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Top 75 Java Interview Questions You Must

Aayushi Johari (https://www.edureka.co/blog/author/aayushiedureka-co/) May 8,
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Java Interview Questions

In this Java Interview Questions blog, I am going to list some of the most important Java Interview
Questions and Answers which will set you apart in the interview process. Java is used by approx 10
Million developers world wide to develop applications for 15 Billion devices supporting Java. It is also
used to create applications for trending technologies like Big Data to household devices like Mobiles and
DTH boxes. And hence today, Java is used everywhere!

We have compiled a list of top Java interview questions which are classified into 7 sections, we will go
through each one of them in the following sequence:

1. Basic Interview Questions

2. OOPs Interview questions
3. JDBC Interview questions
4. Spring Interview questions
5. Hibernate Interview questions
6. JSP Interview questions
7. Exception and thread Interview questions

As a Java professional, it is essential to know the right buzzwords, learn the right technologies and
prepare the right answers to commonly asked Java Interview Questions. Here’s a definitive list of top
Java Interview Questions that will guarantee a breeze-through to the next level.
So let’s get started with the first set of basic Java Interview Questions.

Basic Java Interview Questions

Q1. Explain JVM, JRE and JDK?

JVM (Java Virtual Machine): It is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides run-time
environment in which java bytecode can be executed. It follows three notations:

Specification: It is a document that describes the implementation of the Java virtual machine. It
is provided by Sun and other companies.
Implementation: It is a program that meets the requirements of JVM specification.
Runtime Instance: An instance of JVM is created whenever you write a java command on the
command prompt and run the class.

JRE (Java Runtime Environment) : JRE refers to a runtime environment in which java bytecode can
be executed. It implements the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) and provides all the class libraries and other
support files that JVM uses at runtime. So JRE is a software package that contains what is required to
run a Java program. Basically, it’s an implementation of the JVM which physically exists.

JDK(Java Development Kit) : It is the tool necessary to compile, document and package Java
programs. The JDK completely includes JRE which contains tools for Java programmers. The Java
Development Kit is provided free of charge. Along with JRE, it includes an interpreter/loader, a
compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator (javadoc) and other tools needed in
Java development. In short, it contains JRE + development tools.

Refer to this below image and understand how exactly these components reside:

Q2. Explain public static void main(String args[]).

public : Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access this method. Public
means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
static : It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class based i.e it can be accessed without creating
the instance of a Class.
void : It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will not return any value.

main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting point for an application with
a particular signature only. It is the method where the main execution occurs.

String args[] : It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q3. Why Java is platform independent?

Platform independent practically means “write once run anywhere”. Java is called so because of its byte
codes which can run on any system irrespective of its underlying operating system.

Q4. Why java is not 100% Object-oriented?

Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive datatypes such as boolean,
byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are not objects.

Q5. What are wrapper classes?

Wrapper classes converts the java primitives into the reference types (objects). Every primitive data
type has a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper classes because they “wrap” the primitive
data type into an object of that class. Refer to the below image which displays different primitive type,
wrapper class and constructor argument.

Q6. What are constructors in Java?

In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object. It must have the
same name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it is automatically called when an object
is created.

There are two types of constructors:

 e e a e t o types o co st ucto s

1. Default constructor
2. Parameterized constructor

Q7. What is singleton class and how can we make a class singleton?
Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given time, in one JVM. A class
can be made singleton by making its constructor private.

Q8. What is the difference between Array list and vector?

Array List Vector

Array List is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized. Vector is slow as it is thread safe.

If an element is inserted into the Array List, it

Vector defaults to doubling size of its array.
increases its Array size by 50%.

Array List does not define the increment size. Vector defines the increment size.

Array List can only use Iterator for traversing Except Hashtable, Vector is the only other class which
an Array List. uses both Enumeration and Iterator.

Q9. What is the difference between equals() and == ?

Equals() method is defined in Object class in Java and used for checking equality of two objects defined
by business logic.
“==” or equality operator in Java is a binary operator provided by Java programming language and
used to compare primitives and objects. public boolean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the
Object class. The default implementation uses == operator to compare two objects. For example:
method can be overridden like String class. equals() method is used to compare the values of two
objects.

