INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

HIMACHAL PRADESH PUBLIC

WORKS DEPARTMENT
(BUILDING & ROADS)
 HPPWD: An Introduction
• HPPWD is the largest Construction Department of the state With
its H.Q namely Nirman Bhawan at Shimla, which is engaged in
planning construction and Maintenance of Roads, Buildings
(Residential and non residential ) of various Departments,
Ropeways and Bridges
•  It is a premier agency in respect of road development in 
the state of H.P. The department is engaged in Planning,
  Designing,  Construction  and  maintenance  of  Road, 
Buildings  and  Bridges in the H.P State. The department also 
executes deposit works for other Government Departments 
like Transport Department, D.C’s deposits,  Education
Deptt. , Police Deptt., GAD, Health Deptt. Civil Defense, Judiciary 
etc. 
 Present Status of Works
• Road Network: At present H.P is having a total road length of 33,928 Km which
includes 22,432 Km of Metalled roads and 11,496 Km Un-metalled roads being
Total Area of the state 55,673sq. Km , The road density per 100sq. Km of the
state is 60.92 .
Distt. Kangra of the state have Max. Road length of 5,911 Km while Distt.
Kinnaur of the state have the min. Road length which is 800 Km.
• Buildings: HPPWD has constructed 1,762 Non-Residential Buildings and 6,470
Residential Buildings as on March 2015. Distt Shimla is having the Max. no. of
247 non-residential buildings and 2,417 residential buildings.
Distt Kullu is having the min. of 67 non residential and 161 residential buildings.
• Bridges: HPPWD is having 1,917 no. of bridges of different types and span at
different locations of the state. Distt. Kangra of the state is having the max. 483
no. of Bridges while Distt. Kinnaur is having the min. 56 no. of bridges as on
march 2015.
Organizational/ Regular staff
 Services offered by the Department
1. Execution of Works:‐ 
At the first instance proposal is made after inspection  of the site. Then a preliminary rough 
cost estimate is prepared and submitted  to  the  competent  authority  for  according 
Administrative  Approval expenditure  sanction.  On  receipt  of  Administrative  Approval, 
detailed  estimate is prepared and then tenders are called for the execution of work. 
The availability of this service will be intimated to the citizen in the following  manner:‐  
i) Issuing tender notices by post to the registered contractors.  
ii) By displaying the tender notice on the Notice Board of PWD  Offices.  
iii) By publishing tender notice in at least two Daily Newspapers,  both in Hindi & English.  
iv)In case of costs more than Rs. 10 Lac tenders are invited online 
through  department’s web site www.hppwd.gov.in 
Normal Tentative time schedule for various tender related 
activities is as under:‐  
2. Preparation of estimate     15 days‐60 days 
3. Approval of estimate      30‐90 days 
4. Preparation of DNIT       15 days‐30 days  
5. Approval of DNIT       15 days‐30 days 
6. Call of tenders        35 days‐45 days  
7. Approval of tenders       30 days‐45 days 
2.Other maintenance works:‐  The following time schedule is given for the general information.
  i)The  normal  pot holes and  patch  repairs will  be completed   normally within 15 days from 
the date of receipt of complaint.  
ii)Removal of any obstructions on roads will be completed in  about 2 days.
iii)Permissions  for  the  erection  of  pandals  banners,  cleaning,  roadside  drains  etc.  will  be 
examined  and  issued  within  a 4  week.
iv)Requisition  for  speed  breakers,  Major  repair  works  will  be  examined in three months 
from the date of requisition.  
v)Routine maintenance of Govt. buildings is completed within  one month time, However 
special repair can only be under  taken after approval of the estimate and provision of funds.  
3.Duties of Department during Natural  calamities like floods etc:‐   A special cell has been 
created  in the office of E‐in‐C (Tel No.0177‐  2625821)  which  receives  information  from  field 
offices  and  send  daily  consolidated  damage  report  to  the  Govt.  regarding  damages  to  the
roads,  bridges  and  buildings  etc.  on  account  of  rains/flood.etc.    
4.Enlistment of Contractors:‐  Any  contractor,  who  is  interested  to  enlist  himself  in  various 
categories of enlistment, may apply to the Competent authority with requisite  fees and other 
formalities given in the enlistment rules.
5.Cost assessment and rent reasonability of buildings :‐  Any Govt./ Semi Government Deptt. 
can approach PWD  Authority  for the cost assessments and rent reasonability of the buildings.
6.  Services for the Government Department:‐ All the Government Deptt. can approach PWD 
for the construction  and  the  maintenance  of  the  Govt.  buildings  required  for  them 
through  appropriate channels. The Govt. Deptt. shall convey their requirements, get  the 
proposals from Public Works Department and obtain necessary  sanction  from Govt. for 
executing the works.  
7.Undertaking Deposit Works:‐ The Deptt. is also undertaking deposit works for the Govt/ Quasi
  Govt. organizations, like Transport Deptt. DC’s, Education Department. Police 
Department , GAD, Health Department etc.    
8.Service under RTI Act:‐Those  who  apply  for  getting  information  under  the  Right  to 
information Act. can approach the appropriate authorities of the concerned  area.
Assistant  Public  Sub‐Division Level  Concerned Sub‐Divisional  Engineers 
Information Officer  
Public  Information  Divisional Level       Concerned  Executive 
Officer  Head Office Engineer  of  the  Field  Division
Executive 
Engineer(P&M) 
Appellate authorities Concerned  Superintending  Engineer(W)  for 
Superintending Engineers  Head  Office Shimla‐2  
for  their 
respective areas.  

