ROLE OF VACCINATION

IN PREVENTION OF

DISEASES
 STORAGE OF VACCINES
•All vaccines should be protected from light.
• All live vaccines must be stored between 2-8

C temperature and preferably in deep

freezer.
• Killed vaccines should be stored below 8 C

and should never be frozen.

• Diluents may be stored in room

temperature, but prior to every vaccination

the corresponding should be prechilled.
GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL
VACCINATIONS
 Always vaccinate only the healthy birds
and keep them comfortable by providing
adequate heat,feed,water and good
ventilation.
 Get the vaccines from a reliable source
and transport always in thermos flask
with ice cubes to maintain the cold chain.
• Use Sterile needles and syringe for
reconstitition.

• Keep the reconstituted vaccine in the ice to

maintain the cold chain.

• Don't rush through the vaccination

procedures. Use speed . . .
….. but maintain accurancy
 Use reconstituted vaccines within 2 hours.
• Burn and destroy the unused vaccine
and empty vials.
• For killed vaccines frequently shake
the bottle and care should be taken to
avoid injecting in your own fingers.
• For the success of any immunisation
procedure, it is
 Hold the chick with one eye turned up.
 Take the reconstituted vaccine in a
sterile syringe using a blunt needle if 16
gauge or take it into a dropper bottle.
 Install one drop in the eye.
 Ensure that the vaccine drop is
completely absorbed in the eye.
Preparation of Vaccines

 Store the diluent bottles in the

refrigerator overnight before use
to chill.
 Using sterile needles and syringe
withdraw approximately 5 ml. of
pre-chilled diluent and transfer it
to vaccine vial.
 Suspend the vaccine pellet by
shaking vaccine vial moderately
 Using the same syringe, remove the
diluted vaccine and transfer to the
diluent bottle.
 Rinse the vaccine vials twice with 5 ml.
of diluted vaccine and transfer the same
to the diluent bottle.
 Mix the final vaccine by gently inverting
the diluent several times.
 During vaccination shake the bottle of
reconstitued vaccine frequently and
keep it on ice.
 Preparation of Inactivated
Vaccines
 Remove the vaccine from the
refrigerator the day before it is to
be used and allow it to attend room
temperature because viscosity of
the emulsion increases during
refrigeration.

 Shake well before use and also

during the frequent syring
withdrawals.
INTRA 0CCULAR METHOD
 Hold the chick with one
eye turned up.
 Take the reconstituted
vaccine in a sterile syringe
using a blunt needle if 16
gauge or take it into a
dropper bottle.
 Install one drop in the
eye.
 Ensure that the vaccine
drop is completely
absorbed in the eye.
SUB CUTANEOUS
METHOD
 Take the reconstituted
vaccine in a holder,
which is attached with
an automatic syringe.

 Inject subcutaneously
in the lower half of
the neck, under the
loose skin at the point
midway between the
birds head and base
of the neck.
INTRA MUSCULAR
METHOD  Take the reconstituted
vaccine in a holder,
which is attached with
an automatic syringe.

 Inject the needle of

the syringe into the
pectoral (breast)/
thigh muscles of the
bird and push the
plunger of the syringe
so as to deliver the
required quantity of
vaccine in the muscle.
WING WEB METHOD

 Dip the sterile lancet

in the reconstituted
vaccine.
 Prick the lancet in
the wing web region
of the bird.
 The needles of the
lancet should be
dipped in the vaccine
before every prick.
DRINKING WATER
METHOD
 The reconstituted vaccine
should be mixed with a
small quantity of water
mixed with skimmed milk.
 Subsequently this should
be mixed in a total
quantity of water in which
the skimmed milk powder
is dissolved.
 Provide ample water
space so that all birds can
drink vaccine Treated
water comfortably.
SPRAY METHOD The reconstituted

vaccine is mixed in a
total quantity of water,
which is required for
spray vaccination.
 By using sprayer, spray
the vaccine on the
birds with a hose.
 Care is to be taken,
that every bird gets
exposed to the vaccine.

BEAK DIP METHOD
 Precautions
 A : General
 Vaccine should have been manufactured by a
reputed company which follows rigid quality
standards for vaccines production.
 Vaccines should be purchased from a shop
which has refrigeration and freezer facilities.
 Vaccine should not have passed its expiry date
printed on its lable.
 Viral live vaccine should be transported from
the market to the farm on ice.
 Instructions printed on the label of the vaccine
should be strictly followed.
 Exact dose of vaccine should be
adminstered in the way it is recommended.
 Vaccines should not be stored for a long
time. It may be purchased when needed,
but sufficiently in advance so that
vaccination could be done on a scheduled
date. One should keep an eye whether
vaccine is in short supply.
 Ailing flock should not be vaccinated. It
may not respond to the vaccine or to the
stress due to the vaccine, may aggrevate
the disease present.
 Very young chick should not be vaccinated.
Maternal antibodies present in them may
neutralize the virus and may not allow immune
response to develop.

 Live vaccines should not be used in areas where

the disease has not existed.

 Equipment used for vaccination should be cleaned

and sterilised.

 Vaccination should be done during the cold hours

of the day.
 Special Precautions for live viral
vaccines
 Live vaccines should always be kept in a
refrigerator or in a freezer.

 While suspending the vaccine in a diluent, the

diluent should be cooled to a temperature of 4 -
10O Centigrade.

