se&
@$T s>*q nedseTT+~.( AS 6)
15. syTq n\yT *q s+&T +Te\T esDeedqT m+#Tq|&T @$T
sT>TT+~? y$< b&& e @$T#ke? ( AS 7)
nqT+<+
esDeed X |yV+ +X <<| d>+ |# yTT\|q
esD eed Vs >=\TdT X |& sDq d+j>j j++ <s
|ks $e]+# |]o*+#+&. Xw+#&TT+~ n+<T 1`5% eyT
VsX> e] $T*q~ w+ s|+
yesD+ \TdT+~.
esDeed yTT\T < <sT\
|yTq X b<$T n+{sT.
sDq d+j>jT <s nsTTq
X deT> b<$ T neT+~. B PG
dksT. <sT\ XdjT nq+s+
+ &u\T (Blocks) Je<es $T*qX sq |<s\ \ +T+~.
(Biomass), >={\T dJe\ eT< X |yV B $T*q b<$T n+{sT. B
esZ (Energy Flow) dksTT. &u\ PN nH ns + dksT . (yTT\| <s|&
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|]eD ddT+~. Vs keTs dksTT). skjT
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d X s | + y T T \ \ q
V s | < s b< $ T $j > < s T \T
LA R yTT\T Xw+q +X
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A R XwD $j+q yTT+ X?
(~ XdjT neT+~). =~ X+
PN R $T*q b<$T eyT Je|<s+ skjT d X s|+
P R ~rjT ds | & T T+~. < |< ~rjT $j><sT\T
NU R $j+#& X < b<$T e+kVsT\ ksTTq
NA R $j><sT\# Xw+#& X sT y ksTT\q =qk>TT+~. |<X
R R XdjT k s TT qT+& eTs= bw k s TT X
esDeed X |yV s|+ <sTT+| ]>|&T n~ yTT+ X
d s + > d +# e # T . ueT & u \T w+ s|+ esTbsTT >TZT+~.
| k s TT X d k s TT. d s d ] esDeed X ] #s<T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 113
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bs+
8 yTT\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T

qMH d\e y eeTjT }] e#&T. +{ y<] eeTjT y b* #|+#

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z eTq<X+ n b+\ |+& |+\T @$?

|+`1 us< X + ` |+\T

114 yTT\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T

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z = |+\qT n b+\q m+<T +`2

|+&+#>\T>TTHsT? MT >eT+ sT\qT n& @ |+\T
z ||+ MT } |+& |+\T @y
|+&& m+\+ |&TT+< $es\T
>T]+ sjT+&? d]+#+&. +~ |{ sjT+&.
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|<X\ |<q+> |+& |+\ C_
jsT#jT+&.
m. <X+ ............................................
...................................................
...................................................
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................................................... Cq, +<T\T e+{ |+\T |+&&
................................................... 180 sE\T n++f me\+ |&TT+~.
d. ............................................. +{ |+\qT Bs \| |+\T (longterm
................................................... crops) n+{sT. | |{ sT\ qT+&
................................................... d]+q $es\ <s+> eT]= Bs*
&. MT >eT+ ...................................... |+\ |sT sjT+&.
................................................... |d\T, $TqTeTT\T e+{ |+\T |+&&
................................................... 100sE\T < n+ + f e\+
|{ es MT |]o\q\qT sjT&+ | & T T +~. +{ | + \qT d \*
eTse+&. |+\T (short term crops) n+{sT.
eTq+ eTq Vs neds\ d+ |< q+> | |{ <s+> eT]= d\*
eekjT+|H <s|&TTH+. eTq+ H |+\ |sT sjT+&.
Vs|<s\ #es yTT\ qT+& +`3
\_+#y <! eTq |j>|& yTT\qT
n~ d + K |+# & | + ( Crops) |+\qT m|&T |+&ksT?
n+{sT. |+\T |+&+# eH eekjT+ eTq+ s s \ | + & T , L s > j T \T
(Agriculture) n+{sT. +T+{+. d+es+ b&eH n s\
z |+\T |+&{ m+ \+ |&TT+~? |+&T, Ls>jT\T eTq \_kj? =
z n |+\T |+&& |f \+ fH? n~+>qT, = e>qT
z MT *dq |+\ @ |+ |+&& \_ksTT. = | TTTe | $T*q
me deTjT+ |&TT+~? deTj nd\T \_+#e.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 115

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T #]+ @ \+ @$ \_kj +~ |{ sjT+&:

|{`2
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116 yTT\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
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>+\ +f me> +T+~. { n|&T @eTeT+~?
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#ksT? +`4
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 117
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us<X+ 40 79 1975
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@~ eT+ msTe? |{`9

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syTq |< |+yTT\ s+&T eTq nqTue+ b\ |&T

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yTT> $|+> $d]k+~.
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d+sY, _+<Td<+, \T| HXqT\T, ss&+, ><eTT\T, o\ &+>T\T.

eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
z |+\T |+&& 180 < n++f me sE\T |f |+\qT Bs* |+\T n+{sT.
z |+\T |+&& 100 < n++f e sE\T e# |+\qT d\* |+\T
n+{sT.

138 yTT\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T

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z es\+ |+& |+\qT K|t |+\T n+{sT. ~ pH qT+& nsY es +T+~.

z o\+ |+& |+\qT s; |+\T n+{sT. ~ qe+sY qT+& @| es +T+~.
z = yTT\T |w+#&+ s\+| <s|& +T+~. s\+ &$ 121/2 >+\ +f
me> +f = yTT\T u> |wksTT.
z = yTT\T s\+ $T+ +& d+es+ b&eH |wksTT.
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z H\qT <Tq&+ e\ eT yT> e] { \ #dTH X |sT>TT+~. >*, sT yTT\
y dT\u+> n+<TsTT.
z H\qT #<TqT#jT&+ e\ |+ s+~+#&+ dT\ueTT+~.
z sT\T $H\qT |+, X~ #dq sH H\ $TsT.
msTe\T s +&T s\T.1. dV msTe\T (Je msTe\T) 2. eT msTe\T (skjT msTe\T).
z sT e> \_+# |<X\ d+sY\T, _+<Td<+ e+{ |<T\T |jksT.
z \T| yTT\qT =\+#&+ e\ |+ ~>T& n~eTT+~. 2`4 & s |H md{
eTeTT nH \T| H ~<; \T| yTT\ ysD |jksT.
z u] j, |+ > , eTT\T, m\T\T yTT<\>T y{ e\ Vs|< s\T #&b sTT. Vs <H\qT
dsq $<+> u<|s#&+ e\ qc Z+#e#T.

nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. ><TeT|+qT K|tH m+<T |+&ks sD\T #|+&. ( AS 1)
2. seTjT q b #<TqT> <TH&T. keTjT b\+ V#T>TZ\T +~. mesT n~
~>T& k~ksT? m+<T? ( AS 1)
3. b <Tq&+ e\ |jH$T{? ( AS 1)
4. HH= yTTqT, HqT |+b |sT>TqT. sT\T qqT #dH |ksT sD+ m+<T
H *jT<T. e #|>\y? HHe]? ( AS 1)
5. sT\T e]|+qT dq s m+& su&sT. m+<T? ( AS 1)
6. yd$ <T\T n+f @$T{? $ |sesD @$<+> yT\T#kj sjT+&.( AS 1)
7. >eT+ sT\+<s syTq |+yXsT. B e\q *> qc\T @$T{
$e]+#+&.( AS 1)
8. s |+ ~>T& d++<+ @$T{?( AS 1)
9. $H\T H\ $ eTT+<s +<HX\ e+{ skjT |<s\ X~ #ksT?
m+<T? ( AS 1)
10. HsTbd |+ y{ ] b Hf |< |+# |+\ <VsD sjT+&. ( AS 1)
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 139
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11. dHsjTD q b\+ ||+ |+&+#&T. n dsq ~>T& s<T. |+ ~>T&

d]> sbe& >\ sD\T }V+ #|>\s? ( AS 2)
12. sV+ q |+ b\+ \T|yTT\qT =\+#&T. <$& \T| rjT<T. mesT n~
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m) s+&Ts\ $H\ MTs$T &qT>eT+#sT? ( AS 3)
_) @ $H\T e sTe * HsTT? m+<T?
d) @ $H\T u> yTT\sTT? m+<T?
&) @ $H\T d]> yTT\e? m+<T?
14. e] (e& +\T) $H\T rdT s+ Hqu+&. y{ y#Y>dt rdT=q
eT{ H+&. yTT\q sy u<+ |]o*+ |<eTeT\+ |<eT+&+ yTT<q
u>\T >T]+ |+ ^jT+&. ( AS 3)
15. MT<>Zs msTe\ <TD y[ skjT msTe\ $es\T d]+ +~ |{
+|+&?( AS 4)
msTe|sT bw|<s\ X+ % |j+# |+\ |sT
N P K

16. e] | + H& + qT+& <#&+ es q $$< <X\ qT $e]+# b #sTqT

jsT#jT+&.( AS 5)
17. e { \u >\ b++ nqTd]+# {bsT<\ |<T\qT y |X+dke?(AS6)
18. qs+< ||+| n~ y<T $Td+Vs eT+<T\T #&T. ~ Jey$<
|+~>T& m+ Vs+ n syTwt nH&T. e syTwt #|q < @u$dTHy?
m+<T? ( AS 7)
19. y+fwt e]|+ qT |f |< #X&T. qT L& yTTCq |+ > qT
|{\qTH&T. e n @ d#q\T, d\V\T ke?( AS 7)

140 yTT\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T

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bs+
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eekjT+ eT+ T\ T k~+#& >=s .|P 11,000 ` 9000
sT\T $$< s\ jeq |<T\qT |+~ .|P 900
ne\+_ksT. n<$<+> +Te\ |+|+ yT .|P 8000
L & eTq+ X < eV k + . V s
n+< # j T & + , ed * +# & + , s D ~eqe&T = +Te\qT eyT
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neT\T #dT+{+. M+{ *| |XbwD @qT>T, |*, d+V+ e+{ +Te\qT ><,
(Animal husbandry) n+{sT.
>T&> e+{ |\qT m+<T eT
#dT bj&T?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 141
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+Te\qT eT #dT& H{ +`1

eqe&T @@ $<H\qT b{+ +{&
#]+ sjT+&?. |Xe\ |+|+
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+Te\ qT+& L& Vs+ nedse TeT+~.
eTq<X+ +Te\ qT+& eTq \_+#
Vs|<s\ L& eekj q+
b<q +~.
eekjT+ #d y+<s |Xe\qT
|+#Ts?
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d++<+ +<?
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n+s>+> +~. $ s+& |sds+ & @@ s\ |X e\qT |+#TT+{sT?
d++<+ *q n+X\T> +{sTT. |X>d+ q b+\T m& HsTT?
sT q b++ m& q~?
142 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
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e, ><, yT, >=s\ |+|+ @yTH y~ yT\T, >=s\T u<|&TT+{sTT.

