República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación

U.E.N. "San Francisco Javier"

Barquisimeto - Edo. Lara

Alumnos: José Romero #

Stefano Gobbi #

María Inestroza #

Marisol Romero #

Keyla Caraballo #

5to "C"
History

Scotland takes its name from "Scotus," the term Latin meaning "Irish" (the plural form is "Scoti",
"Irish"). This refers to the colonists Gaels of Ireland , a country which the Romans originally called
"Scotia" (feminine form of "Scotus"). Irish who settled the present-day Scotland werek known as
"Scoti". The Romans of the Middle Ages used the name " Caledonia "to refer to the current
Scotland.

The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent state until 1707 , date in which was signed the Act
of Union with England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain . The union did not involve alteration
of the legal system itself of Scotland, which was different from the
then Wales , England and Northern Ireland , so it is regarded in international law as a separate
legal entity. The survival of some own laws, and an educational system and religious differentiated
part of Scottish culture and its development over the centuries.

Emerged in the nineteenth century , the Scottish independence movement has gained influence
since the late twentieth century , represented by the Scottish National Party (SNP, Scottish
National Party), which called for the independence of Scotland, obtained the absolute majority in
the Scottish Parliament elections in May of 2011 .

The history written of Scotland begins with the Romanization of central southern Britain (the
current Wales and England , who formed the province of Britannia ). The Romans originally
called Caledonia ("Land of the Caledonians") to Scotland, by the vast forest of pines
Caledonians stretching from north to south and from east to west across the country. The main
people who sat in that era was the Scottish region of the Picts , so called, apparently, for his habit
of painting their bodies. The Scots , meanwhile, were a hometown Irish , also known as dalriadas ,
which was established in the West of Scotland. During this period there were therefore two
distinct realms: the West of Scotland, Scotland , and the Pictish kingdom east Alba.

Scotland today

Scotland has a population of 5,295,000 being the most crowded cities Glasgow, Edinburgh
(Scotland's capital city) and Aberdeen.

Location

Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, Scotland shares a border with England
to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean; with the North Sea to the east,
and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west.

National symbols of Scotland

 Flags
The national flag of Scotland, the Saltire or St. Andrew's Cross, dates (at least in legend) from the
9th century, and is thus the oldest national flag still in use. The Saltire now also forms part of the
design of the Union Flag.

The Royal Standard of Scotland, a banner showing the Royal Arms of Scotland, is also frequently to
be seen, particularly at sporting events involving a Scottish team. Often called the Lion
Rampant (after its chief heraldic device), it is technically the property of the monarch and its use
by anybody else is illegal, although this is almost universally ignored, and never enforced.

 Anthem

"Flower of Scotland" is popularly held to be the National Anthem, and is played at events such as
football and rugby matches involving the Scotland national teams, and as of 2010 is used for the
Scottish team at the Commonwealth Games.

There's also "Scotland the Brave", which is a Scottish patriotic song. It was one of several songs
considered an unofficial national anthem of Scotland.

Climate

The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable. In general, the
west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, owing to the influence of Atlantic ocean currents
and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. Tiree, in the Inner Hebrides, is one of the
sunniest places in the country: it had more than 300 hours of sunshine in May 1975.

Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. The western highlands of Scotland are the wettest place,
with annual rainfall in a few places exceeding 3,000 mm (118.1 in). In comparison, much of
lowland Scotland receives less than 800 mm (31.5 in) annually.

Heavy snowfall is not common in the lowlands, but becomes more common with altitude.
Braemar has an average of 59 snow days per year, while many coastal areas average fewer than
10 days of lying snow per year.

Fauna and flora

Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals
such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus (the last ones were hunted to extinction in
historic times).

There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a
variety of seabirds such as gannets. The golden eagle is something of a national icon. On the high
mountain tops species including ptarmigan, mountain hare and stoat can be seen in their white
color phase during winter months.
Remnants of the native Scots pine forest exist and within these areas the Scottish crossbill, the
UK's only endemic bird species and vertebrate, can be found alongside capercaillie, wildcat, red
squirrel and pine marten.

In recent years various animals have been re-introduced, including the white-tailed sea eagle in
1975, the red kite in the 1980s,and more recently there have been experimental projects involving
the beaver and wild boar.

Today, much of the remaining native Caledonian Forest lies within the Cairngorms National Park
and remnants of the forest remain at 84 locations across Scotland. On the west coast, remnants of
ancient Celtic Rainforest still remain, particularly on the Taynish peninsula in Argyll, these forests
are particularly rare due to high rates of deforestation throughout Scottish history.

