Yank Elev Itch
Yank Elev Itch
by
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts, The City University of New York
2009
3344983
Copyright 2009 by
Lankovsky, Mary (Masha)
3344983
2009
ii
© 2009
This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Music in
satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts.
Norman Carey
__________________________ ______________________________
David Olan
___________________________ ______________________________
Joseph N. Straus
Jane Palmquist
Daniel Phillips
Nelli Shkolnikova
Albert Markov
Supervisory Committee
Abstract
by
Following the revolution of 1917, the center of Russian violin playing and
teaching shifted from St. Petersburg to Moscow, where violinists such as Lev Tseitlin,
became known as the Moscow Violin School, a component of the larger Russian Violin
strongly influenced by the teachers of the Moscow School. Yankelevich taught at the
methodological work to the pedagogical literature. His texts document the pedagogical
aspects of violin playing and teaching. Despite its importance, Yankelevich’s scholarly
work is largely unknown outside of Russia due, in part, to a lack of English translations
of his texts. This dissertation examines Yankelevich’s pedagogy, largely drawing from
v
Yankelevich’s work is placed in context of the traditions of the Moscow Violin School.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work would not be possible without the advice and support of many
individuals to whom I am deeply indebted. I would like to first thank Nelli Shkolnikova
for giving me the inspiration to write about Yankelevich, and for the invaluable primary
sources that supplied the basis for this dissertation. I thank Jane Palmquist who, as a
demanding and conscientious advisor, saw me through each stage of the many-layered
process. I thank Joseph Straus for his unfailing wisdom and clarity of advice. I would
like to thank the chair of my committee Norman Carey for all his assistance in seeing this
dissertation through the final stages. I am very grateful to Daniel Phillips for his attention
and support of this work and I kindly thank Albert Markov and Alexandre Brussilovsky
for sharing with me their expertise and experience as students of Yankelevich, in addition
To all my family, friends, and colleagues who have extended their support, I owe
a great deal. I would like to thank my CUNY colleagues, Ellie Kang and Judy Woo, for
their unwavering friendship and dependability. I thank Sasha Gurevich for providing me
with the first edition of Yankelevich's book and for sharing with me Russian typing
tips. I would like to thank Greg Erickson for all his patience in reading my drafts and for
making the thing seem doable. I also thank Greg Tolwinski for his careful proof-reading
and moral support in the final stages. Finally, I thank my mother, without whose love,
strength, and support I could neither have begun nor completed this project. In addition
to helping tremendously with proofs, edits, and comments, she has made everything seem
possible and I marvel at her uncanny ability to always be right at the end of the day.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract iv
Acknowledgements vi
Note on transliteration viii
Appendix F: Original Russian text of “On the Initial Positioning of the Violinist” 73
Bibliography 86
viii
NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION
Transliterations in the body of this dissertation are spelled according to the table provided
by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, except for proper names that are familiar to
readers in other spellings and referenced published works. All transliterations in the
bibliography and Appendix E are consistent with the table provided by the Library of
Chapter 1
Introduction
established at the Moscow Conservatory following the 1917 revolution. During the
1920s, the conservatories of St. Petersburg and Moscow were restructured and restaffed
with a younger faculty who embraced novel pedagogical approaches. The Moscow
methodological analysis of violin playing and teaching. This faculty included Lev
(1890–1956), who together may be considered the founding pillars of the Moscow Violin
of these teachers. As a teacher at the Moscow Conservatory from 1936 to 1973, and
through his scholarly writings, Yankelevich continued the traditions of the Moscow
1
The name Tseitlin is also commonly transliterated as Zeitlin in the literature. The family name
Yampolsky appears often among twentieth century Russian string players. Abraham Yampolsky’s (the
violin teacher referenced here) brother was Mark Yampolsky (1879–1951) a cellist, fellow member of the
Persimfans orchestra and professor at the Moscow Conservatory. Mark’s son was Israel Yampolsky
(1905–1976) who studied the violin with his uncle, Abraham Yampolsky. Israel Yampolsky later became a
prominent musicologist and wrote Russkoe Skripichnoe Iskusstvo [Russian Art of the Violin] and
Principles of Violin Fingering, among other publications. Of no relation to this family is Philip Yampolsky
(1874–1957), a student of and former assistant to Leopold Auer. Interestingly enough, for a short while
Philip Yampolsky taught Abraham Yampolsky (in St. Petersburg) as well as Leonid Kogan (in
Dniepopoetrovsk). Leonid Kogan later continued his studies in Moscow as a student of Abraham
Yampolsky. Unless otherwise noted, the single name Yampolsky will subsequently refer only to Abraham
Yampolsky.
2
in the West of the scholarly work and pedagogical methodology of these teachers. The
Moscow Violin School has been mistakenly characterized in the West as conformist and
The Moscow Violin School has also been referred to as the “Soviet Violin
School” and may be considered to comprise the more general “Russian Violin School.”
The latter is a term commonly used to describe traditions of violin playing in Russia,
although specific characteristics defining the Russian Violin School have never been
established. The term “Russian Violin School” first came into prominence at the
beginning of the twentieth century, following the success of numerous violin prodigies
emerging from Russia, many of them students of Leopold Auer. A distinguishing feature
of this school was the so-called “Russian bow hold,” a term coined by Carl Flesch
probably because he observed some of Auer’s students, including Heifetz and Elman,
similarly holding the bow with a deep grip, a high elbow and raised wrist.2 Through
common association, the “Russian Violin School” has also referred to the school of Piotr
Stolyarsky in Odessa and the Moscow Violin School. Historically, the idea of one
autonomous Russian School is ambiguous due to the great number of foreign influences
on Russian violin playing. The multi-faceted nature of the development of Russian violin
playing and the emergence of a so-called Russian Violin School are topics that warrant
2
Not all of Auer’s students held the bow in this manner and there is no evidence to suppose that Auer
taught his students to hold the bow this way. Some claim this bow hold could have been inherited from
Wieniawski or even Paganini himself. Auer himself seems to have used a different, Franco-Belgian grip
and Schwarz writes that “every Auer student was virtually free to choose his own posture; some played
with a high elbow, others left it low, some pressed the index finger above the second joint, others below.”
Gaidamovich, ed., Muzykalnoe ispolnitelstvo i pedagogika, 93. Schwarz, Great Masters of the Violin, 421.
3
further research and are beyond the scope of this dissertation. The chart at Appendix A
illustrates the teacher-pupil relationship between violinists of the Moscow School and
The turn of the twentieth century in Russia was marked by an unprecedented flux
of creative energy and exposure to foreign influences. This period of “some dozen years
marked by a wonderful, frenzied flourishing of arts, letters, and humanities” has been
described as the “Silver Age” of Russian culture.3 Although the revolution of 1917
marked an end to the so-called Silver Age, elements of the creative energy of the
preceding era still reverberated throughout the 1920s. Of the musical climate in Russia
during the 1920s, Boris Schwarz writes, “a firm base was established that assured future
witnessed influential avant-garde trends in literature, theatre, philosophy, and the fine
arts. While much of the creative freedom of this decade was to be suppressed during the
political oppression of the 1930s, certain changes had a lasting consequence. For
example, violin pedagogy, unlike composition, was not politically sensitive, and many of
the new pedagogical concepts that were introduced in the 1920s were not subject to
subsequent restrictions.
Prior to 1917 the most notable school of violin playing in Russia had been
associated with Leopold Auer, who taught in St. Petersburg from 1868 to 1916. During
3
Hakobian, Music of the Soviet Age, 16.
4
Schwarz, Music and Musical Life, 61.
4
the turbulent years surrounding the revolution, Auer and many of his famous students,
including Jascha Heifetz, Nathan Milstein, and Mischa Elman, fled Russia for the West.
As Russia went through major political restructuring in the 1920s, the artistic and
educational institutions similarly underwent major upheavals, and Moscow succeeded St.
Petersburg as the political and cultural capital. In 1925 both the Moscow and St.
distinction between the old professors who represented the conservative, pre-
The mood of the students was rebellious, the respect for tradition and
conservative teachers, seemed dry and dogmatic, estranged from the living
pulse of music. Modern Western ideas entered through the books of Ernst
Kurth, Guido Adler, and Egon Wellesz. The performers were stirred by
This younger and progressive faculty at the Moscow Conservatory included Tseitlin,
5
Ibid., 98.
6
Ibid., 100–101.
5
Mostras, Yampolsky and Yankelevich.7 While other exceptional violinists of the time,
including Mirion Poliakin, David Oistrakh, and Dmitry Tsyganov, all exerted a strong
methodology and analysis. Mostras, Yampolsky, and Yankelevich all devoted the
majority of their musical careers to violin pedagogy rather than performance, producing
numerous articles, lectures, and editions that reflected their interest in the psycho-
physiological aspect of playing and teaching. While much of their pedagogy descended
from the violin school of Auer, many novel concepts were also introduced and
The direct relationship between the Central Music School and the Moscow Conservatory
provided continuity and unity in musical education. Boris Schwarz described his visit to
the Moscow Central Music School together with Yehudi Menuhin in 1962:
We were told that the Central Music School in Moscow had been the first
of its kind in the country. It started in 1932 when some fifteen gifted
learn or retrace one’s steps. Many of the children are taught almost from
the beginning by truly great teachers who are able to guide them
The interest many of the Conservatory professors demonstrated towards teaching younger
children was characteristic of the Moscow Violin School. Both Yampolsky and
Yankelevich taught at the Central Music School in addition to the Moscow Conservatory.
The acclaimed violinist Leonid Kogan pointed out that “Yampolsky belonged to the
small number of pedagogues who taught a student all the way from beginning steps to
complete artistic mastery.”9 Yankelevich was likewise involved with students at all
from how the violinist’s skills are established, from the ‘kitchen’ where
Central Music School, don’t see the long-range perspective. . . . This rift
is detrimental to both.”10
8
Menuhin’s impressions of the Central Music School were greatly influential and inspired him to start his
own music school at Stoke d’Abernon in England. Schwarz, Music and Musical Life, 397–398.
9
Tumanin, ed., Vospominania o moskovskoi konservatorii, 346
10
Янкелевич отрицал разделение педагогов на <<педагогов начального обучения>> и <<педагогов
вуза>> (как это делал, к примеру, К. Флеш). Он считал, что педагоги <<высшего этапа>> порой
<<оторваны от становления навыков скрипча, подлинной "кухни" воспитания таланта, а педагоги
7
Yankelevich’s interest in the relationship between early and advanced study is evident
combined with the partnership of the Central Music School, produced dramatic results.