1 public class Equaltest {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 String str1= new String(“ABCD”);
4 String str2= new String(“ABCD”);
5 if(Str1 == str2)
6 {
7 System.out.println("String 1 == String 2 is true");
8 }
9 else
10 {
11 System.out.println("String 1 == String 2 is false");
12 String Str3 = Str2;
13 if( Str2 == Str3)
14 {
15 System.out.println("String 2 == String 3 is true");
16 }
17 else
18 {
19 System.out.println("String 2 == String 3 is false");
20 }
21 if(Str1.equals(str2))
22 {
23 System.out.println("String 1 equals string 2 is true");
24 }
 }
25 else
26 {
27 System.out.prinltn("String 1 equals string 2 is false");
28 }
29 }}

Q10. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory?
The major difference between Heap and Stack memory are:

Features Stack Heap

Stack memory is used only by one Heap memory is used by all the parts of the
Memory
thread of execution. application.
Stack memory can’t be accessed by Objects stored in the heap are globally
Access
other threads. accessible.

Memory Memory management is based on generation

Follows LIFO manner to free memory.
Management associated to each object.

Exists until the end of execution of the Heap memory lives from the start till the end
Lifetime
thread. of application execution.

Stack memory only contains local

Whenever an object is created, it’s always
Usage primitive and reference variables to
stored in the Heap space.
objects in heap space.
 

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from professionals on this technology, you can opt for a structured training from edureka! Click below
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OOPS Java Interview Questions:

Q1. What is Polymorphism?

 

Polymorphism is briefly described as “one

interface, many implementations”. Polymorphism
is a characteristic of being able to assign a
different meaning or usage to something in
different contexts – specifically, to allow an
entity such as a variable, a function, or an object
to have more than one form. There are two
types of polymorphism:
 1. Compile time polymorphism
2. Run time polymorphism

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas Runtime time polymorphism is done using
inheritance and interface.

Q2. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an
overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden
method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. Let’s take a look at the example below
to understand it better.

1 class Car {
2 void run()
3 {
4 System.out.println(“car is running”);
5 }
6 }
7 class Audi extends Car {
8 void run()
9 {
10 System.out.prinltn(“Audi is running safely with 100km”);
11 }
12 public static void main(String args[])
13 {
14 Car b= new Audi(); //upcasting
15 b.run();
16 }
17 }

Q3. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract Class Interfaces

An abstract class can provide complete, default
An interface cannot provide any code at all,just the
code and/or just the details that have to be
signature.
overridden.
In case of abstract class, a class may extend only
A Class may implement several interfaces.
one abstract class.
An abstract class can have non-abstract
All methods of an Interface are abstract.
methods.
An abstract class can have instance variables. An Interface cannot have instance variables
An abstract class can have any visibility: public,
An Interface visibility must be public (or) none.
private, protected.
If we add a new method to an abstract class then If we add a new method to an Interface then we
we have the option of providing default have to track down all the implementations of the
implementation and therefore all the existing interface and define implementation for the new
code might work properly method

An abstract class can contain constructors An Interface cannot contain constructors

Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to

Abstract classes are fast
find corresponding method in the actual class
Q4. What is method overloading and method overriding?
Method Overloading :
In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name but each method must
have different number of parameters or parameters having different types and order.
Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to method’s behavior.
It is a compile time polymorphism.
The methods must have different signature.
It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Adder {
2 Static int add(int a, int b)
3 {
4 return a+b;
5 }
6 Static double add( double a, double b)
7 {
8 return a+b;
9 }
10 public static void main(String args[])
11 {
12 System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
13 System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
14 }}

Method Overriding:

In Method Overriding, sub class have the same method with same name and exactly the same
number and type of parameters and same return type as a super class.
Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of method.
It is a run time polymorphism.
The methods must have same signature.
It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Car {
2 void run(){
3 System.out.println(“car is running”);
4 }
5 Class Audi extends Car{
6 void run()
7 {
8 System.out.prinltn(“Audi is running safely with 100km”);
9 }
10 public static void main( String args[])
11 {
12 Car b=new Audi();
13 b.run();
14 }
15 }

Q5. Can you override a private or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar method with same return
type and same method arguments in child class then it will hide the super class method; this is known
as method hiding. Similarly, you cannot override a private method in sub class because it’s not
accessible there. What you can do is create another private method with the same name in the child
class Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better
class. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class Base {
2 private static void display() {
3 System.out.println("Static or class method from Base");
4 }
5 public void print() {
6 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base");
7 }
8 class Derived extends Base {
9 private static void display() {
10 System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived");
11 }
12 public void print() {
13 System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived");
14 }
15 public class test {
16 public static void main(String args[])
17 {
18 Base obj= new Derived();
19 obj1.display();
20 obj1.print();
21 }
22 }

Q6. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?