The flora of the country is varied incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodland and
moorland and tundra species. However, large scale commercial tree planting and the management
of upland moorland habitat for the grazing of sheep and commercial field sport activities impacts
upon the distribution of indigenous plants and animals.

The UK's tallest tree is a grand fir planted beside Loch Fyne, Argyll, in the 1870s. Besides, the
Fortingall Yew may be 5,000 years old, and it is probably the oldest living thing in Europe. Although
the number of native vascular plants is low by world standards, Scotland's substantial bryophyte
flora is of global importance.

Language

The languages of Scotland are the languages spoken or once spoken in Scotland. The numerous
languages spoken in Scotland during its recorded linguistic history fall into either
the Germanic or Celtic language families. The classification of the Pictish language was once
controversial but it is now generally considered a Celtic language. Today, the primary languages
spoken in Scotland are English, Scots and Scottish Gaelic. The dialect of English spoken in Scotland
is referred to as Scottish English.

Scotland within the UK

A policy of devolution had been advocated by the three main UK parties with varying enthusiasm
during recent history. The late Labour leader John Smith described the revival of a Scottish
parliament as the "settled will of the Scottish people". The constitutional status of Scotland is
nonetheless subject to ongoing debate.

In 2007, the Scottish Government established a "National Conversation" on constitutional issues,

proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish
Parliament, federalism, or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. In
rejecting the last option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament have
proposed a separate Scottish Constitutional Commission to investigate the distribution of powers
between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies. In August 2009 the SNP proposed a referendum
bill to hold a referendum on independence in November 2010. Immediate opposition from all
other major parties led to an expected defeat. These plans were put on hold by the Scottish
National Party until after the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections. After the May 2011 elections
gave the SNP a majority in the Scottish Parliament, a referendum on independence for Scotland is
to be held on 18 September 2014, with the Scottish Government having launched its consultation
on 25 January 2012.

Culture

Traditions

 St. Andrew's Day

St. Andrew's Day is the feast day of Saint Andrew. It is celebrated on the 30th of November.

Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, and St. Andrew's Day is Scotland's official national
day.

In Scotland, and many countries with Scottish connections, St Andrew's Day is marked with a
celebration of Scottish culture with traditional Scottish food, music and dance. Schools across
Scotland hold special St Andrew's Day events and activities including art shows, Scottish country
dancing, lunchtime ceilidhs, dance festivals, storytelling, reciting and writing poems, cooking
traditional Scottish meals, and bagpipe-playing. In Scotland the day is also seen as the start of a
season of Scottish winter festivals encompassing St Andrew's Day, Hogmanay and Burns Night. In
Edinburgh, there is a week of celebrations, concentrating on musical entertainment and traditional
ceilidh dancing. A ceilidh is a social event with couples dancing in circles or sets (groups of eight
people).

 Boxing Day

Boxing Day is traditionally the day following Christmas Day, when servants and tradesmen would
receive gifts, known as a "Christmas box", from their bosses or employers. Today, Boxing Day is
the bank holiday that generally takes place on 26 December. It is observed in the United Kingdom,
Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, Kenya, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago
and other Commonwealth nations.

In the United Kingdom, it is traditional for the Premier League (England), Scottish
Premiership (Scotland) and NIFL Premiership (Northern Ireland), as well as the lower divisions
and rugby leagues, to hold a full programme of football and rugby league matches on Boxing Day.
Traditionally, matches on Boxing Day are played against local rivals.

 Hogmanay
Hogmanay is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of
the New Year in the Scottish manner. However, it is normally only the start of a celebration that
lasts through the night until the morning of New Year's Day (1 January) or, in some cases, 2
January.

As in much of the world, the largest Scottish cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen hold all-
night celebrations, as do Stirling and Inverness. The Edinburgh Hogmanay celebrations are among
the largest in the world. Celebrations in Edinburgh in 1996-97 were recognized by the Guinness
Book of Records as the world's largest New Year party, with approx. 400,000 people in attendance.

There are many customs, both national and local, associated with Hogmanay. The most
widespread national custom is the practice of first-footing, which starts immediately after
midnight. This involves being the first person to cross the threshold of a friend or neighbor and
often involves the giving of symbolic gifts such as salt (less common
today), coal, shortbread, whisky, and black bun (a rich fruit cake) intended to bring different kinds
of luck to the householder.

 Burns supper

A Burns supper is a celebration of the life and poetry of the poet Robert Burns, author of
many Scots poems. The suppers are normally held on or near the poet's birthday, 25 January,
sometimes also known as Robert Burns Day or Burns Night, although they may in principle be held
at any time of the year.

Burns suppers are most common in Scotland and Northern Ireland, however there has been a
surge in Burns' Night celebrations in the UK.