At the Ysaye International Violin Competition of 1937, the international jury (including
Flesch and Szigeti) was amazed when five of the six top prizes were awarded to violinists
from the Soviet Union, all of whom had studied at some point at the Moscow
Conservatory.11 From 1917 to 1966, 128 out of the 151 Russian prize winners at major
the Soviet government allowed few to concertize and tour in the West. The restricted
flow of information prevented the West from becoming fully acquainted with the
pedagogy associated with the Moscow Violin School. In his review of the English
Montague wrote:
our century many of the greatest virtuosos are products of that training. It
is strange, however, that we in the western world are not really well
informed about the basic tradition that has produced Heifetz, Elman,
начальной школы, а порой и ЦМШ, не видят перспективы….Разрыв этот вреден и тем и другим>>
[Unless otherwise noted, this and all subsequent translations in footnotes are my own] IAnkelevich,
Pedagogicheskoe Nasledie, (1983) 16–17.
11
Schwarz, Great Masters of the Violin, 456.
12
Pribegina, Moskovskaia konservatoriia 1899–1991, 446.
8
acquainted with the names of Professors I.M. Zeitlin, A.I. Yampolsky, and
Moscow Violin School has since been documented in the West. None of the pedagogical
texts by Yampolsky, Mostras, or Yankelevich have been translated into English. Few
Western violinists and scholars are familiar with the pedagogical approaches of these
“Russian” or “Soviet” schools in the West. Commenting on the success of the Soviet
violinists at the 1937 Ysaye competition, Flesch remarked that “technique had taken the
place of spirituality. Although the mechanical work is unsurpassed, the warmth and the
Schwarz points out, especially considering the first prize–winner of that competition,
David Oistrakh, is now commonly lauded in the West as one of the warmest violinists of
his generation.15 Aside from being faulted for excessive emphasis on technique, the
Russian and Soviet Violin Schools have also been commonly considered to highlight
playing that is expressively (and sometime overly) romantic, evoking a “dark, emotive
Violin School. An examination of the scholarly work written by teachers of the Moscow
13
See note 1 regarding Israel Yampolsky. Montague, “The Principles of Violin Fingering,” 500.
14
Schwarz, Great Masters of the Violin, 457.
15
Ibid.
16
Ross, “Nina Beilina, Exponent of Russian School.”
9
Violin School. Yankelevich’s texts provide a good introduction to the pedagogy of the
Moscow Violin School because he integrated and synthesized the traditions established
Lev Tseitlin was one of the most influential musical personalities working in
Moscow during the 1920s. Tseitlin’s expansive musical education contributed to his
innovative pedagogical principles. Born in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia, Tseitlin moved to St.
Petersburg to further his studies with Leopold Auer.17 In 1901 Tseitlin traveled to Paris,
where he studied theory and composition with d’Indy and Borda at the Schola
Cantorum.18 During his years abroad, Tseitlin amassed a broad musical and intellectual
then newly composed string quartet under Debussy’s guidance and met with Bartók,
offering the first performances of some of his works. Joseph Szigeti notes that “in 1905
Upon his return to Russia in 1906, Tseitlin introduced audiences to much of the
new music he had become familiar with in Europe.20 Tseitlin’s remarkable knowledge
and experience influenced many of the musicians he came in contact with. In a letter to
Tseitlin, the acclaimed cellist Grigory Piatigorsky once wrote, “In all my stay overseas I
have not undertaken to play one note without thinking . . . how you would have wanted
17
Belenkii, Pedagogicheskie printsipy L.M. Tseitlina, 10.
18
Ibid., 11.
19
Ibid., 15.
20
Tseitlin performed the Russian premiere of Sibelius’s violin concerto and Chausson’s Poéme. Ibid., 19–
20.
10
me to play it.”21 The violinist Dmitri Tsyganov remarked, “These were times when our
dogmas; he brought much that was new and valued into the realm of violin
and fingerings.23
Soon after joining the faculty of the Moscow Conservatory, Tseitlin helped establish the
from 1922 to 1932 and achieved considerable international renown.24 From 1926 to 1929
the orchestra even published its own musical journal.25 According to Tseitlin’s student
Boris Belenki, one of the motivations behind Persimfans was the decline of
professionalism in orchestras after the revolution, and the exodus of many first-rate
21
Ibid., 21.
22
Ibid.
23
В своей педагогической деятельности он неизменно отстаивал принципы идейно содержательного
искусства и прогрессивной музыкальной педагогики. Отличаясь смелостью и новизной мысли,
Л.М. Цейтлин боролся против ложных традиций и догматизма; он внёс много нового и ценного в
область скрипичного исполнительства и педагогики, главным образом в отношении динамики,
штриховых и аппликатурных приемов. Blok, ed., Ocherki po metodike obuchenie igry na skripke,
24
Schwarz, Music and Musical Life, 46.
25
Ibid.
11
creative energy generated in Moscow in the 1920s and of the desire to break free from
corresponded to the new political climate, and Persimfans was heralded with enthusiasm
and support.
Conservatory, and rehearsals took place in the Great Hall of the Conservatory.27 This
allowed a direct flow of ideas between the orchestra and the teaching that was taking
place under the same roof. The orchestra became a kind of creative laboratory. The
Persimfans orchestra sat in a circular formation, with Tseitlin in the middle. Musicians
in all sections spent time meticulously discussing and deciding phrasing, bowings,
through “incessant rehearsals and mutual consultations until a point was reached when
Belenki writes that “the rehearsals of Persimfans often turned into methodological
a new pedagogical outlook, new ways of teaching.”29 Mostras, who was a member of
26
Belenkii, Pedagogicheskie printsipy L.M. Tseitlina, 27.
27
Belenkii, Pedagogicheskie printsipy L.M. Tseitlina, 27.
28
Schwarz, Music and Musical Life, 46.
29
Ibid., 32.
12
Tseitlin’s stand partner in Persimfans was Abraham Yampolsky, and the second stand
consisted of Mostras and Tsyganov. These were all violinists who subsequently become
the leading violin professors at the Moscow Conservatory and were fundamental in
Konstantin Mostras
During the 1920s and 1930s, Mostras and Yampolsky—Tseitlin’s colleagues from
Conservatory from 1922 to 1965 and headed the violin department from 1936 to 1950.
Moscow in 1905 to study law.31 In 1910 Mostras entered the music school of the
Moscow Philharmonic Society, where he was a student of Boris Ossipovich Sibor (who
studied with Sokolovsky at the Moscow Conservatory and with Auer in St. Petersburg).
From 1922 to 1932 Mostras was actively involved in the creation and success of
Since his early years teaching at the Moscow Conservatory, Mostras was deeply
committed to the analysis of violin playing and teaching. During the 1920s Mostras
collected materials on violin pedagogy and in 1931 instituted a course at the conservatory
30
Персимфанс нанес удар косности, оркесровой рутине; внес свежую творческую струю в работу
оркестрантов, поднял их самознание на новую ступень...Результаты его работы оказали неоценимое
влияние на все дальнейшее развитие сольного и оркестрового усполнительства и педагогики. Ibid.
31
Rodionov, ed., Mastera skripichnoi pedagogiki, 56.
13
original etudes, transcriptions, and editions to the violin literature. Among these was the
first Russian edition of the Bach Sonatas and Partitas. This edition was printed on a
double staff with each edited line printed directly above the original text. The appearance
on the Violin, Rhythmic Discipline of the Violinist, Dynamics in Violin Playing, and A
System of Practicing at Home for the Violinist.33 As the violinists Agarkov and
Rodionov point out, Mostras’s scholarly works deal primarily with musical problems (i.e.
intonation, rhythm, and dynamics) rather than with technical matters (i.e. runs, bowings,
aspects of violin playing is typical of the Moscow Violin School. Blok describes how
Tseitlin criticized his students for lack of mental control, and would remark, “Learn to
‘direct’ your hands in carrying out your wishes.”36 Mostras elaborates extensively on this
32
Ibid., 59.
33
Complete references to these works are found in the bibliography.
34
Rodionov, ed., Mastera skripichnoi pedagogiki, 60.
35
Ibid.
36
Научитесь <<приказывать>> рукам выполнять свои намерения. Blok, ed., Ocherki po metodike
obuchenie igry na skripke, 11.
14
referenced by both Yampolsky and Yankelevich. These terms deal with the
musical tasks. Mostras approached violin pedagogy as a science and all his conclusions
were the result of a careful and systematic analysis of his experience playing and
teaching.
Among Mostras’s students was Ivan Galamian (1903–1981) who later became
one of the most influential violin pedagogues in the United States. Describing
Galamian’s method in The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, Robin Stowell writes,
“for [Galamian] the key to technical proficiency is mental control over physical
movement, but his is a flexible method with no rigid rules.”38 Although The Cambridge
Abraham Yampolsky
Mostras. Yampolsky taught at the Moscow Conservatory from 1926 through 1956 and
was acclaimed for his acute pedagogical intuition and the great number of accomplished
musicians who graduated from his studio. Yampolsky graduated from the St. Petersburg
37
The term “psycho-physiology” may appear with or without the hyphen. The hyphen is retained in this
context to emphasize the descriptive nature of the term and to distinguish it from “psychophysiology,” a
specific branch of psychology that deals with physiological processes.
38
Stowell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, 228.
15
Conservatory in 1913, receiving degrees in both violin performance and the theory of
known to accompany the entire Brahms and Beethoven violin concertos at the keyboard
from memory.40
In St. Petersburg Yampolsky studied violin with Sergei Korguyev, who was a
student of, and later assistant to, Auer.41 Yampolsky moved to Moscow in 1920 and
assisted Tseitlin in founding and directing Persimfans. The many years of work in
and experience, combined with an intuitive pedagogical grasp, made him one of the most
beloved and respected teachers of his generation. The virtuoso violinist Leonid Kogan
style.”43
between mental conception and physical execution. He believed that “the main role of a
performer is to make any music, even the most complex, understandable and convincing
to the listener . . . . In order to do this the performer himself must delve into the music
39
Rodionov, ed., Mastera skripichnoi pedagogiki, 9.
40
Merkulov, ed., Professora ispolnitelskikh klassov Moscovskoi konservatorii, 122.
41
Lubotskii, “A. I. IAmpolskii – muzykant, pedagog, vospitatel’,” 117.
42
Rodionov, ed., Mastera skripichnoi pedagogiki, 10.
43
Merkulov, ed., Professora ispolnitelskikh klassov Moscovskoi konservatorii, 125.
44
Tumanin, ed., Vospominania o moskovskoi konservatorii, 346.
16
Yampolsky constantly developed new approaches to technical and musical problems that
would assist the development of a violinist on all levels and he contributed a significant
amount of articles and editions to the pedagogical literature. Yampolsky’s 1950 edition
well as more difficult arrangements of some of the etudes. Other publications include
posthumous editions of the Dont and Paganini Caprices, as well as editions of the
Working with Students,” “On Cultivating Sound in Violinists,” and “The Pedagogue as
Yampolsky raises the issue of how to cultivate the student’s artistic and creative
playing at a high level, sound alike and lack distinct individuality. Approaching this
problem from a distinctly pedagogical point of view, Yampolsky largely faults the
45
В рекомендуемых А. Ямпольским методах обнаруживается значительная общность с некоторыми
важнейшими положениями физиолигического учения И. Павлова...В этой общности проявилась
мудрость педагога-практика, сумевшего сделать полезные теоретические выводы из своего
богатейшего опыта. Rodionov, ed., Mastera skripichnoi pedagogiki, 7.
