MENTAL RETARDATION
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• To be able to define and classify it on the basis of severity.
• To be able to understand the wide normal variation of
intellectual potential in the community and identify
developmental delay correctly
• To recognize conditions that can be misdiagnosed as MR.
• To recognize factors that cause mental subnormality and also
know common genetic and chromosomal conditions
associated with MR.
• To be able to evaluate a child with MR for etiology and
severity.
• To enable early recognition of treatable causes.
• Parental counseling about treatment options and prognosis.
• To be able to institute community measures for prevention of
mental retardation including genetic counseling.
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DEFINITION
• What is mental retardation?
U.S special education Law;The Individuals with
Disability Education Act defines:‐
• Significant sub average intellectual function
IQ < 2SD below the mean/ score of 70 or below.
• With deficits or impairment in adaptive behavior in
atleast 2 of the following area .
– Communication, social/interpersonal skill,Self care,use of
community resources,
– Home living ,functional academic skill,Self
direction,work,leisure,health and safety.
– Manifests during the development period (<18 years)
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CLASSIFICATION
A) American Psychiatric Association(APA)
Traditional classification
LEVEL IQ
Mild 51 – 70
Moderate 36 – 50
Severe 21 – 35
Profound <21
Severity Untestable by
unspecified standard tests
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Now a days most authorities prefer to classify in 2 major groups
to identify etiology
Mild IQ 50 – 70 Environmental causes
Severe IQ < 50 Biological causes
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B) AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MENTAL RETARDATION(AAMR)
RECENT CLASSIFICATION
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
• PREVALENCE: depends on the definition, the method
of ascertainment and the population.
• 2‐3% general population,
– Mild MR 20‐30/1000, severe MR 3‐4/1000
– In US, based on APA definition 2.5% out of which 85% mild
MR
• The AAMR definition increased the IQ threshold for
MR from 70 to 75 to reflect the standard error of IQ
measurement. This definition doubles the
prevalence of mental retardation.
• Frequently in boys than in girls
2:1 (mild MR) , 1.5:1 (severe MR)
(mainly because of X linked disorders)
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PATHOLOGY
•10‐20% of brains of individuals with severe
MR are normal.
•Majority of brains show mild non specific
changes:‐
Microcephaly
Gray matter heterotopia in the sub cortical white
matter
Unusually regular columnar arrangement of the cortex
Tightly packed neurons
•Minority of brains show specific changes:‐
dendritic and synaptic organization with digenesis of
dendritic spikes
cortical pyramidal neurons or impaired growth of
dendritic trees.
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ETIOLOGY – WHY DID IT HAPPEN?
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DIAGNOSIS OF MR
1. Presence of risk factors
Family history
Prematurity
Maternal substance abuse
Perinatal insult
2. Clinical manifestation
a)Dysmorphism
Identify genetic syndrome‐ Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
b)Developmental delay‐ global/significant
vision/hearing impairment by 6 months
gross motor delay by 2 yrs
language delay by 3 yrs
fine motor delay by 5 yrs
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DIAGNOSIS OF MR CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS ‐CONTD
c) Associated dysfunctions
neurological disorder‐ cerebral palsy, autism
microcephaly
unusual muscle tone(hypo/hypertonia)
abnormal posture and feeding difficulties
seizure
behavior difficulties(below 5 yrs):
(attention span, anxiety , mood and conduct)
academic underachievement(above 5 yrs)
d)Typical symptoms‐ hypothyroidism
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DIAGNOSIS OF MR
3.Intelligence Quotient Testing(IQ)
Calculated by IQ = mental age/chronological age
Standard Tests
•Bayley Scales of Infant Development(BSID II) till 3 yrs
•Wechsler preschool and primary scale intelligence
• Wechsler intellgence scale for children, above 6 yrs
• Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children 6‐15 y
• Vineland Social Maturity Scale(VSMS)‐ Indian
Adaptation, till 15yrs
• Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale
• Binet Kamat Test of intelligence(BKT) – 3‐22 yr
(revision of Binet’s scale by Kamat to suit indians)
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DIAGNOSIS OF MR Q TESTING – CONTD
Screening Test
• Siguin Form Board(SFB): used in case of speech
impairment and to select appropriate IQ test.
