Vaccination
Jemila Essa(Dr.)
Introduction
Vaccination is undoubtedly the most cost-effective means of
preventing and controlling, and even eradicating, infectious
diseases
Vaccines should be designed to prevent infection rather than to
prevent clinical signs of disease and should, wherever possible,
produce sterile immunity
The use of veterinary vaccines has obvious benefits for animal
welfare. Vaccines, unlike therapeutic treatments, are the best way
of avoiding animal suffering since they prevent disease or avoid
the need for slaughtering as part of the implementation of
stamping out
Vaccination presents no hazard to consumers of produce from
vaccinated animals
What is vaccines?
Vaccines are an antigen preparations which are
administered for the purpose of inducing a specific and
active immunity against disease
Vaccination: introduction of a vaccine in to the body
to produce immunity to a specific disease
Achieving initial immunity may require more than one
injection. Once established, this can be boosted by
subsequent vaccination
Immunity is the ability of the animal body to tolerate
the presence of material indigenous to the body
(“self”), and to eliminate foreign (“nonself”) material
Cont’d
Active immunity is stimulation of the immune system to
produce antigen-specific humoral (antibody) and cellular
immunity. Unlike passive immunity, which is temporary,
active immunity usually lasts for long time
Active immunity is produce by vaccination. Vaccines
interact with the immune system and often produce an
immune response similar to that produced by the natural
infection
Passive immunity is the transfer of antibody produced by
one animal to another (from mother to progeny)
Passive immunity provides protection against some
infections, but this protection is temporary
Types of vaccine
Live vaccine- prepared either by using less virulent type or by
attenuating highly virulent strain of infectious agent
It induces complete type of immune response, and confer
higher level and long period of protection
Disadvantage of live vaccine may be able to induce mild
disease/ allergic reaction
Killed vaccine- produced by inactivating the infectious agent
Generally they require two doses with an appropriate interval
Cont’d
Toxoid vaccine- prepared from toxins obtained from
microorganisms treated by heats or chemical agent e.g tetanus
vaccine
Serovaccine- is a combination of antisera with a vaccine to
produce passive and active immunity e.g rabies
Autogenous vaccine- prepared from cultures of material derived
from a disease lesion of the animal to be vaccinated e.g bovine
papiloma
Precaution and contraindication
Sick animals shouldn’t be vaccinated
Animals under immunosuppressive drug treatment
should not be vaccinated within three to four weeks
Care should be take in the use of antibiotics when a
vaccine containing live bacteria is administrated
Stressing of animals to be vaccinated should be avoided
don’t vaccinate through dirty and wet skin area
Liquid preparations should always be adequately
shaken before administration
Injectable vaccines should be stored as recommended
by manufacturers
Vaccines used in ruminants
Anthrax vaccine- live vaccine
◦ Dosage- inject 1ml SC, cattle & equine in the loose
skin just in front of shoulder
◦ Shoats 0.5ml in the loose skin or inner face of the
thigh
◦ Booster: anually 2-4 wks before anthrax season/
after rainy season
◦ Precaution: should not given less than 3 months of
age and pregnant animals
Cont’d
Bovine pasterellosis- killed vaccine
◦ Dosage-2ml,SC 3wks before rainy season
◦ Booster- 6-8 months
Ovine pasterellosis- killed vaccine
◦ Dosage- 1ml,sc 3wks before rainy season
◦ Boster- 6-8 months
Black leg- killed vaccine
◦ Dosage- 2ml, sc
◦ Booster- every year
CBPP- live vaccine
◦ Dosage- 1ml,sc above 6 months of age
◦ Precaution- reconstituted vaccine should be used
immediately and protected from light and heat
Cont’d
CCPP- killed vaccine
◦ Dosage-1ml, sc
◦ Booster- after a year
LSD-live vaccine
◦ Dosage- 1ml, sc
Brucellosis- two types S19 is live and S45/20 killed
vaccine
◦ Dosage- S19 given 5ml, sc cattle above 2 months of age
◦ Precaution- accidental injection into handlers can cause
undulant fever in human
Cont’d
FMD- killed vaccine
◦ Dosage- 4ml, sc first vaccination requires two injection at 6
months of interval
◦ Booster- annually and before outbreak season/between
November and January
◦ Precaution- after puncture of bottle use the vaccine within
24 hrs
◦ Don’t vaccinate less than 6 months of age
◦ Not associate with other vaccine and not to make
vaccination before and after a month
Cont’d
PPR- live vaccine
◦ Dosage- 1ml, sc
◦ Precaution- avoid vaccination of less than 6 months of age,
◦ Vaccination only once at the age
Sheep and goat pox- live vaccine
◦ Dosage-1ml, sc and revaccinate after 2 years
Vaccines used in poultry
Coccidiosis vaccine-
◦ Dosage- given in the drinking water as a single dose between
5-9 days of age
Fowl typhoid- live vaccine
◦ Dosage-0.2ml sc into the lower part of the neck given at 6wks
of age and booster dose at 12wks of age
Fowl pox-live vaccine
◦ Dosage- by transfixation of inner side of the wing membrane
dip the stylet the vaccinate
Cont’d
Marek’s disease vaccine-
◦ Dosage- 0.2 ml, IM vaccinate day old to 3wks of age and
revaccinate after 2-4 wks
ND vaccine-
◦ Dosage- ocular route using eyedropper for 1-7 days old
chicks and at 21 day old
◦ Oral route: 20-30ml per bird at the 6wks of age
◦ IM route: 0.5 ml per bird at 10-12 wks of age and 17wks of
age/at the point of laying
Vaccine administration
Always check the recommended dose on the bottle
label
Assemble the syringe and needle
Shake the vaccine
Draw a volume of air into the syringe slightly more
than the volume of liquid to be withdrawn
Make sure that the needle tip is below the surface of
the fluid
Pull the plunger down, drawing slightly enough
amount of vaccine into the vaccinated syringe
Cont’d
Don’t push the plunger on the environment to expel
any air bubbles and adjust to the correct dose
Detach the syringe, leaving the needle in the cap for
next dose withdrawal.
Never use dirty syringes or needles.
Properly dispose vaccine bottles and gloves and
Return other materials for proper cleaning and
sterilization
Cont’d
The end
