October 05, 2017
ECE 421 Session 12
Utility SCADA and Automation
Presented by: Chris Dyer
Utility SCADA & Automation
• Chris Dyer, P.E.
• BSEE University of Idaho, 1997
• SCADA & Automation Engineer
• POWER Engineers, Inc., SCADA and Analytical
Services (SAS) Department Manager, Boise, ID
What is SCADA?
• S.C.A.D.A
– Supervisory
– Control
– And
– Data
– Acquisition
What is SCADA?
• Transmitting and receiving logic or data
(telemetry)
• Monitoring of processes
• Monitoring of equipment health
• Remote control
Why SCADA?
• Ability to manage large systems efficiently
• Area control and balance
• System reconfiguration
• Automation
– Load shedding
– Load transfer
– Reactive compensation
What data?
• Breaker status
• Analog data
– Voltage
– Current
– Real/reactive power
– Load tap changer position
• Critical apparatus alarms
• Controls
SCADA Evolution – Early History
• Before SCADA
– Limited technology
– Local control limiting system size
– Manpower required
– Coordination became difficult
– Slow response
– Conservative operation
– Longer, more frequent outages
SCADA Evolution – Early History
• “Homegrown” custom
• Proprietary systems
– Distributed
– Energy Management Systems (EMS)
– Remote Terminal Units (RTU)
• Discrete hardwired components
– Auxiliary contacts, DC inputs, AC current/voltage
transducers with A/D converter
SCADA Evolution – Recent History
• Open (non-proprietary) RTUs
• Local Human Machine Interface (HMI)
– Traditional annunciator/mimic
– PC based
– Web based
• Communication infrastructure owned or
leased
• EMS & associated systems
• Data repository
SCADA Evolution - Communications
• 1200 baud “Bell 202” standard lease-lines
– Low bandwidth, high availability
• Traditional serial (RS232/RS485)
• Leased broadband circuits
• Microwave (and other RF communications)
• Owned Fiber Optic Networks
– Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
• Ethernet
SCADA Evolution - Protocols
• Set of rules defining the exchange of
information utilizing digital data
transmission between intelligent devices
• Software communication “languages”
• Hardware “handshaking”
– RTS/CTS/DSR/DTR
SCADA Evolution - Protocols
• Proprietary based on manufacturer
• MODBUS industrial communications
• DNP V3.00 developed as an “open” protocol
– Heralded in an era of “interoperability”
• UCA
– Object-oriented
– Self-description
• IEC-61850
– GOOSE
– MMS
– Sampled Values
OSI Seven Layer Model
SCADA Evolution – Modern Era
• IED (Intelligent Electronic Device)
– Digital microprocessor relays
– Meters, Battery Chargers, XFMR Monitors,
etc.
– Moore’s Law as applied to SCADA
– Communications and database additions
SCADA Evolution – Modern Era
• Communications systems advancement
– Broadband technologies
– Multiplexing
– Interoperability
• Bandwidth capabilities
• Data analytics tools
SCADA = Visibility
SCADA = Visbility
SCADA Evolution – The Future
• Where do we go from here?
– “Smart Grid”
– Data analytics - Condition Based
Maintenance
– IEC-61850
– Synchrophasors
– Cybersecurity
The “Smart Grid”
• Many definitions driven by marketing
• Demand side data for customer use
(“smart” meters)
• Distribution Automation
– Load transfer
– Load shedding/recovery
– Volt/VAR control
The “Smart Grid”
• Digital Substation
– “Fly by wire”
– Networked
– High data availability
– Redundancy
• Distributed Generation & MicroGrids
– Distribution system design
– Protection & stability
Condition Based Maintenance
• Definition
– Real time monitoring of apparatus
– Evaluation of data
– Notification
– Automated correction
• Traditional methods
– Time based
– Performance based (failure)
Condition Based Maintenance
• Example: Power Transformer
– High cost, long lead
– IED monitoring of:
• Dissolved gases
• Partial discharge
• Cooling fan operation
• Operation & stress
– Trend analysis
– “Uprating”
Condition Based Maintenance
• Benefits
– Equipment expenditures
– Labor & resource expenditures
– Operational data
– Event analysis
IEC-61850
• International Electrotechnical Commission
• Set of standards
– System & project management
– Engineering tools
– Data modeling
– Hardware requirements
– Product lifecycle
– Communication structure
IEC-61850 Cont’d
• Station Bus
– SCADA Protocols
• Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS)
– Protection Protocols
• Generic Object Oriented Substation Events
(GOOSE)
• Process bus
– Measurement
• Sampled Value (SV)
IEC-61850 Cont’d
• Object oriented standard for modeling
substation and apparatus
– Example:
• Logic Node: Circuit Breaker (XCBR)
– Data Object: Position (Pos)
» Data Attributes:
• Control type, time
• Status
• Operations counter
• Quality
• Time stamp
IEC-61850
IEC-61850
• Factors impeding adoption
– Room for interpretation of standards
– Complex with integration of other standards
– Integration of different skills sets
– Limited interoperability
– Brownfield site complexity
– Training
– Testing & Commissioning
– Documentation (logic diagrams, etc)
– Trust & confidence
• Technology and standardization will drive the
implementation
Synchrophasors
• High frequency data sampling
• Time stamped voltage & current phasor
measurements
• Synchronized utilizing GPS
• Instability detection
• Post mortem sequence of events
• Potential to allow dynamic power flow
monitoring
Microgrids
• What is a Micro-grid?
• What does a Micro-grid consist of?
• How is the operation different?
• Special considerations
– Communications
– SCADA
What’s is a Microgrid?
• Limited points of interconnection
• Single controllable entity
• Islanded operation capability
• Black start capability
• Combined Heat & Power
• Renewable sources
• Energy storage
• Power management/load shaping
What’s in a Microgrid?
Grid Critical Loads
POI
Schedulable/Interruptible Loads
Grid
Generation
Controller
Energy Storage
SCADA
Interface(s)
What IS a Microgrids?
Where Are Microgrids Found?
• Military bases
• Campuses
• Buildings
• Development districts
Why are People Interested?
• Resiliency
• Renewables
• Asset utilization
Cybersecurity – The Threat
• Stuxnet virus – the danger is real
• NERC CIP-14
– Central California physical security attack
• Recent hacks
– Retail industry (Target)
– Federal government (OPM)
– Democratic National Party
• Is your local utility next?
Cybersecurity – Response
• NERC (North American Electric Reliability
Corporation)
• CIP (Critical Infrastructure Protection)
• Reliability & security
• Critical assets definition
• Compliance & penalties
Cybersecurity – Actions
• Policies & procedures
• Training
• Situational awareness
• Configuration management
• Monitor & detection
• Response & recovery
Substation of the future?
Questions?
• Thanks for your attention
– Chris