• Goodenough’s Draw‐ A ‐ man test for Indian children
(DMTC‐P),by Pramila Pattak, used from 3‐16 yrs of age.
The child is asked to draw a man and he/she receives 1
point for each of the items present in the drawing. For
each 4 points, 1 year is added to the basal age of 3.
• Developmental Screening Tests
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DIAGNOSIS OF MR
4) Laboratory Investigations:
Plan and select appropriate tests as per history/clinical findings
Metabolic screening
Urine:
–Ferric chloride test
–DNPH
–Benedict’s test
–Nitroprusside‐cyanide spot test
–MPS(Mucopolysaccharides) spot test
Blood:
–Aminoacids
–Organic acids
–Lactate, ammonia
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DIAGNOSIS OF MR LAB INVESTIGATIONS‐ CONTD
•Neuroimaging‐ CT,MRI
•EEG
•Genetic evaluation:
karyotype, cytogenetic, specific gene probes
•Specific tissue/Biochemical Analysis
skin, liver biopsy
serum lead,cerruloplasmin
Thyroid Function Test
TORCH,HIV
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Conditions that mimic MR and other conditions with intellectual disability
as an associated impairment.
•Sensory deficits‐severe vision/hearing loss
•Communication disorders
•Poorly controlled seizures‐epileptic syndromes
•Neuromuscular disorders
•Progressive neurological disorders‐regression of milestones
•Isolated cerebral palsy‐motor skills more affected than cognitive skills
•Autism‐social&language skills more affected
•Normal variation till 3 yrs
•Severe PEM/chronic illness
•Emotional deprivation
•Childhood psychosis
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EVALUATION OF MR
1) Identification of children at risk for delayed
development:‐plan preventive/follow up
programme.
2) Is the child really retarded? check list of milestones
Identify significant delay
• Global delay‐equivalent deficits in social, motor,
adaptive & cognitive skills
• Consider prematurity,recent illness and compare
with siblings and peers
• Consider condition misdiagnosed as MR
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EVALUATION OF MR CONTD…
4) Assess the severity‐screen and select the
appropriate IQ test
3) Look for associated impairments/anomalies
Organ dysfunction/defects
Behavioral/psychological abnormalities‐ADHD,autism
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EVALUATION OF MR CONTD…
5) Identify etiology
75% cases of severe MR‐biological causes,50% cases of mild MR‐idiopathic causes
History
– Iodine deficiency/lead exposure/perinatal insullt
– Specific symptoms‐hypothyroidism
– Affected family members‐AD,AR, X linked Inheritance
– Consanguinity in parents
– Maternal age,educational level,socioeconomic status of parents
Clinical examination
– Dysmorphic features‐identify syndrome
– Ophthalmological evaluation‐ ‘cherry red’ spot
– Micro/macrocephaly
– Neurological signs
– Neurocutaneous markers
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CLINICAL EXAMINATION
• Dysmorphic features‐identify syndrome
• Ophthalmological evaluation‐ ‘cherry red’ spot
• Micro/macrocephaly
• Neurological signs
• Neurocutaneous markers
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IDENTIFY SYNDROME
Downs syndrome
•oblique eye fissures with epicanthic skin folds on the
inner canthi of the eyes
•flat nasal bridge
•a single palmar crease
•protruding tongue(macroglossia)
•excessive space between large
toe and second toe
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FRAGILE X SYNDROME
• Elongated face
• Large or protruding ears
• Flat feet
• Larger testes
(macro‐orchidism
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TURNERS SYNDROME
• Short stature
• Lymphedema (swelling) of the hands and feet
• Broad chest (shield chest) and widely spaced nipples
• Low hairline
• Low‐set ears
• Webbed neck
• Wide Carrying Angle
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CHERRY RED SPOT
• Mucopolysaccharidosis
• Hurler's disease
• Tay‐Sachs disease
• MPS VII
• Farber's disease
• GM1 gangliosidoses
• Niemann Pick's disease
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases
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PHENYLKETONURIA
• Fail to attain early developmental milestones
• Microcephaly
• Seizures
• severe learning disabilities
• A "musty or mousy" odour of skin, hair, sweat and
urine
• hypopigmentation
• eczema
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NEUROCUTANEOUS MARKERS
Café‐au‐lait spot Ash leaf spots
Shagreen patches
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EVALUATION OF MR IDENTIFY ETIOLOGY ‐ CONTD
Lab examination
Specific diagnostic test :–
if specific disorder is suspected
Intensive investigations:‐
in absence of clinical indicators
Plan depending on severity of MR/family wish
(if prenatal diagnosis is required)
Emphasis on simple test to start with
(screening/non invasive/cost effective)
Look for treatable conditions
(IDA/PKU/Hypothyroidism)
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EVALUATION OF MR
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Ex :Karyotyping for Down Syndrome
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MANAGEMENT OF MR
a) Specific treatment
Early identification & prevention‐ PKU
Treatable conditions‐IDA,hypothyroidism
Symptomatic‐anticonvulsants, Medical/surgical
intervention for associated anomalies eg:CHD
a) Associated impairments
Behavior management techniques
Pshycopharmacological agents
Stimulant agents‐ADHD
Neuroleptics‐self injurious behavior
SSRIs‐anxiety&depression
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MANAGEMENT OF MR CONTD
C) Supportive
normalising and mainstreaming‐integrate the
children in society and discourage institutionalization.
