FIRST AID
BENITO, IRA
SERRANO, ELLYZA
FIRST AID
• IT REFERS TO THE EMERGENCY OR IMMEDIATE CARE YOU SHOULD PROVIDE WHEN A
PERSON IS INJURED OR ILL UNTIL FULL MEDICAL TREATMENT IS AVAILABLE.
• IT INCLUDES SELF-HELP AND HOME CARE IF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE IS NOT AVAILABLE
OR DELAYED.
GOALS OF FIRST AID
1. ALLEVIATE SUFFERING
2. PREVENT FURTHER INJURY OR DANGER
3. PROLONG LIFE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER
1. GENTLE –SHOULD NOT CAUSE, INFLICT PAIN AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE
2. RESOURCEFUL – MAKES THE BEST USE OF THINGS AT HAND
3. OBSERVANT – SHOULD NOTICE ALL SIGNS, AWARE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT MAY HAPPEN
4. TACTFUL – HANDLING THE VICTIM WITH UTMOST CARE AND IN A CALM MANNER
5. EMPHATIC –SHOULD BE COMFORTING
6. RESPECTABLE –MAINTAINS A PROFESSIONAL AND CARING ATTITUDE
GENERAL GUIDELINES IN
ADMINISTERING FIRST AID
GETTING STARTED
1. PLANNING OF ACTION
• ESTABLISHED BASED ON ANTICIPATED NEEDS AND AVAILABLE RESOURCES
2. GATHERING OF NEEDED MATERIALS
• PREPARATION OF EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL
GETTING STARTED
• INITIAL RESPONSE
• RECOGNIZE THE BENEFITS OF OBTAINING FIRST AID AND CPR CERTIFICATION
• A – SK FOR HELP
• I – NTERVENE. GIVE APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS
• D –O NO FURTHER HARM
PRE- QUIZ
1. AFTER AN ACCIDENT, IMMEDIATELY MOVE THE VICTIM TO A COMFORTABLE POSITION
2. IF A PERSON IS BLEEDING, USE A TOURNIQUET
3. SIGNS OF HEART ATTACK INCLUDE SHORTNESS OF BREATH, ANXIETY AND
PERSPIRATION
4. ALL BURNS CAN BE TREATED WITH FIRST AID ALONE; NO EMERGENCY MEDICAL
ATTENTION IS NECESSARY
BASIC RULES
• STAY CALM
• CHECK WHETHER YOUR SURROUNDINGS ARE SAFE
• DECIDE IF YOU OR THE INJURED PERSON NEEDS MEDICAL AID
• REASSURE THE INJURED PERSON
• TELL THE MEDICAL EXPERTS AS MUCH INFORMATION
• WASH YOUR HANDS BEFORE ATTENDING TO THE WOUND
• CLEAN THE WOUND CAREFULLY
• KEEP THE FIRST AID KIT UP TO DATE
ASSESS THE SCENE
• EVALUATE THE SCENE
• ASSESS THE SAFETY
• PRIORITIZE CARE
• DO HEAD- TO- TOE CHECK
• MOVE ONLY IF NECESSARY
CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
(CPR)
• IT IS A LIFE SAVING TECHNIQUE USEFUL IN MANY EMERGENCIES, INCLUDING HEART
ATTACK OR NEAR DROWNING, IN WHICH SOMEONE’S BREATHING OR HEARTBEAT HAS
STOPPED
• COMBINATION OF CHEST COMPRESSIONS AND RESCUE BREATHS
ADMINISTERING CPR
• SURVEY THE SCENE
• INTRODUCE YOURSELF
• ASK IF YOU CAN HELP
PRIMARY SURVEY
• C –CONSCIOUSNESS
• A -AIRWAYS
• B -BREATHING
• C -CIRCULATION
CPR IS NEEDED IF:
• THE VICTIM IS UNCONSCIOUS
• PULSE IS WEAK OR NO PULSE
• NO BREATHING/ DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING
CHEST COMPRESSIONS
• A CYCLE OF CHEST COMPRESSION IS COMPOSED OF 30 COMPRESSIONS AT A RATE
OF 80-100 PER MINUTE
• AFTER A CYCLE, 2 RESCUE BREATHS ARE ADMINISTERED
RESCUE BREATHS
• GIVING OXYGEN VIA MOUTH-TO-MOUTH
• HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT, PINCH THE NOSE AND GIVE A FULL BLOW OF AIR DIRECTLY
TO THE MOUTH TWICE. NOTE FOR THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CHEST.
CPR CYCLES
• 5 CYCLES COMPOSED OF :
• CYCLE 1
• 30 COMPRESSIONS
• 2 RESCUE BREATHS
• CYCLE 2
• 30 COMPRESSIONS
• 2 RESCUE BREATHS
• AND SO ON AND SO FORTH UNTIL THE 5TH CYCLE
• RE ASSESS THE VICTIM AFTER 5 CYCLES USING THE PRIMARY SURVEY.
WHEN TO STOP THE CPR
• S – SPONTANEOUS SIGNS OF CIRCULATION RESTORED
• T – TURNED OVER TO MEDICAL SERVICES OR AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL
• O – OPERATOR IS ALREADY EXHAUSTED AND CANNOT CONTINUE CPR
• P – PHYSICIAN ASSUMES THE RESPONSIBILITY
CARE AFTER SUCCESSFUL CPR
• TRANSFER IN A SECURED PLACE
• PLACE IN A SIDE LYING POSITION- RECOVERY POSITION
• WAIT FOR THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE UNIT AND CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR THE VICTIM
SOFT TISSUES INJURIES
WOUNDS
-Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external
Classifications:
•Closed Wound
• Open Wound
CLOSED WOUND
• BREAK IN THE CONTINUITY OF A BODY TISSUE WITHOUT THE SKIN BEING BROKEN DOWN.