&\THj? = | s qJe\T | X e\ j T +,
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|&TT+< +#+&.
|XbwD |Xe\ s>+ $wjT+
C>\T rdTy*q neds+ m+H +~.
# d+<s\ |Xe\ b\T y{ |&,
eT+, |X>d+ yTT<q y{ e\q n|]X
u+> esTT+{sTT. es |<s\qT w&
qT+ <s+> bsj*. b |sT>T\T,
\T (|\T, q\T\T, >esT yTT<q $) |X
e\ Xs+| |]> neX+ +~. m<T\T, e\T |+`3 b\
<TqbT\T yTT<q |Xe\ >*+T ><\T
(foot & mouth disease) +{ y<T\T ds
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 143
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eTq b\ me> m& qT+& VdH (&HsY) e+{ $<oCT\T L&

nesTT. |+#TTHsT. CT\T |sE 25 s
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60% b\qT EqT, y, HsTT, |sT>T,
>|`t 1
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8 s |> b\ksTT. eTq<X+ VsH, +{ e< #dq b\qT b\ dsD +<\
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b\# CT\T. C (+>+&) eT]jTT b{\ u<|s syD #ksT.
144 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
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bXsCwH
HTST |<
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b\qT d]+ m m>TeT #ksT? b\ @ H\ n~+> +T+<
b\ <sqT m ssTTksT? #|>\s? = H\ b\ $T>
MT b++ b\ osD +<+ m&T+~? H\ b*q|&T n~+> +T+~.
(+<T=s MT b++ nyT b\
b{\qT |]o*+#+&)
b\

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|+`6 b\ dsD >|`t 2
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|XbwD 60 qT+& 70% |T& |X <s b\ |+#&+ , |X e\ |>&,

>d+ |Xe\ <D dyT KsT |{* m+&T>&, ysT Xq> e+{ qH+\ # , &T,
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e\ Vs+ n+~+#&+ neds+. yTT<{~ bw | < s \ T b\ |+# &
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MT \Tk?

s<\ s>+<T\T (Lactimal Glands) b\qT d$ksTT. b\T \ =sTT& |<s+.

|Xe\ q|{qT+& 72>+\ es # b\qT EqT b\T n+{sT. |Xe\T q 72 >+
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#sT+{sT. osD +<\ b\qT \#jT& y& skjTH\T L& eTq s>+|
<Twuy \T>CdTHsTT.

b& |Xe\ m+| $<q+ >MTD b+\ =+eT+~ |Xe\

b\ d+ =H ><\ $wjT+ = |+|+ <sT\T <Xy [ s\ d + n~+ >
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146 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
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j>dt |XbwD n<q| k H , e+d + < e k H

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+Te\ qT+& e+d+ #jT&+ <ojT s+> +{j?
eTs= |<q n+X+. |Xe<X\ (u) |+| +<\T s+&T s\T>
n~ yTT+ e+k #ksT. +{sTT. { >T& eTs={ e+d+
m<Te +d+ (Beaf), |+~e+d+ (Pork), >=s\ #+~q$. usTT\sY\qT e+d+ d+,
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50 $T*jTq qT >T& e+d+ d+ 5`6 H\\T |&TT+~. usTT\sY\T 6`8
|+#TTHsT. >e\ k<sD+> sT\T ys\ |sT>TsTT. qT e]& <s
|Xe\ b qT L& |+#TT+{sT. +{ CT\qT eT+> #ksT.
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es >T&qT |&sTT. 21qT+&72 ys\
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bs\qT+& \_dTHsTT. s+&T <Xu\ = sE\ sTy >T&T |f X
qT+& b eT+ |]XeT> m~+~. &>T& bZ T+~. n+<T #eT+~ usTT\sY qT
\ us<X+ ||+#+ H\T> |+#& w|&sT.
148 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
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< o y s \T b< > & #

nqT L \+> +{sTT. nd , & H < ,
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b<>& nqTL\+> +T+~.
|+`11 usd & b |]XeT y\Te& es| < s\ (Deep
litter)qT eekjT+ msTe> |jksT.
d++ deTjT+ |+<\T >T&T eT+ bw$ \Te\T *q Vs+.
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& >T&T b<>{ |f\+ m+ MT
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 149
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

(NECC - National Egg Co-ordination Committee) MTsT

s>+> +&\+f |sE >T&T H*. ~ CrjT >T&T
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Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

us<X+ 5 s\ H{>\ CT\T d + e s\ es +T+~. L > \

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MT \Tk?
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sjT&q TT><+ H{>\T eT]jTT H H { > \ # w + { M{ H
|keq +~. HqT ~eyTq Vs+> eCT\T (Bee flora) n+{sT. eqC
u$+#sT. yTT\T, k>T#d yTT\ eTs+ <+ \_dT + ~.
eT, |, CeT, + e+{ e\T, y\T,
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H{>\T NeT\> d+|TJeq+ >&T| Ls>jT\ yTT\T TeT, y|, eT~ e+{
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> = y\ d+K L* >\T eT]jTT
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+{sTT.
d e TV + sD > e y T
+T+~. sD> |<q u< >T&T |&+
eyT . |sE 800`1200 >T&q T |&TT+~.
sD > J$\+ s+&T qT+ eT&T |+`15 H T f
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 151
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deTV+ >\T eTs= deTV+ eT eT]jTT dV H|T\ eT<>\

eTs+< <=+*ksTT. ek\qT >T]+ #]+#+&.
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152 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

|+b\qT d+ s=jT\ #sTe\T> MT =\qT #|\ qT m |{ \Tk?

esksT. n~ yTT+ #|\qT |& @+
deTT<+ #|\ eT\kq+. & #ksT?
$$< s\ #|\ CT\T q\T, |\T, d e TT< # | \ T ( Marine fish ) ,
\_ksTT. ksY&H , u+u& , e], {|w ,t
TH yTT<q$ deTT< #|\T CT\T. M{ |{ #|\T
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s=jT |j+ #|\T |&sT. sE =
qT\ #|\qT |&sT.

#|

|
|+`18 #|\ y
eTs|&e\T |j+ #|\T |&
|+`17 s+s+> =qkd @+ sT>TT+~?
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#| >T&qT $H\T (breed) n |\TksT. bT> deTT<| \T| $ks+ > <=sTT+~.
#|\ m+|, #| $H\ dsD, eT]jTT | d T + ~ eT+ ] eqs T >
#|\ qT |& + nH~ #|\ |+|+ |< qyTq >T]+|&T+~.
+. \T|\T e\q *> |j>\qT MT
MT #TT|\ <=] $$<s\ #|\ b<jTT& n& \TdT+&.
C_qT jsT#jT+&. k |sqT eTq deTT< \ H nH eTTKyTq
eyT sjT+&. #| \_dT+~. TH #| d++~+q
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 153
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

d e #s d ] + >& | +{ CT\T $$< s\ Vs| n\yT

|<]+#+&. * +&+ e\q y{ eT< Vs+ =s
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b+\ q V s d T \u + >
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q< T \, ]sj T s eT+{ # | \ T d]ksTT. ydT nH #|\T + eT<
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eTTK|<X\ ( Estuaries) L& #|\T e+{ #|\T + n&T>T u>\ Vs
eksTT. eT+{ #|\T \_dTq|{ d]ksTT. CT\ + yTT+
me yTT+ #|\ s><T. V s < { b{ | & +&
+{sTT. Be\q + #|\
|sT>TT+~. y @<H C #|\
y<T\T ed n~ $T> #|\ y|+#<T.
* $|e+ nq>H$T? < |uy
s>>~ b<jTT #]+#+&?
MT \Tk?
deTT<| \T| yTT\T deTT<+
|<q Vs eqsT. us<X| rsb+|
sjTT n+s n\\ b++ ( Inter tidal),
| n\\ b++ ( Sub tidal) $ $d] +
HsTT. eTHsY \d+~. \dsd T , ><e],
c& b++, >TsY rsb++ eT]jTT
|+`19 #|\ #sT e n+& e H , usY ,
#|\T, s=jT\ |+|+ k<sD+> d T +< s Y H , \ B |t
s T \T @< s + C e y T #TT|\ b++
|+#TT+{sT. $$< s\ #|\ CT\qT d e TT< | \ T|
*| |<X+ |+#& d$T[ #|\ yTT\T ( Sea weed) deTT<| \T|
|+|+ ( Composite fish culture systems) me> <=sTsTT.
n+{s T . eed m e> # | \ qT |Xe\ <D>, Vs+>,
|+#e#T. +<T eTq <ojT (eTq b+) ms T e> | j > | & sTT. = s \
#| s\ bT ~>TeT #jT &q #| s\T deTT<| \T|yTT\qT Vs+> L&
L& |+#Te#T. |jksT. n>sY n>sY nH deTT<|
eed #|\ + <T qT+& \T|yTTqT |]XeT\ | =sTT&>
sT s\ #|\ CT\qT *| |+#TsT. |jksT.
154 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
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d$T[ #|\ |+|+ q (composite n+<TuT be+ syTq #|\

fish culture) |<qyTq deTd @$T+f |+|+ |<qyTq deTd. deTdqT
+<T #|\ |yTq TTTe\H >T&T n~>$T+#& +\ VsH\ #|\
|&sTT. k+|<jT #| qT+ $H |sD *+ >T&qT #ksT. B e\q
d]+H L& sC #|\ *| eTq+ +q eT+s| #| $H\qT
|+#* ed T + ~. eT+s | $ H \T b+<e#T.

