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Instruction Format

The document discusses the basics of computer instruction formats, including how instructions are divided into fields like operation code and operands, examples of instruction sets and the four main types of instructions, and how the instruction cycle works by fetching, decoding, executing, and storing instructions. It also covers topics like pipelining to improve instruction speed, parallel processing, computer buses that connect components internally and externally, and the differences between internal and external bus types.

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Abdul Haseeb Ch
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73 views13 pages

Instruction Format

The document discusses the basics of computer instruction formats, including how instructions are divided into fields like operation code and operands, examples of instruction sets and the four main types of instructions, and how the instruction cycle works by fetching, decoding, executing, and storing instructions. It also covers topics like pipelining to improve instruction speed, parallel processing, computer buses that connect components internally and externally, and the differences between internal and external bus types.

Uploaded by

Abdul Haseeb Ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instruction Format

• Stored program concept.


• Computer program describes the steps to be
performed for carrying out a computational task.
• A computer program is a set of instruction
• Fields – instruction is divided into groups
• The common fields are
– Operation code – action that the processor must execute
– Opcode-parameters of the action(location or operands)
Instruction format

Example : ADD command


INSTRUCTION SET
• Set of instructions that the processor
understands
• Set of all basic operations that a processor can
accomplish.
• Language that the processor understand
• EX :
– ADD A,B
– MOV B,A
– RAR
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
• The series of steps for executing an instruction
by CPU.
• 4 steps
– Fetching
– Decoding
– Executing
– Storing
4 type of instructions
• Memory access or transfer of data between
registers
– Mov B,A
• Arithmetic instructions
– Add B
• Logic instructions
– AND,OR
• Control and conditional instructions
– JMP,JC
Pipelining improves instruction execution speed by putting the execution steps into
parallel. A CPU can receive a single instruction, begin executing it, and receive
another instruction before it has completed the first. This allows for more instructions
to be performed, about, one instruction per clock cycle.
• Parallel Processing is the simultaneous
execution of instructions from the same
program on different processors. A program is
divided into multiple processes that are
handled in parallel in order to reduce
execution time.
BUS
• Set of electronic signal pathways that allows
information to travel between components inside
or outside of a computer.
• A bus is a set of wires used for interconnection,
where each wire can carry one bit of data.

• 2 types
– Internal (System Bus)
– External Bus(Expansion bus)
External Bus
• Connects different external devices ,
peripheral , expansion slots and I/O ports to
the rest of computers

• Allows expansion of computer’s capability


• Slower than internal bus(System Bus)
• Also referred as expansion bus
System bus types
• Data bus – used to transfer data between I/O devices and
CPU
– EISA
– PCI
– AGP
– USB
• Address Bus – Carries the
address of different I/O device
to be accessed
• Control Bus – used to carry
read/write commands, status of I/O devices etc.
Assignment 2
Internet: evolution and uses.
Submission date :23-10-2019
submit hard copy of assignment (5 pages)
Font size 12 with 1.5 line spacing.
Also mention reference of data collected

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