REPORT ON

PRE-
ENGINEERED
BUILDING

HARSHI GARG
4B
ABSTRACT The designs were ready-made but the building
components were either ready-made or
Pre-Engineered Building concept involves the steel manufactured against specific orders. These
building systems which are predesigned and buildings were predesigned or 'pre-engineered'
prefabricated .The present construction into standard sizes, spans, bays and heights, and
methodology calls for the best aesthetic look, high use standard details for fixing cladding, roofing,
quality & fast construction, cost effective & gutters, flashing, windows, doors etc. taking
innovative touch. One has to think for alternative advantage of industrial practices of mass
construction system like pre-engineered steel production of components economically.
buildings. In recent years, the introduction of Pre
Engineered Building (PEB) concept in the design of 2. CONCEPT
structures has helped in optimizing design. The
adoptability of PEB in the place of Conventional
Steel Building (CSB) design concept resulted in 2.1 Pre Engineered Buildings
many advantages, including economy and easier
fabrication. This review is focused on the Pre-Engineered Building concept involves the
obstructing issues in pre-engineered building steel building systems which are predesigned and
technology by the new emerging companies in prefabricated. As the name indicates, this concept
India and the critical success factors that are involves pre-engineering of structural elements
involved in these systems. Also, the contribution of using a predetermined registry of building
pre-engineered building systems in India in the materials and manufacturing techniques that can
economic growth of country through various be proficiently complied with a wide range of
applications is stated briefly. structural and aesthetic design requirements. The
basis of the PEB concept lies in providing the
section at a location only according to the
1. INTRODUCTION requirement at that spot. The sections can be
varying throughout the length according to the
Technological improvement over the year has bending moment diagram. This leads to the
contributed immensely to the enhancement of utilization of non-prismatic rigid frames with
quality of life through various new products and slender elements. Tapered I sections made with
services. One such revolution was the pre– built-up thin plates are used to achieve this
engineered buildings. Steel industry is growing configuration. Standard hot-rolled sections, cold-
rapidly in almost all the parts of the world. The use formed sections, profiled roofing sheets, etc. is
of steel structures is not only economical but also also used along with the tapered sections. The
eco-friendly at the time when there is a threat of use of optimal least section leads to effective
global warming. Pre-engineered buildings are saving of steel and cost reduction. The typical PEB
nothing but steel buildings in which excess steel is frame of the structure is as shown in the Figure.
avoided by tapering the sections as per the
bending moment’s requirement. One may think
about its possibility, but it’s a fact many people are
not aware about Pre Engineered Buildings. If we go
for regular steel structures, time frame will be
more, and also cost will be more, and both
together i.e. time and cost, makes it uneconomical.
Thus in pre-engineered buildings, the total design
is done in the factory, and as per the design,
members are prefabricated and then transported
to the site where they are erected in a time less
than 6 to 8 weeks. Pre-engineered buildings are
those which are fully fabricated in the factory after
designing, shipped to site in CKD (completely
knocked down) condition; and all components are
assembled and erected at site with nut bolts,
thereby reducing the time of completion
2.2 Conventional Steel Buildings PEB Buildings have high quality paint systems for
cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the
Conventional steel buildings (CSB) are low rise site, which in turn gives long durability and low
steel structures with roofing systems of truss with maintenance coats. Buildings are supplied with
roof coverings. Various types of roof trusses can be polyurethane insulated panels or fiber glass
used for these structures depending upon the blankets insulation to achieve required “U” values
pitch of the truss. For large pitch, Fink type truss (overall heat transfer coefficient). Steel members
can be used; for medium pitch, Pratt type truss can are brought to site in CKD conditions, thereby
be used and for small pitch, Howe type truss can avoiding cutting and welding at site. As PEB sections
be used. Skylight can be provided for day lighting are lighter in weight, the small members can be very
and for more day lighting, quadrangular type truss easily assembled, bolted and raised with the help of
can be used. The selection criterion of roof truss cranes. This allows very fast construction and
also includes the slope of the roof, fabrication and reduces wastage and labor requirement.
transportation methods, aesthetics, climatic
conditions, etc. Several compound and 3.1 Most Notable Advantages of modern
combination type of economical roof trusses can PEB
also be selected depending upon the utility.
Standard hot-rolled sections are usually used for • Economical Construction
the truss elements along with gusset plates. The • Fast construction time
CSB frame of the structure considered in the study • Low Maintenance cost
is as shown in Figure. • Infinite choice of layouts
• Earth quake resistance
• Ease of Future Expansions
• Unique Aesthetic Appeal
• Larger Clear Spans