– Early stimulation
– Special schooling
– Vocational training
– Primary health care –nutrition,immunization
– Periodic evaluation
– Co‐ordinate interdisciplinary services
• Psychology
• Speech&language
• Physiotherapy
• Audiology
• Social work
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MANAGEMENT OF MR CONTD
d) Parental counseling
•Individualized approach based on severity, etiology, prognosis
•Breaking the news‐phased manner
Not to be done abruptly/should not use offending terms like
madness.
Positive aspects of the disease should be discussed
first,followed by the problems but do not with hold the
truth.
•Ensure full participation of family members with special support
to the mother.
•Protect against possible physical or sexual abuse.
•Information regarding parent groups, support organizations and
NGO.
•Counseling about risk of recurrence and prevention of disease
in future pregnancies.
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MANAGEMENT OF MR CONTD
E) Prevention ‐ Primary:
–For all
• iodine and iron supplementation
•Prevent exposure against environmental toxin
•Improve socioeconomic status
•Avoid consanguinity
–Pregnant mothers
•Safe motherhood years 20‐35 yrs
•Periconceptional folate
•Good antenatal care/perinatal care
–Children
•Routine immunization
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MANAGEMENT OF MR
–Secondary Prevention
• Early diagnosis and treatment of curable illneses‐
hypothyroidism,galactosemia
• Prenatal diagnosis‐
• chorionic villus sampling
• Amniocentesis
• Cord blood sampling
– Genetic counseling‐exact etiology/empiric risk figures*
–Tertiary prevention
– Early rehabilitative interventions and support.
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MANAGEMENT OF MR(CONTD)
Etiology established Recurrence risk
A)Down’s syndrome
–Non dysjunctional&
denovo translocation 1%
–Inherited translocation
• Mother carrier 10%
• Father carrier 5%
B)Fragile X syndrome
–Female carrier 50% (affected males)
–Affected males 100% (carrier females)
C) Autosomal Recessive Disorder 25%
D) Autosomal Dominant Disorder 50%
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MANAGEMENT OF MR (CONTD)
Etiology not established Recurrence Risk
Isolated case 1:35
Isolated case(parents consanguinous) 1:7
1 affected parent(either sex) 1:10
1 affected parent& 1 affected child 1:5
2 siblings(either sex) 1:4
2 affected parent s 1:2
Affected male(affected maternal uncle) 1:2(males)
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REFERENCES
•Nelson Text Book of Pediatrics, Richard E Behrman, MD, Robert M Kleigman,MD, Hal B Jenson, MD,18th
Edition.
•Nutrion and Child Development, K E Elizabeth, 4th Edition.
•Ghai Essential Pediatrics, O P Ghai, Vinod K Paul, Arvind Bagga, 7th Edition
•IAP Textbook of Pediatrics,R Parthasarthy,4th Edition
SOURCES:‐
www.geneticdiseases.net
www.genetics.edu.au
www.learn.genetics.utah.edu
www.webmd.com
www.dermrounds.com
www.ds.health.com
www.findmeacure.com
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THANK YOU
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