Human Immunodeficiency Acquired Immune Deficiency
Virus Syndrome
Human: Infecting human Acquired: To come into
beings possession of something
new
Immunodeficiency:
Decrease or weakness in the HIV AIDS Immune Deficiency:
Decrease or weakness in the
body’s ability to fight off
infections and illnesses body’s ability to fight off
infections and illnesses
Virus: A pathogen having
the ability to replicate only Syndrome: A group of signs
inside a living cell and symptoms that occur
together and characterize a
particular abnormality
This virus causes HIV infection and AIDS AIDS is a disease which has the following
The HIV infected person may, or may not elements:
have AIDS. A confirmed positive test for HIV/AIDS.
They may, or may not, have signs or Immuno-compromised status
symptoms of illness but are still infectious to (demonstrated by a low T cell count).
others. The presence of either an opportunistic
infection or AIDS related cancer.
S/S
Usually – none The Clinical Syndrome - HIV
Early warning signs might include Immune deficiency
fever, skin rash, diarrhea, swollen Opportunistic Infections
glands, night sweats, fatigue, cough, Pneumocystis Carini
oral problems, repeated vaginal Pneumonia(PCP), /
infections, and/or weight loss. Cytomegalovirus /
(Remember, other illnesses can cause Herpes
similar symptoms.) Malignancies
Kaposi’s Sarcoma(KS),
/Lymphomas
Neurological Deficits
Dementia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
From Infection to Disease
Infected body fluids are introduced into the body of an uninfected person
The HIV virus crosses into the T-4 White Cell (Immune Cells)
The virus uses the genetic mechanisms of the cell to produce millions of new viruses
The cell dies and the new viruses are released into the blood to infect new un-infected
cells
The T-4 are killed and the patient becomes immunodeficient
The person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections or AIDS related cancers.
How is HIV Transmitted? The Risk of HIV Transmission
Unprotected sexual contact with an is dependant on:
infected partner The concentration of HIV in
Exposure of broken skin or wound to the infected fluid
infected blood or body fluids The QUANTITY of fluid
Transfusion with HIV-infected blood introduced into the body
Injection with contaminated objects The ACCESS of the infected
Mother to child during pregnancy, fluid to the T4 cell
birth or breastfeeding
Fluids with LOW Concentration
Fluids with HIGH Concentration of
of HIV
HIV
(& LOW risk of transmission)
(& HIGH risk of transmission) Pus
Semen Saliva
Blood & Blood components
Tears
Menstrual Flow
Urine
Vaginal Secretions
Feces
Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid
Vomit
Breast Milk Nasal Mucous
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Medications – Triple drug therapymost effective
NURSING MANAGEMENT
No cure exist
Effective, complex, expensive drug treatments are available
Maintenance of healthy lifestyle improves quality of life
Psychological, family planning, economic, and social counseling are very important
Counseling required
Safer SEX & healthy lifestyle crucial
Education about Risk Behaviors
Epidemiology of HIV
Psychological Aspects of HIV
Worldwide trends: Infection
Massive numbers still being infected
Large numbers dying in developing countries
Disruption of family units and national economies HIV infection has a major
Effective therapy not available in developing psychological impact on:
countries The infected person
HIV/AIDS awareness increasing in more countries The infected person’s family
Governments starting to address the AIDS epidemic The infected person’s friends
National Trends The economic status of
Rates in youth are increasing affected persons
Heterosexual transmission is increasing
Rates of infection amongst minority females is
increasing
Effective treatments increasing life span of infected Myths and misconceptions
people You cannot get HIV if you:
Funding has remained constant or has decreased Stand up during sex
Effective treatments have caused an inappropriate Have unprotected oral sex
decrease in the concern about HIV transmission Have sex for the first time
Local Trends (S. FLA.) Have sex with a virgin
People over 50 demonstrate double the national Are not gay/bisexual
average for the number of new HIV cases reported Do not have sex during a
Half of new HIV infections are 25 or younger woman’s period
Rates in youth, minority women, and heterosexuals If you douche/cleanout/pee
reflect the national trends after sex
Special challenges exist in HIV education and Do a little bit of sex and pull
prevention in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing out
population Already have HIV or AIDS
Rates of new HIV infection amongst minority Do not have an orgasm
populations is
greater than their percentage in the general
population
Legal Considerations:
AIDS is a “disability” under ADA (Americans with
Disabilities Act)
The Following are mandated by law
Confidentiality of test results & HIV status
Reporting and follow up by Public Health Department
Criminal liability for knowingly transmitting infection
See: www.onlinesunshine.org
www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes
NCP
ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING INTERVENTION EVALUATION
SUBJECTIVE: Fatigue may be After 8 hours or Independent: After 8 hours of
related to nursing nursing
“I always feel decrease in interventions, the Assess sleep interventions, the
tired and lately metabolic energy patient will: patterns and patient was able
I’m prone to production, other factors to:
infections” as increased energy Report that may be
verbalized by the requirements, improved sense aggravating Report
patient. overwhelming of energy fatigue improved sense
psychological and Participate in Encourage of energy
OBJECTIVE: emotional desired timely
Participate in
demands, and activities at level evaluation of
Overwhelming altered body of ability; and fatigue if new desired
lack of energy chemistry such as Identify medications activities at level
Inability to side effects of individual areas have been of ability; and
maintain usual medication or of control; and added to the Identify
routines insulin resistance. Engage in energy regimen. individual areas
Decreased conservation Discuss reality of control; and
performance techniques. of patient’s
feelings of Engage in energy
V/S taken as exhaustion and conservation
follows: identify techniques.
limitations
T: 36.5 °C imposed by
P: 65 fatigue state.
R: 16 Assist patient
BP: 100/80 to set realistic
activity goals,
determining
individual
priorities and
responsibilities.
Discuss energy
conservation
techniques
such as sitting
instead of
standing for
activities, as
appropriate.
Encourage
adequate rest
periods during
the day.
Instruct in
stress
management
techniques,
such as
breathing
exercises,
visualization,
and music and
light therapy.
Collaborative:
Administer
intravenous
fluid as
prescribed
Identify
available
resource and
support
systems.
REFERENCES
www.flaaids.com
World Health Organization
www.cdc.gov
www.myflorida.org
http://aidseducation.dadeschools.net