3.2 Diversified Applications

Applications of pre-engineered steel buildings

include (but are not limited to) the following
• Industrial Buildings & Workshops Warehouses
• Commercial Complexes & Supermarkets
• Showrooms
• Corporate Office Buildings
3. Superiority Over Conventional • Schools
Buildings • Indoor Stadiums
• Outdoor Stadiums with canopies
Buildings are generally constructed in just 6 to 8 • Fuel Stations
weeks after approval of drawings. PEB will thus • Metro Stations, Bus Terminals, Parking Lots
reduce total construction time of the project by at • High-rise Buildings
least 30%. This allows faster occupancy and earlier • Customized Housing
realization of revenue. Because of systems • Large Exhibition Centers
approach, considerable saving is achieved in • Aircraft Hangers
design, manufacturing and erection cost. These • Labor Camps
can be easily expanded in length by adding • Community Centers
additional bays. Also expansion in width and height • Railway Stations & Railway Storage yards
is possible by pre designing for future expansion • Equipment housing/shelters
.Buildings can be supplied to around 90m clear • Telecommunication shelters
spans. This is one of the most important
advantages of PEB giving column free space.
Buildings are manufactured completely in the
factory under controlled conditions, and hence the
quality can be assured.
 4.3 Secondary frame or Purlins, girts etc.
4. COMPONENTS OF PEB
Purlins, girts and eave struts are also known as
secondary cold-formed members. There is no
4.1 Main Components
welding involved in their preparation. They are
prepared by press bending the HR steel coil giving it
There are following major components in a pre the desired shape(Z- or C-shape).
engineered building:
• Primary or Main frame
4.4 Roof & Wall Panels
• Gable End framing or Wind columns • Secondary
frame or Purlins, girts etc.
Metallic plain or color coated profiled steel sheets
• Roof & Wall Sheeting
are used as roof and wall sheeting. The steel sheets
• Bracing system
are generally made from Zincalume or Galvalume
• Crane system
coils in thickness range of 0.47mm to 0.55mm. The
• Mezzanine system
base steel is either galvanized having a zinc coating
• Insulations
varying from a minimum Mass of 120 gsm./m2 to a
• Attachments like canopies, fascia etc.
maximum of 275 gsm./m2 (total of both sides) or a
• Doors, Windows, Ventilators
base steel coating of zinc – aluminum (zinc 45%,
• Accessories like Turbo vents, Ridge Vents,
aluminum 55%) of total Mass of 150 gsm./m2 (total
Skylights etc.
of both sides) are available with permanent color
coating. The color coating is also available in various
options in polyester paint coating like regular
modified polyester, silicon modified polyester and
super polyester coatings. Special organic coatings
like PVF2 (Poly Vinyl Fluoride) are also made
available. These various color coatings on the base
steel with galvanized or zinc aluminium coating
provides suitable resistance for various kinds of
environment hazards. Metal roofing and siding
profiles can be manufactured to any length – limited
only by transportation constraints (usually to 12
meters). To eliminate water ingress, general overlap
joint considered is 15 cm to 20 cm. It also has a
Fig. 4. Components of PEB building major advantage for the designers as it allows
roofing with minimum pitch which is a rare case in
conventional buildings. This happens due to joint-
less run of roofing as it has flexibility in cutting of
lengths. Slopes as shallow as 1:20 are possible
which allows sufficient drainage of water thereby
improving long term performance of the panels.
These profile steel sheets are conventionally
categorized into two types depending upon the type
of fine-tuning arrangement followed. These two
Fig. 5 Modern PEB parameters types are Through Fastened and second one is
Standing Seam. Installation of this type of roofing &
cladding system can provide 30 years or more of
4.2 MAIN FRAME trouble-free accommodation in most environments.

