Assosa University
College of Computing and Informatics
Department of Computer Science
Technical Report Writing on Robotics in Artificial Intelligence
By
1. Dabesa Emana
2. Ermiyas Seifu
3. Merkew Meke
4. Woinshet Shewakena
5. Ytayal Teshale
Assosa Ethiopia
Abstract
The systems are used more and more in recent robot applications for enhancing robot flexibility
and intelligence. Robotics is one of artificial intelligence that develop to replace human being work
by another technology. This document includes the definition of robotics and robotics in artificial
intelligence, types of robotics, use of robotics, future in robotics and conclusion about this report.
This paper reports our progress in applying multi agent systems analysis and design techniques to
autonomous robotics applications. In this paper, we apply the Multi agent Systems and the robotics
in artificial intelligence.
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
Acronyms definitions
AGV automatic guided vehicle
AI Artificial intelligence
EURON European Robotics Research Network
ISO International Organization for Standardization
PCBs printed circuit boards
ROS Robot Operating System
ZMP Zero Moment Point
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Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. II
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Robots and Artificial Intelligence .................................................................................... 1
2 .Over View of Robotics in Artificial Intelligence .................................................................... 2
2.1. Types of Robots ................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1. Mobile robot .................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.2 Industrial robots .............................................................................................................. 2
2.1.3 Pick and Place .................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.4 Walking robots ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1.5 Military robots ................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Uses of robots ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.2.1 General purpose autonomous robots .............................................................................. 4
2.2.2 Factory robots ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2.1 Car production ............................................................................................................. 4
2.2.2.2 Packaging..................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2.3 Electronics ................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2.4 Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)............................................................................ 5
2.2.2.5 Schools......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2.6 Healthcare .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2.7 Research robots............................................................................................................ 5
3 Future development ................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Future of Robotics ............................................................................................................ 6
3.2. Technological development ................................................................................................. 6
4. Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 7
Literature 2. Robots in medicine ..................................................................................................... 7
5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 8
References ...................................................................................................................................... 9
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1. Introduction
1.1 Robots and Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is arguably the most exciting field in robotics. It's certainly the most
controversial .Everybody agrees that a robot can work in an assembly line, but there's no consensus
on whether a robot can ever be intelligent. Like the term "robot" itself, artificial intelligence is hard
to define. Ultimate AI would be are creation of the human thought process -- a man-made machine
with our intellectual abilities. This would include the ability to learn just about anything, the ability
to reason, the ability to use language and the ability to formulate original ideas. Robotics are
nowhere near achieving this level of artificial intelligence, but they have made a lot of progress
with more limited AI. Today's AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual
ability. Computers can already solve problems in limited time. The basic idea of AI problem
solving is very simple, though its execution is complicated. First, the AI robot or computer gathers
facts about a situation through sensors or human input. The computer compares this information
to stored data and decides what the information signifies. The computer runs through various
possible actions and predicts which action will be most successful based on the collected
information. Of course, the computer can only solve problems it's programmed to solve it doesn't
have any generalized analytical ability.
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design construction operation structural
disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Robotics is related to the sciences of
electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software. The word "robot" was introduced to the public
by Czech writer Karle Capek in his play published in 1920. The term "robotics" was coined by
Isaac Asimov in his 1941 science fiction short story Liar. A robot is a virtual or mechanical
artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical machine which is guided by
computer or electronic programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common
characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has
intent or agency of its own.
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2 .Over View of Robotics in Artificial Intelligence
2.1. Types of Robots
2.1.1. Mobile robot
Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one
physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated
guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers
or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article .Mobile robots
are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as consumer
products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots are
the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more
labs that focus on mobile robot research. Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled
environments such as on assembly lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected
interference. Because of this most human rarely encounter robots. However domestic robots for
cleaning and maintenance are increasing common in and around homes in developed countries.
Robots can also be found in military applications. [1]
2.1.2 Industrial robots
Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and end effector that
is attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly.
The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial
robot in ISO 8373:"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator
programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in
industrial automation applications. "This definition is used by the International Federation of
Robotics, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON) and many national standards
committees. [2]
2.1.3 Pick and Place
Moves items from one point to another
Does not need to follow a specific path between points
Uses include loading and unloading machines, placing components on circuit boards, and
moving parts off conveyor be. [3]
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2.1.4 Walking robots
Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can
walk reliably on two legs, however none have yet been made which are as robust as a human.
Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs, due to these robots being
significantly easier to construct. Hybrids too have been proposed in movies such as I, Robot, where
they walk on 2 legs and switch to 4 (arms legs) when going to a sprint. Typically, robots on 2 legs
can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk upstairs. None can walk over rocky, uneven
terrain. Some of the methods which have been tried are:
ZMP Technique: The Zero Moment Point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as Honda's
ASIMO. The robot's onboard computer tries to keep the total inertial forces (the combination of
earth's gravity and the acceleration and deceleration of walking), exactly opposed by the floor
reaction force (the force of the floor pushing back on the robot's foot). In this way, the two forces
cancel out, leaving no moment (force causing the robot to rotate and fall over).However, this is
not exactly how a human walks, and the difference is obvious to human observers, some of whom
have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the lavatory. ASIMO's walking algorithm is not
static, and some dynamic balancing is used (see below). However, it still requires a smooth surface
to walk on.
Dynamic Balancing or controlled falling: A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using
a dynamic balancing algorithm, which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point
technique, as it constantly monitors the robot's motion, and places the feet in order to maintain
stability. This technique was recently demonstrated by any bots' Dexter Robot, which is so stable,
it can even jump. Another example is the TU Delft Flame.
2.1.5 Military robots
Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially
when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. There are also concerns about
technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots. The US
Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there
should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions. One
researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisions
more effectively. However, other experts question this. Some public concerns about autonomous
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robots have received media attention. One robot in particular, the EATR, has generated concerns
over its fuel source as it can continually refuel itself using organic substances. Although the engine
for the EATR is designed to run on biomass and vegetation specifically selected by its sensors
which can find on battlefields or other local environments the project has stated that chicken fat
can also be used.
2.2 Uses of robots
At present there are 2 main types of robots, based on their use general purpose autonomous robots
and dedicated robots. Robots can be classified by their specificity of purpose. A robot might be
designed to perform one particular task extremely well, or a range of tasks less well. Of course, all
robots by their nature can be re-programmed to behave differently, but some are limited by their
physical form. For example, a factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting, welding, gluing,
or acting as a fairground ride, while a pick-and-place robot can only populate printed circuit
boards.
2.2.1 General purpose autonomous robots
General-purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functions independently. General
purpose autonomous robots typically can navigate independently in known spaces, handle their
own re-charging needs, interface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasks.
Like computers, general purpose robots can link with networks, software and accessories that
increase their usefulness. They may recognize people or objects, talk, provide companionship,
monitor environmental quality, respond to alarms, pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks.
General-purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneously or they may take on
different roles at different times of day. Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may
even resemble people in appearance; this type of robot is called a human old robot. A general
purpose robot acts as a guide during the day and a security guard at night.
2.2.2 Factory robots
2.2.2.1 Car production
Over the last three decades automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typical
factory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines, with
one robot for every ten human workers. On an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a
conveyor is welded, glued, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations.
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2.2.2.2 Packaging
Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufactured goods,
for example for rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing them into
boxes, or for loading and unloading machining centers.
2.2.2.3 Electronics
Mass produced printed circuit boards(PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick-and-
place robots, typically with SCARA manipulators, which remove tiny electronic components from
strips or trays, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy. Such robots can place hundreds of
thousands of components per hour, far out-performing a human in speed, accuracy, and reliability.
2.2.2.4 Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)
Mobile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or using vision or lasers, are used to
transport goods around large facilities, such as warehouses, container ports, or hospitals.
2.2.2.5 Schools
Robotics have also been introduced into the lives of elementary and high school students with the
company FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology). The organization
is the foundation for the FIRST Robotics Competition, FIRST LEGO League, Junior FIRST
LEGO League, and FIRST Tech Challenge competitions.
2.2.2.6 Healthcare
Robots in healthcare have two main functions. Those which assist an individual, such as a
sufferer of a disease like Multiple Sclerosis, and those which aid in the overall systems such as
pharmacies and hospitals.
2.2.2.7 Research robots
While most robots today are installed in factories or homes, performing labor or lifesaving jobs,
many new types of robot are being developed in laboratories around the world. Much of the
research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new type.
Of robot, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. It
is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are
finally realized.
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3 Future development
3.1 Future of Robotics
Robotics in the future work like human beings rationally in the artificial intelligence. It improve
the ability to perform the task in the future like:
Machines are being developed that can perform cognitive tasks, such as strategic
planning and learning from experience.