46
Full references to these works are found in the bibliography.
17
a certain aural inertia. Any divergences from the general norm give us the
and responsibilities associated with violin pedagogy. His pedagogical legacy reflects his
well-rounded musicianship, for his students included not only prize winning soloists, but
47
В своей практике мы вынуждены уделять много времени достижению формальной
законченности, работе над интонаций, над технической стороной и т.п...В процессе подготовки
часто проходят мимо нашего внимания отдельные яркие моменты в исполнении ученика. Мы не
замечаем этих проблесков, так как наше внимание слишком занято исправлением всякого рода
недостатков. Вместе с тем, привыкнув слушать десятки раз одно и то же произведение в
традиционном исполнении, мы бессознательно вырабатываем в себе определенную слуховую
инерцию. Всякое отступление от обычной нормы производит на нас впечатление чего-то
странного, нелогичного. Если это имеет место в исполнении ученика, мы сразу же начинаем
поправлять его, вместо того чтобы внимательно прислушаться и попытаться выявить то ценное и
творческое, что, может быть, заключено в художественных намерениях ученика. IAmpolskii, “O
metode rabotiy s uchenikami,” 18.
18
Growing up in Omsk, Yankelevich received his initial musical education from the city’s
his studies with Yampolsky.51 Yankelevich notes how much Yampolsky influenced his
pedagogical methodology:
miracle, not “alchemy,” but a science and that besides inspiration there
48
В центре интересов Янкелевича всегда находились вопросы скрипичной методики и -- шире --
струнной педагогики вообще. В 50-е годы, когда на кафедре, возглавляемой его учителем А. И.
Ямпольским, интенсивно разрабатывались методические вопросы, он поставил перед собой задачу
обобщения педагогического опыта ведущих профессоров консерватории . IAnkelevich,
Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 6.
49
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 237.
50
From 1914 – 1924 St. Petersburg was known as Petrograd, before being changed to Leningrad in 1924.
51
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 237.
19
exist objective rules, which, when combined with serious work, can
In 1935 Yankelevich left the Moscow Philharmonic where he was employed and began
teaching at the Central Music School. In 1936 he became Yampolsky’s assistant at the
Violin Playing: An Analysis of the Work of Carl Flesch,” was written in 1932. As a
analyzing how prominent violinists shift positions. This work resulted in his doctoral
Conservatory.
share his knowledge, always giving it a fresh and modern point of view.
52
Именно с этого времени меня все больше и уже сознательно начинает привлекать педагогика,
познание закономерностей теории и практики игры на скрипке...У него я понял, что игра на скрипке
-- это не чудо, не "алхимия", а наука. Что кроме чувства вдохновения здесь существуют и
объективные законы, изучив которые можно при работе многого добиться. Ibid.
53
“Смены позиций в связи с задачами художественного исполнения на скрипке.” Reprinted in
Pedagogicheskoye Naslediye.
54
Становление Янкелевича как педагога неразрывно связано с традициями отечественной
скрипичной школы. Огромную роль (это всегда подчеркивал и сам Юрий Исаевич) сыграли годы
его общения с ведущими профессорами Московской консерватории, среди которых он пользовался
все большим и большим авторитетом. Янкелевичу было присуще какое-то особое умение обобщать
20
In addition to his methodological texts, Yankelevich edited over thirty works in the
standard violin repertoire and taught extensively at the Moscow Conservatory until his
and physical mastery of the instrument; forty of his students were first prize winners in
spending excessive time on technical matters, his pedagogical texts stress the
полученные знания, сообщая им всегда новый, современный ракурс; в этом проявлялся подлинный
талант педагога-мыслителя. IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 238.
55
A list of compositions edited by Yankelevich is found in Appendix D.
56
A list of Yankelevich’s students is found in Appendix C.
57
A complete list of methodological texts and lectures by Yankelevich is found in Appendix E.
21
Chapter 2
Introduction
in 1983 provided the first comprehensive book devoted to Yankelevich’s pedagogy. The
Yankelevich: “Shifting Positions in Relation to the Artistic Goals of the Violinist” and
“On the Initial Positioning of the Violinist,” and appendices with essays by Maya
Glezarova and Tatiana Gaidamovich. The second and third editions of Pedagogical
Heritage contain revised essays by Grigoriev, Gaidamovich, and Glezarova and are
supplemented with further essays from other musicians and updated bibliographic
1999, none of Pedagogical Heritage has been translated into English. All subsequent
quotations from the work are my original translations from the first edition.
1) A study of the student: his attributes and abilities; and finding the
and is typical of the entire Moscow Violin School. Indeed, all of Grigoriev’s points may
psychological and physiological components of violin playing and teaching on the part of
the teacher and student. Mostras, Yampolsky, and Yankelevich were all drawn to the
the moving apparatus of the hands and fingers, determined and controlled
by the activities of the central nervous system and foremost of the brain…
latter also develops, but its development occurs in tandem with the
composition).59
58
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 9.
59
Исполнение на музкальном инструменте…предстает перед нами, как прявление деятельности
двигательного аппарата рук и пальцев, определяемой и руководимой деятельностью центральной
нервной системы и в первую очередь коры головного мозга...Совершенствование исполнительских
23
Yankelevich was similarly interested in the perception and development of the psycho-
work itself, but of the sound needed to express a musical idea and the
but rather to cultivate the nerve perceptions that would lead to quick
the history of violin teaching, albeit usually credited as the teacher’s gift or intuition.
One of the earliest violin instruction manuals, The Gentleman’s Diversion… (1693), tells
of techniques “which may be knowne but not described.”61 During the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, the most notable treatises and method books (such as those by L.
Mozart, Kreutzer, Baillot, Rode, Dont, and Schradieck) provided specific technical
physiological skills. In the first half of the twentieth century, violin texts by Auer,
Flesch, and Dounis did address aspects of psychology and physiology, however none
explicitly described the relationship of these aspects to pedagogy. Thus, the psycho-
The first two points in Grigoriev’s outline of Yankelevich’s methodology, i.e., the
study of the student and the selection of repertoire, are essential components of a psycho-
appropriate repertoire sequence, the teacher must consider the psychological and
61
Stowell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, 224.
25
Yankelevich stressed that the teacher must be a master of psychology and be able
When it comes to serious pedagogical work, ask the question: Who are
you teaching? Find out who the student is, for they all have an array of
Of the psychological traits that need to be initially determined, Yankelevich listed the
following: emotion, focus, fatigue, endurance, capacity for work, and dedication.64
Grigoriev describes how Yankelevich assisted Yampolsky in devising a form with sixty
questions to assist the teacher in “deciphering” the student.65 The questions on the form
addressed the following: general development, family background, interests other than
initiative, etc.66 Yankelevich did not necessarily claim that certain traits are more
beneficial than others; however, the combination of these traits should determine how the
62
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 12.
63
Если речь идет о серьезной педагогической работе, задайте себе вопрос -- кого вы учите?
Выясните, что представляет собой ученик, ведь у каждого из них масса разнообразных качеств --
своя психика, свои руки и т.д.; есть волевые, сосредоточенные, культурные, умные, ленивые.
Только после этого можно определить, к какому ученику какой метод надо применить.
Разнообразие человеческого материала исключает однообразный подход. Ibid., 13.
64
Ibid., 14.
65
Ibid., 44.
66
Ibid.
26
initial lessons are planned and how the repertoire is selected.67 After analyzing the
student’s specific traits, the teacher must then also let the student become aware of these
traits. According to Yankelevich, it is not enough for the teacher to know the student, but
“the student must also be able to judge himself—his strengths and weaknesses, and be
Choice of repertoire
Yankelevich was one of the first teachers to use a method of “future perspective”
the development of each student through the various stages of study: music school, high
school, conservatory, graduate work, and concert activity.70 Yankelevich believed that
stages of study, when the student is playing simple pieces in first position.71 According
to Yankelevich:
guidance and explanations from the teacher can help formulate the imagination of
67
Ibid.
68
In this and subsequent instances where Yankelevich, Mostras, or Yampolsky refer to the “student,” it is
understood that the “student” may be of either gender. In keeping with the original Russian, and to make
for smoother reading, the generic masculine pronoun is often retained in translation. [надо чтобы и]
ученик тоже оценивал себя сам -- все свои сильные и слабые стороны, достоинства и недостатки,
научился бы смотреть на себя со стороны. Ibid., 14.
69
Ibid., 8.
70
Ibid.
71
Ibid., 15.
27
the student and lead to the emergence of artistic initiative —for these processes
Yankelevich believed that repertoire that best highlights emotional responses is the more
valuable. Yankelevich remarked, “It is not necessary to follow the historical development
of violin literature; bright ‘theatrical’ pieces, folk songs, programmatic works give more
to the development of expressive response in the early stages of study than do Italian
to assign works by Beriot, Vieuxtemps, Spohr, and Ernst. She writes, “in addition to
finding in these works excellent material for developing violin technique, Yankelevich
also believed that they develop the student’s sense of fantasy, the emotional side of
performance.”74
always prescribe the same repertoire to each student. Glezarova recalls the following
comment of Yankelevich:
I believe there are two commonly used approaches in guiding the student’s
repertoire. The first reflects the student’s outward nature i.e., choosing
pieces that underscore the natural qualities of the student, those that easily
suit him. The second approach only takes into consideration the student’s
all the positive qualities of the student and risk suppressing the student’s
72
В танце, колыбельной, марше надо требовать яркости выражения, единой характерности. Затем
образы утончаются, разнообразятся, усложняются, становятся менее конкретными...Верные
замечания, объяцнения педагога могут тут помочь формированию и образного восприятия ученика
и пробуждению у него художественной инициативы -- ведь эти процессы тесно связаны. Ibid.
73
Ibid., 16
74
Ibid., 243.
28
deficiencies.75
of at least two to three years. The repertoire plan was reevaluated every year depending
Yankelevich’s repertoire plan for a student in possession of technical facility, but with an
Yankelevich stressed the need for the teacher to analyze the precise psycho-physiological
causes of the difficulty. Once these causes are understood, the teacher must formulate the
appropriate solutions. These may include variations, etudes, and exercises specifically
75
Существует, как мне кажется, два наиболее распространенных весьма спорных принципа их
построения. Первый -- это показ внешней стороны работы, то есть подбор произведений,
подчеркивающих достоинства природных качеств ученика, так сказать, полностью идущих ему на
встречу. Второй -- учитывает одни только недостатки ученика, и здесь в своем стремлении их
исправить педагоги, сбрасывая со счетов все положительные данные своих воспитанников, рискуют
подавить творческую индивидуальность. Думается, что есть третий, наиболее верный путь:
бережно сочетать черты индивидуальности ученика с необходимыми задачами дальнейшего их
развития и исправления имеющихся недостатков. Ibid., 242
29
that the teacher must subsequently activate the same analytical interest in the student.