If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as multiple
inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.

The problem with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent classes have a
same method name, then at runtime it becomes difficult for the compiler to
decide which method to execute from the child class.

Therefore, Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance. The problem is commonly

referred as Diamond Problem.

Q7. What is association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is no owner. Let’s take
an example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can associate with a single teacher and a single
student can associate with multiple teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both
have their own lifecycle. These relationship can be one to one, One to many, many to one and many to
many.

Q8. What do you mean by aggregation?

Aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object have their own lifecycle but there is
ownership and child object can not belongs to another parent object. Let’s take an example of
Department and teacher. A single teacher can not belongs to multiple departments, but if we delete the
department teacher object will not destroy.

Q9. What is composition in Java?

C iti i i i li df fA ti d ll thi “d th” l ti hi It i
Composition is again specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a “death” relationship. It is
a strong type of Aggregation. Child object dose not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all
child object will also be deleted. Let’s take again an example of relationship between House and rooms.
House can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to
two different house if we delete the house room will automatically delete.

In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment your
problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained
from professionals on this technology, you can opt for a structured training from edureka! Click below
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Servlets Interview Questions

Q1. What is a servlet?

Java Servlet is server side technologies to extend the capability of web servers by providing
support for dynamic response and data persistence.
The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages provide interfaces and classes for writing our
own servlets.
All servlets must implement the javax.servlet.Servlet interface, which defines servlet lifecycle
methods. When implementing a generic service, we can extend the GenericServlet class provided
with the Java Servlet API. The HttpServlet class provides methods, such as doGet() and doPost(),
for handling HTTP-specific services.
Most of the times, web applications are accessed using HTTP protocol and thats why we mostly
extend HttpServlet class. Servlet API hierarchy is shown in below image.

Q2. What are the differences between Get and Post methods?
Get Post
Li it d t fd t b tb d t L t fd t b tb d t i
 Limited amount of data can be sent because data Large amount of data can be sent because data is
is sent in header. sent in body.

Not Secured because data is exposed in URL bar. Secured because data is not exposed in URL bar.

Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked

Idempotent Non-Idempotent

It is more efficient and used than Post It is less efficient and used

Q3. What is Request Dispatcher?

RequestDispatcher interface is used to forward the request to another resource that can be HTML, JSP
or another servlet in same application. We can also use this to include the content of another resource
to the response.

There are two methods defined in this interface:

1.void forward()

2.void include()

 
Q4. What are the differences between forward() method and sendRedirect()
methods?
Forward() method SendRedirect() method
forward() sends the same request to another sendRedirect() method sends new request always
resource. because it uses the URL bar of the browser.

forward() method works at server side. sendRedirect() method works at client side.

sendRedirect() method works within and outside

forward() method works within the server only.
the server.

Q5. What is the life-cycle of a servlet?

There are 5 stages in the lifecycle of a servlet:

1. Servlet is loaded
2. Servlet is instantiated
3. Servlet is initialized
4. Service the request
5. Servlet is destroyed

Q6. How does cookies work in Servlets?

Cookies are text data sent by server to the client and it gets saved at the client local machine.
Servlet API provides cookies support through javax.servlet.http.Cookie class that implements
Serializable and Cloneable interfaces.
HttpServletRequest getCookies() method is provided to get the array of Cookies from request,
since there is no point of adding Cookie to request, there are no methods to set or add cookie to
request.
Similarly HttpServletResponse addCookie(Cookie c) method is provided to attach cookie in
response header, there are no getter methods for cookie.

Q7. What are the differences between ServletContext vs ServletConfig?

The difference between ServletContext and ServletConfig in Servlets JSP is in below tabular format.

ServletConfig ServletContext
 It represent whole web application running on
Servlet config object represent single servlet
particular JVM and common for all the servlet

Its like local parameter associated with Its like global parameter associated with whole
particular servlet application

It’s a name value pair defined inside the servlet

ServletContext has application wide scope so define
section of web.xml file so it has servlet wide
outside of servlet tag in web.xml file.
scope

getServletConfig() method is used to get the getServletContext() method is used to get the
config object context object.

for example shopping cart of a user is a specific To get the MIME type of a file or application session
to particular user so here we can use servlet related information is stored using servlet context
config object.

