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The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and led to major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural changes. Mechanization of textile manufacturing and increased use of coal and steam power drove increases in production. New transportation networks like canals, roads, and railways enabled trade expansion. Mass migration to cities like London doubled and then nearly doubled again the population of England between 1801 and 1901 as agriculture became mechanized and many farm workers had to seek work in cities. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world, influencing almost every aspect of daily life.

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125 views2 pages

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and led to major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural changes. Mechanization of textile manufacturing and increased use of coal and steam power drove increases in production. New transportation networks like canals, roads, and railways enabled trade expansion. Mass migration to cities like London doubled and then nearly doubled again the population of England between 1801 and 1901 as agriculture became mechanized and many farm workers had to seek work in cities. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world, influencing almost every aspect of daily life.

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Ion popescu
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1.

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on
the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the United Kingdom.At the start of the
19th Century about 1/5 of Britain’s population lived there,but by 1851 half the
population of the country had set up home in London.The population of England had
more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1851 and,by 1901,had
nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.
The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually
the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in
human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some
way.

2.
Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great
Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-
based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the
development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade
expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.
The introduction of steam power fueled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water
wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the
dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools
in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more
production machines for manufacturing in other industries.

3.
The steam engine was invented by James Watt in 1785,whose proliferation into newly
built machine shop and iron foundries engendered an appropriate type of
building.Steam engine leads to invention of steam ship,steam locomotives.
Railway-a meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had consequences for
architecture-stations,bridges,tunnels.
The steam boat:an important means of transportation which in turn had consequences
for mass migration from across the globe.
Development in transportation system
 Roads,railways and canals were built
 Canals began to be built in the late eighteenth century to link major
manufacturing centres
 Railway-the construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and
towns
Bessemer’s smelting process
 Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass
production of steel
 Removed impurities from the iron by blowing air through it
4.
Invention of building materials
 Cast iron ,an essentially brittle materials,is approximately four times as
resistant to compression as stone
 Wrought iron,which is forty times as resistant to tension and bending as
stone,is only four times heavier.It can be formed and molded into any shape
 Glass can be manufactured in larger sizes and volumes
 Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures,making it possible
to erect buildings of almost urestricted height
 Buildings could be constructed in any shape in short time
What was the effect on agriculture?
 Farmers that had always done everything by hand were now using machines in
their fields
 With all of the machines not as many farm workers were needed so they had to
move to cities to find work

5.
The spinning jenny
 Was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764
 Produced several threads at the same time
 Were later powered by water,and then steam engine
John Kay’s flying shuttle
 „a speed which cannot be imagined,so great that the shuttle can only be seen
like a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant
 A wheeled shuttle that greatly accelerated weaving by passing thread between
warps very quickly
Women’s roles and suffrage
 Women begin to take jobs in factories performing manual labour and skilled
crafts
 Women are always paid less than men and not much more than children
 Women begin to organise for equal rights and suffrage

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