Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Occupational Safety & Health
Industrial Safety
OUTLINE
2.1 Accidents
2.1.1 Causes of Accidents
2.1.2 Accident Prevention
2.1.3 Safe Use of Lab Equipment and Hand Tools
2.2 Overview of Lockout/Tagout
2.3 Testing of Machines, Equipment, and Components
2.3.1 Sample Lockout Procedure
2.3.2 Sample Lockout/Tagout Checklist
2.4 Ethics in Safety
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
• Safety is the main concern in the
workplace, which exposed to dangers in
machinery and electrical hazards.
• Employees must aware with dangers.
This chapter examines safe practices and
lockout/tagout procedures.
ACCIDENTS
• An accident is unexpected action that results injury to people or
damage to property.
• Note that an accident is always unexpected
• An accident can easily result in the loss of an arm or leg, an eye,
or even a life.
• Accident cost enterprises huge amount of money.
• Most of accidents are minor, but all are important.
• Any accident should be reported according to certain
procedures. (incident report form)
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
1. Carelessness
2. Use of wrong tools or defective tools or improperly using tools
3. Unsafe working practices such as lifting heavy objects incorrectly
4. Playing around the job (horseplay)
5. Ignoring safety rules or bypassing safety equipment
6. Inadequate equipment maintenance
Items Commonly Source of Accident
1. Machines with moving or rotating parts
2. Electrical machinery
3. Equipment that uses high - pressure fluids
4. Chemicals
5. Sharp objects on machines or tools
* Remember that every piece of equipment can be dangerous!
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
• Design safety into the equipment
• Use proper clothing and eye and hearing protection
• Follow warning signs such as high voltage and danger sign.
• Follow safety procedures carefully.
S AFE USE OF LAB EQUIPMENT AND HAND TOOLS
Employees must follow procedures and learn good habits that will
keep them safe on the job. (safety guidelines)
1. Wear proper safety equipment, including eyeglasses.
2. Know how to use the equipment
3. Do not hurry
4. Do not fool around
5. Keep the work area clean
6. Keep the floor dry
7. Always beware of electricity
8. Use adequate light
9. Know first Aid
10. Handle tools carefully
11. Use proper tool
12. Beware of fire or fumes.
13. Use heavy extension cords.
OThe
VERVIEW LOCKOUT/
standard TAGOUT
was intended to:
• Reduce number of deaths and injuries related
to servicing
• Maintaining machines and equipment.
LOCKOUT & TAGOUT
• Lockout:
1. Placement of a lockout device on
an energy-isolating device, in
accordance with established
procedure,
2. To ensure that the equipment
being controlled cannot be
operated until the lockout
device is removed.
• Tagout:
1. Placement of a tagout device on
an energy-isolating device, in
accordance with established
procedure,
2. To indicate that the equipment
being controlled may not be
operated until the tagout device
is removed
LOCKOUT REQUIREMENTS
• A Lockout device utilize a positive means such as a
lock to hold an energy-isolating device in safe
position and prevent the energizing of a machine
or equipment.
• A lock may be either a key or combination type
• If a device is incapable of being locked out, the
employer’s energy control program shall utilize a
tagout system.
• Notification of Employees
• The employer or an authorize employee must
notify affected employees of the application
and removal of lockout or tagout device.
• Notification shall be given before the controls
are applied to and after they are removed
from the machine or equipment.
• A Tagout device must warn against hazardous condition if
T AGOUT
the machine or equipment is energized and must include a
clear warning, such as, “Do Not Start”, “Do Not Open”,”Do
Not Close”, “Do Not Energize”,”Do Not Operate”.
• Prominent warning device (show off)
• Must located as close as safety possible to the device in a
position immediately obvious to anyone attempting to
operate the device
TESTING OF MACHINES, EQUIPMENTS, OR
COMPONENTS
• Lockout/tagout must be removed from the
energy-isolating device, and the machines
and equipment are energized to test or
position the machine, equipment or
component. In this case, the following
sequence actions must be taken:
1. Clear the machine or equipment of tools and
materials
2. Remove employees from the machine or
equipment area
3. Remove the lockout or tagout devices as
specified in the standard
4. Energize and proceed with testing and
positioning
5. Re-energize all systems and reapply energy
control measures in accordance with the
standard to continue the servicing and/or
maintenance
Ethics in Safety
• Ethical dilemmas can present significant professional and
personal challenges. Most, if not all, safety professionals are
attracted to the profession by a strong desire to protect the
health and safety of people.
• Given the potential adverse health consequences of a safety
professional’s ethical failings, it is important that safety
professionals conduct their work in an ethical manner.
Ethics in Safety
Ethics for Safety professionals is divided into three units:
• Unit 1: Recognizing Ethical Issues for Safety Professionals
• Unit 2: Evaluating Ethical Issues: Application of Codes of
Ethics
• Unit 3: Controlling (Resolving) Ethical Issues.
Each unit contains unit notes and an assignment and
recommended readings. Assignments will not be graded but
a certificate of completion will be provided only to those
students who submit completed assignments that are
evaluated and found to meet the minimum assignment length
and contain sensible answers.