Q8. What are the different methods of session management in servlets?

Session is a conversational state between client and server and it can consists of multiple request and
response between client and server. Since HTTP and Web Server both are stateless, the only way to
maintain a session is when some unique information about the session (session id) is passed between
server and client in every request and response.

Some of the common ways of session management in servlets are:

1. User Authentication
2. HTML Hidden Field
3. Cookies
4. URL Rewriting
5. Session Management API

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 JDBC Interview Questions

Q1. What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. There
are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

Q2. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?

Registering the driver class
Creating connection
Creating statement
Executing queries
Closing connection

Q3. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:
Connection
Statement
PreparedStatement
ResultSet
ResultSetMetaData
DatabaseMetaData
CallableStatement etc.

Classes:
DriverManager
Blob
Clob
 Types
SQLException etc.

Q4. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to register and unregister
drivers. It provides factory method that returns the instance of Connection.

Q5. What is JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction
management. It provides factory methods that returns the instance of Statement, PreparedStatement,
CallableStatement and DatabaseMetaData.

Q6. What is the purpose of JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and get
the information from the database.

Q7. What is JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total number of columns,
column name, column type etc.

Q8. What is JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username, driver
name, driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.

Q9. What do you mean by batch processing in JDBC?

Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and execute them instead of
executing a single query. By using batch processing technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple
queries which makes the performance faster.

Q10. What is the difference between execute, executeQuery, executeUpdate?

Statement execute(String query) is used to execute any SQL query and it returns TRUE if the result
is an ResultSet such as running Select queries. The output is FALSE when there is no ResultSet object
such as running Insert or Update queries. We can use getResultSet() to get the ResultSet and
getUpdateCount() method to retrieve the update count.
Statement executeQuery(String query) is used to execute Select queries and returns the ResultSet.
ResultSet returned is never null even if there are no records matching the query. When executing
select queries we should use executeQuery method so that if someone tries to execute insert/update
statement it will throw java.sql.SQLException with message “executeQuery method can not be used for
update”.

Statement executeUpdate(String query) is used to execute Insert/Update/Delete (DML) statements

or DDL statements that returns nothing. The output is int and equals to the row count for SQL Data
Manipulation Language (DML) statements. For DDL statements, the output is 0.

You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of statement else use
executeQuery or executeUpdate method.

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Spring Interview Questions

Q1. What is a Spring?

Wikipedia defines the Spring framework as “an application framework and inversion of control container
for the Java platform. The framework’s core features can be used by any Java application, but there are
extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform.” Spring is essentially a
lightweight, integrated framework that can be used for developing enterprise applications in java.

Q2. Name the different modules of the Spring framework.

Some of the important Spring Framework modules are:

Spring Context – for dependency injection.

Spring AOP – for aspect oriented programming.
Spring DAO – for database operations using DAO pattern
Spring JDBC – for JDBC and DataSource support.
Spring ORM – for ORM tools support such as Hibernate
Spring Web Module – for creating web applications.
Spring MVC – Model-View-Controller implementation for creating web applications, web services
etc.
 Q3. List some of the important annotations in annotation-based Spring
configuration.
The important annotations are:

@Required
@Autowired
@Qualifier
@Resource
@PostConstruct
@PreDestroy

Q4. Explain Bean in Spring and List the different Scopes of Spring bean.
Beans are objects that form the backbone of a Spring application. They are managed by the Spring IoC
container. In other words, a bean is an object that is instantiated, assembled, and managed by a
Spring IoC container.

There are five Scopes defined in Spring beans.

Singleton: Only one instance of the bean will be created for each container This is the default
 Singleton: Only one instance of the bean will be created for each container. This is the default
scope for the spring beans. While using this scope, make sure spring bean doesn’t have shared
instance variables otherwise it might lead to data inconsistency issues because it’s not thread-
safe.
Prototype: A new instance will be created every time the bean is requested.
Request: This is same as prototype scope, however it’s meant to be used for web applications. A
new instance of the bean will be created for each HTTP request.
Session: A new bean will be created for each HTTP session by the container.
Global-session: This is used to create global session beans for Portlet applications.

Q5. Explain the role of DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListener.

DispatcherServlet is basically the front controller in the Spring MVC application as it loads the spring
bean configuration file and initializes all the beans that have been configured. If annotations are
enabled, it also scans the packages to configure any bean annotated with @Component, @Controller,
@Repository or @Service annotations.