In many cases defects in left hand technique are caused not only by local
regulatory processes of the central nervous system. This should always be taken
performance. Concerning the main points that adversely affect the freedom of the
left hand moving along the fingerboard, there are firstly, defects of a purely
pedagogical concept. The majority of pedagogical texts give directions that address
solely external visual concepts; the bow hold should look like this, the position of the left
hand should look like that, etc. Yankelevich suggests the pedagogue address the
muscular sensations of the student; the bow should feel like this, a change in position
should feel like that. In such a psycho-physiological approach the teacher must enter into
76
...во многих случаях недостатки техники левой руки находятся в зависимости не только от чисто
местных причин, но и от других явлений, определяющих процессы регуляции со стороны
центральной нервной системы. Указанное обстоятельство должно всегда учитываться в
практической деятельности, в частности при анализе различных дефектов исполнительства. К
основным моментам, оказывающим значительное тормозящее влияние на свободу передвижения
левой руки вдоль грифа, относятся, во-первых, дефекты чисто механического характера (легко
обнаруживаемые даже при внешнем наблюдении) и, во-вторых, более глубинные явления,
связанные с неправильным ощущением этого двигательного процесса (который внешне может
протекать как будто вполне <<правильно>>). Ibid., 97
30
the mind and sensations of the student before proceeding to solve any technical
difficulties.
hearing,” a term used by Tseitlin, Yampolsky, and Mostras, and later referred to by
Yankelevich.77 The skill of coordinating mental aural concepts with physical activity
(i.e., the aural and kinesthetic) is particularly relevant to string players since a large
portion of their technique addresses intonation and shifting. Mostras writes how from the
early stages of study the teacher needs to develop the student’s ability to “pre-hear,”
which is indispensible to clean intonation.78 Mostras faults many teachers for correcting
intonation passively, i.e., only after the note has been played out of tune. Instead,
Mostras recommends that the teacher assist the student in cultivating an aural
preconception of the note. He writes, “The role of the pedagogue is to activate the ear of
the student from the very beginning, developing intonation and the student’s ability to
and solfege) at an early age was an important component of the syllabus at the Central
positions. Referring to Mostras’s article he adds, “The anticipatory aural preparation for
77
The Russian term for “pre-hearing” is предслышания.
78
Blok, ed., Ocherki po metodike obuchenie igry na skripke, 188.
79
Задача педагога состоит в том, чтобы с первых же шагов активизировать музыкальный слух
ученика, развивать инициативу и умение самостаятельно исправлять нечистую интонацию. Ibid.
31
the prospective motion is indispensable, since without it the arm cannot accomplish the
“pre-feeling”:
also fixed. These sensations or feelings are eventually summoned not only at the
same time the movements take place, but also when the movements are merely
perceived, as a rule right before they are carried out. Precisely these sensations
The concepts of “pre-hearing” and “pre-feeling” are closely related to the psycho-
reflexes directly stems from the main physiological principles of Pavlov.82 He also
noted that the development of specific skills (meaning the specific conditional reflexes)
must always be preceded by a deep and detailed analysis of the conditions (taking into
account the individuality of the student) in which the reflex is to be used.83 The
development of these reflexes eventually leads to their activation right before the motion
is executed.
80
Предварительная слуховая подготовка к предстоящему движению (действию) является
совершенно необходимой, так как без нее рука не сможет осуществить основную интонационную
задачу. IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 137.
81
В результате выполнения соответствующих упражнений прочно закрепляются и сопутствующие
им ощущения, так что в дальнейшем они возникают уже не только в одновременности с данными
движениями, но и при одном только их представлении или, как правило, непосредственно перед
моментом их осуществления; именно это обстоятельство и способствует правильности выполнения
последующих движений и свидетельствует о полном овладении ими. В музыкально-
исполнительской и педагогической практике такое явление обыкновенно называется
<<предощущением>>. Ibid., 136.
82
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 – 1936) was a renowned Russian physiologist, psychologist and physicist.
Ibid., 104.
83
Ibid., 105.
32
feeling” as applied to shifting positions. Shifting and the related problems of intonation
importance to the problem of shifting to devote his entire doctoral dissertation to the
Accurate intonation is determined by the ear. This is why the ear must
guide the accurate movement in the left arm, assisted by the appropriate
the first sound in the new position—in order that it can be checked and
arriving at the correct note] since the feeling of the distance covered by the
arm is never learned and fixed. In contrast, a more correct method may be
found in Mostras, who states that it is not enough to correct the false note,
84
Точность интонации устанавливается слухом. Поэтому именно слух и должен руководить
достижением точности движений левой руки, чему способствуют также и возникающие в этих
случаях мускульные ощущения. В процессе освоения техники переходов вырабатывается
<<условный рефлекс на расстояние>>, то есть создаются соответствуюшие координационные связи
между восприятием звучания и движением руки. Ibid., 87.
33
but that it is necessary to repeat the shift many times so that the interval
Concepts of pre-hearing and pre-feeling are not limited to the problem of shifting
levels: “pre-hearing” the correct pitch, “pre-hearing” the pitch in relation to the harmony
of the chord, “pre-hearing” the musical phrase, etc. In his introduction to Essays on
Violin Pedagogy, Blok uses the term “pre-conceiving” in conjunction with “pre-hearing.”
According to Blok, “the violin often ‘does not sing’ because the rhythm of the melody is
not ‘pre-conceived’…the rhythmic pulses are not ‘pre-heard’ and the rhythm of
and exercises
Yankelevich and other teachers of the Moscow Violin School attached great
85
К. Флеш считает, что для достижения точности интонирования нужно удлинить первый звук в
новой позиции -- с тем, чтобы его можно было проверить и исправить. Однако с этим нельзя
согласиться. При таком методе невозможно ожидать выработки <<рефлекса на точность
попадания>>, так как при этом не изучается и, следовательно, не закрепляется ощущение
проходимого рукой расстояния. В противополжность этому, можно считать вполне правильной и
соответствующей учению об условных рефлексах точку зренеия Мостраса, который указывает, что
нельзя ограничиться только исправлением фальшивого звука, а следует многократно повторять
переход для более надежного запоминания интервала и характера движения. Ibid., 87–88.
86
Скрипка <<не поет>> часто потому, что не <<предслышан>> ритм мелодии...не
<<предслышаны>> какие-то ритмические доли и не <<предвиден>> ритм движения правой руки.
Blok, ed., Ocherki po metodike obuchenie igry na skripke, 12.
34
Mostras also describes how a pedagogue must assist the student in cultivating an interest
required to generate interest on the part of the student and give the musical
Yankelevich likewise emphasized the need to cultivate the student’s interest in practicing.
section, or even place the bow on the string, without understanding why they are doing
the process of practicing there cannot be one movement, one note without a clear
87
Ведущая роль сознания в процессе занятий проявляется не только в наличии ясного
представления о цели и характере той или иной формы движения при игре на инструменте; она
выражается также в правильном понимании закономерностей нервно-психической деятельности,
связанной с управлением и координацией игровых движений. Знание закономерностей помогает
нам установить логику упражнения (направленного на овладение исполнительским навыком),
мобилизует внимание и волю в процессе работы и способствует закреплению в памяти результатов
этой работи. Mostras, Sistema domashnikh zaniatii skripacha, 8.
88
Воспитание памяти, воли и внимания, как уже говорилось, неразрывно связано с повышением
интереса к занятиям. Подобное обстоятельство предъявляет вполне конкретное требование к
педагогу -- чтобы его преподавание возбуждало у учащихся интерес к изучаемому материалу, чтобы
оно носило живой и конкретный характер. Ibid., 10.
89
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 29.
35
conception of why this is done, what is the problem facing the student, be it intonation,
shifting, or something else.”90 Yankelevich actively involved his students at the Moscow
studying a piece.91
edition of Kreutzer’s Forty-two Etudes includes more difficult variants of certain etudes
problem was also used on a larger scale, i.e., when studying an entire composition.
composition:
3) With the score but without the violin, and subsequently without the bow.
technique. For example, he did not believe in one system of fingerings, or one system of
90
Процесс занятий -- это процесс самонаблюдения...В процессе занятия не должно быть ни одного
движения, ни одной ноты без ясного представления, зачем это делается, той задачи, которая стоит
перед студентом, будь то интонация, переход или что-нибудь другое. Ibid., 11.
91
Ibid., 10.
92
Ibid., 29.
93
Ibid., 32.
36
conscious participation on the part of both the teacher and the student. Characteristic of
think critically and analytically about all aspects of violin technique and its relation to the
music performed.
process
and the teachers of the Moscow School considered the musical goal as the guiding
principle. Central to their methodology was the belief in the interconnectedness of all
Thus, for example, when determining how much pressure the fingers should exert in the
The character and degree to which the fingers should press should not be
music, can and should be the determining factor that resolves technical
In approaching questions of musical content, the teachers of the Moscow Violin School
encouraged independence and creativity on the part of both teacher and student. As
noted in the previous chapter, independence and creativity have not always been
Mostras believed the teacher is responsible for transferring to the student the same
Naturally, the main core that generates interest is the eventual musical-
artistic goal to which the student strives. It is precisely this goal that
95
Игровые движения скрипача находятся в неразрывной связи с исполняемой музыкой, ею
определяются и ее воспроизводят. Эти игровые движения, по существу, связаны с художественным
замыслом как <<физические действия>> со <<сверхзадачей>>, по Станиславскому. Ibid., 96.
96
...решение вопроса о характере и степени нажатия пальцев на струны должно определяться не
какими-либо чисто формальными обстоятельствами, а исключительно художественными
требованиями, соответствующими содержанию исполняемого. Только контроль самого звучания,
определяемого содержанием, может и должен разрешить вопрос о качестве технических приемов, в
том числе и о характере нажима пальцев на струны. Ibid., 107.
38
his will and creative activity, and helps to successfully overcome the most
the most serious criticism a student could hear from Yankelevich was that of passivity or
A mood must be created every time a piece is performed. The musician must
always be engaged . . . and not wait for ‘inspiration’ on the stage. . . . It is very
important for me when a young musician boldly expresses his ideas, creating an
musician learns to look for it. . . . If the performer always waits until the teacher
discloses an idea, he will become absolutely helpless when he will have to start
working independently.99
Yankelevich believed the pedagogue must be very attentive in allowing the student’s
every student the essential seed and to develop it first, gradually pulling together the
other aspects, but never at the cost of the first, or else all the students will be similar,
97
Естественно, что главным стержнем в возбуждении интереса является конечная музыкально-
художественная цель, к которй стремится учащийся; именно эта цель придает подлинный смысл,
значение и оправдание его усилиям, мобилизует его волю и творчество активность и помогает
успешно преодолеть самые трудные и подчас неприятные этапы черновой работы, неизбежные в
занятиях на скрипке. Mostras, Sistema domashnykh zaniatii skripacha, 10.