Ethics in Safety
Unit 1: Recognizing Ethical Issues for Safety Professionals:
• Right vs. Wrong issues (misconduct)
• Ethical issues can be readily apparent. If a safety practitioner is deliberately
falsifying data, wilfully breaking laws, misrepresenting his/her qualifications,
and practicing in areas where he/she has a lack sufficient expertise – it should
be apparent that the practitioner is acting in a professionally unethical
manner.
• Right vs. Right issues (Ethical dilemmas)
• Challenging ethical issues arise when there appears to be conflicting ethical
values related to an issue. As an example, safety professionals working for or
with economically struggling firms are faced with a potential dilemma when
expensive controls are required to ensure the health and safety of
workers. Does the economic situation of the firm justify delays in
implementing controls with the potential risk of workplace safety?
Ethics in Safety
Unit 1: Recognizing Ethical Issues for Safety Professionals:
How common is unethical
Right behaviour?
vs. Wrong issues (misconduct)
• Ethical violations by colleagues.
• Plagiarism
• Failing to protect confidential data
• not sharing credit on a report/publication
• fabricating data
• criticizing the ability or integrity of another hygienist for own gain
• The common reasons from respondents from his/her unethical conducts:
• Economic pressures
• Other on-the-job pressures
• lack of training in ethics (“l don’t know about that”)
Ethics in Safety
Unit 1: Recognizing Ethical Issues for Safety Professionals:
Right vs. Right issues (Ethical dilemmas)
Kidder et.al organizes ethical dilemmas into four
paradigms:
• Truth versus Loyalty
• Individual versus Community
• Short-term versus Long-term
• Justice versus Mercy
Kidder, Rushworth M. How Good People Make Tough Choices (1995). This book was invaluable in preparing this course and provided the
organizing principles I present related to ethical dilemmas and ethical systems.
Ethics in Safety
Unit 2: Evaluating Ethical Issues: Applications of Codes of Ethics
• Ethical decision making involve an individual’s core values. Ethical principles
can be arranged according to three basic themes:
• Ends-based thinking – The course of action is selected by determining the
greatest good for the greatest number of people. Often associated with
utilitariasm and can be summarized by ‘the end justifies the means’. Also known
as consequentalism.
• Rule-base thinking – Courses of action are determined by following rules. The
basis of the rules can be religious and/or universal laws (Kant’s moral
imperative). The means are more important than the ends. Also known as
deontological ethics.
• Care-based thinking – Based upon the ‘Golden Rule’, care based thinking is to do
to others what you want others to do to you. Using the principle of reversibility,
a decision is evaluated based on whether the action would be acceptable to you
if you were the recipient of the action.
Kidder, Rushworth M. How Good People Make Tough Choices (1995). Chapter 7 ‘Resolution Principles’
Ethics in Safety
Unit 3: Control: Resolving ethical conflicts
• Formal Resolutions:
• Some ethical violations are also breaches of law and can be resolved
through the legal system.
• Many organizations also have ethical codes of conduct and procedures to
report, investigate, and address violations of the organization’s ethical
codes and related policies. Professionals should be aware of, and follow,
their organization’s ethical standards and ethical violation reporting
procedures.
• Professional safety organizations often have disciplinary procedures
related to ethical violations in their organization’s bylaws or
procedures. Examples include Article XIV in BCSP bylaws and the ABIH’s
Case Ethics Case Procedures. The ABIH’s Ethics Case procedures detail
the ethic charge statement procedure, criteria for acceptance/ejection of
ethics charges, investigative procedures, and disciplinary actions.
Ethics in Safety
Unit 3: Control: Resolving ethical conflicts
• Informal Resolutions:
• Situations:
• Self reporting of ethical violations is likely a rare event given most organization’s ‘zero
tolerance’ approach to violations of their organization’s ethical code of conduct.
• The reporting of colleagues’ ethical violations also appears to be a rare event, likely due
to potential adverse career impacts (if the violator is in a position of influence) and the
cultural prohibition against ‘snitching’ (truth vs. loyalty are often in conflict).
• Some suggested guidelines associated with informal resolution of ethical violations of others
include:
• Verifying the facts related to the potential ethical violation;
• Performing an ‘ethical risk assessment’ to determine if an informal approach is warranted. An
informal resolution would not be appropriate for ethical violations that resulted in serious
consequences or where the violator was unwilling to address his/her behaviour.
• Where practicable, addressing your concerns with the individual;
• If individuals or groups have been ‘wronged’ by the ethical violation, ensuring that they
aware of the violation and can participate, if they choose, with both discussion and
resolution of the ethical violation.
• Ensuring that a process is in place (education, training, increased oversight) to make certain
that similar transgression’s don’t occur.
Summary
• Unethical behaviour by individuals or organizations can be
deliberate or accicedently happen because of conflicting ethical
demands or due to the lack of knowledge of ethical codes and
behaviors.
• In term of ethics in safety, regular training is required for the
registered person or workers in any industries in order to get
the updated information that proportional to mature of
technologies and numerious laterst cases its precautions.