Main framing basically includes the rigid steel

frames of the building. The PEB rigid frame
comprises tapered/straight columns and tapered
rafters (steel plate fabricated 'I' or 'H' sections are
referred to as built-up members). The frame is
erected by bolting the end plates of connecting
sections together.
4.5 Bracing system
4.9 Sandwich Panels
Longitudinal cross bracing, used to provide lateral
stability to the structure against wind, seismic or Sandwich panels are generally adopted for
other forces, comprises of rods, pipes, angles or thermally efficient roof and wall claddings for
cables with an eye bolt and an adjusting nut at buildings which is especially suited in high
both ends, located near the outer flange of altitude areas and cold storages. It is an
columns or rafters and attached at the web of the alternative to the prefabricated insulated panels.
rigid frame. 4.6 Crane systems These pre– It generally comprises of two single skin panels
engineered buildings can be equipped with with polyurethane foam insulation in-between. It
Overhead EOT cranes, Semi-gantry cranes, wall is extensively adopted in nonresidential and
mounted cranes, Mono rails and under slung residential buildings which also has good
cranes for various material and equipment insulation properties and noise reduction
handling operations inside. These buildings are properties..
being designed for crane capacities ranging from
1MT to 250MT. The crane runway beams (Gantry 4.10 Paints and finishes
Girders) are simply supported built-up sections
with/without cap channels and with maintenance Paints and finishes protect the surface
platforms and ladders. Catwalks for crane deterioration which happens due to the interior
maintenance are usually mounted alongside the environment and exterior environment of the
crane beams, suspended under rigid frame rafters structure. In general, synthetic enamel and epoxy
or elevated above the top of the building roof. based paints are used for painting and finishing
Cranes at various levels can also be provided. PEB purposes as per there commendation of
vendors generally do not keep the supply of rail architect/client.
and Crane Bridge with crane in their scope.
4.11 Accessories, Attachments etc.
4.7 Mezzanine systems
Accessories and attachments are governed by
Standard mezzanine structure consists of built-up the functional requirements and architectural
beams that support built-up, hot-rolled or cold- aesthetics of the structure. Hence, they are
formed mezzanine joists which in-turn support a supplied in ready fit condition. Also, the
metal deck. A concrete slab is cast on the metal ventilation systems and lighting systems are to
deck as a finished surface. Steel checkered plates be designed and attached by consulting an
may also be used as top surface. These mezzanines expert.
are used for office space, storage or equipment
supports in industries. For commercial buildings 4.12 High Strength materials
and high-rise structures several types of light
weight panel boards are available as horizontal The ordinary construction utilizes the steel
surface. having nominal yield stress of approximately 250
MPa whereas the PEB construction uses steel of
4.8 Insulations yield stress approximate to 340 MPa. This recent
change in grade of structural steel is due to the
These buildings can be properly insulated by revision ofIS2062:2006. There are reliable
providing fibrous insulation slabs/rolls of non- manufacturers for these steel manufacturers like
combustible Rockwool, Aluminum foil laminated, TATA, SAIL, etc. who are manufacturing these in
placed over a metal mesh bed created between India. New materials like Fe 540B gives yield
the purlins, and then the roofing steel sheet fixed stress of around 410 MPa which has thickness
over it. The siding walls can also be insulated by lower than 20 mm and the galvalume or
providing a double skin profile steel sheet wall zincalume roofing and wall sheets having
cladding having Rockwool Insulation slab strengths in the range of 550MPa.Steel is popular
sandwiched in between and held in position with in construction due to the flexibility it provides in
the help of 'Z' spacers in between the two profile design, its material strength, unorthodox
steel sheets. In similar pattern a double skin geometry and volume to weight ratio. Also,
insulated roofing system can also be erected. economical fabrication can be done along with
easy erection.
5 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS AND
ISSUES OF PEB IN RECENT MARKET 6.2 Standardization and Modularization
SCENARIO All projects have a primary aim to be achieved, i.e.,
to build a structure fulfilling the customer’s
There are some critical success factors analyzed specifications. So, to extract the profit out by
over a period of time which are posing threat to fulfilling the customer's need, you need to develop
the flourishment of this metal building systems. some production strategies like standardization
They are as follows: and modularization of the building components. It
also enables better transportation planning which
adds to the benefits of standardization and
modularization.