Increasingly, diagnosis of failures in aircraft or satellites, the management of a
battlefield, or the control of a large factory will be performed by intelligent
computers.
Mobile robots which would run around outside the class room but be controlled by
the students in the class.
Hydroponics Garden which would be a living, growing garden controlled by
robotics.
Scanning the Skies which you could set times and locations for pictures from these
robots, sent to you over the computer.
3.2. Technological development
Overall trends Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by 2025.As
robots become more advanced, eventually there may be a standard computer operating system
designed mainly for robots. Robot Operating System (ROS) is an open-source set of programs
being developed at Stanford University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the
Technical University of Munich, Germany, among others. ROS provides ways to program a robot's
navigation and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved. It also provides high-level
commands for items like image recognition and even opening doors. When ROS boots upon a
robot's computer, it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots'
limbs. It would relay this data to higher-level algorithms. Microsoft is also developing a "Windows
for robots" system with its Robotics Developer Studio, which has been available since2007.
New functions and abilities The Caterpillar Company is making a dump truck which can drive
itself without any human operator. Many future applications of robotics seem obvious to people,
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even though they are well beyond the capabilities of robots available at the time of the prediction.
As early as 1982 people were confident that someday robots would:
1. Clean parts by removing molding flash
2. Spray paint automobiles with absolutely no human presence
3. Pack things in boxes.
Example, orient and nest chocolate candies in candy boxes
4. Make electrical cable harness
5. Load trucks with boxes
6. Handle soft goods, such as garments and shoes
7. Shear sheep
8. Prosthesis
9. Cook fast food and work in other service industries
10. Household robot. Generally such predictions are overly optimistic in timescale. Reading
robot .A reading robot or 'robot literacy' calls Marge has intelligence comes from software. She
can read newspapers, find and correct misspelled words and learn about bank like Barclays and
the restaurants like Strata are good place to eat. [4]
4. Literature Review
Literature 1. There is a great amount of work done in identifying the motion of the human body
and, in particular, of the human hand. The fields of interest are also diverse; much of the work has
been done in the area of computer graphics, in order to create realistic virtual motion for avatar
animation, for automatic hand language identification, for automatic sketching, etc.; also in the
areas of humanoid robotics, in order to program human-like motion in the robots, and in the area
of biomechanics. This diversity of goals led to many different techniques being developed. Here
we will try to compile the most successful ones and also adapt some general classification scheme.
[5]
Literature 2. Robots in medicine
Robotic systems employed in the laboratory, in rehabilitation, and in surgery are reviewed. The
advantages of using a robot system over manual procedures in the laboratory to prepare samples
is discussed, and some of the obstacles are noted. A typical laboratory robot is described.
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Rehabilitative applications in the major research areas of tactile sensors, assistive devices for the
blind, prosthetics, and orthotics are examined. Manipulators that can help a disabled individual
with important everyday tasks and other assistive robotic systems in rehabilitation are described.
A variety of robots that assist or perform surgery is surveyed. These applications include
positioning in stereotactic neurosurgery, patient manipulation, an in vivo spinal kinematic
instrument, and robotic radial keratotomy, among others.
Literature 3. As Liu and Wu suggest, the field of cooperative robotics began in the late 1980’s
when researchers began investigating issues in multiple mobile robot systems. Up to this point,
most of the research had focused on either single robot systems or distributed problem-solving
involving non-robotic components. When these two ideas were merged, the field of cooperative
robotics (also referred to in the literature as distributed robotics) was born. The work of two of the
groups to first present the ideas of distributed robotic systems is presented below.
5. Conclusion
As conclusion the sense of automation as an activity without direct presence of human has been
changing in the course of development of human activity. Recently there has been a stabilization
of the spectrum of motifs of automation, mainly of production processes in the following order
rapid reaction to the change of market (tempo of products innovation), decreasing the dispersal
of quality, increasing the affectivity, flexibility (quick and effective functional adjustment in
relation to required change of product). Those motifs considerably influence recent state of art of
robotics as well as the trends of further development.
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References
[1] J. L. J. a. A. M. Flynn., Mobile Robots, Inspiration to Implementation: A.K.
Peters,Wellesley, MA, 1993.
[2] J. J. Craig, Introduction to Robotics, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1986.
[3] G. Arora, "DTMF CONTROLLED PIC and PLACE ROBO," 2011.
[4] G. Kantor, "TECHNICAL RESEARCH REPORT," 2010.
[5] C. Mockli, "robotics," 2014.
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