ContextLoaderListener, on the other hand, is the listener to start up and shut down the
WebApplicationContext in Spring root. Some of its important functions includes tying up the lifecycle of
Application Context to the lifecycle of the ServletContext and automating the creation of
ApplicationContext.

Q6. What are the differences between constructor injection and setter injection?
No. Constructor Injection Setter Injection

1) No Partial Injection Partial Injection

2) Desn’t override the setter property Overrides the constructor property if both are defi
Doesn’t create new instance if you change the pro
3) Creates new instance if any modification occurs
value
4) Better for too many properties Better for few properties.

Q7. What is autowiring in Spring? What are the autowiring modes?

Autowiring enables the programmer to inject the bean automatically. We don’t need to write explicit
injection logic. Let’s see the code to inject bean using dependency injection.

1. <bean id=“emp” class=“com.javatpoint.Employee” autowire=“byName” />

The autowiring modes are given below:

No. Mode Description

1) no this is the default mode, it means autowiring is not enabled.
2) byName Injects the bean based on the property name. It uses setter method.
3) byType Injects the bean based on the property type. It uses setter method.
4) constructor It injects the bean using constructor

Q8. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

Spring MVC Framework provides following ways to help us achieving robust exception handling.

Controller Based:

We can define exception handler methods in our controller classes. All we need is to annotate these
methods with @ExceptionHandler annotation.

Global Exception Handler:

Exception Handling is a cross-cutting concern and Spring provides @ControllerAdvice annotation that
we can use with any class to define our global exception handler.

HandlerExceptionResolver implementation:

For generic exceptions, most of the times we serve static pages. Spring Framework provides
HandlerExceptionResolver interface that we can implement to create global exception handler. The
reason behind this additional way to define global exception handler is that Spring framework also
provides default implementation classes that we can define in our spring bean configuration file to get
spring framework exception handling benefits.

Q9. What are some of the important Spring annotations which you have used?
Some of the Spring annotations that I have used in my project are:

@Controller – for controller classes in Spring MVC project.

@RequestMapping – for configuring URI mapping in controller handler methods. This is a very
important annotation, so you should go through Spring MVC RequestMapping Annotation Examples

@ResponseBody – for sending Object as response, usually for sending XML or JSON data as response.

@PathVariable – for mapping dynamic values from the URI to handler method arguments.

@Autowired – for autowiring dependencies in spring beans.

@Qualifier – with @Autowired annotation to avoid confusion when multiple instances of bean type is
present.

@Service – for service classes.

@Scope – for configuring scope of the spring bean.

@Configuration, @ComponentScan and @Bean – for java based configurations.

AspectJ annotations for configuring aspects and advices, @Aspect, @Before, @After, @Around,
@Pointcut etc.

Q10. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate Frameworks?

We can use Spring ORM module to integrate Spring and Hibernate frameworks, if you are using
Hibernate 3+ where SessionFactory provides current session, then you should avoid using
HibernateTemplate or HibernateDaoSupport classes and better to use DAO pattern with dependency
injection for the integration.

Also Spring ORM provides support for using Spring declarative transaction management, so you should
utilize that rather than going for hibernate boiler-plate code for transaction management.

In case you are facing any challenges with these java interview questions, please comment your
problems in the section below. Apart from this Java Interview Questions Blog, if you want to get trained
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Hibernate Interview Questions

Q1. What is Hibernate Framework?

Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map application domain model
objects to the relational database tables. Hibernate is java based ORM tool that provides framework for
mapping application domain objects to the relational database tables and vice versa.

Hibernate provides reference implementation of Java Persistence API, that makes it a great choice as
ORM tool with benefits of loose coupling. We can use Hibernate persistence API for CRUD operations.
Hibernate framework provide option to map plain old java objects to traditional database tables with
the use of JPA annotations as well as XML based configuration.

Similarly hibernate configurations are flexible and can be done from XML configuration file as well as
programmatically.

Q2. What are the important benefits of using Hibernate Framework?