The first suppers were held at Ayrshire at the end of the 18th century by Robert Burns' friends on
21 July, the anniversary of his death, and have been a regular occurrence ever since.

Burns suppers may be formal or informal. Both typically include haggis, Scotch whisky, and the
recitation of Burns' poetry.

Sport

Sport plays a central role in Scottish culture. The temperate, oceanic climate has played a key part
in the evolution of sport in Scotland, with all-weather sports like association football, rugby
union and golf dominating the national sporting consciousness. However, many other sports are
played in the country, with popularity varying between sports and between regions.

Scots, and Scottish emigrants, have made several key contributions to the history of sport, with
important innovations and developments in: golf, curling, football, rugby union (the invention
of rugby sevens, first international, and first league system), Highland games (which have
contributed to the evolution of modern athletics events), shinty (the predecessor of both ice
hockey and bandy) and cycling (Kirkpatrick Macmillan invented the pedal bicycle).
Highland games are events held throughout the year in Scotland and other countries as a way of
celebrating Scottish and Celtic culture and heritage, especially that of the Scottish Highlands.
Certain aspects of the games are so well known as to have become emblematic of Scotland, such
as the bagpipes, the kilt, and the heavy events, especially the caber toss. While centered on
competitions in piping and drumming, dancing, and Scottish heavy athletics, the games also
include entertainment and exhibits related to other aspects of Scottish and Gaelic culture.

Although quite a range of events can be a part of the Highland athletics competition, the
followings have became standard: caber toss, stone put, Scottish hammer throw, weight throw,
weight over the bar, sheaf toss, and maide leisg.

Clothes

 Highland dress

Scottish highland wear, or highland dress, refers to the traditional dress of Scotland. There are
several different styles of the Scottish highland wear ranging from casual to full formal outfits. It
also depends on whether you’re looking for an authentic 1500’s highland wear look or more
modern day attire. Before explaining the clothes, it's important to say that the famous Scottish
"skirt" is actually called kilt. Once established that, we could divide the different kind of attires as
next:

 Men's clothes
 Casual

A gentlemen’s casual highland wear would usually consist of, but is not limited to, the following
items: a kilt, a jacobite shirt, belt and buckle, sporran, kilt pin, and kilt hose. These are not the
only things can be worn with a casual highland wear outfit though as there are many optional
accessories that one can add.

 Semi-Formal

The semi-formal attire would be the middle step in between casual and the full formal look. A
gentlemen’s semi-formal style outfit would usually consists of, but again is not limited to, the
following: a kilt, belt and buckle, sporran, shirt, argyle jacket, ghillie brogues(traditional Scottish
shoes), kilt hose and kilt pin.

 Full Formal

The full formal look is the whole kit and caboodle, and generally consists of, but as always is not
limited to; the kilt, belt and buckle, sporran (a fancy one), a kilt shirt, a prince Charlie jacket, kilt
hose, flashes, ghillie brogues, and a fly plaid.

 Great Kilt Attire

The great kilt is the center piece of this style, and is the most common and easily recognized
historic-style kilt. When you wear your great kilt more than half the fabric is above the belt and
can be tucked into your belt, pinned over your shoulder, or worn as a cloak. A great kilt is most
often worn with kilt hose, flashes, sporran, and era correct shoes.

 Women Clothes

Ladies highland wear is not as extensive as gentlemen’s. Generally ladies highland wear consists of
a kilted skirt, and a tartan sash or shawl. There was also the Erasaid, what is known as the ladies
great kilt.

Gastronomy

Scottish cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with Scotland. It
has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own, but shares much with wider British and European
cuisine as a result of local and foreign influences, both ancient and modern. Traditional Scottish
dishes exist alongside international foodstuffs brought about by migration.

Scotland's natural larder of game, dairy products, fish, fruit, and vegetables is the chief factor in
traditional Scots cooking, with a high reliance on simplicity and a lack of spices from abroad, as
these were often very expensive.

Scottish cuisine is enjoying a renaissance. In most towns, Chinese and Indian take-
away restaurants exist alongside traditional fish and chip shops. In larger towns and cities the
cuisine may also include Thai, Japanese, Mexican, Pakistani, Polish and Turkish cuisines.

During the Late Middle Ages and early modern era, French cuisine played a role in Scottish cookery
due to cultural exchanges brought about by the "Auld Alliance", especially during the reign
of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary, on her return to Scotland, brought an entourage of French staff
who are considered responsible for revolutionizing Scots cooking and for some of Scotland's
unique food terminology.

Despite the many influences that has taken Scottish cuisine, foods like cereals Soups Seafood Meat
Milk Puddings and Desserts cakes and breads Vegetables Fruits Spices are originally from this
country.