98
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 240.
99
Настроение должно появляться каждый раз, когда исполняется произведение. Музыкант должен
быть всегда увлечен...а не ожидать прихода "вдохновения" на эстраде...Мне лично бывает очень
ценно, когда, играя, молодой музыкант смело проявляет свои мысли, создает свою концепцию.
Пусть это будет ошибочно...но важно, чтобы музыкант научился искать...Если же только все время
ждать, когда педагог подскажет замысел, готовую идею, то исполнитель останется совершенно
беспомощным, когда начнет работать самостаятельно. Ibid.
39
sounding like twins.”100 Yankelevich wrote that in order to uncover the student’s
individuality, one must first not suppress it: “The student must follow the teacher’s
directions not by force, against his wishes, but by sincerely becoming involved.”101
In his essay on Leopold Auer, Grigoriev describes how one of Auer’s remarkable
innovations was to create a system whereby the teacher and the student are learning
pedagogy, a process of “reincarnation” would occur, where “the teacher would proceed
intuition come to the forefront. The pedagogue should know more than
the best performer; he or she is required to know the instrument, know the
psychology of the student, know the ins and outs of concert life and much
pedagogical “sixth sense.” He didn’t speak a lot in the lessons, but every
100
Ibid., 44.
101
Ibid.
102
Gaidamovich, ed., Muzykalnoe ispolnitelstvo i pedagogika, 89.
103
Lubotskii, “A. I. IAmpolskii – muzykant, pedagog, vospitatel’,” 119.
40
The idea of a pedagogue’s “sixth sense” or intuition is not new in pedagogical practice.
For centuries, oral traditions have documented the teacher’s gift. However, Yankelevich
and the teachers of the Moscow Violin School managed to capture and codify precisely
those psychological functions that are associated with efficient pedagogy. This
demystification of the pedagogical process and its relation to concrete scientific analysis
and investigation contributed to the success of the Moscow Violin School and marked a
Yankelevich’s article “On the Initial Positioning of the Violinist” originally appeared in
[Matters of Violin performance and pedagogy; a collection of articles] in 1968 and was
104
Методика -- это научное осмысление процесса игры и воспитания исполнителя. Но она, как и
педагогика, является не схемой, а творческим процессом. Здесь вопросы психологии, интуиции
выходят на первый план. Педагог должен знать больше, чем лучший исполнитель: он обязан знать
и инструмент, и психологию ученика, законы эстрады, эстрадного исполнения, а также многое
другое. А. Ямпольский был великим педагогом -- не только потому, что знал технологию
исполнительства, но, кроме того, у него было еще дополнительно какое-то педагогическое "шестое
чувство" -- он почти ничего не говорил на уроках, но каждый понимал все, что он хотел сказать. Он
прекрасно знал психологию учащегося. IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983), 12.
41
remarking:
consideration the general rules, and from their basis to create an individual
intelligently help the student to form his or her own individual positioning,
even if it does not always correspond to an “ideal.” The criteria here must
“correctness.”105
Positioning the violinist’s hands and arms correctly is integral to Yankelevich’s psycho-
physiological concept. For only the correct positioning can allow for the optimal reflexes
Throughout the history of violin pedagogy the question of correctly placing the
arms and hand has caused many disagreements. Nonetheless, the technical difficulties
of this issue. Yankelevich pointed out that even Leopold Mozart wrote of violinists
whose playing left a poor impression because of an inadequate grasp of the violin and
105
Есть общие нормы, законы -- анатомические, физиологические, психологические, физические,
акустические -- нарушение их приводит к краху. Цель индивидуальной постановки -- учитывая
общие закономерности, построить на их основе рациональную индивидуальную систему. При этом
задач педагога -- гибко и умно помогать ученику оформять свои индивидуальные приемы
постановки, пусть и не всегда соответствующие "идеальным" представлениям. Критерием здесь
является свобода движений, а не формальная "правильность", понимаемая абстрактно. Ibid., 10.
42
subject in that it does not advocate one particular positioning or approach. Instead,
alike.
On the translation
Russian text that appeared in the 1983 edition of Pedagogicheskoe nasledie and that is
reprinted in Appendix F. Yankelevich’s footnotes are marked with an asterix and are set
in standard type; my notes are set in italics. At the end of the article, the editor of
Pedagogicheskoe nasledie supplies the following note: “The material that follows,
concerning the positioning of the left hand while shifting, is omitted, seeing as this matter
artistic goals of the violinist.’”107 The material on shifting is likewise omitted in this
translation.
106
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie, 111.
107
Следующий за этим материал, касающийся постановки левой руки и переходов в позиции,
сокращен, так как эти вопросы более подробно рассматриваются в другой помещенной в настоящем
издании работе Ю. И. Янкелевича -- <<Смены позиций в связи с задачами художественного
исполнения на скрипке>>. Ibid., 77.
43
Chapter 3
variety of individual ways of adapting to the instrument. It is not uncommon to find that
these seemingly different approaches yield practically the same beneficial results.
However, to conclude from this, as is sometimes done, that a position lacks norms and
General norms and standards in positioning the violinist’s hands and arms exist, and they
are based upon objective principles of physiology, anatomy and mechanics. Before
One must not forget that it has changed historically. It is well known that the chin once
supported the violin on the right side of the tailpiece rather than on the left. Clearly this
determined the corresponding positioning of the left and right hands. In the old German
schools it was customary to position the right arm so the shoulder*109 pressed against the
108
The term “positioning” in this context is a translation of the Russian word “postanovka”
(постановка). “Postanovka” derives from the Russian verb ‘postavit’ (to place, put, arrange) and refers
to the set-up of the arms, hands and body when establishing the violin and bow hold – translator’s note.
109
*The term ‘shoulder’ is used in the anatomical sense, meaning the shoulder bone (specifically the
section of the arm from the shoulder to the elbow joint). This term often leads to confusion, since even in
specialized methodological works the ‘shoulder’ may refer to both the shoulder bone and the shoulder in
the everyday sense of the of the word. The shoulder bone referred to in this context is the humerus bone –
translator’s note.
44
torso of the body. To master this position, students were advised to hold a book
underneath their arm while practicing. Today this method seems absurd, but it was used
in its time and was derived from the designated way of holding the instrument.
Changes in position and posture did not occur on their own over the course of
history, but were a product of evolving aesthetic ideas and styles. The emerging need to
extend the violin’s range and command control over the entire fingerboard made it
necessary to free the left arm. This required the repositioning of the chin from the right
side of the tailpiece to the left and a resulting change in the position of the entire body.
As violin technique developed further and the left hand became increasingly mobile, a
steadier hold of the instrument was required. This was provided by the invention of the
chin rest. In this manner, the aesthetic requirements of an era determine changes in
artistic styles. Each style then determines the corresponding technique, which is made
possible only with the appropriate position. Consequently the position, in adjusting to the
changes in the process of playing, according to specific technical and artistic demands.
One can come up with an infinite number of examples that show the left hand changing
shape while executing chord changes, extensions, and chromatic sequences. These
examples clearly show that the violinist’s position is dynamic in nature, closely linked to
the demands made upon the motor apparatus. The process of selecting efficient methods
positioning matters. The works of I. Voiku (12), B. Mihailovskii (25) and others are
45
characteristic in this respect; advocating specific positions that are to a certain degree
removed from the demands of live playing.110 Occasionally, similar views are even
encountered among highly respected authorities. For example, Joachim, discussing the
problems of shifting in his Violinschule (57), indicates the necessity of maintaining, while
shifting, the same hammer-like position of a finger on the string as observed when the
finger is placed in a fixed position. Yet, to any violinist it is clear that accomplishing this
requirement will automatically provoke constraint and tension that necessarily impinges
immediate relationship to those movements, for which it was created and the freedom of
which it must guarantee. At the same time, one must not forget that in musical
performance the criteria for establishing correct movements should be determined solely
determined by how the positioning can accommodate the entire range of movements a
violinist will require in his future development. Teachers at music schools find
themselves in a particularly challenging situation, since they mostly work with beginners
student’s position, the teacher needs to know not only how to hold the bow and how to
move it in the beginning stages of study, but also how it will need to be used later in
110
These and subsequent parenthetical numbers apply to the order of referenced texts listed in
Yankelevich’s bibliography. Full references to these texts are incorporated into the current bibliography
below – translator’s note.
111
The term ‘music school’ implies a beginning or preparatory school, as opposed to a college or
university – translator’s note.
46
performing, say, the Brahms concerto. This means the teacher needs to look far ahead
and possess great insight, sensibility and a profound understanding of the instrument.
It has already been mentioned that a violinist’s movements are not purely
mechanical and isolated from sound. A relaxed motion produces a pleasing sound, while
a tense motion is incapable of producing a good tone and creates obstacles hindering the
development of technique.
emphasize that sound is not an abstract concept. The quality of tone may only be
determined in conjunction with specific performance material. Since the character of the
musical material determines the character of the sound, at this point we are faced with
larger issues of musical content. It goes without saying that in the early stages of
working with pupils on sound quality, the demands are elementary, i.e., absence of
scratchiness and production of a full and supple tone. However, when speaking of the
musical content, turn out to be links in one and the same chain, and it becomes obvious
that defects in position can have considerably greater consequences than might initially
appear.
setting up the violin and bow hold. These are instances when teachers advocate certain
positions without taking into consideration the student’s hand structure and the student’s
individual way of adapting to the instrument. As an example one can compare the
47
directions in the methodical literature concerning any specific issue, such as the position
In Leopold Mozart’s Violinschule (28) it is stated that the thumb of the left hand
B. Campagnioli (48) advocates the thumb must be placed opposite the second
L. Auer (46) indicates that the position of the thumb be determined by the second
finger playing the note F-natural on the D string (i.e., one half-step lower).
J. Joachim recommends that the thumb be held opposite the first finger, playing
(celebrated for his rare virtuosity) presents a more extreme point of view, asserting that
the thumb must be slanted back towards the scroll of the violin (60). V. G. Walter
recommends the reverse, indicating that the thumb must be held as far away from the
scroll as possible and slanted towards the body of the violin (11).
places in the history of violin playing. These contradictory opinions naturally lead to the
puzzling question: Who is correct? It turns out that all these authors are to a certain
extent correct, and at the same time, incorrect. Each found the positioning for himself
112
See note 106.
48
justifies directions in the following way: this is correct because “this is how I was
taught” or “this is the way so-and-so plays” (here follows the name of some famous
artist). The following situation is a good example. In the early years of David Oistrakh’s
career, posters with his photograph were published that showed his index finger
stretching far up on the bow stick. Today it’s hard to tell whether the photograph caught
any case, this position of the hand is not characteristic of Oistrakh’s playing.