Some of the important benefits of using hibernate framework are:

1. Hibernate eliminates all the boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC and takes care of managing
resources, so we can focus on business logic.
2. Hibernate framework provides support for XML as well as JPA annotations, that makes our code
implementation independent.
3. Hibernate provides a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar to SQL. However, HQL is fully
object-oriented and understands concepts like inheritance, polymorphism and association.
4. Hibernate is an open source project from Red Hat Community and used worldwide. This makes it
a better choice than others because learning curve is small and there are tons of online
documentations and help is easily available in forums.
5. Hibernate is easy to integrate with other Java EE frameworks, it’s so popular that Spring
Framework provides built-in support for integrating hibernate with Spring applications.
6. Hibernate supports lazy initialization using proxy objects and perform actual database queries
only when it’s required.
7. Hibernate cache helps us in getting better performance.
8. For database vendor specific feature, hibernate is suitable because we can also execute native sql
queries.

Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all the features that you
will ever need in an ORM tool.

Q3. Explain Hibernate architecture?

Q4 What are the differences between get and load methods?
The differences between get() and load() methods are given below.

No. get() load()

1) Returns null if object is not found. Throws ObjectNotFoundException if object is not f

2) get() method always hit the database. load() method doesn’t hit the database.
3) It returns real object not proxy. It returns proxy object.
It should be used if you are not sure about the
4) It should be used if you are sure that instance exi
existence of instance.

Q5 What are the advantages of Hibernate over JDBC?

Some of the important advantages of Hibernate framework over JDBC are:

1. Hibernate removes a lot of boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC API, the code looks more
cleaner and readable.
2. Hibernate supports inheritance, associations and collections. These features are not present with
JDBC API.
3. Hibernate implicitly provides transaction management, in fact most of the queries can’t be
executed outside transaction. In JDBC API, we need to write code for transaction management
using commit and rollback.
4. JDBC API throws SQLException that is a checked exception, so we need to write a lot of try-catch
block code. Most of the times it’s redundant in every JDBC call and used for transaction
management. Hibernate wraps JDBC exceptions and throw JDBCException or HibernateException
h k d ti d ’t d t it d t h dl it Hib t b ilt i t ti
 un-checked exception, so we don’t need to write code to handle it. Hibernate built-in transaction
management removes the usage of try-catch blocks.
5. Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is more object oriented and close to java programming
language. For JDBC, we need to write native sql queries.
6. Hibernate supports caching that is better for performance, JDBC queries are not cached hence
performance is low.
7. Hibernate provide option through which we can create database tables too, for JDBC tables must
exist in the database.
8. Hibernate configuration helps us in using JDBC like connection as well as JNDI DataSource for
connection pool. This is very important feature in enterprise application and completely missing in
JDBC API.

1. Hibernate supports JPA annotations, so code is independent of implementation and easily

replaceable with other ORM tools. JDBC code is very tightly coupled with the application.

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Java Interview Questions: JSP

Q1. What are the life-cycle methods for a jsp?

Method Description

It is invoked only once, same as init method of

public void jspInit()
servlet.

public void _jspService(ServletRequest

It is invoked at each request, same as service()
request,ServletResponse)throws
method of servlet.
ServletException,IOException

It is invoked only once, same as destroy() method

public void jspDestroy()
servlet.

Q2. What are the JSP implicit objects?

JSP provides 9 implicit objects by default. They are as follows:

Object Type
1) out JspWriter
2) request HttpServletRequest
3) response HttpServletResponse
4) config ServletConfig
5) session HttpSession
6) application ServletContext
 ) pp
7) pageContext PageContext
8) page Object
9) exception Throwable

Q3. What are the differences between include directive and include action?
include directive include action
The include directive includes the content at
The include action includes the content at request time.
page translation time.
The include directive includes the original The include action doesn’t include the original content
content of the page so page size increases at rather invokes the include() method of Vendor provided
runtime. class.
It’s better for static pages. It’s better for dynamic pages.

Q4. How to disable caching on back button of the browser?

<%
response.setHeader(“Cache-Control”,”no-store”);
response.setHeader(“Pragma”,”no-cache”);
response.setHeader (“Expires”, “0”); //prevents caching at the proxy server
%>  

Q5. What are the different tags provided in JSTL?

There are 5 type of JSTL tags.

1. core tags
2. sql tags
3. xml tags
4. internationalization tags
5. functions tags

Q6. How to disable session in JSP?

1. <%@ page session=“false” %>   

Q7. How to delete a Cookie in a JSP?

The following code explain how to delete a Cookie in a JSP :

1 Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1");

2
3 response.addCookie(mycook1);
4
5 Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1");
6
7 killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 );
8
9 killmycook . set Path ("/");
10
11 killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );

Q8. Explain the jspDestroy() method.

jspDestry() method is invoked from javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface whenever a JSP page is about
to be destroyed. Servlets destroy methods can be easily overridden to perform cleanup, like when
closing a database connection.

