Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Progress report has always been an important element of the
academic episode for every student. It plays an essential role by advising
the parents of the students concerning their progress in school.
Subjectively, it presents as the comprehensive measure of a students’
success in the realm of academe. A report card generally encompasses a
program of courses, school manners and other stance areas superseded
by grade the student obtained in every extent.
Webster dictionary defines grading in education as the process of
applying standardized measurements of varying levels achievement in a
specific course. A grade has always been the mirror of the performance of
student for every course accomplishment within a given term. It
represents the result of performance evaluation of a student that
depends on the criteria requirement set by a certain institution such as
class participation, quizzes, and examinations. Grades are directly
derived from scores a student earned which is normally presented in
percentage, these scores are then transmuted either into letters or
numbers using different cut off percentages that vary from institution to
institution.
In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the
part of teachers. It involves the collection and evaluation of evidence on
students' achievement or performance over a specified period of time,
such as twelve weeks, an academic semester, or entire school year.
Through this process, various types of descriptive information and
measures of students' performance are converted into grades or marks
that summarize students' accomplishments.
Although some educators distinguish between grades and marks,
most consider these terms synonymous. Both imply a set of symbols,
words, or numbers that are used to designate different levels of
achievement or performance. They might be letter grades such as A, B,
C, D, and F; symbols such as NA+, NA, and NA-, descriptive words such
as Exemplary, Satisfactory, and Needs Improvement; or numerals such
as 4, 3, 2, and 1. Reporting is the process by which these judgments are
communicated to parents, students, or guardians. Commented [DAR1]: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pa
ges/2017/Grading-Systems.html
The growing enrollment in education has increased student-to-
teacher ratios and, therefore, increased the workload of the teacher. This
growing enrollment has resulted in mounting efforts to develop automatic
grading system in an effort to reduce this workload. Computer education
research has focused on automatic grading system for almost 50 years
(Whitelock & Brasher, 2007). There have been a few attempts to develop
automated grading systems for assessing skills. Waldman and Ulema
(2008) briefly described three different methods for implementing a
custom grading program. The first option requires writing a grading
program in Excel using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications. The
second option requires writing a program that interfaces with a running
copy of excel. The third method requires writing a program that simply
utilizes the excel data of the students as a database. Commented [DAR2]: See Reference 01, please revise
In the global arena of education, one of the most frequently cited
grading system was developed by Hill (2003-2004), developed two
automatic grading systems using Microsoft Office Applications, the first
one is MEAGER (Microsoft Excel Automated Grader) which is built using
Excel, the second one is the MADBAGS (Microsoft Access Database
Automated Grading System. Both of these system functions on specific
formula to be used, the feature is considered to be too restrictive, one
single mistake within the formula could ruin the entire system. Commented [DAR3]: See Reference 01, please see revise
As a backgrounder, the municipality of Sta. Barbara in providing
an affordable and accessible tertiary education to the youth residents of
the municipality have submitted and signed an Ordinance No. XXX
which established the Mababang Paaralan ng mga Ulikba. It is
through the effort of Mr. Piolo Pascual who have founded the school. The
school is located at a 10 hectares lot at Barangay Tinago, Di Mahanap
Street. The school formally opened its doors in 1969 to the first 69
students with 88 numbers of teachers, There on the number of student
and teachers continued to grow at an unforeseen rate. The Mababang
Paaralan ng mga Ulikba si aimed at providing quality tertiary
education to those who are under privilege. To date the school has an
overwhelming population of 10,000.
The school employs a few numbers of staff and teachers in
comparison with its growing population. Most teachers handle four to
five subjects at three different grade levels and sections. Having these
instance, school preparation has become increasingly stressful. This
stress is augmented further by a perplexing task of grade computation
which is required to be accomplished at every school term. Grading is a
very crucial part of school’s operations and goals. The current system
employed by the school is the traditional method of recording,
calculating, in maintaining student grades and records. As such, a
teacher allocates most of their time to carefully compute the grades of
the student using their calculators, and to some teachers, manually
solve the grades using paper and pen. To a greater extent, some teachers
have to bring their work home and spend sleepless nights in order to
meet the deadlines and provide an immediate report which will
communicate to the students’ parents and guardians as well the student
performance and progress.
