Human Development Report 2016
Human Development for Everyone
Briefing note for countries on the 2016 Human Development Report
Canada
Introduction
The 2016 Human Development Report (HDR) focuses on how human development can be ensured for
every one—now and in future. It starts with an account of the hopes and challenges of today’s world,
envisioning where humanity wants to go. Our vision draws from and builds on the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development that the 193 member states of the United Nations endorsed in 2015—and the 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the world has committed to achieve.
The Report explores who has been left behind in human development progress—and why. Human
development progress over the past 25 years has been impressive on many fronts. But the gains have not
been universal. There are imbalances across countries; socioeconomic, ethnic and racial groups; urban
and rural areas; and women and men. Millions of people are unable to reach their full potential in life
because they suffer deprivations in multiple dimensions of human development.
Besides mapping the nature and location of deprivations, the Report raises some specific analytical and
assessment issues. To find out if everyone benefits from the human development progress, an average
perspective is not going to work—a disaggregated approach is needed. Nor will a purely quantitative
assessment succeed—qualitative aspects are needed, too. Data on agency freedom also need to be
reviewed, particularly on voice and accountability. Finally, good generation and dissemination of data are
important, requiring further in-depth research, experiments, consultations and alliance building among
stakeholders.
The Report also identifies the national policies and key strategies to ensure that will enable every human
being achieve at least basic human development and to sustain and protect the gains. And it addresses
the structural challenges of global institutions and presents options for reform.
This briefing note is organized into nine sections. The first section presents information on the country
coverage and methodology of the Statistical Annex of the 2016 HDR. The next eight sections provide
information about key indicators of human development including the Human Development Index (HDI),
the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), the Gender Development Index (GDI), the
Gender Inequality Index (GII), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The 2016 HDR introduces
two experimental dashboards – on life-course gender gap and on sustainable development.
It is important to note that national and international data can differ because international agencies
standardize national data to allow comparability across countries and in some cases may not have access
to the most recent national data. We encourage national partners to explore the issues raised in the HDR
with the most relevant and appropriate data from national and international sources.
Country coverage and the methodology of the Statistical Annex of the 2016 HDR
The Statistical Annex of the 2016 HDR presents the 2015 HDI (values and ranks) for 188 countries and
UN-recognized territories, along with the IHDI for 151 countries, the GDI for 160 countries, the GII for 159
countries, and the MPI for 102 countries. Country rankings and values of the annual Human Development
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Index (HDI) are kept under strict embargo until the global launch and worldwide electronic release of the
HDR.
It is misleading to compare values and rankings with those of previously published reports, because of
revisions and updates of the underlying data and adjustments to methodology. Readers are advised to
assess changes in HDI ranks between 2014 and 2015 using column 1 and column 9 of table 1 ( Human
Development Index and its components) and trends in HDI values by referring to table 2 (Human
Development Index Trends) in the Statistical Annex of the report. Tables 1 and 2 are based on consistent
indicators, methodology and time-series data and thus show real changes in values and ranks over time,
reflecting the actual progress countries have made. Small changes in values should be interpreted with
caution as they may not be statistically significant due to sampling variation.
Unless otherwise specified in the source, tables use data available to the Human Development Report
Office (HDRO) as of 1 September 2016. All indices and indicators, along with technical notes on the
calculation of composite indices, and additional source information are available online at
http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
For further details on how each index is calculated please refer to Technical notes 1-7 and the associated
background papers available on the Human Development Report website: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
Human Development Index (HDI)
The HDI is a summary measure for assessing progress in three basic dimensions of human development:
a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. A long and healthy life is
measured by life expectancy at birth. Knowledge level is measured by mean years of education among the
adult population, which is the average number of years of education received in a life-time by people aged
25 years and older; and access to learning and knowledge by expected years of schooling for children of
school-entry age, which is the total number of years of schooling a child of school-entry age can expect to
receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates stay the same throughout the child's life. The
standard of living is measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita expressed in constant 2011
international dollars converted using purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion rates.
To ensure as much cross-country comparability as possible, the HDI is based primarily on international
data from the United Nations Population Division (the life expectancy at birth data), the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics (the mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling data) and the World Bank (the GNI per capita data). As stated in the
introduction, the HDI values and ranks in this year’s report are not comparable to those in past reports
(including the 2015 HDR) because of a number of revisions to the component indicators. To allow for
assessment of progress in HDIs, the 2016 report includes recalculated HDIs from 1990 to 2015 using
consistent series of data. For more details see Technical note 1.