MT \Tk?
qBeTTK<s\T qB eed u>+. |sesD|s+ > $ n eTTKyTq , d s y T q b+\T.
+<T eT+{, |{ CT\T s+&T *d +{sTT. CT\ \eDjT ek
TH X +T+~. eT< \+ sT\T e] |+ bT> b\+ #|\T L&
|+#TTHsT. e]#qT {H #|\qT |+#TsT. e]b\+ #|\qT |+#&+ nH~ nH
s\T> |j>yTq |<. e] b\ skjT msTe\T, d+V]DT\T me y&+
e\q y\Te& $w skjTH\T #|\T, |\T, beTT\| re |ue+ #|THsTT. e]b\+
#|\qT |+#&+ e\q e] +&+ =\T#T |sT>T e+{ y<T\qT n]e#T. n+<Te\
skjTH\ $j>+ >TZT+~. |sesD+ b&&TT+~.

#|\T =+<s> #&bjT due+ * MT b++ #|\qT \#d |<T\

+{sTT. #&b+& \e#jT&+, syD C_ sjT+&.
#jT &+ #|\ ||+ |< qyTq n+X+. #|\ Vs |XbwD, |+|+,
|+|+ <sT\T k neds\ yTs #|\ qT #|\|+|+, H{>\ |+|+ yTT<q$
\e#d m>TeT #jT& ss\ |<T\T |<qyTq n+X\T. Hu d]|& Vs
b{ksT. m+& m+&u&+, b+> n+~+#&+ d+ +Te\ qT+& Vs
m+&u&+, b>u&+, | }su&+ |+# & eTq | u T \T nH s \
yTT<q$ eTqsw+ |j+# k<sD neX\qT *|dTHsTT.
|<T\T.

\ |<\T
|XbwD, |Xd+|<, C, VdH, j>dt, |]XeT, b<>+, +usY,
H{>\ |+|+, H|T, H yTq+, sD>, &H, deTT< #|\T, \sY, eT+{
#|\T, |qq+, Vs+ \e#d |<T\T.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 155

Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

eTq+ @+ HsTH+
b\T, e+d+, eT]jTT s |j>syTq |<s\ =s |Xe\ Vs n+<#d,
ed, sD *|+#& |XbwD n+{sT.
>MTD b+\ |Xe\ |+|+ k+|<jT |<.
d+es+ $T*q H\\ +f nsY eT]jTT qe+sY H\ b\ n~+> +T+~.
|Xy<T\T |Xe\ |+|+ eT >s<sD dVjT|&sT.
usTT\sT e+k# s\T, jTsY >T&# s\T.
eT+> >T&qT b~+#{ +usYqT y&TsT.
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H{>\ $c m|dt {+sY nH V$Tj eT+<T jsT#jT& y&TsT.
eT+{, |{ #|\ |+| \sY n+{sT.
+<|<X krs+ \sY e\q #s\ |+ b\T #|\ +\T>
e]bjsTT.
|{ eT]jTT eT+{ #|\T ||+#y|+> Vs =sqT rsTdTHsTT.

nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. H|T $$< s\ H{>\T +{sTT? n$ @$? n$ < +f eTs={ m
_q+> +{sTT? ( AS 1)
2. MT >eT+ n~ b\# ><\ \D\qT sjT+&? ( AS 1)
3. >MTD b+\ >T&qT b~> $<H $e]+#+&?( AS 1)
4. |Xe\ |+|+ nqT+< T\T, |]XeT\ >T]+ sjT+&. ( AS 1)
5. MT >eT+ m&H bs+ +<? >T&qT m es{ m>TeT #ksT? b+> @
syTq |<s\qT y&TsT? ( AS 1)
6. qBeTTK <s\T nq>H$T? n$ deTT<| eT]jTT {#|\T ed+#{ m nqTe>
+{sTT? ( AS 1)
7. nsY, qe+sY ek\ H eT]jTT >T& sT >TZsTT? m+<T? sD\qT #]+
sjT+&. ( AS 1)
8. +~ |<\qT >T]+ sjT+&. ( AS 1)
X$|e+, *$|e+, m|dt {+sY, VdH.
9. #|\T \e#jT&+ b{+# |<T\qT $e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
156 +Te\ qT+& Vs ` jeq |<T\T
Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

10. b\osD +< |]o*+q|&T e @ syTq nqTeH\T e #dT+{e?y{

C_ jsT#jT+&? ( AS 2)
11. / eTT / #|\ / |Xe\ / H{>\ |+|+ @< < d+<]+, n& sT\q&
jeq |<T\| y~ jsT#jT+&. ( AS 3)
12. ys|\ qT+& b\, b\ \Tw\ d++~+q ysqT d]+ y~qT
jsT#d >&|| |<]+#+&. ( AS 4)
13. deTT<| \T|yTT\ d++~+q de#s MT bsX \ >+<\jT+ qT+ d]+#+&?
<VsD\ $e]+#+&? ( AS 4)
14. k<sD+> @ \+ H |TqT+& HqT d]ksT. HqT d]+#& nqd]+#
$<H sjT+&. ( AS 4)
15. m+&q H|TqT |]o*+#+&. n~ m ]yTq< |]o*+#+&, ueTqT ^jT+&.( AS 5)
16. |X e\T eTq Vs+ =s <T. y{ $d] \T (es| < s\T) L& eTq |j >|& sTT.
$q $wj m n_q+~ksT?( AS 6)
17. sE |XbwD eekj d++<+ +~ n *b&T. e n& m
deT]ke.( AS 6)
18. eekjT+ |XbwD HD sTy| q n+X\T. B e m deT]ksT?( AS 6)
19. |+b\qT #|+\T> es+ e\q |sesD+ #&bT+~. Vs| =sqT
m<Tsy* edT+~? deTd| #s bZq{ MT n_bj\qT \+&. ( AS 7)

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 157

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160 |\eTT ` >eTT
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164 |\eTT ` >eTT
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166 |\eTT ` >eTT
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$T\T , sTT $ T\T , V s | < s \ qT | s + e T yV H\qT | +&

jsT#jTT |<X+ yTT<\>Tq$) d+<]+ eT|< sV+#*.
~>Te |s=q n+X\qT |]o*+#+&. z dd+ |{\TqT |j+#*.

z $ >*, { @ $<eTT> \Tw+ z #T q U |<X\ Mq me

#dTHsTT? #qT |+#*.

z b \ #T |# <q+ +<? +f y{ eqeTVe+ >T]+ MT \Tk? |
|sqT sjT+&. d+es+ E \\ =\~ #q T HTsT.
z \Tw+ y]+#& @ $<y T q C>\ T m yTT\T #T> m<T>TTHj
rdT+THsT? #]+#+&. sD\T, |]cs\T +#+&.
>* \Tc Z+#& eTq+ @$T {\Tw+
#jT>\+? eqe eTqT>& >* nedsyTq
>* \Tc |P]> Z+#+ eqsT. n<$<+> sT L& eTq J$+
=+es jT+D #jTe#T. >* \Tw+ eTTKyTq b bwdT+~. eqe H>]
jT+D rdTe\dq C>\ >T]+
|]o*<+.
z >* \Tc Z+#& b\ MT<

b&yq MT\T @sT #j*.

z +{>, |]XeT\> +<H\qT

|P]> eT+&+# |]s\qT |j +#Ty*.

z m\k{ |d|fsY ( Electrostatic

Precipitaters) |]XeT\ MT\ @sT

#j*.
z yVH\ qT+& y\Te& yjTT \Tc

+Z #& d.mH.. (Compressed Natural

Gas) y&*.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 167

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n_e~ n+ qB |]yV b+\H z < sD+ @$T{? < |u e+ @$T{?

]q~. B sD+ eqy_e~ s z deTd @ $<+> qyTq~?

eTTKyTq eqsT. b]X$TsD s { z MT b++ sy T q deTdqT m|&H

eqsT\ <<| \Twu]eTeTHsTT. m<Ts=Hs? B yqT q sD\T
{ \Tc >\ sD\ eqe\T #|>\s?
nX # d $$< | < q MTsT 7es> keqXd+ sT
sD+.|| q $weTyT nH q< =+#+`e< #jT+& (Water too
ysqT #<e+&.MTsT ne>Vq #dT=q < little to waste). bs+ #~ysT <! B
{ ~>Te q |X \ de<H\T #| +&. sT, { jTT |j>+, eTT]{ sVD
z ys| |+> #~$q s MT > T ]+ # ] +# T H+. eTq+ | & T
nsyTq $wjT+ @$T{? {\Tw+` sD\T, |uy\ >T]+
z ys| $wjT + m+<T #]+#sT? #]+#T=+<+.

dtd&: |{H#sTe`>* eT]jTT { \Tw+

|{H#sTe yT< eT+&\ +<+. V<su< 25.MT. <s+ q
}sT +<|<XH eTTKyTq b]X$T +<+. |dT+ ~ us<X+ n |e<s
\Tw b+\ {> e]+~. B \Tw |u e+ e\ #T 14 .MT. |]~ >e
|\T qsY, XdX d++< y<T\T eT]jTT >T+& d++~ y<T\ u<|&TTHsT.
sD+ >*, sT, H\ $w|P]+ e&yT.
|{H#sTe b++ q eT+<T\T, skjT |]XeT\T, |sT>T eT+<T\ b\T, d
s*+> |]XeT\T, &d\dt qT+& n |e<s yjTTeq ]H, V&H d& yTT<q
\Tw s\T $&T< >* |ydTHsTT. eekjT u$T # es +CsT u$T>
e]bsTT+~. eekjT+ eT]jTT |Xe\ bwD (Animal husbandry) MT< <s|&qysT
b~ jsT. # eT+~ eekjT<sT\T |]XeT\ ]\T> e]bjsT.
| $wj\qT |]o*+q s |\ sD =s eT]jTT |sesD |]sD us<X
dT|+sT = * sT\qT C #d+~. y{ |]o*+#+&.
1. y+H \Tw |<s\qT >* eT]jTT { $&T<\ #jTT |yjT&+.
2. u~ >e\ eT+{ ds|s #jT&+.
3. |]ds b+\ yTT\T $ks+> |+#&+
4. \Tw y~>dT\ y<dVjT+ n+~+#&+.
5. \Tws\qT $&T<\ +& s+s F #jT&+.
6. X~ #dq s eyT $&T<\ njT es\qT &HC $&T<\ #jT&+.