Q9. How is JSP better than Servlet technology?

JSP is a technology on the server’s side to make content generation simple. They are document centric,
whereas servlets are programs. A Java server page can contain fragments of Java program, which
execute and instantiate Java classes. However, they occur inside HTML template file. It provides the
framework for development of a Web Application.

Q10. Why should we not configure JSP standard tags in web.xml?

We don’t need to configure JSP standard tags in web.xml because when container loads the web
application and find TLD files, it automatically configures them to be used directly in the application JSP
pages. We just need to include it in the JSP page using taglib directive.

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Exception and Thread Java Interview Questions

Q1. What is difference between Error and Exception?

An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM
errors you can not repair them at runtime.Though error can be caught in catch block but the execution
of application will come to a halt and is not recoverable.

While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input or human error etc. e.g.
FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will
take place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an
exception (probably by giving user a feedback for entering proper values etc.

Q2. How can you handle Java exceptions?

There are five keywords used to handle exceptions in java:

1. try
2. catch
3. finally
4 throw
 4. throw
5. throws

Q3. What are the differences between Checked Exception and Unchecked
Exception?
Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as
checked exceptions.
Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
Example: IOException, SQLException etc.

Unchecked Exception

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions.

Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException etc.

Q4. What purpose does the keywords final, finally, and finalize fulfill?
Final:

Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method and variable. Final class can’t be inherited, final
method can’t be overridden and final variable value can’t be changed. Let’s take a look at the example
below to understand it better.

1 class FinalVarExample {
2 public static void main( String args[])
3 {
4 final int a=10; // Final variable
5 a=50; //Error as value can't be changed
6 }

Finally

Finally is used to place important code, it will be executed whether exception is handled or not. Let’s
take a look at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinallyExample {
2 public static void main(String args[]){
3 try {
4 int x=100;
5 }
6 catch(Exception e) {
7 System.out.println(e);
8 }
9 finally {
10 System.out.println("finally block is executing");}
11 }}
12 }

Finalize

Finalize is used to perform clean up processing just before object is garbage collected. Let’s take a look
at the example below to understand it better.

1 class FinalizeExample {
2 public void finalize() {
3 System.out.println("Finalize is called");
4 }
5 public static void main(String args[])
6 {
 6 {
7 FinalizeExample f1=new FinalizeExample();
8 FinalizeExample f2=new FinalizeExample();
9 f1= NULL;
10 f2=NULL;
11 System.gc();
12 }
13 }

Q5. What are the differences between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword
Throw is used to explicitly throw an exception. Throws is used to declare an exception.
Checked exceptions can not be propagated with
Checked exception can be propagated with throws.
throw only.
Throw is followed by an instance. Throws is followed by class.
Throw is used within the method. Throws is used with the method signature.
You can declare multiple exception e.g. public void
You cannot throw multiple exception
method()throws IOException,SQLException.

Q6. What is exception hierarchy in java?

The hierarchy is as follows:

Throwable is a parent class of all Exception classes. There are two types of Exceptions: Checked
exceptions and UncheckedExceptions or RunTimeExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception
class whereas errors are further classified into Virtual Machine error and Assertion error.

Q7. How to create a custom Exception?

To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses.

class New1Exception extends Exception { } // this will create Checked Exception

class NewException extends IOExcpetion { } // this will create Checked exception
class NewException extends NullPonterExcpetion { } // this will create UnChecked exception

Q8. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Exception and all of it’s subclasses doesn’t provide any specific methods and all of the methods are
defined in the base class Throwable.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String of Throwable and the message
can be provided while creating the exception through it’s constructor.
2. String getLocalizedMessage() – This method is provided so that subclasses can override it to
provide locale specific message to the calling program. Throwable class implementation of this
method simply use getMessage() method to return the exception message.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null
id the cause is unknown.
4. String toString() – This method returns the information about Throwable in String format, the
returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error
stream, this method is overloaded and we can pass PrintStream or PrintWriter as argument to
write the stack trace information to the file or stream.

Q9. What are the differences between processes and threads?