Canada’s HDI value and rank
Canada’s HDI value for 2015 is 0.920— which put the country in the very high human development
category—positioning it at 10 out of 188 countries and territories. The rank is shared with United States.
Between 1990 and 2015, Canada’s HDI value increased from 0.849 to 0.920, an increase of 8.4 percent.
Table A reviews Canada’s progress in each of the HDI indicators. Between 1990 and 2015, Canada’s life
expectancy at birth increased by 5.0 years, mean years of schooling increased by 2.8 years and expected
years of schooling decreased by 0.4 years. Canada’s GNI per capita increased by about 41.1 percent
between 1990 and 2015.
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Table A: Canada’s HDI trends based on consistent time series data
Life expectancy Expected years Mean years of GNI per capita
HDI value
at birth of schooling schooling (2011 PPP$)
1990 77.2 16.7 10.3 30,174 0.849
1995 78.1 16.9 10.6 31,046 0.860
2000 79.1 15.8 11.0 36,408 0.867
2005 80.2 15.8 12.2 39,523 0.891
2010 81.2 15.9 12.7 39,919 0.903
2011 81.4 15.9 12.8 40,808 0.907
2012 81.7 15.9 12.9 41,068 0.909
2013 81.9 15.9 13.0 41,624 0.912
2014 82.0 16.3 13.1 42,298 0.919
2015 82.2 16.3 13.1 42,582 0.920
Figure 1 below shows the contribution of each component index to Canada’s HDI since 1990.
Figure 1: Trends in Canada’s HDI component indices 1990-2015
Assessing progress relative to other countries
The human development progress, as measured by the HDI, can usefully be compared to other countries.
For instance, during the period between 1990 and 2015 Canada, Norway and United States experienced
different degrees of progress toward increasing their HDIs (see figure 2).
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Figure 2: HDI trends for Canada, Norway and United States, 1990-2015
Canada’s 2015 HDI of 0.920 is above the average of 0.892 for countries in the very high human development
group and above the average of 0.887 for countries in OECD. From OECD, countries which are close to
Canada in 2015 HDI rank and to some extent in population size are Australia and United States, which
have HDIs ranked 2 and 10 respectively (see table B).
Table B: Canada’s HDI and component indicators for 2015 relative to selected countries and groups
Life Expected GNI per
Mean years
HDI value HDI rank expectancy years of capita
of schooling
at birth schooling (PPP US$)
Canada 0.920 10 82.2 16.3 13.1 42,582
Australia 0.939 2 82.5 20.4 13.2 42,822
United States 0.920 10 79.2 16.5 13.2 53,245
OECD 0.887 — 80.3 15.9 11.9 37,916
Very high HDI 0.892 — 79.4 16.4 12.2 39,605
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
The HDI is an average measure of basic human development achievements in a country. Like all averages,
the HDI masks inequality in the distribution of human development across the population at the country
level. The 2010 HDR introduced the IHDI, which takes into account inequality in all three dimensions of the
HDI by ‘discounting’ each dimension’s average value according to its level of inequality. The IHDI is
basically the HDI discounted for inequalities. The ‘loss’ in human development due to inequality is given by
the difference between the HDI and the IHDI, and can be expressed as a percentage. As the inequality in
a country increases, the loss in human development also increases. We also present the coefficient of
human inequality as a direct measure of inequality which is an unweighted average of inequalities in three
dimensions. The IHDI is calculated for 151 countries. For more details see Technical note 2.
Canada’s HDI for 2015 is 0.920. However, when the value is discounted for inequality, the HDI falls to 0.839,
a loss of 8.9 percent due to inequality in the distribution of the HDI dimension indices. Australia and United
States show losses due to inequality of 8.2 percent and 13.5 percent respectively. The average loss due to
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inequality for very high HDI countries is 11.1 percent and for OECD it is 12.6 percent. The Human inequality
coefficient for Canada is equal to 8.7 percent.