168 |\eTT ` >eTT

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z *dt ||sT { qeTH\ <

|j>X\ + d pH qT qT>=qe#TqT. \+ s+>T
<X+: k+> <=] { qeTH\ *dt ||sT {qeTH eTT+q|&T
\Tw s\qT |]o*+#T. ||sT msT|> e] sT eT+
e\dq |]s\T: >E ;sT, sTT, * qT! msT| *dt ||sT \+ s+>T
u$, d s d T , q~ qT+& d ] +q { e] { s+ +< u$+#*.
qeTH\T, *, msT| *dt ||sT, dT. z dTqT |j+ { ]qeTTqT
|<: sTT, q~, u$, dsdT\ qT+& qT>=qe#TqT. sT me qTs> ed
{ qeTH\qT ys sT >E ;s d]+#*. eT+sT, e qTsT> ed {
M{ ydq, s+>T, < d pH eT]jTT ]q+ +< \TdTe#T.
]qeTTqT b*. |]o\q\T: MT |]o\q\T ~>Te |{
qy<T #jT+&.
|{`3
{ qeTH\T ydq s+>T pH { ]q+
eT+ s+ me e
sTT sT
#sTe sT
q~ sT
u$ sT
dsdT sT

+#+& ` #]+#+&
C> \ T: | j > + s V +# | & T
z { < d pH eT]j T T rdTe\dq C>\T:
] q eTT\ eT< @< H d + +< z *dt ||sT s+>T es& C>>

>T]+#s? >eT+#*.
z @ { qeTH s+>T +& +~? z |k] #T\qT Xu+ #dTy*.

z >& @ sT | edT+~? m+<T? z @ { qeTHqT s T # & &

z = { qeTH s+>T, ydq esT |jT+#e<T.

se& >\ sD\T @$T{? z + y T H C> \ T rd T y\
z {qeTH +{ |+# \Tw nqT +THs? MT HT| d +
s\T @yTH Hj? sjT+&.

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{\Tw+ n+f @$T{? eTd $c< ><

sT ks <eD. B sD+ sT eTq sw s< V<su< |D+ ~q
|d<+> dV+> dV> qqT qT ~H_e~ #+~ yT>d{> e]+~. |]ds
Xu+ #dT=H + * +T+~. \Tw b++ {eqsT\ ]bjsTT. dT<s
s\qT n&T>T #syjT&+ dsD+ b+\ qT+& { rdTse\dq |]dT\T
#jT&+ <s |e<s+ ksTT q @s&sTT. |&T & ed+# y\=\~
\Tc\qT Z+#Te&+ #dT+~. nsTT |\T eT neds\ d+ eTdq~ MT<
dV |< # deTjT+ |&TT+~. { <s|&ysT. |dT+ eTdq~ <>Zs
me y<T VsyTq \Tc\T ed+# |\T n~yTT+ ##<s+,
*dqsTT |< d+w+> esTT+~. es|<s\T, |]XeT\ es\T, s\T,
$$< esZ\ <s |dT+ n~ |]eD+ b*~H d+#T\T, eTT] sT, eTq+ #dq
\Tw\T { \TdTHsTT. $<+> $>V\T ~s\ q~ HsT> $&T<\
s] ksTT +f me> VsyTq # d T H s T . n+< T e\ q~ \ Tw + >
|<s\T *jT&+ e\ sT \Tw+ neT+~. e]bsTT+~. < & T e TD\
eTTsT>TsT, |]XeT\T $&T<\ #d es\T, >T]e&+ e\ q~ n >TsT|q+>
$w|P ]yT q skjTH\T { \e&+ e\ e]bsTT+~.\Tw ksTT Z+#T
sT \Tw+ neT+< #| e#TqT. Be\q eTdq~ |q |<+ #|{sT.
{eqsT\T $w|P ]yT >& |s$> |<+ +~ \Tw jT+D
e]b T HsTT. { \ Tw + # d rdT+Tq C>\T @eT+f:
|<s\{ { \Tw s\T n+{sT. z |Tq s| es\ sVD (Solid Waste

z { \Tc <]rd sD\ C_ Management)

sjT+&. MT b++ ]> { \Tw+ z eTT]sT X~#jTT b+{qT H\=\&+.

b* #&+&. z e KsT eTTsT>T{ eed *+#&+ .

dV yTq sT s+>T, ydq +& m+{ z qBrs n_e~ |s#&+.

\Tw |<s\T +& +T+~. sT z |\ ne>Vq *+ Z #T w#j

T &+.
s T * > & nqT L \+> C>\T rdTe&+ e\q m+ #]
+T+~. B >& |j>|& sT *q eTdq~ \Tc |P]> s*+#
(Potable water) n+{+. bsTTH =+es nsTTH Z+#>*>sT.
|]XeT\ qT+& $&T<\jT es| < se TT\T eTdq~ |P]> \Tw sV +> es&
{eqsTq q<T\T, \Te\T, #sTe\ # deTjT+ |&TT+~.
#] { \Tw+ #dTHsTT. >& eTq sw+ # q<T\T, #sTe\T
eT]jTT eekj | e# >=| #]
|]XeT\T es\ e\q \TwyTbTHsTT.
>*q q<T\T, #sTe\T |&T es |<s\
+&q { +\T> e]bjsTT. $#ss y T q { \Tc <] rdTHsTT.
eTdq~ |]d >T]+ #<T e<+.
170 |\eTT ` >eTT
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+`5 \+ |yksTT. ]w+ eqsT\

MT < > Z s q # s T e < q~ e \Tw s\T +{sTT. eq
d+<]+#+&. #sTTq \Tw |<s\qT >T]+#&+ # w+ . n$ m& Hj L&
eT]jTT y{ e\q *> |]De\qT |]o*+ |+ . es\ +|q >T\T (+&| )
bCqT jsT#jT+&. < <qT L& \Tw syT. M{ qT+& \Tw
sjT+&. bsX \ ~jT sY & |<] +#+&. |<s\T { syD eed |yksTT.
{ \Tw s\qT +~ $<+>
\Tw |<s\ m& qT+& edTH sTT? $u+#e#T.
{ \Tw+ s>& s+&T |<q
sD\T HsTT. n$. ]w \Tw s\
H\ \dbjT es\T (Biodegradable
$&T<\ (definite sources), n]w \Tw Waste)
s\ $&T<\ (non definite sources). ]w Je d++< es\ eTTK+> eqe
\Tw s\T eqsT <s $&T<\ eT]jTT +Te\ es\T+{sTT. Jed++<
nesTT. < |]XeT\ qT+& y\Te& es\T { |+|D eed |yd sT
\Tw\T. +<T |]XeT\ \Tw\T, eTT] \TweTT+~. es\T u]j\ X
sT, s \Tw\T HsT> { eqsT (sZ sH)> |j>|&sTT.
$&T<\eT+{sTT. C$ sH { $] eT]jTT sH& &>
esT #+<TT+~. ~ yesD \Tw+,
eT es\T ]jT& sDeTeT+~.
$<+> @s& \Tc\T eT]+> $d]+
s \Tw s\ +f me deTk+>
esTsTT. $<+> C$ sH (organic
carbon) eT es+ ]|+#&+ bT, {
|+`7 qB \Tw+ +& yjTTdV u]jqT |]>T
n]w \Tw s\T: e y<T #dT+~. |*+> u]j\T { ]
\Tw\T $&T<\ #d eqsT\T. $ e q HqT me y<T $j+,
y<T \Tw\T $&T<\ #dTq|{, $T> Je\ n+<+& #ksTT. Be\
{ \Tw+ #jT&+ |<q sD+ { J$+# $T> Je\T eTsDksTT.
neTHsTT. ]w+ eqsT\ qT+& e# z MT {#sYqT n& yjTTdV (@s_)

q q \Tw s \T n * d u ] j \ > T ]+q d e #s

>T]+#<q ksTT \Tw+> essTT. <VsD\ sjT+&.
<VsD eekjT+ =s |j+# yTT\ bw\T (Plant nutrients)
ms T e\T, | s T > T \ eT+< T \T, H X q yTT\ bwq bdT\T eT]jTT
eT+<T\T n es| { =T= bsTT HfT\T, skjT msTe\T yTT<\>Tq$
q<T\T, dsdT\T, q\ <s u>s eekjT ueTT\ qT+& es+ <s =T=
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 171
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bsTT { #ssTT. |]XeT\ es\T yTT\T ]wyTq c>, H ksTT\T