6.3 Closer alignment between

manufacturing arm and other supply chain
partners

There is repetitive process of manufacturing and

supplying. Hence, the manufacturing arm and
supply arm should create a harmonial relationship.
This arises the need of Supply chain management
which will help to strengthen the alliances with
subcontractors and raw material suppliers which
would result in reduction of logistics cost for the
company. This will bring overall economy to the
project.
Fig. 6. Critical Success factors
6.4 Price Competitiveness

Steel fabrication can be done with expensive

6.1 Increased Technical Competence machineries as well as low cost machineries too.
This allows open competition and no barrier like
Technical competence is the critical base and condition for new comers. Hence, no single
a necessity for surviving in the industrial company has clear brand advantage as the
competition. Mostly, the companies which competition on price ranges from Rs.75-95/kg.
cannot invest in their own in-house R&D Hence, major deciding factor is the delivering
section, they are mostly forming an alliance charges charged by the companies. So it’s a major
with reputed companies in order to offer decisive concern.
more quality products. Hence, rather than
investing in their own R&D, that much 6.5 End user needs
amount is utilized in buying of products and
rewarding the companies with the profit End user needs are to be identified well and derive
associated with the members. benefits out of it, you need to develop and modify
PEB construction is not recommended for the production and supply chain strategies to stay
high rise buildings as it is not the ideal choice in forefront of the competition.
for the factory buildings to sustain very high This can be done collaborating with supply chain
dead loads and live loads. Hence, the partners, taking their regular customer feedback
engineering expertise offer low-rise factory and forging strategic alliances with the large
buildings and its aesthetic requirement with builders to forecast their own product demand.
large spanning capacity and other operational
uses so as to place the company in a better
competition to handle competition.
6.6 Develop suitable marketing strategies in increased frequency if initiation of micro
cracks which causes fracture in bridges and
To develop marketing strategies, it is essential to other industrial buildings. This micro cracks
know the market restrained for PEBs. After and its crack growth is more hazardous in
identifying the market restrainer's, it should be seismic areas.
mitigated by educating public about the benefits
of PEBs. To appeal the customers with attractive
marketing strategy to various residential 7.4 Corrosion
customers which would open an entirely new
dimension for them? This will promote the brand Steel has great tendency to corrode when exposed
awareness as well as trust over the company to the environment, which leads to deterioration,
which would be a major differentiating factor. increased maintenance costs, and increased
reconstruction costs. Although Galvanization, paint,
and coatings may provide protection against
7. ISSUES IN PEB corrosion, yet they increase the overall fabrication
costs of the steel structure appreciably. In hot and
There are few issues in PEB which are discovered humid regions and industrially polluted severe
over a large period of time thorough examination environments problem is more pronounced.
during erection and under seismic conditions as Therefore, engineers have to continually seek
stated below: economically viable solutions to aim at reducing
these costs.
7.1 Fire Protection
7.5 Welding
Fire protection systems are still a major issue of
concern for steel structures when compared to
Presently welded constructions are more commonly
concrete or other construction materials. The
used, for these provide stiffer, stronger structures
smaller members and thermal mass of the steel
with reduced building weight. Increased steel yield
structures makes it more hazardous. The
strength requires new innovative welding methods,
catastrophic failure of WTC tower in USA due to
because high strength steels pose more difficulty to
fire caused by burning of aviation fuel and sudden
weld without affecting adversely the ductility and
escalation of temperature lead to devastation of
performance of the structural system. Recently the
structure which is still a rigid part of memory.
use of fully automatic and semiautomatic
Structural cost of building comprises of good
submerged arc welding results in increase in
share of fire protection systems. Hence, engineers
welding speed apart from the good quality. The
are challenged to reduce the cost of fire
elimination of any fumes, smoke or any visible arc
protection systems and also to assure adequate
column gives an ease of operation and efficiency;
resistance to devastating situations caused due to
better quality & thus encourages its application in
fire.
welding industry.
7.2 Buckling 7.6 Ductility from Seismic Considerations
Buckling and stability are also the major issue of
Seismic design is today a must requirement for
concern in PEB. Due to this, maximum eave height
almost all civil engineering structures. Although
is limited generally to 25m to 30m and also
steel is an ideally more suited material from point of
stability is critical due large clear span.
view of seismic design because of its property
inherent material strength, stiffness, and ductility.
7.3 Micro Cracks Weld ability may affect the seismic performance and
it follows that new methods to improve inelastic
With progressing time, it is observed that seismic performance of steel structures need to be
increasing yield stress, operating stress levels, investigated.
emphasis on plastic and ultimate capacity and the
use of welded construction have resulted
8. SCOPE IN INDIA
PEBs are developed using potential design
software. The onset of technological advancement
enabling 3d modeling and detailing of the
proposed structure and coordination has
revolutionized Conventional building construction.
Pre-Engineered Buildings (PEB) is the future for
India. Most of the Indian business community is
just started to realize the benefits of PEB’s. Where
you have been building with concrete for as long as
anyone can remember, it is difficult to change.
However India’s most progressive companies are
seeing the benefits of PEB’s.
• PEBs needs a huge initial investment.
• Indian education has most of the focus on RCC
buildings in course curriculum and hence
advancement in steel construction is ignored.
• IS codes should be modified as the sections
selected are found to be heavier mostly.
• Hence, Pre-engineered building has a wide
scope future in India as they are still not
preferred today.