The existing system is very laborious and time consuming to
accomplish. The teacher initially list down the names of the student per
class in a class record for every subject and section and records the
students’ rating for every grade component. The teacher then manually
calculates students’ grades which is very strenuous task and at times
prone to human errors. The manually computed grades are then
submitted to the head teacher for verification and validation prior to
submission to the school registrar.
In this type of system, much of the schools resources have to be
allocated for the purchase of papers, coupons, pens, envelopes, folders
including calculators, cabinets for safe storage instead of purchase for
other useful resources such as library holdings. Safe keeping of these
records does not guarantee that this pertinent student documents would
last, the document are likely to age and degrade over time. Additional
security and safety of the documents administered by the learning
institution is by reproduction of the original copy by means of photo
reproduction. The system outweighs the benefit since it will require
additional purchase of cabinets and would require bigger place for
storage consuming more resources.
The contingency plan employed by the institution in keeping the
student grades and records is not as effective as well. Over the years this
kind of system exhausts the institutions resources and deprives the
productivity of the teachers thereby lessening their affectivity.
Considering the setbacks of the manual system and as a result of
the observation, the developer was highly motivated for the creation of a
new system for grading system.
Statement of the Problem
1. Does the academic institution currently employ standardized
grading system?
2. What are the components of the grading system?
3. Does the academic institution have allocated budget to implement
and sustain the implementation of an online grading system?
Objective of the Study
The main objective of the study is to design and develop an
effective and reliable Online Grading System for PervheeIzel School that
will assist the administration in generating the grades of the students.
Specifically the study sought to:
1. Identify the functional and non functional requirements
2. Identify the features of the system
3. Test the usability of the system
Significance of the Study
The proposed system for <school> will be efficient in terms of time
consuming, physical resources, and cost.
Faculty Teachers. The system will allow the teachers to calculate
grades of their students faster thereby lessening their workload and
providing them with added time to attend to other functions. This in turn
would improve the efficiency of teachers.
School Administrator. School administrators no longer have
supervised carefully the computation of grades of each student to check
on the accuracy. Submission of reports such as grading sheets and class
record can be submitted ahead of time.
Students. Students can now look forward to a better lesson since
the teachers will have more time to prepare the class for a better
discussion.
Scope and Limitation
The system will allow to keep the students grades to be computed
based on the criteria set by learning institution and provide a generated
on time report. It also allows the user to access and manage the
students’ record at any of the convenient place and time suitable to the
users. The system has a security feature of which the admin and
teachers are required to log-in before getting into the system by typing
the username and password.
The system will hold four users, the administrator, the director,
the teachers, and the students. The administrator will hold the capability
to provide respective user access rights. The administrator also holds the
capability to manage the entire system by uploading courses offered,
students records and the assigning of teachers to the respective courses
being handled. The director possesses the capability to view the students’
records and grades including teachers who are assigned for a particular
course. The director will also have the privileged right to set deadlines of
uploading students grades as well as locking and unlocking the system.
The teachers on the other hand hold the capability to manage
students’ grades by uploading and editing the scores. Further, teachers
will also possess the capability to sort students’ grades in a ascending
and descending manner. The student will only have the means to view
and generate printed copies of the grades.
Despite its capabilities the system does not have the capability to
provide password recovery.
Conceptual Framework
In an approach to managing the development of the system, the
developers will utilize the IPO model in formulate
Definition of Terms
Class Participation. Students ability to join class discussion
either by raising questions or sharing of concepts in view of the topics
being discussed.
Class Record
Examinations. Long test given at the end of every quarter covering
topics discussed within a quarter.
Grade Components. Activities undergone by a student in which
he is rated by the teacher.
Grade Component Rating. The mark or rating given bu the
teacher to the subject grade component based on the performance of the
student
Quizzes. Short test on topics which is previously discussed or
given as assignments.
Subject Average Grade. The grade of the student for the subject
as computed by the teacher and that appears on the student report card.