eTTsT>T { <s |y+ { \Tw+ q { eyT J$+#>\ e. c> |]
#ksTT. ~ Xe\T, \T| yTT\T eT]jTT n$ eTqT>&k +#e .n+<Te\q w \Tw+
u]j\T $d]+#& dVjT|&TT+~. { yTT\, +Te\ y$< ZdT+~.
es sT |#>, eTT]>, ydq |{q ne|+ (Sediment)
T> j seT+~. { T q yTT\T
HqT |j +#Te&+ e\ { Je\ sT \Tw+ e& ne|+ nH~
deTT\ <+T+~. Jey$ < + >T Z T +~. k<sD s+ ne|+ K \eD\T
H n+< es { Je\T #bsTT. eT]jTT |Tqs| sq |<s\T H\ qT+&
$<+ > { bw\T u> |], yTT\T =T= bsTT { |yksTT. ne|
$|+> |] H |]eD+ >Z& \Tc >T]+#&+ w+. B sD+ $
jT{| wH (Eutrapication) n+{sT. ~ ]w+ eqsT qT+& se&yT. sD\T,
{ Je\| re |uy #|T+~. eekjT es\T yTT<q e |D =T
e# neb\ <s e { #sTsTT.
n$ neb \T> |sTbsTT. >=\ @s&
ne|+ s eT+ { ds|s |<
|< nes<+ > e]+~. {|]> Je\ e\
sT Ts<> esTT+~. sT w\Tw
s+ > |#dT + ~. m+<T+f eT& sT me
ksX |\T+T+~.
|+`8 eTTsT>TsT |e<syTq, $w|P] skjTH\T
z z& |e<\ e\q deTT<+ {| @s&
qH T { @ syTq |e<
(Hazardous and toxic chemicals)
\T>CdT+< MT \Tk? #]+#+&. $w | P ] y T q s k j T H\T nq>
k<sD+> eqe\T j sT#d |j +#
w+ (Heat) |<s\T < ds q |< T \ X~#d bsyj
T
w+ L& sT \Tw+ e& | < s \ T. | ] X e T\ qT+& $& T < \ j T
sD+. { c> |] { ]q es | < s \ m e> $w | P ] y T q
H |]eD+ ZbT+~. yd$ \+ skjTH\T, e\T, s\T eT]jTT V\T
y& { T>Z\T q +\ w \Tw+ +{sTT. <: ], dd+ , b<sd + eT]jTT
dsk<sD+. dV+> w \Tw+ { & j T +. e > ned s \
c>qT |+#TT+~. |j +# |<s\ +& skjTH\T, \
<s $<TY +<\T < s |]XeT\ s + > T \T, +{ X u + # j T & y&
jT+\qT #\s#& |j+# sT skjTH\T, s+>T\T s s\ <eDT\T
$&T< n~ \Tc *dT+~. #|\T, { L& $w|P]yTqy. {sTT{qT Xu+#d
skjTH\T L& \Tc <]rksTT.
172 |\eTT ` >eTT
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yVH\ dd+> #d|&T <qT+& |j+q s msTe> y&Ty*.

rdyd +H sTT #T 25 s { z q<T\T, #sT e\T, +\T, dsd T \ sT
\Tw+ #dT+~. |\T eT +{ , |+& Xu+ #j*. $<H
H |j+# |sT>T\ eT+<T\T sT\T |]XeT\ jeH\T eT]jTT |uT+
y& |sT>T\ eT+<T\ +f |~ sT me ysT | +& #|{ *. <VsD us
\Tw+ \>CksTT. |uT+ y]# sV+#&q >+>q~
eT+<T\ s>s\T |q |<+.
bsd{ eT]jTT e> Xu z q<T\ rs+ y+& #T, b<\T |+&
|j +# eT+<T\T, wH , dT\T yTT<q $ |+#*.
q<T\T, dsdT\ {\Tc <]rksTT. z { \Tw+ e\ *> qc\ | ne>Vq
se\T |+& #|{*. eTTK+>
b s & \eD\ e\q u > s \T
bd , es\T \T, es Vs|< s\T,
$wT\yTbTHsTT. { >&+ e\,
eTT]bsTTq Vs|<s\T Ls>jT\T
{ |+&q |+\T q&+ e\ |\T
yTT<q y{ M~ $d]yjT+&
bsddt y~ u<|&TTHsT. $T*q
#&*.
de#s+ d+ nqT+<+ #&+&.
z \Tc Z+#T 4R (Recycle,
{\Tc jT++#&+ `s~+#&+ Reuse, Recover, Reduce) jTe\qT
~>Te e&q = |<T\ <s sT neT\T|] eqsT\qT |q]<]+#*.
\Tw+ +& #&e#T < Z+#e#T. z ]bjT +<H \qT |j +#&+ #
z | ] X e T\ qT+& $& T < \ nj T es +Z #*. |ejT Xe qsT\qT
es| < se TT\qT skjT+> X~ #jT &+ yesD Vs+ +& |j +#*.
< Vsy T q |<se TT\qT +& #d z b< $ T < X + | < s \ qT
q<T\ dsd T $&T<\ #jT &+. |j +q|&T y{ =+{ s +&ek]
z eTTsT>TsT |+> q<T\ $&T<\ L& |j +#* (]y&Te&+).
#jTL&<T. eTT+<T> X~ #d b+{ <: \ ||sT qT y| |+{ rdTe&+
X~ #d y{ +& sZ |<s\qT y| sjT&+ +& s+&ey|qT
rdyj*. L& |j + qsTT me \T
z skjTq msTe\qT, |sT>T eT+<T\qT e< +& # & e # T . $< + >
$#D sV +> |j +#&+ +Z #*. #dqsTT ||sT d+ me #T
z d+<{ &s + {\ $j>+ +Z #*. {, qs&+ ZbT+~.
H\ *dbjT &s + T |j +#*. z Mq me |<s\T ] $j+#T
z #bsTTq eqe\ Xy\qT eT]jTT +T e& M\T> +f qw+ s>q + es
s\qT q<T\ $d]yjTs<T. |j+#T+H +&*.
z es | < s \ qT + T e\ $d ] \qT z ||sT @$<+> >Z+#e# s>
j >dt b + { +< q + d + #]+#+&
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 173
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eTq dV eqsT\T | |k~+q es+. eTq+ $y+ + eqsT\qT |j +#*.

eqsT\qT HXq+ #dq sTT eqe J$+ |Xs + > esTT+~. eTq+ | +& eqsT\qT
C>> b&Ty*. eTq +& eTT+<Ts\ y] L& |j >|& $<+ > #&*.
\ |<\T
{ \Tw s\T, n|s |\T&T, <s |e sY b+{. s|P s sH, {\Tw+.
|]XeT\ $w|P ] es |<s\T, *j& |<s\T, jT{| wH, ne| + , |q]j>+,
b\k{ |dfsY.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
z \Tw+ nH~ >*, sT, H\ Je u, skjT <s\ eq esT.
z yesD+ |e<s \Tw\T #s&+ e\ < ed+# dJe\, e n+X\
|e<s+> e] <H yesD \Tw+ n+{sT.
z \Tw s\T yesD \Tw+ #ksTT. eTTKyTq \Tw s\T sHyH&,
n~ |]eD+ sH&&, d\sY&&, q, sbssH, usV\T eT]jTT
>* <TeTT sDTe\T.
z +<H \T eT+&+#T, yVH\T, |]XeT\T, <s |esYb+{, qj
T sY |esYb + {, msTe\T
eT]jTT |sT>T\ eT+<T\T, n&e\ q]y, d.m|t.d. (sbssH) eT]jTT >qT\T
>*\Tw+ sT>T >\ sD\T.
z >*\Tw+ e\q nH s\ y<T\T eksTT. eTTK+> XdX d++< y<T\T, qsY
yTT<\>Tq$.
z $w|P]yTq skjTH\T, |]XeT\ qT+& e# es|<s\T, eTTsT>TsT e\q sT \TwyT
+&L& VsyTq |<s\T * +f { \Tw+ ]q< nqe#TqT.
z |]XeT\ es\T, eTTsT>T |<s\T, msTe\T, |sT>T\qT #+| eT+<T\T, yTT<\>T s\T
{ \Tw+ #dTHsTT.
z { e\q *> y<Tq fbsTT&, \s, s $s#H\T, yTsT nks+ yTT<q y<T\T
{ \Tw+ e\q eksTT.
z >*, sT \Tc\qT 4R d+ neT\T|sT#T e\q Z+#e#TqT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. >*\Tw+ {\Tc @$<+> <] rdT+~. ( AS 1)
2. bs<s+> eT]jTT d#+> |+# sT >T n $<\ d]bT+~. < | MT
n_bj *jT#jT+&. ( AS 1)
3. CeTV+{ #] &+ >* \Tw |ue qeTq~. < s+#& e
# d\V\T @$T{? ( AS 1)
174 |\eTT ` >eTT
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4. >*\Tw+, {\Tw+ jT++#T rdT<q #s\T @$? ( AS 1)

5. { bw\ ksTT |s>&+ { Je\ eTqT>& | @$<+> |ue+ #|T+~?( AS 1)
6. s&T s T y| q yTT\T deT+> |sT>e. sD\T qT>=, MT y<qqT $e]+#+&?( AS 1)
7. skjT |]XeT e qs yTHsY> +f e >* eT]jTT sT \Tw+ +&
rdT=qT #s\T eT]jTT eTT+<T C>\T @$T? ( AS 1)
8. n+X\qT #]+#+&. CO2 \Twse? <? yesD+ CO2 b
@eTT+~. ( AS 1)
9. >* sT \Tw+ | C b>yTqT sV+#T #q s+# 5 |X\T jsT
#jT+&. ( AS 2)
10. <>Zs q \Tw jT+D +< d+<]+, yVH\ \Tw+ s]+# $<H
|]o*+#+&. ~>Te #|&q n+X\qT qy<T #jT+&.
deTjT+ |]o*+q dsd] yVH\ d+K, | yVq+ F #jT& |T
deTjT+, @@ \Tw s\T F #ksT, | |< @$<+> q~?, $$< \Tw
sD\T $&T<\ njT y{ nqTeT+#&q y{ |]~ m+?, $&T<\ njT yjTTe\
|]~ <{ rdTe\dq C>\T @$?( AS 3)
11. MT >e <>Zs q #sTe / dsdT / q~ <>Zs MT {#sT \d y+&. +~
n+X\T |]o*+ ` #]+#+&.
#sTe / dsdT / q~ >#], q~ / #sTe / dsdT +& ys {eqsT\T Hj!,
k+d n+X\T, \Tc sD\T, \Tw+ s>{ eT\+, q~ <>Zs eT]jTT
<s+> eddTq y]| \Tw |ue+ m+ es q~.( AS 4)
12. >* \Tw+ nq>H$T? >* \Tc sD\T <e\ deTd\qT, b #sY (Flow
chart) qT jsT#jT+&. ( AS 5)
13. dTBsY {| dT, qT s>e++> +&& e @$T d#q*ke? $~
sVD s> sD e # d\V\T @$T{? ( AS 6)
14. u\T, sT e<T d eTT<T H< lyD jsT#dq~. MTsT L& \Tw+
jT+D | = H<\T jsT #jT+&. ( AS 6)
15. s w H\\Tw+ | e b{ bZq<\+~. yTd+ yd+ sb+~+#+&.( AS 6)
16. $ q $TT&T bdsY |t b]dt #dq $HjT q eT{ #dq
$HjT |P+#+ e\ \Tc Z+#e#T n #|+~. e yTqT m
deT]ke? yT #sqT m |X+dke? ( AS 6)
17. MT >eT+ < <>sZ q #sT e @ $<+ > \Tc >T] neT +< \TdT=, \Tc
>T]+& y$T #ke? ( AS 7)