Nonetheless, this photograph served as a model that was copied by many students and a
provides interesting material relating to this topic. The author attempts to determine the
question of a high or low position of the right elbow, an issue that provokes many
arguments in pedagogical practice. Struve suggests that the correct position of the elbow
(high or low) be determined by the anatomical structure of the arms, in particular by the
shoulder joints. Observations show that in a relaxed arm hanging “by the seams,” the
shoulder, upper arm and elbow do not always align in the same position. In some
individuals the elbow falls close to the body, in others the elbow falls significantly away
from the body. Therefore, in the first case the most natural position of the elbow will be
positioning for each student. Sometimes, the student’s individual characteristics are not
immediately apparent. This is why the teacher must carefully observe the process of the
student’s adaptation to the instrument and, avoiding dogmas, try to find methods that are
In the course of studying the violin, one often hears discussion of “natural”
movement and positioning. This prompts the question: What is meant by “natural”?
Considering the position of the violinist’s left arm with the elbow twisted under the
violin, we would have to admit that that this position in itself is unnatural, since it would
rarely be encountered in everyday life. This is proved when the student’s left arm tires
almost immediately in the beginning lessons, precisely because of the awkward nature of
its position.
System of Violin Playing (12) is to move away from this unnatural positioning of the left
arm and to create another, more natural, position. The author’s mistake lies in the fact
that the positioning of the left hand he proposes, one that corresponds closely to its use in
every-day life, cannot fulfill all the motor functions that are indispensable in the process
of playing the violin. For this reason Voiku’s system is unusable in practice.
Consequently, when discussing “naturalness” in violin playing one must proceed not
from the natural position of the arms in every-day life, but from their most natural
entirely free of tension, i.e., any physical activity requires certain minimal efforts. At the
50
same time, from a professional point of view, tension is understood as the excessive
of severe tension, such as the excessive pressure of the fingers on the string and the
extreme gripping of the neck of the violin with the left hand. It must be noted that in
demand for relaxed movements and recommended methods that make relaxed
Regarding tension, one must never forget that the human organism is a unified
system. No matter where an area of tension may originate and appear, it will always limit
the freedom of movement in the arms. Therefore, achieving free movement in, say, the
left hand is impossible without simultaneously freeing the right arm and maintaining a
relaxed condition of the shoulders and torso. A necessary condition to attaining a natural
position and relaxed movement in the arms turns out to be a steady and natural position
of the body. This, in turn, depends largely on how the legs are positioned and the weight
the correct positioning of the legs. The old classical texts often provide illustrations
showing the legs of the violinist standing in ballet’s “third position.” It would make more
sense to consider distributing the weight of the body equally between both legs.
Moreover the legs should not be drawn too close together or too far apart, but placed
correct position of the head. Often, one sees the instrument positioned with the head
inclined too far to the left and the violin supported on the edge of the chinrest. Regarding
this issue we may recall the advice of Lev Tseitlin. Tseitlin, who himself held the violin
extremely freely, recommended initiating from the regular, natural position of the neck,
head and shoulders. From there, the chin need only slightly be lowered and the
instrument is securely fixed with the left side of the jaw. Such a position allows for the
The stability of the instrument plays an important role in allowing free movement
in the right, and especially left, arms. This is why the effective use of a chinrest and pad
is extremely important.113 The chin-rest should be not too high, but deep enough so that
the chin may lie on it securely, allowing the violin to be held confidently. If the chin-rest
is too flat, the chin must squeeze down in order to hold the violin, and this causes tension
Opinions differ regarding the use of pads. One may name a great number of
violinists who play without a pad, including such prominent performers as Jascha Heifetz
and Leonid Kogan. Likewise, certain pedagogues teach their students to play without a
pad. Nevertheless, one cannot deny that the use of a pad creates more advantageous
conditions for holding the instrument and eliminates unnecessary tension that arises from
lifting the shoulder. Without a pad the shoulder will inevitably lift, even for those with
broad shoulders, and especially for those with sloped shoulders. Also, one cannot always
use outstanding violinists such as Kogan or Heifetz as reference points since they
113
The term ‘pad’ here is taken to also include the abundant variety of shoulder pads and rests that are
placed between the violin and shoulder – translator’s note.
52
There are two points of view on the position of the violin while it is being played.
According to the first, widespread in practice, the instrument is held with only one point
of support; the violin is securely fixed between the chin and the collarbone, thus
The more outspoken proponent of the second point of view is L.G. Nemirovsky
(30) who believes the instrument should be held with two points of support. One of these
points is constant (the violin rests on the collarbone without the use of a pad and without
lifting the shoulder) and the second point is variable (the left hand). This method is
practical for playing in one position, or for shifting from a lower position to a higher
position. Yet it presents serious difficulties in shifting down from a higher position to a
lower one. In this case all violinists playing without a pad are obligated to resort to
lifting the shoulder. However, Nemirovsky suggests the lifting of the shoulder be
avoided by using auxiliary movements of the thumb. He recommends the thumb move
to a lower position in advance of the shift and provide a pivot point for the consequent
Thus, holding the violin with two points of support requires constant extra
preparatory movements of the thumb that present additional technical difficulties. When
performing fast passages it is almost impossible to manipulate the thumb quickly enough.
Consequently those playing without a pad are still compelled to lift the shoulder to secure
the violin.
53
in the following manner: the pedagogue should choose a chinrest and pad of the
appropriate height for each student and begin studies under these conditions. Eventually,
when the student can play with facility in all positions and the teacher sees that the
Note that even Kogan also used a pad in his early years of study.
Another important factor is the height at which the instrument is held. In his
School, Auer (5) notes that the violin must be held sufficiently high to allow for smooth
shifts between positions. At first glance it would seem there is no logical connection
between shifting and raising the violin. Yet after giving this matter some thought, we
is enough to sit on a chair, holding the violin so the elbow rests on the table with the first
finger placed on any string in first position. If to shift to third position keeping the same
posture, the violin will rise. This is understandable since the arm, with the elbow glued
to the table, can only move in a circular motion. When shifting down, the violin will
requires supplementary corrective movements to direct the hand in a straight line rather
than a circle. These auxiliary movements are accomplished by slightly raising the elbow
and simultaneously stretching the shoulder away from the body (when shifting to lower
positions) and by lowering the elbow and drawing the shoulder closer to the body (when
When learning how to shift, beginners often make two contrasting mistakes:
either they raise the violin too high, or drop it too low. The analysis presented above
54
explains the origins of these errors. When the violin is lifted too high, the shoulder and
elbow fail to make the corrective supplementary movements and when the violin is
Auxiliary movement in the shoulder is also observed when the left hand shifts
positions in the upper area of the fingerboard. In this case, instead of moving up and
down, the shoulder moves right and left. Thus, it turns out that shoulder movements are
necessary to allow the hand to move freely along the fingerboard and for the violin to
too low, the shoulder and elbow are cramped against the violinist’s torso and unable to
move whereas a higher position of the violin allows the necessary corrective movements
to be completed easily, both vertically and horizontally. A high position of the violin
also ensures the bow moves straight, for if the violin is held too low the bow will slide to
the fingerboard causing a bad habit that is later hard to get rid of.
The degree to which the violin is directed to the player’s right or left side is also
significant. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this for the right arm. When
the violin is held too far to the left, the right arm must extend forward. Otherwise the
bow will not lie perpendicular to the string and the sound will suffer. If the violin is held
inclined too far to the right, in order for the bow to be perpendicular, the right wrist must
bend excessively high. This is especially uncomfortable for those with long arms. Very
often tightness in the right arm, a lack of flexibility in the wrist and the consequent
difficulties in executing various bow stokes are all caused precisely because of such an
55
incorrect positioning of the instrument. In this situation, moving the instrument to the left
will immediately release the right arm, allowing it to move naturally and freely.
taking into consideration the length of the student’s arms. For those with shorter arms the
violin should be directed more to the right and for those with longer arms, more to the
left.
regulated by the height of the pad; the higher the pad, the greater the angle of inclination,
and the lower the pad, the flatter the violin will lie. The correct level of inclination
should be determined by the positioning of the left elbow. If the violin is held too flat
(i.e. entirely parallel to the floor), the left elbow will need to turn excessively to the right,
creating an unnatural position.*114 A flat positioning of the violin also causes the up-bow
on the G string to be incorrectly directed down towards the floor, a problem often
encountered in beginners. On the other hand, if the violin is inclined too much, it
becomes difficult for the fingers of the left hand to fall at the correct angle and may cause
Turning to the matter of holding the bow, it is first necessary to determine the
Many teachers recommend resting the thumb against the protruding part of the
frog. In some instances violinists will even fit their thumb into the niche of the frog. A
more efficient hold is achieved by placing the thumb on the bow stick next to the frog.
114
*The unnatural position of the violinist’s left elbow in general has already been noted and is only made
worse with a flat positioning of the violin.
56
Often players with shorter arms have difficulties drawing the bow to the tip and
will hold the bow a little above the frog. For example, Leopold Auer, who had short
arms, held the bow this way. Beginners, for whom the bow is too heavy, may also have a
tendency to hold the hold the bow like this. Instinctively trying to lighten the bow,
students will move their hand up from the frog, thereby shortening the heavier left side of
the stick. This bow hold may also be used if the weight of the bow itself is distributed
incorrectly.
Often, if the bow is too long for the student, teachers will advise the student not to
draw the bow to the very tip. Instead, the teacher will tie a piece of string to the bow
marking where the movement should end. Tseitlin recommended shortening the amount
of bow used by moving the right hand up from the frog. This not only shortens the bow,
but also, as has been already remarked, lightens the bow, and should be considered the
more sound advice. However, it is certainly better to match the student with a bow that is
the correct length and weight, so as not to resort to such measures. The positioning of the
hand on the bow affects the placement of the thumb in relation to the frog. Consequently,
the thumb should be held on the stick and not in the niche of the frog, as is often
recommended.
The positioning of the thumb in relation to the other fingers of the right hand is
another controversial issue. Struve, in his work that we have already cited (39), claims
the position of the thumb on the bow must be determined by the structure of the saddle
joint between the thumb and other fingers. This may be seen when the hand is clenched
into a fist and each person’s thumb takes on a different position. Consequently for some
violinists it is more natural to hold the thumb opposite the middle finger and for others
57
opposite the ring finger. Naturally, in-between positions may also exist. Nonetheless, it
is important to note that Struve’s point of view is not the only one. The artistic goals
associated with various styles also play an important role. With this in mind, let us
Yampolsky suggested placing the thumb opposite the middle finger and Tseitlin
placing the thumb almost opposite the ring finger, i.e., between the middle and ring
fingers. As noted above, these differences are assumed to originate from the anatomical
hand structure of each professor. These different ways of holding the bow produce
different results.
