Introduction to Wine
Student꞉ Lungu Ciprian
Wine originates back to 3000 BC
Grapes - 1 grape contains all the ingredients
necessary for making wine.
Natural process of converting a grapes sugar into
alcohol
Methods vary from winery to winery - Winemaker
practices
Still Wines - letting carbon dioxide gas escape from
the fermentation container
Champagne - keep all carbon dioxide inside the
fermentation tank
3. In the fermentation process, these single cell organisms consume the natural sugar
and change it into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Basics of How Wine is Made….
4. This rather simple process has been observed and used for thousands of years in
human culture. In the past hundred years or so, technology and new ideas from
winemakers have played an ever-increasing role in the making of wine.
5. It's becoming more and more a science and an art.
Steps in
A) Harvest
Process
B) Crush - De-stem
C) Press
D) Fermentation
E) Malolactic - Secondary Fermentation
(softening agent)
F) Aging - Vessel - Time
G) Sur lie Aging - has to do with mouth feel
Creamy” consistency of the wine, stirring the
lees
H) Filter - pulling out residuals left in
wine
I) Bottling - binning
Red Wine White Wine
A) Harvest A) Harvest
B) Crush B) Crush
C) Fermentation C) Press - Remove Skins
D) Secondary Fermentation D) Fermentation
(option) E) Secondary (optional)
E) Press - Separate Juice F) Aging
F) Aging G) Filter
G) Filter H) Bottling
H) Bottling
*Taste Factors - Barrels, Malolactic,
*Taste factors - Barrels, Malolactic, Surlie & Region of growth
Surlie & Region of growth
Basic Wine Terms
Vintage - Year grapes are grown and harvested
Tannin - Extracts from seeds, skins, and stems
Acidity - Acidity is a term that refers to the amount of acid in a wine.
Acid is the chemical compound that makes things taste tart, like vinegar
or citrus foods. Acidity is part of the structure of wine, giving it lift and
intensity. Without acidity wines taste flat or flabby while with too
much acidity they can be seem shrill, tart and excessively lean.
Basic Wine Terms …
Earthy - Grape wines grow in dirt (and stones and rocks, etc.).
Therefore, it is not surprising that some wines have aromas or flavors
resembling earth and are described as earthy. This is not a bad thing.
This can often be a very nice complexity that compliments the fruit
aromas and flavors in a wine.
Dry - Wine with no sugar after fermentation
Sweet - Wine with a small amount of sugar left over
Body - The weight of the wine
Style - Overall impression of the wine (You are the Judge)
Bouquet - A wine scent that comes from winemaking process
Aromatic - Elements of wine scent that comes from the grape
itself
Common White Wines
Chardonnay (Shar-doe-nay) - Typical green apple, citrus,
somewhat fruity
Origin - Burgundy region of France
Sauvignon Blanc (So-Veen-Yon - Blonk) - Fig, Melon
sometimes grassy, lighter bodied than Chardonnay
Origin - Bordeaux region of France
Pinot Grigio (Peeno-Greegio) - Very light style, easy to drink,
melon and citrus overtones
Origin - Alto - region of Italy
Riesling (Rees-ling) - Light wine, sweet with hints of Apricot,
Peach and Honeysuckle
Origin - Germany
Common Red Wines
Cabernet Sauvignon (Cab-bear-nay So-Veen-yon) - Very
dry full bodied wine with pronounced tannins. Fruit
flavors of dark cherry, and cassis
Origin - Bordeaux region of France
Merlot ( Mair-lo) - Softer than Cabernet - less tannins,
dark cherry, herbs and black berry
Origin -Bordeaux region of France
Pinot Noir (Pee-no-nwah) - Raspberry and herbal.
Sometimes earthy(winemaker)
Origin - Burgundy region of France
Syrah or Shiraz (Sir-ah or Shir-az) - Rich and robust
medium tannins, dark fruit, black pepper and spices
Origin - Rhone region of France
Champagne / Sparking Wine
Storage in tanks is call Charmat Bulk process
Carsten’s Transfer Process: The secondary
fermentation is taken from bottle and
transferred to bulk glass container and put
back in bottle.
Fermenting in the bottle while being stored is
called Methode Champanoise (more
expensive process)
Fermentation Practices
a) Stainless Steel
* Imparts no extra flavors to the wine
* Preserves intensity of fruit and true varietal character
* Least expensive method
b) Barrel Fermentation (used mostly for white
wines)
* Adds flavors of butterscotch, toast and vanilla in whites
* French Oak is most desirable (subtle influence)
* Cost factor (French = $650, American = $250
c) Combinations
* Partial Barrel / partial stainless
* All new oak or partial new (1yr old or 2yr old oak may also
be used)
d) Secondary Fermentation (Malolactic)
* Non-alcoholic fermentation
* Converts harsh malic acid (apples) to soft lactic acid
(milk)
* Adds a creamy, rich mouthfeel to the wine
* Identifiable in the wine as a texture
Sometimes a wine with a lot of promise fails to improve in a wine cellar.
Others may go through strange stages and if you open it at the wrong
time you will have missed its peak window of drinkability and
greatness.
Blending
a) Blending wines from different grape varieties (examples)
* Cabernet Sauvignon with Merlot, Cabernet
Franc, Petite Syrah or Malbec
* Sauvignon Blanc with Semillon etc
* US laws requires 75% to be labeled a certain
varietal
b) Blending wines from different types of fermentation /
aging (examples)
* 1/2 stainless with 1/2 barrel
* 1/3 new oak, 1/3 1-yr. old oak, 1/3 2 - yr. old oak
* 1/2 French oak aged, 1/2 American oak aged
* No laws
Wine Tasting Basics
Taste
Aroma
FLAVOR
Psychological Touch
Acid
Sweet
TASTE
Bitter Salt
This powerful Sauvignon Blanc is bursting This intense, fruit-forward Cabernet
with a myriad of flavors including gooseberry, Sauvignon delivers aromas of dark
passion fruit, fresh citrus, melon and nettle chocolate-covered cherries, black tea
dominant herbaceous aromas. The wine has and a hint of cedar, leading to a silky
an enticing palate with layers of juicy flavors, texture accented by flavors of cassis
intensity and concentration, finishing with a and exotic spices. This wine is
refreshing crisp, clean line of acidity. structured but delicate with a perfect
balance of earthy tannins and a
lingering finish.
The warmth of the Wahluke Slope produces The Reserve Syrah was crafted in a classic
Chardonnay with an appealing tropical fruit Rhone style and co-fermented with Viognier
character and rich texture. The Indian Wells for aromatics of blueberry, spice, sweet
Chardonnay delivers ripe tropical pineapple orange peel and slight white pepper. The
flavors and showcases the luscious opulence balance of fruit and oak creates mouth-filling
of Washington fruit. I like this wine with flavors of dark chocolate with hints of roasted
scallops, scampi or pasta with slightly richer coffee bean, and a distinct blueberry
sauces. raspberry finish.