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 175

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nqT+<+ re me> q b+\ nd|+s+

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176 |\eTT ` >eTT
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s>+ jTT beTTK
<eTs\qT |j+#+&.
eTq+ #\+ qT+& s>+ (Health)
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z eTq <eT\T @ \+ m e> dksTT. n y b q |qT\T L&
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 177
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Xs+ Xs+>, eqd+>, ke+> y~`y~s\T

nqTL*+# be&yT. nqTL\+>
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 179
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us<X+ k<sD+> |+# u< <q&+, |P]> n\d #+<&+ L&
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sTe +. eTq+ d\* y~
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y~ m \T>TT+~? y~ s\ >T]+ d++~+q sD\T. { | y~ d s

+q|&T y~ s\T $$< <X\ s\T (Immidiate causes) eT]jTT <V<
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nqTq|&T #eT+~ q |\\T Te+{ y<T\T m s>\T>TTHsTT? +$<+>
n|]XuyTq {H >TTHsT <! #b\+f k+$T Je\ e\qH +&
b| $s#H\T m+<T \>*? $T>y] s | < T \ L & eTq+ y~
m+<T $s#H\T \><T? n d+<V+ >T]e#T. y~ sD\T \TdTe&
\ T> T T +~. B bbsTT s> + eTT+<T |\ s>+ eT]jTT ke s>
u>b e#T n+<Te\q y~ =+<s> k s\T <wj T +<T+#Ty*q nedsy T +H
neXeTT+&e#T. s s>e+yTq +~. n+X eT]=+ + >
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#T+. bbsTT m+<T nHs>+> +~? sD\ >T]+ \TdTe+ |j>s+>
VQX b| eT+ bwVs+ <=sbsTT +T+~. +<T sD+ k+$T
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qsTT b| m+<T bw Vs+ n+~+# n+{sT. m+<T+f dJe\T de+
bj+? VQX +{ ] |]d u> $$< s\ y<T \qT y|+|Cj T >\T>TsTT.
bsTT +&e#T. z ndd >Tsq e qT+& n s\
n<$<+> b| qTd++< y$<\ y<T\T y| #+<Tj? y|
e\q ysdt kq|&T $s#H\ u<|& #+< y<T yT H Hj? n$ @$T{?
neXeTT L& +&e#T. ysdt < z ndd >Ts q e H L& y|
qTd++< y$<\ e\q bwVs #+< y<T$?
|+ e\q $s#H\T *> neXeTT z k+ $ T Je\ qT+& y| # + <
<T . s +&T L& y~ s =+es y<T$?
&& n+X\T eyT. b| |]XuyTq nk+$T y<T\T, k+$T y<T\
sT \yTq Vs+ m+<T n+<TuT e~]> de+ Vs+>+> y| #+<e.
e? b| ed+# b++ |]Xuy T q { $ n+sZ+> +& nk+$T s\T>
ds|s #d eed d]>Z be#T. |<]+, +{sTT.= ksT eTq dJe\ e\q
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 181
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$ Xs n+s>\ esT e\q e# y<T&T ysH |]X<q\| d q]

nk+$T y<T \T (non-infectious diseases) s| u] j\qT |+#&+ d| T
<VsD = s\ qsT qTb\ &H &T.
e\q \T>TsTT. yjeT+, XsXeT es ysH qT n< jTq+ u] j
be&+ e\q n~ s|&q+ d\jT+ #+|+ <s eyT y~ qjT+
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nk+$T y~ s\ >T]+ +#+&. es eT]j T T ys H \ | ] X< q \T
n_ q +< j T +. d J$ HX \qT
|j+ y~ yTT<{<XH n e
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$u>+ HT VQeT |<q+ #XsT.
$$< s \ y< T \T $$< s \T>
y|ksTT eT]jTT y{ y]+# |<T\T
L& ysTysT> +{sTT. <+ y~
Mq+ s> >T]+#&+|q k+$T,
JsXj
T n\sY| |]X<q`es eT]jTT ysH nk+$T s\|q <s|& +T+~.
# d+es\ es JsXjT n\sY 1. ndd> n|+ &sY <>Zs
( Peptic ulcer) eT + ( acidity) e\q y\qTH @yH 3 sD\T \+&.
\T>TT+< B |*+> JsXjT+ eT]jTT e *|q eT&T sD\ @<
+ e T\+ H=| eT]j T T s ke+ \D + eyT d e &s Y e<
sT>TT+< nqTHysT. eTw Jeq $<q+ y\qT+{y? m+<T?
e\q edT+ < u$+#ysT. |sE #d $$< 2. +~ y @ d+<s+ s>+ |
s\ |qT\ e\q eT *> eqd & Bs\ |ue+ #| neXeTT+~.
e\ JsXj T + n~+ > eT+ d$+ n~
1. yTs y~ kq d+<s+>
JsXj T n\sY sDeTeT+< nqTHysT.
2. \ |\T me> q|&T
d*j <X #+~q <sT Xdy\T
3. eTTK+ | eT#\T @s&q|&T
Js X j T n\sY V*u s Y | ]
(Helicobacter pylori) nH u] j sD+ n k+$T y<T\T`y~ yV\T
qT>=HsT. s_HysH (1937) d*j Je||+#+ y$<\qT <s+>
|sY #+~q y~ ssD |DT&T (b<dt) # d T Je\qT = d e TV \T>
sy T q y~ >dT \ JsXj
T + +~ u>+ eZ]+#&+ ]+~. $$< Je\ +&
e+|]q Xs+ >\ u] jqT >eT+#&T. ks| \D \T <s+> y<T \qT \T>C d
u]j #T m|& y| +&& Je\+{ $$< esZ\T> eZ]+#sT.
L& >eT+#&T. u]es (1951) nH n+<T =+{ ysdt\T>, u]j\T>,
182 eTq Hs>+ m<T \T>TT+~
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+< \T>, b{Cy\T> > T ] + # & + <: ys d \t L& n~<j T D\ |\

]+< eTq \TdT. n++& = J$ksTT. u]j\T nsT<T> eyT
VQD Je $T\qT L& y~ D\ |\ edksTT. ysdt\T, u]j\T,
q\T>, yV\T> >T]+#sT. +<\T =+<s> n_e~ #+<TsTT. =
s\ |sT>T\T e+ HeT~> n_e~
#+<TsTT. n s\ u]j\T <<|>
$<+ > +& ys d \t +f _q+> +{sTT.
n+f u]j deTV+ n eTTKyTq
JejT\T $<+> q|{ ysdt ]>
d| u] j {|H Ce JejT\ b*q|&T _q+> +{sTT.
B| * + > Je j T qT s~ + # &
|j+# eT+<T deTV #+~q<
+& deTV+ s Je\|q L&
|ue+ #| neXeTT+~. n< eT+<T ys
deTV #+~q J$| |#jT<T.
ksdt ys d t *wj k]dt d JeHX \ <V s D >
ysdt\ e\q \TT, H|m+C, &+> rdT+<+. $ dJe\ nedseTjT
s+, msTT& e+{ y<T\T ksTT. k<sD JeskjT esZ\qT n&ksTT.
n<$<+> u]j\ e\q fbsTT&, \s, <VsD # s\ d Je\T De#
jT, +< e+{ y<T\T ksTT. $$< s e#+> esT+{sTT. |*H nH
s\ +<\ e\q #sy<T\T ksTT. j +{ j { u ] j D e #
eT ] j , CsY e+{ y< T \T ]+#TH $<H s~dT + ~. <|* +>
b{CeH\, e\q \T>TsTT. |>T +& u]j De#+ ]+#bjT d]
$$< s\ |sT>T\T eTq # eT+~ dT\u+> #bT+~. eqe D\T D
y<T \qT \T>#k sTT. V+~dt C eTT\T e# ]+#e . n+<Te\q |*H eTq|
u<\T (elephantiasis) e+{ y<T\qT nTe+{ |ue+ #|<T. n+f De#
*ksTT. ]+#TH u]j| eyT |*H
$<yTq $$< s\ y~ sD\T, |u e+ #|T+<qe. n<$<+ > ss \
yV\ >T]+ eTq+ m+<T +#*? j+{j{, u]j |q +&
m+< T + f y~ qj T + # j T { $$< s\ CT\ u]j\| |ue+
ne\+_+# |<T\qT ssTT+#& M{ #|sTT.
> T ]+ \ Td T e\d q ned s + +~. ysdt\T De# s e#+>
u]j ysdt esZ\, b{Cy #+~q esTe&eTH JeskjT esZ nd\T
Je\ # es syTq Je\D\T nqTd]+#e. n+<Te\q j+{j{ ys
+{sTT. y<T\ |#jTe. eTq \TT #dq|&T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 183
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reqT , y~ ee~ Z+#e. m<T{ e |*q|&T ys d \t T n |y +
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|#ksTT. n+|&T j+{j{ #+<TsTT.
u]jT H|H|q eyT | #ksTT \TT u<|& e <>Zs LsTq|&T
| ys H|H|q |#jTe. n+<Te\H eTq L& \TT k&+ eTq+ #dT+{+.
y~ f nsTTq|{ ] y&q eT+<T\T me> qdeTV\T +& |<X\ >*
eTs=] |#jT be#T. n+<T k+ y< + <s nH y<T\T y| #+<TsTT.
eT+~<T. y~>dT&q e eTq+ m+ <>Zs>
+`5 +f, n+ dT\Te> y~ eTqL y|dT+~.
eTd q ><T\T, me> q+ >$T>&
z MT s> m+eT+~ \TT / <>TZ /
q b+\T, d]>Z >* y\TTsT |dsD
s+ u<|&TTHs \TdT+&.
nqTe b+\ Te+{ y<T\T
z m sE\ qT+ u<|&TTHsT? =+<s> y|+# neX+ +~.
z j+{j{ m+eT+~ rdT+T
HsT? (y] *<+&T\qT n& \TdT T+|s\T> T+|s\T >*
$sjT b++ >+\=~ |jD+#&+
+&)
z j+{j{ rdT=q sTy L&
m sE\T nddT\T> HsT?
z j+{j{ rdT ysT m sE\T
\TT u<|&sT? sTyq T+|s\T
z s+&T >|t\ eT< & @$T{? dqH u$T #s&+
z & +f m+<T? b m+<T
#|+&? |+`1 s> s eTT\ y|
y~ m y|dT+~?
= s \ y< T \T { < s y|
k+$T y<T\T m y|ksTT? y~ #+<TsTT. y~ kq e $ds |<s\
q Je\T y~>dT&q e qT+& s (eT\eT\T) e\q = s\ y<T\T y|
e\ $$< esZ\ <s y| #+<TsTT. #+<TsTT. \s, s$s#H\T { <s
nTe+{ y<T\qT n+Ty<T\T (communi- y|ksTT. \sqT *+# dJe\T
cable diseases) n+{sT.
>{ *dbe&+ e\q sT q
= n+Ty<T \T >* <s y|k sTT. |\ y~ kT+~. \s *+# y~
\TT#dq e T$Tq|&T , <Zq|&T q+ = n<s TT > {<s |y +
> @s& T+|s\ <s y~s Je\T y~ \T>#dT+~. s eT+{ ds|s
184 eTq Hs>+ m<T \T>TT+~
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b+\ Te+{ y<T\T =+<s> n+{sT. <eT\T eTq k<sD+> q&