Table C: Canada’s IHDI for 2015 relative to selected countries and groups
Human Inequality in life Inequality
IHDI Overall Inequality in
inequality expectancy at in income
value loss (%) education (%)
coefficient (%) birth (%) (%)
Canada 0.839 8.9 8.7 4.7 3.9 17.4
Australia 0.861 8.2 8.0 4.3 1.9 17.7
United States 0.796 13.5 12.9 6.1 5.6 27.0
OECD 0.776 12.6 12.3 5.9 9.5 21.5
Very high HDI 0.793 11.1 10.9 5.4 7.2 19.9
Gender Development Index (GDI)
In the 2014 HDR, HDRO introduced a new measure, the GDI, based on the sex-disaggregated Human
Development Index, defined as a ratio of the female to the male HDI. The GDI reflects gender inequalities
in achievement in the same three dimensions of the HDI: health (measured by female and male life
expectancy at birth), education (measured by female and male expected years of schooling for children
and mean years for adults aged 25 years and older); and command over economic resources (measured
by female and male estimated GNI per capita). For details on how the index is constructed refer to Technical
note 3. Country groups are based on absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI. This means that the
grouping takes into consideration inequality in favour of men or women equally.
The GDI is calculated for 160 countries in the 2015 HDR. The female HDI value for Canada is 0.911 in
contrast with 0.926 for males, resulting in a GDI value of 0.983, which places the country into Group 1. In
comparison, GDI values for Australia and United States are 0.978 and 0.993 respectively (see Table D).
Table D: Canada’s GDI for 2015 relative to selected countries and groups
Life expectancy Expected years Mean years of F-M
GNI per capita HDI values
at birth of schooling schooling ratio
GDI
Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
value
Canada 84.1 80.2 16.8 15.9 13.3 12.9 33,288 52,026 0.911 0.926 0.983
Australia 84.6 80.5 20.9 20.0 13.4 13.0 34,271 51,386 0.927 0.948 0.978
United States 81.6 76.9 17.3 15.8 13.2 13.2 42,272 64,410 0.915 0.922 0.993
OECD 82.9 77.7 16.2 15.7 11.7 12.0 28,441 47,684 0.873 0.896 0.974
Very high HDI 82.4 76.6 16.7 16.0 12.1 12.2 29,234 50,284 0.881 0.898 0.980
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
The 2010 HDR introduced the GII, which reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions –
reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity. Reproductive health is measured by maternal
mortality and adolescent birth rates; empowerment is measured by the share of parliamentary seats held
by women and attainment in secondary and higher education by each gender; and economic activity is
measured by the labour market participation rate for women and men. The GII can be interpreted as the
loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in the three GII
dimensions. For more details on GII please see Technical note 4.
Canada has a GII value of 0.098, ranking it 18 out of 159 countries in the 2015 index. In Canada, 28.3
percent of parliamentary seats are held by women, and 100.0 percent of adult women have reached at least
a secondary level of education compared to 100.0 percent of their male counterparts. For every 100,000
live births, 7 women die from pregnancy related causes; and the adolescent birth rate is 9.8 births per 1,000
women of ages 15-19. Female participation in the labour market is 61.0 percent compared to 70.3 for men.
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In comparison, Australia and United States are ranked at 24 and 43 respectively on this index.
Table E: Canada’s GII for 2015 relative to selected countries and groups
Female Population with at
Maternal Labour force
GII GII Adolescent seats in least some
mortality participation rate
value Rank birth rate parliament secondary
ratio (%)
(%) education (%)
Female Male Female Male
Canada 0.098 18 7 9.8 28.3 100.0 100.0 61.0 70.3
Australia 0.120 24 6 14.1 30.5 91.4 91.5 58.6 70.9
United States 0.203 43 14 22.6 19.5 95.4 95.1 56.0 68.4
OECD 0.194 — 15 22.4 27.7 84.2 86.9 51.1 68.6
Very high HDI 0.174 — 14 17.0 25.8 88.4 89.3 52.6 68.6
Maternal mortality ratio is expressed in number of deaths per 100,000 live births and adolescent birth rate is expressed in number of births per
1,000 women ages 15-19.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
The 2010 HDR introduced the MPI, which identifies multiple overlapping deprivations suffered by
households in 3 dimensions: education, health and living standards. The education and health dimensions
are each based on two indicators, while standard of living is based on six indicators. All of the indicators
needed to construct the MPI for a country are taken from the same household survey. The indicators are
weighted to create a deprivation score, and the deprivation scores are computed for each household in the
survey. A deprivation score of 33.3 percent (one-third of the weighted indicators) is used to distinguish
between the poor and nonpoor. If the household deprivation score is 33.3 percent or greater, the household
(and everyone in it) is classified as multidimensionally poor. Households with a deprivation score greater
than or equal to 20 percent but less than 33.3 percent live near multidimensional poverty. Finally,
households with a deprivation score greater than or equal to 50 percent live in severe multidimensional
poverty. The MPI is calculated for 102 developing countries in the 2015 HDR. Definitions of deprivations in
each dimension, as well as methodology of the MPI are given in Technical note 5. Due to a lack of relevant
data, the MPI has not been calculated for this country.
