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Introduction to Environmental Impact
Assessment: A Guide to Principles and Practice,
3rd Edition
Book · January 2015
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CONTENTS
Part One: Environmental Impact Assessment Principles
1. Aims and Objectives of Environmental Impact
Assessment Introduction Defining Environmental Impact Assessment -
Environmental Change and Effects EIA Theory and Objective - EIA Output
and Outcome Objectives The Origins and Development of EIA - EIA Origins -
EIA Development International Status of EIA - Canada - Australia - European
Union - China - Developing Nations and Development Agencies The Basic EIA
Process - Operating Principles Opportunities for and Challenges to EIA -
Ensuring a Quality EIA Process - Balancing Efficiency and Efficacy - Improved
EIA Governance
2. Overview of Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada EIA in
Canada Canadian EIA Systems - Provincial EIA - Northern EIA Development
of Federal EIA - EARP Origins - Canadian Environmental Assessment Act -
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 - Major Changes under the
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 - "Higher-Order"
Assessment - EIA Directions
3. Tools Supporting EIA Practice The Practitioner's Toolkit Tools for
Impact Identification, Interpretation, Organization, and Communication -
Checklists - Matrices - Trends and Associations - Spatial Analysis Tools for
Impact Prediction - Analogue Approaches - Judgment - Systems Modelling -
Scenario Analysis Tool Selection
Part Two: Environmental Impact Assessment Practice
4. Screening Procedures Screening Screening Approaches - Is an EIA
Required? - Hybrid Screening Screening Requirements in Canada -
Requirements for EIA - Determining Whether an EIA Is Required - Type of
EIA Required General Guidance for Screening - Screening and the
Precautionary Principle
5. Scoping and Environmental Baseline Assessments Scoping Scoping
Requisites - Identification of Project Alternatives - Valued Ecosystem
Components - Establish Assessment Boundaries - Conduct the Environmental
Baseline Study Scoping Continuation
6. Predicting Environmental Impacts Impact Prediction Predicting
Impacts on the Biophysical Environment - What to Predict Predicting Impacts
on the Human Environment - What to Predict Characterizing Predicted
Impacts - Order of Environmental Effects - Nature of Environmental Effects
and Impacts - Temporal Characteristics of Effects and Impacts - Magnitude,
Direction - Spatial Extent - Reversibility and Irreversibility - Likelihood of
Effects and Impacts Good Practice Requirements for Impact Prediction -
Accuracy and Precision - Verifiable Impact Predictions - Addressing
Uncertainty
7. Managing Project Impacts Impact Management Managing Adverse
Impacts - Avoidance - Mitigation - Remediation - Compensation Managing
Positive Impacts - Creating Benefits - Enhancing Benefits Measures That
Support Impact Management - Environmental Management Systems -
Environmental Protection Plans - Adaptive Management Strategies EIA and
Impact Management in Canada
8. Determining Impact Significance Impact Significance Determining
Significance - Effect and Impact Characteristics - Impact
Importance Approaches to Significance Determination - Technical Approach -
Collaborative Approach - Reasoned Argumentation - Composite
Approach Toward a Higher Test for Impact Significance - Guidance for
Determining Significance
9. Follow-up and Monitoring Follow-up - Follow-up Requirements - Follow-
up Components Rationale for Post-decision Monitoring - Compliance
Monitoring - Progress Monitoring - Monitoring for Understanding Effective
Follow-up and Monitoring - Objectives and Priorities Identified - Targeted
Approach to Data Collection - Hypothesis-Based or Threshold-Based
Approaches - Combined Stressor- and Effects-Based Monitoring - Control
Sites - Continuity in Data Collection - Ensuring Adaptability, Flexibility, and
Timelines - Socio-economic-Inclusive Monitoring - Participatory
Monitoring Monitoring Methods and Techniques
10. Public Participation in EIA Involving the Publics - Rationale for
Involving the Public Nature and Scope of Public Involvement - Identifying the
Publics - Levels of Involvement - Provisions and Requirements for Public
Participation in Canada Aboriginal Consultation and Engagement - Duty to
Consult - Traditional Ecological Knowledge Methods and
Techniques Meaningful Participation - Basic Principles - Operating Principles
Part Three: Advancing Principles and Practice
11. Cumulative Environmental Effects Assessment Cumulative
Environmental Effects - Definition of Cumulative Effects - Sources of
Cumulative Effects - Types of Cumulative Effects - Pathways of Cumulative
Effects Models of Cumulative Effects Assessment - Effects-Based CEA -
Stressor-Based CEA - Good CEA Framework for the Application of CEA -
Scoping - Retrospective Analysis - Prospective Analysis - Management State
of CEA in Canada - Enduring Challenges and Concerns
12. Strategic Environmental Assessment Strategically Oriented
Environmental Assessment - Characteristics of SEA Systems of SEA - SEA in
Canada - SEA Benefits and Opportunities - Types of SEA SEA Frameworks -
Develop a Reference Framework - Scope the Baseline and Issues of
Concern - Identify Trends and Stressors - Formulate Strategic Alternatives -
Assess Potential Effects under Each Alternative - Identify a Strategic
Direction - Determine Mitigation or Enhancement Needs - Develop a Follow-
up Program - Implement the Strategy, Monitor, and Evaluate Directions in
SEA
13. Professional Practice and Ethics Professional Practice of EIA - Skills
and Qualifications Ethics and Practice - Ethical Responsibilities The
Practitioner as Honest Broker
Part Four: Environmental Impact Assessment Postscript
14. The Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment: Retrospect and
Prospect Introduction The Substantive Effectiveness of Environmental
Assessment - Environmental Impact Assessment - Cumulative Effects
Assessment - Strategic Environmental Assessment Integrating the Silos of
Environmental Assessment Prospects Glossary Index
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