It is determined by the sum of all ratings for the different grade
components divided by the total number of grades components.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Progress report has always been an important element of the
academic episode for every student. It plays an essential role by advising
the parents of the students concerning their progress in school.
Subjectively, it presents as the comprehensive measure of a students’
success in the realm of academe. A report card generally encompasses a
program of courses, school manners and other stance areas superseded
by grade the student obtained in every extent.
Webster dictionary defines grading in education as the process of
applying standardized measurements of varying levels achievement in a
specific course. A grade has always been the mirror of the performance of
student for every course accomplishment within a given term. It
represents the result of performance evaluation of a student that
depends on the criteria requirement set by a certain institution such as
class participation, quizzes, and examinations. Grades are directly
derived from scores a student earned which is normally presented in
percentage, these scores are then transmuted either into letters or
numbers using different cut off percentages that vary from institution to
institution.
In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the
part of teachers. It involves the collection and evaluation of evidence on
students' achievement or performance over a specified period of time,
such as twelve weeks, an academic semester, or entire school year.
Through this process, various types of descriptive information and
measures of students' performance are converted into grades or marks
that summarize students' accomplishments.
Although some educators distinguish between grades and marks,
most consider these terms synonymous. Both imply a set of symbols,
words, or numbers that are used to designate different levels of
achievement or performance. They might be letter grades such as A, B,
C, D, and F; symbols such as NA+, NA, and NA-, descriptive words such
as Exemplary, Satisfactory, and Needs Improvement; or numerals such
as 4, 3, 2, and 1. Reporting is the process by which these judgments are
communicated to parents, students, or guardians. Commented [DAR4]: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pa
ges/2017/Grading-Systems.html
The growing enrollment in education has increased student-to-
teacher ratios and, therefore, increased the workload of the teacher. This
growing enrollment has resulted in mounting efforts to develop automatic
grading system in an effort to reduce this workload. Computer education
research has focused on automatic grading system for almost 50 years
(Whitelock & Brasher, 2007). There have been a few attempts to develop
automated grading systems for assessing skills. Waldman and Ulema
(2008) briefly described three different methods for implementing a
custom grading program. The first option requires writing a grading
program in Excel using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications. The
second option requires writing a program that interfaces with a running
copy of excel. The third method requires writing a program that simply
utilizes the excel data of the students as a database. Commented [DAR5]: See Reference 01, please revise
In the global arena of education, one of the most frequently cited
grading system was developed by Hill (2003-2004), developed two
automatic grading systems using Microsoft Office Applications, the first
one is MEAGER (Microsoft Excel Automated Grader) which is built using
Excel, the second one is the MADBAGS (Microsoft Access Database
Automated Grading System. Both of these system functions on specific
formula to be used, the feature is considered to be too restrictive, one
single mistake within the formula could ruin the entire system. Commented [DAR6]: See Reference 01, please see revise
As a backgrounder, the municipality of Sta. Barbara in providing
an affordable and accessible tertiary education to the youth residents of
the municipality have submitted and signed an Ordinance No. XXX
which established the Mababang Paaralan ng mga Ulikba. It is
through the effort of Mr. Piolo Pascual who have founded the school. The
school is located at a 10 hectares lot at Barangay Tinago, Di Mahanap
Street. The school formally opened its doors in 1969 to the first 69
students with 88 numbers of teachers, There on the number of student
and teachers continued to grow at an unforeseen rate. The Mababang
Paaralan ng mga Ulikba si aimed at providing quality tertiary
education to those who are under privilege. To date the school has an
overwhelming population of 10,000.
The school employs a few numbers of staff and teachers in
comparison with its growing population. Most teachers handle four to
five subjects at three different grade levels and sections. Having these
instance, school preparation has become increasingly stressful. This
stress is augmented further by a perplexing task of grade computation
which is required to be accomplished at every school term. Grading is a
very crucial part of school’s operations and goals. The current system
employed by the school is the traditional method of recording,
calculating, in maintaining student grades and records. As such, a
teacher allocates most of their time to carefully compute the grades of
the student using their calculators, and to some teachers, manually
solve the grades using paper and pen. To a greater extent, some teachers
have to bring their work home and spend sleepless nights in order to
meet the deadlines and provide an immediate report which will
communicate to the students’ parents and guardians as well the student
performance and progress.