9.Issue of NOC for C/o Building etc on PWD road side:‐ Those who apply for N.O.C. for any road side activity 
under various  Acts  may  approach/apply  to  concerned  Xen  of  the  area  as  per  rules/procedure.  
10.  Booking of Rest Houses:‐       Any citizen can book the PWD Rest Houses’ accommodation for stay 
subject  to  availability  of  accommodation.
 11.    Public Grievances :‐  For any Grievances, the citizens may first approach the concerned  officers and 
get the problems sorted out and can opt for taking up the matter  further to the higher authorities only in 
genuine cases
 Road Pavement
A pavement consist of layers of Pavement Material supported by soil subgrade to
serve as a Carriage way.
Types of Road Pavement:
• Flexible Pavement: The Pavement which has very low Flexural
Strength and are Flexible in their structural behaviour under the wheel loads.
example- Bituminous pavement, Water bound macadam
• Rigid Pavement: Which possess considerable Flexural Strength of
Flexural Rigidity.
example- Cement concrete pavement.
• Semi Rigid pavement: An Intermediate state between Flexible and
Rigid pavements.
example- Lean cement concrete
• Flexible Pavement • Rigid Pavement
 Functions of Pavement components
• Sub-Grade: It is a layer of natural or filled soil prepared to receive the
pavement materials over it. It’s function is to transfer the entire load coming
to the earth mass.
• Sub-Base course: it is a layer of pavement material provided between
subgrade and base course. It consist of Broken stones, slag, Broken burnt
bricks.
• Base course: It is a layer of pavement between surface course and sub-
base course. Generally large size particles like Boulders Bricks etc. are used as
Base course.
• Wearing course: It is a Top-most layer of the pavement structure in
Flexible pavement normally a Bituminous Surfacing is used as a Wearing
Course and in Rigid Pavement the Cement concrete acts like a Base course as
well as Wearing course.
• Foundation Soling or Bottoming: The function of this course is to
spread the traffic loads and the weight of the roadway above. The soling may
consist of either
(1) Hand packed big size stone called rubble
(2) Bricks laid flat, or on edge
(3) Over –burnt brick bats well rammed, called hard core.

• Base : The base course is the major structural component of a road and is
composed of stone aggregate or road metal well consolidated. The main
considerations of a base are: its thickness stability under traffic loads and
resistance to weathering. The stability of the base mainly a function of the
strength of the sub-grade and the maximum, wheel loads that are anticipated
with the intensity of traffic.