The artistic goals of Tseitlin, in his playing as in his teaching, were oriented
towards a large, full sound and a grand style of playing. His recommended bow hold
allows greater pressure on the bow ensuring more contact between the bow and the
string. At the same time this position of the fingers, to a certain extent, impairs the
execution of light bow-strokes. Yampolsky strove for versatility in bow technique and
the mastery of elegant strokes—hence the alternate method of holding the bow.
The correct position and function of the thumb is extremely important for the
freedom of the right hand. As a rule, the thumb should be slightly bent at the frog. In the
process of drawing the bow from the frog to the tip the thumb gradually straightens.
Drawing the bow in the opposite direction, from the tip to the frog, the thumb gradually
Teachers often demand from their students that the thumb always be bent,
incorrectly assuming that this means it is relaxed. In reality, a constantly bent or “rigid”
position of the thumb produces tension in the other fingers, causing stiffness. It is
58
essential for the fingers on the bow to be free to perform light auxiliary movements
during bow changes and accomplish a variety of strokes. To achieve this freedom the
thumb and all the other fingers must be attached to the stick flexibly like a joint, no
matter what part of the bow is used. If the thumb is fixed in any one position (bent or
When playing at the tip, constrained movement in parts of the right arm is often
explained by tension in the thumb. However, there are instances when violinists freely
command the bow in spite of the thumb being held straight or even indented in the
opposite (concave) direction. For example, this is the way Auer and Kogan held the bow,
and clearly it didn’t trouble them. This is explained by the fact that some people, because
of their particular hand structure, have joints that are especially supple and flexible. This
flexibility allows them to perform all the necessary movements in spite of a concave
thumb. But it is clear that this position should be regarded more as an exception.
from the fact that the thumb must ensure free movement in the other fingers on the bow.
The position of the other fingers can be deep or shallow depending, to a certain
extent, on their length. The fingers should not be spread too close together or too far
apart. The technique of holding the bow with the fingertips, as was recommended in the
past, is not used anymore, since it does not produce a large sound. The fingers on the
bow must be curved, and their normal position should permit the weight of the arm to
transfer to the stick, letting the sound flow naturally. One often encounters the position
where the fingers of the right hand are tensely extended with the knuckles sticking up.
This defect is easily corrected by curving the fingers, giving them a rounded shape.
59
It is especially important to pay attention to the round position of the pinkie on the
bow while playing at the frog. This position of the pinkie fulfills an important function
when drawing the bow and allows the other fingers to be positioned naturally. However,
pedagogues often will not pay enough attention to the position of the pinkie or make do
with its initial defects in positioning. This consequently leads to innumerable difficulties
in mastering right hand technique. When the bow nears the frog, the pinkie must balance
the weight of the bow in its curved position. Because it is difficult for beginners to keep
the pinkie round while balancing the weight of bow, the pinkie will often straighten and
stiffly press against the stick. This impairs the correct functioning of all the other fingers.
A good positioning should ensure that the pinkie is able to execute all the necessary
bending and straightening motions while simultaneously balancing the weight of the bow.
When drawing the bow from the middle to the tip it is not necessary to keep the
pinkie on the bow. Since the bow’s center of gravity is distributed differently the bow
lies naturally on the string and doesn’t require the pinkie for balance. However, in
practice, many teachers often demand that the pinkie still be kept on the bow even when
playing at the tip. In most cases this causes the wrist to bend excessively, especially for
Yampolsky called them (referring to when the wrist is excessively high at the frog and
pushed down at the tip) greatly limit freedom of movement in the right arm. The wrist
should be slightly bent at the frog and perhaps slightly indented at the tip. If the wrist
indents too much at the tip it becomes difficult to get out of this position to play an up-
bow. In this case, the natural movement of the forearm is replaced by movement of the
60
upper arm when playing détaché in the upper half of the bow. Consequently, only
violinists with very long arms are able to keep the pinkie relaxed on the bow when
frog and at the tip. At the frog the fingers are slightly bent; at the tip they are straighter.
Likewise, the thumb is curved at the frog and straight at the tip and naturally the angle of
the wrist in relation to the bow is sharper at the tip. When the bow is held freely, the
transition from one position to the other should occur effortlessly. A tense grip causes
the fingers to remain fixed in one position, limiting the freedom of movement.
The correct position of the index finger on the bow is very important. When the
index finger is held too deeply (with the first phalange lying on the stick) the flexibility of
In his School (41), Flesch presents three ways of holding the bow: the old German
school – holding the bow with the tips of the fingers, the Franco-Belgian – where the bow
is held a little deeper, and the Russian – where the bow is held deeper still (although it
still does not go beyond the joint connecting the first and second phalanges of the index
finger). Of course there are other individual ways of holding the bow, but they are not
Some violinists, for example, hold the bow very deeply, in contradiction to the
general rules. It would seem that this would cause cramped playing at the frog. Yet,
even in this situation, good violinists can master all the necessary bow strokes by
115
*As an example one can refer to the famous violinist Joseph Szigeti, who had such long arms that when
playing at the tip, his forearm was perpendicular to his shoulder (an angle most violinists encounter at the
middle of the bow). This explains why Szigeti never needed to lift his pinkie; it never caused him any
difficulties.
61
compensating with a high position of the elbow, allowing the wrist to move slightly
differently. This example once again shows that all elements in positioning are
intertwined and underlines the necessity of working them out carefully to avoid hasty
conclusions.
The bow stick should be slightly tilted towards the fingerboard. This is because
the string provides more resistance to the bow near the bridge and is “softer” near the
fingerboard. Moreover, the strings are not drawn parallel to the fingerboard—they are
lower at the nut and significantly higher at the bridge. Thus, when the bow is tilted, it
meets with the most resistance and the string is able to withstand greater pressure.
good quality of sound. It is interesting to note that in playing the cello, the bow stick is
similarly inclined towards the fingerboard according to the same principles, even though
the positioning of the instrument and right hand are completely different.
Observing the bow move from the frog to the tip, one finds that the angle of
inclination is greater at the frog and less at the tip. This is explained by the fact that at
the frog the sound is produced mostly with the weight of the arm and bow and it is
unnecessary to use the entire stretch of bow hair. Conversely, at the tip, it is necessary to
exert more pressure and use more bow hair to sustain a full sound. This explains why the
bow is tilted less at the tip. In playing piano it is not necessary to use all the bow hair.
However, when playing forte and increasing the pressure without changing the angle of
the bow, the hair will compress naturally, lying completely on the string.
The angle of inclination of the bow is also related to the performer’s habit of
tightening the bow: the tighter the bow, the greater the angle, and vice versa. The artistic
62
goals of the performer play an important role in determining the tension of the hair. As
an example one can compare the interpretative styles of such leading violinists as
Kreisler, Sarasate, and Grigorevich. Kreisler played with an extremely tight bow that
was tilted at a significant angle. He generally did not employ extremely broad strokes,
but his sound was full and intense, distinguished by its richness and expression. Sarasate
did not significantly tighten the bow. His sound came almost exclusively from the
weight of the bow (he played with a heavy bow) and he used long, light strokes.
Grigorevich, who possessed incredible lightness and freedom in the right hand, played in
manner similar to Sarasate. It is rumored that while warming up he would play the
prelude from Bach’s E major partita using the entire bow almost up to tempo.
which parts of the arm are involved in making sure the bow moves freely and in which
sequence they proceed. In this respect the general rule that separate parts of the arm
should not move in isolation is confirmed. Analyzing the movement of the bow from the
frog to the tip we see that it begins with an immediate straightening of the wrist.
Consequently the forearm becomes involved, and at the tip the shoulder moves forward a
little, with a slight auxiliary motion. This shoulder motion must indeed be auxiliary and
not created artificially (the student shouldn’t pay special attention to it so that caricature-
like exaggerations don’t result). If the arms are perfectly relaxed this will occur
naturally.
When the bow is drawn from the tip to the frog the process occurs in reverse.
First the forearm moves while the shoulder slightly withdraws. Then the shoulder
follows through as the wrist simultaneously bends. When the frog is reached, the fingers
63
curve to maintain the correct direction of the bow. Only the interaction of all these
Mostras and Bekker suggested the following clever method: while the teacher holds the
bow, the student slides his or her hand along the stick, like on a track, making note of the
correct corresponding movements. This helps the student overcome the usual faults in
the early stages of bowing, such as moving the arm too far backward or forward. In
running the hand along the stick of the bow, the student cannot grip the stick with the
fingers. This helps overcome an inborn reflex to grasp the bow and cultivates a relaxed
Taking into account the difficulties that beginners commonly encounter in playing
at the frog, Mostras recommends starting the bow strokes at the middle of the bow, and
then widening in both directions (tip to the frog). One can also recommend starting the
Now it is necessary to touch upon the problem of bow changes. It makes sense to
focus on this after the regular strokes are stable and drawn correctly and freely. Because
the problem of changing the bow unnoticeably is delicate and complicated, it is often
consciously put aside during the beginning stages of study. The opinion that one cannot
incorrectly apply this example to other problems. Thus, it is not uncommon to hear
teachers assert that it is impossible to demand beginners to play in tune, since out-of-tune
playing is seemingly natural in the early stages of study. Under these circumstances the
64
student will never play in tune, as is often proved in practice. The student’s ear must be
tuned to both intonation and sound quality in the earliest stages of teaching.
Incidentally, in practice, these two issues often become separated from one
another; the student may correct notes that are out of tune while paying no attention to an
will consequently be easier for the teacher to work with him. Most importantly the
student must be taught to listen to himself. This is essential not only for developing good
role in achieving imperceptible bow changes. It is, of course, possible to change the bow
without the fingerstriche, however it makes sense to use it. In this stroke, the upward
motion of the hand is broken into two components. At the end of an up-bow at the frog
the arm stops, but the fingers keep moving up. As the movement reaches a “dead end”
(when the fingers stop on the bow) the arm has already begun moving in the opposite
direction. This makes the connection less angular, and consequently less audible.
extent this ability determines the general level of right-hand technique and overall quality
of sound and requires a great deal of work. This is why it is necessary to practice moving
A change of bow might be audible for two reasons. The first, primarily
concerning the change at the frog, is usually caused by the arm changing directions too
late. In order to avoid an audible gap the arm movement should occur with the help of the
65
connecting finger-stroke, at the very last moment of the up-bow. The other reason, as
Poliakin points out, is the loss of contact with the bow hair at the point of change.
that create favorable conditions for developing necessary skills in playing the violin.
These are the principles used by the author in his pedagogical practice.