ksTT. yV\T. &<eT\T >T&T |& n~
= s\ y<T\T e\+ + |syTq bw\T >\ s+ Vs+> nedseTeT+~.
d++<\ e\q eyT eksTT. d|*dt, <eT\T eTq bT s w sJe\ qT+&
>H] j, msTT& e+{$ + y<T \T. +{ Vs d]ksTT. deTjT+ e
y<T\T *q e + sb\ qT+& eTs= e y~ y| #ksTT.
bZq&+ e\q ] qT+& eTs=] y<T \T nejTe ` DC\ ksTT esT\T
y| #+<TsTT. + y<T\T u ds $$< e<e\ <s y~ s Je\T
e\q y|+#e. dsk<sD+> s#\q+, n<jT Xs+ |ykjT \TdTH+
*+#Te+, d b{\T e+{ \ <! s n$ m& ysTT? y~s
e\q *d Lse&+, |#jT&+, Je\ +f n<jT Je\ Xs+ # |<~.
|jD+#&+ e+{ y{ e\q > ke. Xs+ $$< |<X\, nejTy\ <
msTT&qT \T>#d ysdt + \sTT e\H DC\ y neXeTT+~. n y~s
+& se]& e\q, msTT& u<|&Tq Je\T DC+ < nejTy\
>]D d qT+& |ujT Xe, |{q yj? < ysT ysT DC yj?
s *b\ <s y~ ke#T. nsTT $$< CT\ y~ s Je\ Xs+ $$<
|dT + * qT+& _& y~ d+$T+# +& u>\ #] |]D #+<TsTT. Xs+
eT+<T\T n+<TuT e#sTT. $$< u >\T y~ s Je\ | y X
eTq#T eTq bT nH sq Je\T esZ\T> |#ksTT. @ Xs u>+ M{
eddTHsTT. M{<s mH s\ y<T\T yd+> esTT+~ nH $wjT+ @ esZ+
y|+# neXeTT+~. Je\T y~ s <s ~ Xs+ |ydT+<H <|q
Je\qT ndd >Tsq e qT+& s <s|& e+T+~. <VsD >*<s
n< s TT | y +| C d neX e TT+~. eTT |y +q|&T n~ e] }|]T
Te+{ Je\qT yV \T ( Vectors) #s neXeTT+T+~. j T y~ \T># d
u]j L& esZ+ <sH Xs+
|ydT+~. y H{ <s |yd n$
JsXjT, q|>T >& \ +&, y~
\T>CksTT. < fbsTT& u]j =
s\ ysdt\T jT+ #s&+ e\ yTs
y~ *> neX+ +~. |k]
s T > < T . <V s D V#Y . .$. +
nejTy\ <s Xs+ |y+ q|{
*+|t >+<T \ qT+& yTT+ Xs+ y|ksTT.
eT]j \T># d y~s Je\T <eTT
|+`2 y<T \T y|+#&+ <s jT + y[ n& qT+& mss D \
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 185
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ysTT. yT<&T y| y~ (Japanese q&<T L&. k] y~ q Je\ d+K

encephalitis) \T>#d ysdt <eTT e\q my y~ |sT>T<\ re my bD
|y+ yT<&T #] y~ \T>#dT+~. eTT|se#T. n+<T# y~ bs+u <X H
y~q Je\T @sy T q nejTy\T < >T]+ #sTT+#Te&+ nedseT
DC |ykj y{ <s+> y~ y<T\T #|T+{sT. y~ s<X Xs+
\D \T ksTT. y~s Je\T }|]T J$+# y~ q Je\ d+KqT s]+# eTTK
\qT XsTTd <>TZ, XdX d++< y~ s+ . B >T]+ sT y \TdT+<+.
\D\T |ksTT. j XsTTd yTs y~ qjT+ #d d\T
y~ \ D \T q & T sTT. y T < & T
|y+qsTT \H=|, y+T\T, dV MTsT ndd >Tsq|&T MT T+
e&+ e+{ y~ \D \qT #k+. y~ d u T \T mTe+{ # s \T rd T +{s T ?
q Je\T <&# d DC\+ < nejTe+ =+d| <be+ e\q sd+ ZqT>
jTT $<T\qT { eTq+ y~ \D\qT n+#+ MTsT >eT+# +{sT. m+<T
}V+#e#T. n ndT+~? y~ qjT+ #jT&
k+$T y<T\T DC |u$+ eT+<T\qT eTq+ m|&T y&+?
#jT&yT +& s k<sD n+X\qT |{es eTq+ \TdTq n+X\
L& |u $+ #ksTT. Xs+ y~ s< <s+> k+$T y<T\qT s+&T $<\T>
eed (Immune system) y~ d+eTD qjT+ #jT e#T. { y~ reqT (s q T)
# q e+ e Te T +~. # q e+ y T q Z+#&+, s+&e~ y~ s\qT #+|&+.
nd+eT y~ q Je\qT #+|& y T T< { < $w j T + y~ \ D \qT
= D\qT DC #sT dT+ ~. $<+ > Z+#& y<+ #ksT. <VsD s+
= D\qT #s |jT H y| (Inflamation) Z+#&, H=| Z+#&, $s#H\qT
n+{sT. B |*+> H=|, y|, s+ Z+#& eT+<T\T y&T+. X b<T|
yTT<q \D\T q&TsTT. # j T & $X+ rd T +{+. u< q T
= d+<s\ DC\ d+eT yTT+ Z+#& Te+{$ nedseTesTT.
Xs+| |ue+ #|T+~. <VsD y~ \D\qT Z+#{ #d y<+ e\q
V#Y..$. kq e ysdt, y~ s< X s + y~ q Je\qT | P ] >
X HXq+ #dT + ~. < |* +> Xs+ $$< =\+#+, y~ |P]> qjT+ #jT+.
s>\qT T=H X T+~. |*+> B =s $~> y~ q Je\qT #+b*
q q s>\T (<: \TT qyj> +T+~.
es&+) L& reyT eTsD <]rdT+~. y~ q Je\qT m # + | +?
y~ |sT>T<\ eT]jTT y~ re eT+<T\qT y& y~q Je\qT #+|+
Xs+ y~q Je\ d+K |q <s|& |<. y~q Je\qT $$< esZ\T> nq>
+T+~. y~ q Je\T e> q|&T ysdt, u]j, +<\T, b{Cy\T>
y~ |sT>T<\, y| e> +T+~. nd\T $u+qT \TdTH+ <! |esZ
186 eTq Hs>+ m<T \T>TT+~
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#+~q Je\ | yT q JeskjTq |< T \T n+X d++~+ eT&T |]$TT\THsTT.