Also different types of drinks such as wine, beer and whiskey, hence the appellation 'Scotch' to
combinations containing whiskey. The oldest whiskey reviews found indicates that originates in
Ireland, however, also has its origins in Scotland, a few years later. One could consider it from
these two countries. Also non-alcoholic drinks.

The typical and best known dish in Scotland is Haggis. Which is eaten in celebration of the day of
Robert Burns, January 25 . Haggis can be prepared as follows: The organs of a sheep (heart, lungs,
liver) are the main ingredients of a traditional Haggis. However, some recipes call for, instead,
heart and beef liver. Apart from the viscera of sheep, Haggis includes butter, rolled oats, onions,
salt, pepper, nutmeg and gravy. Haggis' ingredients are combined, placed in the stomach of the
sheep and put to boil. Haggis is traditionally served with "neeps and tatties" (mashed turnips and
potatoes). The sauce beef or lamb sometimes accompany the Haggis, too. A Burns supper,
consumed in celebration of Robert Burns, traditionally begins with a recitation of the famous poet
"Address to a Haggis." It can be served two ways. In the stomach, or outside of it.

Scotland's reputation for coronary and related diet-based diseases is a result of the wide
consumption of fast food since the latter part of the 20th century. Fish and chip shops remain
extremely popular, and indeed the battered and fried haggis supper remains a favorite.

One of the most commonly known chefs, is the Scottish Gordon Ramsay.

Music

Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which has remained vibrant throughout
the 21st century, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. In spite
of emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the
United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects; indeed, it has itself
influenced many forms of music.

Around the when someone mentions Scotland, the first thing they think is in the bagpipe.

Many outsiders associate Scottish folk music almost entirely with the Great Highland Bagpipe,
which has indeed long played an important part of Scottish music. Although this particular form of
bagpipe developed exclusively in Scotland, it is not the only Scottish bagpipe, and other bagpiping
traditions remain across Europe. The earliest mention of bagpipes in Scotland dates to the 15th
century although they are believed to have been introduced to Scotland as early as the 6th
century by the Gaels of Ireland.

It dates back to the main string instruments are known in Scotland from about 2300 BC. Since then
it has had great performance in music, going through various styles of this, as is the Folkloric and
Classical music. So it has been throughout the years, until Rock and Pop music appears in the
decade of the 50s and 60s.

Many of the instruments used in Scottish music are the harp, guitar, accordion, fiddle and
bagpipes.

Curiosities.

In Latin, the word Scotia (hence "Scotland") means Ireland and the Scots did, Irish.

A musical curiosity is that the brothers Angus and Malcolm Young founders and members of the
band AC-DC, and the defunct vocalist of the band, Bon Scott, despite having Australian nationality,
are native to this country.
Scotland has 2 anthems and 2 flags, the anthem 'Flower of Scotland' is used for sporting events,
and 'Scotland the brave' for sociopolitical events.

It is the country with the highest percentage of redheads.

The origin of the word whiskey comes from the Gaelic Scottish and Irish 'Uisge beatha' and its
correct translation is 'Water of Life'.

In Scotland you can see wonderful hairy cows. Known as 'hairy coo'. Originate in the highlands but
can be seen all over Scotland. They are usually red and have long horns.

Scotland is a land of famous historical figures, as were Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of
peniscilina. And many famous of cinema, as Sean Connery, Gerard Butler, James McAvoy, Alan
Cumming, Ewan McGregor and more.

Sir William Wallace was a Scottish soldier, of Welsh descent, who directed his country to
independence, never went to war with face painted or kilt, as shown in 'brave heart', the movie of
Mel Gibson.

It is said that Sir William Wallace, had a height of about 6 feet 7 inches, seen another way, just
over 2 meters. His famous sword is 66 inches, which is around 1 meter 67 centimeters.

A curiosity, and can be considered as the most famous legend about Scotland is the monster of
Loch Ness, this lake is located north of Scotland. For many years it has been believed that there
lives a dinosaur, a monster. No scientific evidence of the existence of this monster, you could
consider this legend as the main object of tourist interest.

Scotland (in English and Scottish : Scotland , in Scottish Gaelic : Alba ) is the northernmost of the
four constituent nations of the United Kingdom . Along with England and Wales , part of the island
of Great Britain , covering a third of its total surface area, further comprising more than
790 islands .

England and southwest with the North Channel and Irish Sea . The Scottish territory covers 78,772
km 2 and a population estimated in 5,116,900 inhabitants, giving a population density of 65
inhabitants per km 2 . The capital city is Edinburgh , while Glasgow is the largest city and
metropolitan area concentrates 40% of the Scottish population.