The existing system is very laborious and time consuming to
accomplish. The teacher initially list down the names of the student per
class in a class record for every subject and section and records the
students’ rating for every grade component. The teacher then manually
calculates students’ grades which is very strenuous task and at times
prone to human errors. The manually computed grades are then
submitted to the head teacher for verification and validation prior to
submission to the school registrar.
In this type of system, much of the schools resources have to be
allocated for the purchase of papers, coupons, pens, envelopes, folders
including calculators, cabinets for safe storage instead of purchase for
other useful resources such as library holdings. Safe keeping of these
records does not guarantee that this pertinent student documents would
last, the document are likely to age and degrade over time. Additional
security and safety of the documents administered by the learning
institution is by reproduction of the original copy by means of photo
reproduction. The system outweighs the benefit since it will require
additional purchase of cabinets and would require bigger place for
storage consuming more resources.
The contingency plan employed by the institution in keeping the
student grades and records is not as effective as well. Over the years this
kind of system exhausts the institutions resources and deprives the
productivity of the teachers thereby lessening their affectivity.
Considering the setbacks of the manual system and as a result of
the observation, the developer was highly motivated for the creation of a
new system for grading system.
Statement of the Problem
4. Does the academic institution currently employ standardized
grading system?
5. What are the components of the grading system?
6. Does the academic institution have allocated budget to implement
and sustain the implementation of an online grading system?
Objective of the Study
The main objective of the study is to design and develop an
effective and reliable Online Grading System for PervheeIzel School that
will assist the administration in generating the grades of the students.
Specifically the study sought to:
4. Identify the functional and non functional requirements
5. Identify the features of the system
6. Test the usability of the system
Significance of the Study
The proposed system for <school> will be efficient in terms of time
consuming, physical resources, and cost.
Faculty Teachers. The system will allow the teachers to calculate
grades of their students faster thereby lessening their workload and
providing them with added time to attend to other functions. This in turn
would improve the efficiency of teachers.
School Administrator. School administrators no longer have
supervised carefully the computation of grades of each student to check
on the accuracy. Submission of reports such as grading sheets and class
record can be submitted ahead of time.
Students. Students can now look forward to a better lesson since
the teachers will have more time to prepare the class for a better
discussion.
Scope and Limitation
The system will allow to keep the students grades to be computed
based on the criteria set by learning institution and provide a generated
on time report. It also allows the user to access and manage the
students’ record at any of the convenient place and time suitable to the
users. The system has a security feature of which the admin and
teachers are required to log-in before getting into the system by typing
the username and password.
The system will hold four users, the administrator, the director,
the teachers, and the students. The administrator will hold the capability
to provide respective user access rights. The administrator also holds the
capability to manage the entire system by uploading courses offered,
students records and the assigning of teachers to the respective courses
being handled. The director possesses the capability to view the students’
records and grades including teachers who are assigned for a particular
course. The director will also have the privileged right to set deadlines of
uploading students grades as well as locking and unlocking the system.
The teachers on the other hand hold the capability to manage
students’ grades by uploading and editing the scores. Further, teachers
will also possess the capability to sort students’ grades in a ascending
and descending manner. The student will only have the means to view
and generate printed copies of the grades.
Despite its capabilities the system does not have the capability to
provide password recovery.
Conceptual Framework
In an approach to managing the development of the system, the
developers will utilize the IPO model in formulate
Definition of Terms
Class Participation. Students ability to join class discussion
either by raising questions or sharing of concepts in view of the topics
being discussed.
Class Record
Examinations. Long test given at the end of every quarter covering
topics discussed within a quarter.
Grade Components. Activities undergone by a student in which
he is rated by the teacher.
Grade Component Rating. The mark or rating given bu the
teacher to the subject grade component based on the performance of the
student
Quizzes. Short test on topics which is previously discussed or
given as assignments.
Subject Average Grade. The grade of the student for the subject
as computed by the teacher and that appears on the student report card.
It is determined by the sum of all ratings for the different grade
components divided by the total number of grades components.