CONCLUSION
• Pre-engineered steel structures building offers
low cost, strength, durability, design flexibility,
adaptability and recyclability.
• Steel is the basic material that is used in the
materials that are used for Pre-engineered steel
building. It negates from regional sources. Infinitely
recyclable, steel is the material that reflects the
imperatives of sustainable development.
• Most attractive economy in civil engineering
construction can be achieved by optimum use of
steel of high grade and composite form of
construction with improved materials.
• But, there are some aspects that are needed to
be addressed in the immediate future:
1. PEBs needs a huge initial investment.
2. Indian education has most of the focus on RCC
buildings in course curriculum and hence
advancement in steel construction is ignored.
3. Fire-fighting protocols in steel buildings have to
improve as per the customer's concern.
4. IS codes should be modified as the sections
selected are found to be heavier mostly.

Hence, Pre-engineered building has a wide scope

future in India as they are still not preferred today
 CHHATARPUR METRO STATION,
DELHI

ELEVATED MEMBER FOR SUNLIGHT

PENETRATION

STRUCTURE OF THE METRO

STATION COMPRISES OF :
FRAMEWORK = CURVED TRUSS MEMBERS
TOTAL NO. OF CURVED MEMBERS = 38 MAIN CURVED FRAME
MATERIAL = STEEL FRAMING AND EXTENDED CANOPIES
CORRUGATED EXTRUDED MEMBER
SHEET ROOFING = CORRUGATED METAL FOR SUNLIGHT.
SHEETING

DIVISION OF CURVED MEMBERS

COMPONENTS OF THE PLATFORM
STRUCTURE

MEMBERS WITH
EXTENSIONS
 18 RINGED MEMBERS WITH
EXTENDED CANOPIES
10 RINGED MEMBERS 10 RINGED MEMBERS

THERE ARE 10 PLAIN RINGED MEMBERS TOTAL NO. OF

EACH ON EITHER SIDE.
EXTENDED ARMS FROM THE CENTRAL 18
PURLINS = 18
RINGSPROVIDE COVER TO THE STAIRCASE
ON EITHER SIDES
MAIN RING IS MADE UP OF 5 CURVED I-
SECTIONS 250 MM
EXTENSIONS ARE MADE OF 2 CURVED I-
SECTIONS

420MM

CROSS SECTION OF PURLIN

CONNECTION FROM BASE

RINGED MEMBERS

PURLINS
PERLINS ARE MEMBERS THAT RUN
PERPENDICULAR TO THE RINGED FRAME
AND CONNECT ALL INDIVIDUAL RINGS
TOGETHER
 I-SECTION
CHHATARPUR= HB 400
METRO STATION, BRACING BETWEEN CURVED
MASS = 77.4 kg/m
DELHI MEMBERS
SECTIONAL AREA =
98.7 SQ.CM.
CROSS BRACING IS DONE
BETWEEN CURVED MEMBERS TO
ADD STRENGTH .

THE BRACING APPEARS IN THE

FRAMEWORK AFTER EVERY SIX
MEMBERS.

BOX SECTIONS HAVE BEEN USED

FOR BRACING

METAL RAILS
WELDED ON
THE RINGS

THE BASE OF THE RING GOES DIRECTLY INTO

AN ELEVATED PLINTH MADE OF RCC AND
CLADDING WITH STONE ON ALL SIDES

JOINT BETWEEN TWO CURVED

MEMBERS