  Process Thread
An executing instance of a program is
Definition A thread is a subset of the process.
called a process.
Processes must use inter-process
Threads can directly communicate with other
Communication communication to communicate with
threads of its process.
sibling processes.
Processes can only exercise control Threads can exercise considerable control ove
Control
over child processes. threads of the same process.
Any change in the parent process does Any change in the main thread may affect the
Changes
not affect child processes. behavior of the other threads of the process.
Memory Run in separate memory spaces. Run in shared memory spaces.
Process is controlled by the operating Threads are controlled by programmer in a
Controlled by
system. program.
Dependence Processes are independent. Threads are dependent.

Q10. What is a finally block? Is there a case when finally will not execute?
Finally block is a block which always execute a set of statements. It is always associated with a try
block regardless of any exception that occurs or not.
Yes, finally will not be executed if the program exits either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal
error that causes the process to abort.

Q11. What is synchronization?

Synchronization refers to multi-threading. A synchronized block of code can be executed by only one
thread at a time. As Java supports execution of multiple threads, two or more threads may access the
same fields or objects. Synchronization is a process which keeps all concurrent threads in execution to
be in sync. Synchronization avoids memory consistency errors caused due to inconsistent view of
shared memory. When a method is declared as synchronized the thread holds the monitor for that
method’s object. If another thread is executing the synchronized method the thread is blocked until
that thread releases the monitor.

 Q12. Can we write multiple catch blocks under single try block?
Yes we can have multiple catch blocks under single try block but the approach should be from specific
to general. Let’s understand this with a programmatic example.

1 public class Example {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {
3 try {
4 int a[]= new int[10];
5 a[10]= 10/0;
6 }
7 catch(ArithmeticException e)
8 {
9 System.out.println("Arithmetic exception in first catch block");
10 }
11 catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
12 {
13 System.out.println("Array index out of bounds in second catch block");
14 }
15 catch(Exception e)
16 {
17 System.out.println("Any exception in third catch block");
18 }
19 }

Q13. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Methods are defined in the base class Throwable. Some of the important methods of Java exception
class are stated below.

1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String about the exception . The
message can be provided through its constructor.
2. public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() – This method returns an array containing each
element on the stack trace. The element at index 0 represents the top of the call stack whereas
the last element in the array represents the method at the bottom of the call stack.
3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null
id as represented by a Throwable object.

4. String toString() – This method returns the information in String format. The returned String
contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
 5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error
stream.

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So this brings us to the end of the Java interview questions blog. The topics that you learnt in this Java
Interview Questions blog are the most sought-after skill sets that recruiters look for in a Java
Professional. These set of Java Interview Questions will definitely help you ace your job interview.
Good luck for your interview!

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About Aayushi Johari (23 Posts (https://www.edureka.co/blog/author/aayushiedureka-co/))

Research Analyst at Edureka having expertise on Splunk, Java, Python, R and Android. She is a
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Comments 12 Comments

Neha
Question no 13 of exception where question says some methods of Exception class , toString() is
method of Object class not of Exception class. Throwable class override this method from Object
class. EdurekaSupport
Throwable is parent of Exception class, that’s why Exception is able to use it. Correct it.
Hey Neha, thak you for pointing this out. We will definitely look into this. Cheers :)

Poonam
Hi,
Kindly provide explanation for DAO and parallel programming implementation in java.

Bhargav Patel
Hi.
Section OOPS Java Interview Questions:
Q5 example is not valid in terms of syntax you missed curly braces.
EdurekaSupport
Hey Bhargav, this was mostly probably a typo. We regret the mistake and thank you for
pointing it out. Do browse through our other blogs and let us know how you liked it. Cheers :)

Maignanamgnanavel Maignanam
what are the modifiers applicable in java main method

harshit rastogi
thanks for articles. I found few more concepts covered at http://java-questions.com (http://java-
questions.com)

Daisy Scott (http://www.janbask.com)

Find more Top Java Interview Questions And Answers at https://www.janbasktraining.com/blog/top-
java-interview-questions-and-answers/ (https://www.janbasktraining.com/blog/top-java-interview-
 questions-and-answers/)
adarsh srivastava
ok

Johny Herl
The Spring Framework is a lightweight framework for developing Java enterprise applications. It
provides high performing, easily testable and reusable code. Spring handles the infrastructure as the
underlying framework so that you can focus on your application.Spring is modular in design,
handling and linking of individual components so much easier. Spring implements Model View
Container(MVC) design pattern.
spring mvc form example (http://java.candidjava.com/tutorial/Spring-4-mvc-form-example-using-
eclipse-and-maven.htm)

Red Rajesh
thank you need sum advance concept

Red Rajesh
explain very well excepted with image good

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