Appendix A: Chart illustrating teacher-student relationships. Names associated with the Russian Violin School are in bold. Names
Somis
Leonard
Haberneck Laub
Pixis Mildner
Baillot Pugnani
Schradieck Maurin
Viotti Kreutzer
Capet De Beriot Hrimaly Press
Ysaye
Rode Lvov
Vieuxtemps Massart Bennewitz
Gingold DeLay
Boehm Sevcik
Graffman Dont Wieniawski
Heifetz Brodsky
Elman
Joachim Hellmesberger
Milstein
Zimbalist Auer Karbulka
Seidel Korguyev Blinder
Parlow Sibor Nalbandyan Yampolsky
Poliakin Tseitlin
Stolyarsky
Yankelevich Stern
Mostras L.Kogan
Galamian Dubinsky
Glezarova
Furer Markov Y.Sitkovetsky Goldstein
Perlman Kozalupova Belenkii Spivakov Bezrodny Gilels
Tretyakov Beilina Fikhtengoltz D.Oistrakh
Zuckerman Yashvili
Shkolnikova Garlitsky Milstein
Sources: Campbell, The Great Violinists; Merkulov ed., Professora ispolnitelshkikh klassov Moskovskoi konservatorii; Schwarz, Great Masters of the
Violin; Stowell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Violin.
66
67
Second Year:
Rieding Concerto
Komarovsky “La Course”
Baklanova Sonatine, Concertino and Allegro
Yanchinov Concertino
Seitz Concerto No. 1
Vivaldi Concerto in A minor
Rubenstein “Le Rouet”
Jenkinson Dance
Alard Nocturne and Serenade
Dancla Variations
Third Year:
Hollender Concerto
Accolay Concerto
Viotti Concerto No. 23
Bohm Perpetual Motion
Yanshinov “Pryalka”
Pergolesi Aria
Spendiarov Lullaby
Aubert Presto
De Beriot Variations No. 1
Schubert Bumblebee
Prokofiev Gavotte
Haydn Minuet of the Bull
Khachaturian Andantino
Fourth Year:
Mazas Etudes
De Beriot Concerto No. 9 (complete)
Handel Sonata No. 6
Glière Romance “By the Brook”
J.S. Bach Concerto in A minor
Fiocco Allegro
J.S. Bach Sicilienne
116
For a student in possession of technical facility, but with an underdeveloped musical and emotional side.
As compiled by Maya Glezarova. IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (1983)
68
Fifth Year:
Agoronian, Ruben
Ambartsoumian, Levon
Andrievsky, Felix
Belkin, Boris
Bezverhny, Michael
Bochkova, Irina
Brussilovsky, Alexander
Chugaeva, Eugenia
Dubrovskaya, Lidia
Futer, Arcady
Garlitsky, Boris
Gelfat, Alexander
Grindenko, Tatiana
Guberman, Lina
Ivanov, Vladimir
Kogan, Pavel
Kopelman, Michael
Kotorovich, Bogodar
Kramarova, Vera
Lantsman, Vladimir
Markiz, Lev
Markov, Albert
Melnikov, Anatoly
Pogossova, Galla
Rosnovskaya-Leikina, Anna
Sapozhnikov, Sergey
Schwartzberg, Isadora
Schister, Valery
Shkolnikova, Nelli
Shutko, Lydia
Sitkovetsky, Dimitri
Slutsky, Valery
Smirnov, Evgeny
Spivakov, Vladimir
Steinberg, Michael
Stenberg, Sigward
Tretyakov, Victor
Wilker-Kushment, Victoria
Zhislin, Gregory
Zvonov, Valery
117
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (2002), 311- 314.
70
Published:
Unpublished:
118
IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (2002), 316.
71
O vibratsii
[On vibrato]
Manuscript, 1940.
119
All works are kept in the archive of Elena Yankelevich. IAnkelevich, Pedagogicheskoe nasledie (2002),
315.
72
Ob intonatsii
[On intonation]
Lecture at the Moscow Conservatory, October 29th, 1958
Manuscript
Appendix F: Original Russian text of “On the Initial Positioning of the Violinist”
Ю. И. ЯНКЕЛЕВИЧ
*
Имеется в виду анатомическое его определение, то есть плечевая кость (часть руки от плечевого
до локтевого сустава); в этом вопросе часто возникают недоразумения, так как даже в специальных
методических работах плечом иногда называют плечевую кость, а иногда -- плечо в житейском
понимании.
74
как характер этого материала определяет характер звучания, здесь перед нами
возникает вопрос о содержании музыки. Разумеется, на первоначальном этапе
занятий с учениками к качеству звука предъявляются лишь элементарные
требования: отсутствие призвуков, необходимость мягкости, полноты, но когда
речь идет об исполнении художественного произведения, звучание может
определяться лишь в связи с его содержанием. Следовательно такие как будто бы
разнородные понятия, как постановка, движение, звучание и содержание,
оказываются звеньями одной и той же цепи, и делается понятным, что дефекты
постановки могут давать значительно более серьезные последствия, чем кажется на
первый взгляд.
В педагогической практике нередко встречается догматическое отношение к
вопросам постановки; имеются в виду случаи, когда педагогами декларируются
какие-то определенные постановочные формы без учета индивидуальных
особенностей приспособления ученика к инструменту и строения его рук. В
качестве премера можно сопоставить имеющиеся в методической литературе
указания по какому-либо частному вопросу, например по вопросу постановки
большого пальца левой руки.
В школе Леопольда Моцарта (28) говорится, что большой палец левой руки
необходимо держать ближе к 2-му или даже к 3-му.
Б. Кампаньоли (48) считает, что большой палец должен быть расположен
против 2-го пальца, берущего на струне Соль звук h.
Л. Ауэр (46) указывает, что положение большого пальца определяется
положением 2-го пальца, берущего на струне Ре звук f 1 (то есть еще на полтона
ниже).
Й. Иоахим (57) рекомендует держать большой палец против 1-го пальца,
расположенного на струне Соль, на звуке a (то есть еще на полтона ниже).
Крайние точки зрения в этом вопросе представляют бельгийский педагог Г.
Kеккерт (ассистент известного скрипача С. Томсона, отличавшегося редкой
виртуозностью во владении инструментом), утверждающий, что большой палец
должен быть отклонен по возможности назад к головке скрипки (60), и В. Г.
Вальтер, который рекомендует обратный способ, указывая, что большой палец
надо держать как можно дальше от головки в направлении к корпусу скрипки (11).
Все приведенные высказывания принадлежат большим авторитетам,
занимающим значительное место в истории скрипичной игры, и эти противоречия
в мнениях, естественно, вызывают недоуменный вопрос: кто же прав? На самом
деле все эти авторы в какой-то степени правы и в то же время неправы; каждый из
них нашел ту постановку, которая являлась для него наиболее целесообразной,
однако то, что индивидуальное разрешение вопроса возводится ими в общее
правило, то есть догматизируется, -- неверно.
В педагогической практике мы часто сталкиваемся со случаями, когда
педагог обосновывает свои указания следующим образом: это правильно потому,
что <<так меня учили>> или <<так играет такой-то>> (при этом следует имя
какого-нибудь известного артиста). В качестве примера можно привести
следующий случай: в первые годы артистической деятельности Д. Ф. Ойстраха
вышли афиши с его фотографией, на которой был сильно отставлен указательный
палец правой руки на трости смычка. Запечатлел ли фотограф соответствующий
76
момент в игре артиста или это было искажением, возникшим при съемке, -- сейчас
сказать трудно; но во всяком случае подобное положение руки на смычке не
является постянным для Д. Ф. Ойстраха. Однако эта фотография послужила
обрацом для копирования многими учащимися и значительным количеством
педагогов по скрипке.
В свете рассматриваемого вопроса большой интерес представляет работа Б.
А. Струве <<Типовые формы постановки рук у инструменталистов>> (39), в
которой автор стремится установить связь приемов постановки с особенностями
анатомического строения индивидуума.
В качестве примера, характеризующего метод анализа автора, можно взять
вопрос о высоком или низком положении локтя правой руки -- вопрос, по поводу
которого возникает много споров в педагогической практике. Струве предлагает
устанавливать правильное положение локтя (высокое или низкое), исходя из
анатомического строения руки, в частности плечевых суставов. Наблюдения
показывают, что при свободно висящей <<по швам>> руке плечо и предплечье, а
следовательно, и локтевой сустав (<<локоть>>) не всегда занимают одно и то же
положение: у некоторых индивидуумов локти оказываются почти прижатыми к
туловищу, у других же значительно от него отделяются; в первом случае будет
естественно низкое положение локтя, во втором высокое.
В педагогической практике не всегда бывает легко правильно определить
целосообразную для данного ученика постановку. Педагог иногда не может сразу
разобраться в индивидуальных особенностях ученика, поэтому он должен
внимательно наблюдать процесс его приспособления и, не связываясь догмами,
помогать ему в установлении органичных для него приемов.
В процессе обучения игре на скрипке очень часто говорится о
естественности приемов и постановки. Возникает вопрос: как понимать эту
естественность? Если мы обратим внимание на положение левой руки скрипача с
вывернутым под скрипку локтем, то должны будем признать это положение само
по себе неестественным; в обыденной жизни такое положение руки может
встретиться лишь как исключение. Доказатеьством служит то обстаятельство, что
на первых уроках у учеников ежеминутно устает левая рука, и, разумеется, именно
потому, что положение ее с точки зрения естественности наиболее уязвимо.
В известной работе Й. Войку <<Построение естественной системы
скрипичной игры>> (12) основная мысль как раз и заключается в стремлении
отойти от этого неестественного положения левой руки и создать другое, более
естественное. Ошибка автора заключается в том, что предлагаемая им постановка
левой руки, более соответствующая положению ее в обыденной жизни, не может
обеспечить всех двигательных функций, необходимых в процессе игры на скрипке.
Пo этой причине системa Й. Войку оказалаь непременимой на практике.
Следовательно, говоря о естественности игры на скрипке, следует исходить
не из естественного положения рук в обыденной жизни, а из естественности в
определенных профессиональных условиях.
Любая деятельность, и в частности игра на скрипке, без всякого напряжения
невозможна (имеются в виду те минимальные усилия, которые необходимы для
выполнения определенной деятельности). В то же время излишние усилия,
77
*
Мы уже отмечали, что положение левого локтя скрипача с точки зрения естественности вообще
наиболее уязвимо, а при плоском держании инструмента неестественность еще более усугубляется.
81
*
В качестве примера подобного рода можно указать на известного скрипача Жозефа Сигети,
обладающего настолько длинными руками, что при положении у конца смычка предплечье его
располагается под прямым углом к плечу, что у других скрипачей соответствует нормальному
положению в середине смычка. Ж. Сигети почти никогда не снимает в конце смычка мизинец с
трости, и это не составляет для него никаких затруднений.
84
*
Следующий за этим материал, касааыщийся постановки левой руки и переходов в позиции,
сокращен, так как эти вопросы более подробно рассматриваются в другой помещенной в настоящем
издании работе Ю. И. Янкелевича -- <<Смены позиций в связи с задачами художественного
исполнения на скрипке>>. -- Примеч. ред.
87
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