+{sTT. n$ esZ eyT #+<TsTT. yTT<{~ y~ kq e $$< JejT\T
s esZ\ e]+#e. |< T \H |j + #&bsTT |P]> qjT+ be&+, s+&e~
y{ s*+#& e\dq eT+<T\qT, = y~ qjT+ e{ deTjT+ rdTe&+
|<s\qT j sT #ksT . $ qq |<s\T n+f eTq+ m eT+<T\T y&TTq|{
j sTe& esZ\qT dksTT. y~>dT & T # sE\ es \Tbe&+.
eTq+ esZ \ qT + es eT&e~ y~ u<|&Tq e sT\
|j+#<T. <VsD eTq Xs+ y~ y|+|#d eqsT> es&+.
D\T u]j e +& s $<H\ |]$TT\T nHs\ u<\qT |+#{
<s = |<s\qT #ksTT. eTq+ <V<+ #ksTT. n+<T=s y~ qjT+
u]j\T njT $<H s~+# #jT&+ +f y]+#&yT eTTK+ n+{sT.
& eTq V \ > C j T eT+< T * eTq+ y~ m y]+#>\ +? B s +&T
qTH+. M{H eTq+ j+{j{ $<H\T HsTT. { dsk<sDyTq~,
(d Je HX \T) n+{+. n< $ < + > s+&e~ | y~ |yTq~. k<sD
eT]jqT \T># d b{Cy |sqJe\qT ys D d b{ + y~ y|
#+| eT+<T\THsTT. s~+#&+ ds k<sDyTq n+X+. k+$T
ys s< eT+<T\qT jsT#jT&+ y~ q\ y| m y]+#e#T? y~
u]j s< eT+<T\qT jsT#jT&+ y| >T]+ |]o*+q|&T eTq =
+f w+ > +T+~. m+<T+f ys d \t y{ de<H\T <=sTsTT. >*e\q y| #+<
eyT e]+# = JeskjTq jT++>\T y~ q\ y| s~+#& me
* +{sTT qT ysdt\T eTq Xs+ Hu |<X\, >*, y\TTsT\T
|y +q sy eTq Xs+ jT++> <s+> e# |<X\ ed+# @sT
e T Jeq $< H\T =qk+# & #jT+. { <s y| #+< y~ q\
y&T+{sTT. n+f k|+> eTqeTT = y| y]+#& s eT+{ ds|sqT
ysdt\qT eyT \+> #dT= eT+<T\T *+#&+. { y~s dJe\qT
jsT#jT>\+. |dT+ ysdt s< # + | + e\q s eT+{ d s | s
eT+<T\qT L& j sT#dT H sT. V#Y..$. # j T e# T . | ] X u y T q yes D +
jT++#&+ ysdt s< eT+<T u> *+qsTT y~ yV\ qT+& $eTT
|#dT + ~. $ y~ +Z #e n<T| b+<e#T. n+f <eT\qT b<> +& #jT &+
+#TsTT. yTT<q$. y~ y| y]+#\+f |]ds\
y~ ysD d\T b]X< b{+#&+ |<qyTq n+X+.
y~ >Tsq e y~ d+eTDqT |]ds\ d++~+q n+X +&
Z+#& @$T #j |{es \TdT y~ y| y]+#{ eT]= k<sD
H+ k+$T y<T\qT qjT+#jTT d\THsTT. d\qT n_q+~+#\+f

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 187

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eTq+ + es +# eT]= = z s+&T >|\ @yTH & +<? +f

|X \qT +#*. |sE eTqeTT ss \ m+<T+~?
y~ d+eTD\ qeT+{+. s> z &\T @MT y? B { ]+> u>

mesH $<] \TT, <>T Z u<| & T T+f qy, ;<y s>+ ed+
n #T q $<sT\ y~ k neX+ <qT+THs?
+~. n+<s y~ u<| & s T m+<T? |{ es eTq+ y~ y]+# ds
m+<T+f y~ s<X y~ q k<sD d\qT >T]+ \TdTH+. n<
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q Je\qT #+| |yTq D\THsTT. Hj? +f ny$T{? y~ q Je\
y~ q Je\T Xs+ |y+q |k] bs& y~ s< \D * +&yT
$ je+ eTesTT. $ Je\qT q+| |yTq esZ+. \D ns+ #dTe
#jT+ $jTe+yT eTq mTe+{ & +~ <VsD* |]o*<+.
y<T\T se. y~ s< D\T y~ |dT + ||+ #+ m& L& eTXS
qD\T eT]+ n_e~ #+<+& eTT+< (Smallpox) q&+ <T . e+< d+es\
#+|ksTT. y~ q Je\T eT]+ qw+ + eTVe] (neTysT) ds k<sDyTq ~.
#LseTT+< D\T y{ bs& #+| eTVe] eq|&T | \+<s uj T |&y sT.
yksTT. y~ q Je\T e> q|&T y~ u<| & y] <>sZ by\+f y~
y~ jT++#e# eTT+< \TdTH+ kT+<H uj T eTT+&~.
<! y~ s<X n~+> q|&T y~ nsTTq|{ =+<sT e\T e+
re e> +T+~. y~ ujT|&ysT <T Te+{ y
y~ q Je\T eTq Xs+ |y+q y~ u<|& e\ y<+ #dysT.
|k eTq+ y~ >T]ne+ n #|+. deTV #+~q |\T + eTT+<
|e y~ s< X u> +&\+f neTysT y~ k ujT|&T qysT.
eT+ bw $\Te\T *q Vs|<s\qT eTse #b\+f k] neTysT
rdTe&+ neds+. { y~ y]+# (Small Pox ) eq s T y ] e#
& eT+ bw $\Te\T *q Vs neXyT <T. m+<T sT>TT+<+f
|<s\qT q&+ s+&e |<q d+. y~ q J$ yTT<> Xs+ |y+
q|&T y~ s< X < |+>
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MT |]ds\ ]+> u> q |~ q eTT\qT >T]dT + ~. y{ | |d+~+,
T+u\T eT]j T T ] + > y q T & q J$++ y{ | +> >TsT |T +T+~.
|~T+u\ | ds sV+#+&. | s+&ek] n< y~ q J$ < <
T++ 5d+es\| ejTdT >\ |\\ T d++~+q eTs= y~ q J$ Xs+
+& #&+&. |\\ mTq T =\e+&. |y+q|&T eTq Xs+ y~s<X
ejTdT q mTq T d+# >|t ^jT+&. # \+> bs& yTT<{k ] +f =+<s>
188 eTq Hs>+ m<T \T>TT+~
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y~ d+eTDqT =\dT+~. dyT +`7

y~ s< { \ ( Immunisation) | < s y~>d +Te\T
eT<s+. ~ k<sD+> #d $~ @$T+f fdq|&T s_dt ysdt y| #+<TT+~.
@< y~ q J$ eTq Xs+ +Te\, eqe\ j+{ s_dt yH
|yX|{, y~ s< X eed yd+ eT+<T n+<TuT +~. MT |]ds\ s _dt
#jT&yT. Xs+ |yX|& Je\T y~ y]+# & >eT| + #sTTr/
y~ \>Cj T e +> y~ \>C d eTTb*{ ysT rdTq #s\T eT]jTT
Je\T Xs+ |y+#jTqT= Xs+ s#sD |D[ @$T{ \TdTe&
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Je\T y<T \qT y]+#& dV jT|& sTT. b yTsT>T|s# #s \ MT]# d#q$T{?
y~ d+eTDqT |P]> =\+#{ z eTq+ nddT\ T> q|&T bw $\Te\T
ss\ {\T (Vaccine) n+<TuT *q Vs|<s\T m+<T rdT
HsTT. &|]j, <qTs+, ]+<>TZ, eT+{sT?
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y H q T>=Hs T . e X s> T+~?
seT+ u>+> y~ d+eTD s> +& z k+ $ T y< T \T | \ +& MT
|\\+<] XXe<X qT+& y~ s< bsX \ mTe+{ C>\ T rdT+{sT.
yH\qT +> n+<#ksT. Te+{ z nd+eT (y~ s< X) n+f @$T{?
se\T |\\+<] s> |]sD z MT b< $ T s> +<\ y~
nedseT nqT+THs? m+<T? s< (Immunization) se$?
yTs y~ \T>#d V|f{dt ysdt { MT b++ sT# m<TsjT s>
<s y| #+<TT+~. B =s es{ deTd$?
V|f{dt m nH yH <=sTT+~. z bs+ MT< yUq+ sjT& |
us< X + #eT+~ 5d+| ejTdT>\ |X\ >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&. MT
|\\T V|f{dt m y~ s<qT * HT|d+ yd+> sjT+&.
HsT. Te+{ d+<s\ MsT yH
rdTe\dq neds+ +T+<! +#+&.

\ |<\T
s>+, y~, |e<syTq y~, Bs* y~, yV\T, k+$T y~,
nd+$T y~, nd+eT, y~s<.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D 189

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eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
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z y~ * +& { Bs\ < d\* y<T\T> $u+#e#T.
z y~ q\T @D (dJe\T) VQD Je\ esZ #+~qy +{sTT.
z y~ q\ esZ (s) { y~ qjT+ #jT&+ <s|& +T+~.
z y~ q\T {<s, >*<s, ds<s, yV\ <s y| #+<TsTT.
z y~ qjT+#jT&+ H y~ ysD eTTK+.
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z {\ <s y<T\T s+& jT++#e#T
z y~ ysD ke s> eed eT]jTT {\T n+<] n+<TuT +&*.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. MTsT > d+es+ mksT ndd HHsT? MTsT @@ y<T\ u<|&sT?( AS 1)
m) | y<T \qT y]+#& MTsT sEy> @<H n\yTqT esT>\s + sjT+&?
_) | y<T\T s+& y]+#& MT |]ds\ mTe+{ esT rdT
sy\qT+THsT?
2. &sY / qsY / s> ss\T ndd q s>T\ me> >&T|T+{sT. nsTTH
ysT ndd >T]sT m+<T? + sjT+&. ( AS 1)
3. k+$T (n+Ty<T\T) nk+$T y<T\ eT< >\ u<\T sjT+&. ( AS 1)
4. d\ * y<T\T m+<T Bs* y<T\T> essTT? ( AS 1)
5. u\T H\+ eTXS e+~. |&T Z+~. nqT eTXS eq |\\ *d
+TH&T. n eTXS eTs edT+<? s<? m+<T? ( AS 1)
6. y~ d++~+ ds s\T <V<|& s\T n+f @$T{ $e]+#+&. ( AS 1)
7. s>ssq T n& y~ y| >T]+ \TdT=qT |Xe[ j sT#jT +&?( AS 2)
8. wj, {bHCe ueT\T ^ u>\T >T]+#+&? ( AS 5)
9. seTT eTXS y~ u<|&TTH&T. sT\ y~ k+& +&{ seTT
$# d\V\T @$T{? ( AS 6)
10. y<T\qT s~+#&+ {\ bqT m |X+dke? ( AS 6)
11. MT b++ k<sD+> +& y<T\qT \TdTe& ds sV+#+&. y<T\T
|\& >\ sD\qT \TdT= MT >eT|+#sTTr/eTTb*{y] y<T\qT
y]+#{ MTsT @ d#q\T #ksT? ( AS 7)
190 eTq Hs>+ m<T \T>TT+~