 Vaccine suspension should be prepared just before

it is used and should not lie unused.

 Only that much amount of vaccine should be

suspended which will be used up within a period of
two hours of its preparation.
 Only a small amount of vaccine should be
taken into a dropper or a vaccinator so that
it could be used within 10-15 minutes to
prevent transfer of heat from the hands of
the vaccinating person.

 Un-used vaccine and vaccine containers

should be incinerated or deep burried.

 Vaccination should not be interrupted. The

whole flock should be vaccinated at a stretch
Precautions for vaccination through
drinking water.
 Since modern poultry farming raises a large
number of birds, it is difficult to vaccinate
individual bird and therefore administration of
vaccine through drinking water is generally
practised. But this mode of vaccination does
not ensure up-take of vaccine by each bird.
Vaccination through drinking water should not
be followed for primary vaccination. Primary
vaccination should be done by taking care of
individual bird. Booster vaccination may be
done through drinking water, taking certain
precautions as follows:
 Birds should be made thirsty by withdrawing
water for about two hours before vaccination
(in summer season one hour is sufficient).

 All waterers and utensils to be used for

vaccine preparation should be cleaned with
non-medicated water.

 Drinking water to be used for vaccine

preparation should not contain any detergents
or medicines that may kill the organisms in
vaccine.
 Water should be cooled if necessary by adding ice
cubes. It should also contains 6% of skimmed milk
powder. This stabilizes the virus in the vaccine and
prevents the action of detergents if any present in
water. Skimmed milk powder should be dissolved in
water and formation of lumps should be avoided.

 Vaccine should be suspended in such a quantity of

water that it would be utilised by birds within two
hours.

 Sufficient waterers should be placed so that every

chick should get water containing vaccine.
 Inactivated Vaccines
 There is no danger of organism multipling and
causing an infectious reaction in a stressed,
laying, or immunosupressed bird. Since no
new living organism is brought in the farm.
There is no danger ofrevertion to virulence or
spread to susceptible birds.

 Each bird is individually handled and given a

uniform dose, the flocks immune response is
more uniform even with the careful
administration it can be difficult to achieve
uniform exposure when using a live vaccine.
 The humoral immune response (production of
circulating antibody) is generally greater with
inactivated products. This is an advantage when hyper
immunising breeder hence in order to provide passive
protection for chicks.

 Also by stimulating very high titters , inactivated

products may reduce or eliminate the need for
revaccination for some disease in laying birds.

 Since the vaccine organism is already killed, storage

requirements are not as stringent and the shelf life for
inactivated vaccine is usually longer than for live
vaccines.
 Since there are no infective components killed
vaccines can be combined more easily than
live vaccines.

 Viral interference, as occurs when some live

viral vaccines are administered together, is not
a problem with inactivated vaccines.
 Proper use of
Inactivated Vaccines
 As with any biologicals storage according to
label direction is necessary.
 Oil emulsion product should be well shaken
before use.
 Killed vaccines are mostly used for laying
birds to stimulate long lasting immunity and
to reduce or eliminate the need for
revaccination during lay.
 Most inactivated viral vaccine required that
the bird first be primed with one or more live
vaccination for optimum immunity.
 Some killed products may be used without live vaccine
priming where the live organism is less desirable as an
immunising agent. e.g. Fowl Cholera Killed vaccine,
Infectious Coryza killed vaccine etc.

 Killed vaccines must be injected the usual sites include

subcutaneously in the back of the neck and intra-
muscularly in the breast or on thigh muscles.

 The injection should not be given into the skin (intra-

dermally) or into the neck muscles. Intra dermal
injection can cause severe swelling and injection of the
emulsion into the neck muscles can cause necrosis of
the tissue and loss of ability to raise the head
 For intra-muscular injection breast muscle
is preferable as a site to thigh muscle
because the thigh muscle is smaller and
there is chance of injury to the prominent
nerves or blood vessels.
 The needle should be always pointed away
from the head.
 The size of the needle depends upon
personal preference, site of injection and
age of bird, but usually ranges from half to
one inch, 18 to 20 gauge.
 Needles should be kept sharp and
clean. If disposable needles are used,
they should be changed with every
bottle (500 to 1000 doses).
 Self-injection of emulsion vaccine can
cause severe local reaction and are
especially dangerous when the tips of
the finger are involved in such cases
physician should be seen immediately
and told that an oil emulsion vaccine is
involved
 Common Errors in
Vaccinations
Vaccine Handling
Vaccine stored in an inoperative
refrigerator.
Two much vaccine mixed before use
(over 2 hrs.). Reconstituted vaccine
quantity is more (not consumed by
birds within two hours).
Vaccine carried to house without ice.
 Water Vaccination
 Unclean waterline would lead to
inactivation of vaccine.
 Enough water not used for
vaccination.
 Water lines not filled before
vaccination commences.
 Water line sanitizers not removed in
adequate time before vaccination
 Spray Vaccination

 Incorrect droplet size used for spraying

 Too little vaccine mixture applied / not all birds

exposed to vaccine

 Flock improperly primmed before spray vaccination

 Lights not dimmed during spraying

 Ventilation system not turned off during spraying

 Ventilation system not turned off after spraying

 Wing Web or Eye Drop Vaccination

 Grant inoculators not held vertically during

use.

 Too much vaccine mixed before use.

 Wing web vaccine given by eye drop and

eye drop vaccine given by wing web.