Dashboard on Life-course gender gap
Life-course gender gap dashboard contains a selection of 14 key indicators that display gender gaps over
the life course – childhood and adolescence, adulthood and older age. The indicators refer to health,
education, labour market and work, and social protection. Some indicators are presented only for women
and some are given in the form of female-to-male ratio. Three-color coding is used to visualize partial
grouping of countries by each indicator in this table. Countries are grouped partially by their performance
in each indicator into three groups of approximately equal size (terciles), thus, there is the top third, the
middle third and the bottom third. These three groups are colored. Sex ratio at birth is an exception -
countries are grouped into two groups: the natural group with values between 1.04-1.07 (inclusively) and
the gender-biased group if the value is outside the natural range. Countries with values of a female-to-male
ratio concentrated around 1 form the group with the top performers in that indicator. Deviations from parity
are treated equally irrespectively of which gender is overachieving. The coloring provides information about
a country’s performance relative to others. It can be seen as a simple visualization tool as it helps the users
to immediately picture the country’s performance. It also allows grouping countries by each indicator using
a color scale. More details about partial grouping in this table are given in Technical note 6.
Table G provides the number of indicators in which Canada performs: better than at least two thirds of
countries (i.e., it is among the top third performers), better than at least one third but worse than at least
one third (i.e., it is among the medium third performers), and worse than at least two thirds of countries (i.e.,
it is among the bottom third performers). Figures for Australia and United States are also shown in the table
for comparison.
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Table G: Summary of Canada’s performance in the Life-course gender gap dashboard relative to
selected countries
Childhood and youth Adulthood Older age Overall
(6 indicators) (6 indicators) (2 indicators) (14 indicators)
Missing
indicators
Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom
third third third third third third third third third third third third
Number of indicators
Canada 4 2 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 10 3 0 1
Australia 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 1 0 13 1 0 0
United
3 3 0 5 1 0 2 0 0 10 4 0 0
States
Dashboard on Sustainable development
Sustainable development dashboard contains a selection of 15 key indicators that cover environmental,
economic and social sustainable development. Environmental sustainability indicators represent a mix of
level and change indicators related to renewable energy consumption, carbon-dioxide emissions, change
in forest area and fresh water withdrawals. Forest area as percentage of the total land area is given in the
table but is not used for comparison, instead, the total change in forest area between 1990 and 2015 is
used. Economic sustainability indicators look at adjusted net savings, external debt stock, natural resources
depletion, diversity of economy and government’s spending on research and development. Social
sustainability is captured by changes in income and gender inequality, multidimensional poverty and the
projected old age dependency ratio. Three-color coding is used to visualize partial grouping of countries by
each indicator in this table. Countries are grouped by each indicator into three groups of approximately
equal sizes (terciles), thus there is the best third, the middle third and the bottom third. The intention is not
to suggest the thresholds or target values for these indicators but to allow a crude assessment of country’s
performance relative to others. More details about partial grouping in this table are given in Technical note
7.
Table H provides the number of indicators in which Canada performs: better than at least two thirds of
countries (i.e., it is among the top third performers), better than at least one third but worse than at least
one third (i.e., it is among the medium third performers), and worse than at least two thirds of countries (i.e.,
it is among the bottom third performers). Figures for Australia and United States are also shown in the table
for comparison.
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Table H: Summary of Canada’s performance in the Sustainable development dashboard relative to
selected countries
Environmental
Economic sustainability Social sustainability Overall
sustainability
(5 indicators) (4 indicators) (14 indicators)
(5 indicators)
Missing
indicators
Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom Top Middle Bottom
third third third third third third third third third third third third
Number of indicators
Canada 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 1 5 5 2 2
Australia 1 2 2 1 3 0 0 2 1 2 7 3 2
United
1 2 2 3 1 0 1 0 2 5 3 4 2
States