CAUSES:
- BLUNT OBJECT RESULT IN CONTUSION OR BRUISES
- APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL FORCES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
- PAIN AND TENDERRNESS
- SWELLING
- DISCOLORATION
- HEMATOMA
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR CLOSED
WOUND
• R - Rest the affected area. Movement may aggravate the closed wound condition.
• I - Ice Compress. Apply ice compress to the affected areas. It promotes vasoconstriction and it
has an anesthetic effect
• C - Compression. Application of firm pressure. To avoid further hematoma.
• E - Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To promote venous return of blood and avoid
pooling in the area
• S - Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This helps in avoiding unnecessary
movements.
CLOSED WOUND
• Perform further assessment and put the injured person under observation.
SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF:
– The pain is unbearable
– Hematoma is spreading
– The affected area is the head (including face and neck)
– Involves the spine area.
– Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose.
– Coughing and vomiting of blood.
OPEN WOUND
• is an injury involving an external or internal break in body tissue, usually involving the skin.
• Classifications:
Puncture
– wound caused by sharp & pointed object Penetrating the skin.
Abrasion
– caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin against rough surfaces.
Laceration
– the skin is torn by sharp objects with irregular edges.
Avulsion
– tissues are forcefully separated from the body.
Incision
– skin and tissues are cut by a sharp bladed instrument.
DANGER OF AN OPEN WOUND
• Hemorrhage – severe bleeding.
• Infection – introduction of bacteria/parasites.
• Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood) volume. (a fatal condition)
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
• For wounds with severe bleeding:
INSPECT for foreign object lodged in the wound area. It can be removed manually by hand or using
a pick up forceps. Flushing with normal saline solution or just clean water is also applicable.
CONTROL BLEEDING Done by applying a sterile absorbent gauze pad over the bleeding site while
applying a firm pressure. Dressing can be secured with a bandage and splints.
REFER TO A PHYSICIAN It is essential in severe bleeding wounds. Further medical/surgical
management may be needed like suturing or administration of medications that control bleeding.
CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT AND OBSERVATION FOR SHOCK
Signs and Symptoms: Pale/Cyanotic. Cold and Clammy Skin. Irregular Breathing. Weak/Rapid
Pulse. Weakness. Thirsty sensation.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding:
CLEAN with mild soap and water.
DISINFECT Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine or Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin, Fusidic
Acid)
DRESS Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure with adhesive tapes.
BURNS
• Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This
results from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals, electricity, solar or other forms of
radiation.
• Classifications:
– Thermal Burns
– Chemical Burns
– Electrical Burns
THERMAL BURNS
• THERMAL BURNS caused by direct or indirect contact to flames and other hot objects, steams
or liquids.
• Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity Thermal Burns:
• FIRST DEGREE BURN
• SECOND DEGREE BURN
• THIRD DEGREE BURN
FIRST DEGREE BURN
- Affects only the first (epidermis) layer of the skin. Very painful and skin is red.
SECOND DEGREE BURN
- Affects the first and second layer (epidermis + dermis) of the skin. Blisters are expected to
form.
THIRD DEGREE BURN
- Affects the first and second layer of the skin and may extend up to the proximal subcutaneous
tissues. Usually less painful.
FIRST AID CARE FOR THERMAL BURNS
• For First and Second Degree Burn.
RELIEVE PAIN by immersing burned area into clean tap water/iced water for maximum of 5mins for
iced water and 10mins for tap water. Prolonged exposure to extremely cold temperature may
cause total numbness due to extreme vasoconstriction.
COVER the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if available) and make sure that it is non
sticking. If blisters are forming, do not attempt to pop it out to prevent infection. Always maintain
cleanliness on the burned area. Apply Burn Ointment if available.
FIRST AID CARE FOR THERMAL BURNS
• For Third Degree Burns.
COVER the burned area with a dry and non sticking dressing. Do not apply anything unto the skin.
Immersing into water is not advisable.
PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY TRANSFER Continuously monitor for signs of dehydration and shock. Keep
the victim warm by covering with blankets during the transfer. Extend the flexed burned
extremities to avoid contractures.
CHEMICAL BURNS
• Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin.
– Car battery Solutions
– Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic)
– Bleach
– Ammonia
FIRST AID CARE FOR CHEMICAL BURNS
• Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water. Remove the victim’s contaminated
clothing. Use mild soap for the final rinse.
• Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply dressing into affected area.
• If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least 20minutes using low pressure.
• Seek medical attention immediately for chemical burns.
CHOKING
• ASK A PERSON TO SPEAK OR COUGH
• DELIVER 5 BAACK BLOWWS
• PERFORM ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• REPEAT SEQUNCE OF BACK BLOWS AND ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
IF ABDOMINAL THRUSTS DON’T WORK
• CALL FOR HELP
• FINGER SWEEP
• ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• CHECK ABCs
• PERFORM CPR IF NOT BREATHING
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
• REMOVE VIICTIM FROM HAZARD
• CHECK FOR BREATHING
• NOTHING IN THE MOUTH
• KEEP COMFORTABLE
• CALL FOR HELP IF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE IS NEEDED