• The Surfacing : It is uppermost part of the road structure. Its purpose is

to minimize the abrasion of the road by traffic, act as a cushion between the
wheel and the base, and reduce the adverse effects of climate. By acting as an
impervious layer enables the road to shed storm water that would otherwise
damage the road. It is the wearing surface.
 Type of Macadam Base course
• Water bound Macadam • Bituminous Macadam
 Water Bound Macadam
A road made of Coarse aggregates Mechanically inter-locked by rolling and
bonded together with Screening, Binding material and water laid on the
subgrade, sub-base and base
Sr.no Size range Type of Grade Used for Passing on Retained
(in mm) Sieve size Sieve size

1. 90-63 Grade-I Sub base course 90mm 63mm

2. 63-40 Grade-II Base course 63mm 40mm

3. 50-25 Grade-III Surface course 50mm 25mm

 Grading-II Sieve
analysis test at site
on JEORI-GANVI
road

Preparation of Sub-
base course
Grading-I on JEORI-
GANVI road at Km
5/720 by HPPWD
Sarahan
 Grading-III
Flakiness Index and
Elongation Test on
JEORI-GANVI road
at Km 10/430

Preparation of Water
bound Macadam
 Bituminous Macadam
It consist of single layer of compacted crushed aggregates pre-mixed with a
Bituminous binder. The thickness of this type of base course is 50mm-75mm.
This provides an Economical and strong Base course. The load distribution
through Bituminous macadam is on a wider area and is more resistant to
Deformation.
Preparation of mix: Binder and aggregate are seperately heated in a
Hot mix plant to a Temp. (150-177 degree C ) and it is seperating at a Temp.
121-163 degree C. After seperation of the mixed rolling is done by using 8-10
Tonnes roller.
 Type of Bituminous Roads
1. Prime coat: (SS-I)
It is provided 24-hours
before provided Tack coat on
WBM.
Functions
• To seal the pores by
Penetrating into WBM
• To waterproof the
underlying layer.
• To coat and bond dust.
• To provide adhesion
between the base and
superimposed layer.
2. Tack Coat: (RS-I)
It is spreading over SS-I just
half an hours before providing
20mm thick premix layer.
Functions
• To provide non skidding
road surface.
• To seal the voids of existing
surface.
• To repair an existing
weathered surface.
Bituminous carpet
• A bituminous carpet is an Open graded premix prepared from stone aggregates
and bitumen binder with premixed sand bitumen seal coat.
• In India the thickness of such carpet is 20mm.
• It is spread on Tack coat layer.
 ROAD GEOMETRICS
• Camber
These are the elements of
the road which are visible to • Superelevation
road users. • Right of way
Functions
• Optimum efficiency in • Road margin
Traffic operation • Roadway width
• Maximum safety
• To reduce the accidents.
• Carriageway
• Shoulder
• Kerbs
• Design speed
• Sight distance
 Camber
The Convexity given to the
curve Cross section of the
Carriage way between the
Crown and the edge of the
Carriage way.
Purpose:
• Drain off the Rain water
S.No Types of Road Surface Range of Camber

1. High Bituminous & Cement Concrete 1 in 50 to 1 in 60

Surface
2. Thin Bituminous Surface 1 in 40 to 1 in 50

3. Water bound Macadam 1 in 33 to 1 in 40

4. Earth Road 1 in 25 to 1 in 33
Camber Test on Jeori-Ganvi Road at Km 7/130
Superelevation
The Inward tilt or
transverse inclination given
to the Cross section of the
Carriage way on the
Horizontal curve to reduce
the effect of Centrifugal
force on a moving Vehicle.
It is also called Cant or
Banking.

Maximum value of Superelevation

1. In Plain and Rolling Terrain 7%
2. In Snow bound areas 7%
3. In Hill areas not bound by snow 10%
Test for Super elevation at Jeori-Ganvi road
Right of way
The Area of land acquired and reserved for
construction and development of road and
its alignment.

Road Margin
It is the portion of land on either side of the
road.
Eg- Footpath, Cycle track
Roadway Width
It is the sum of width of
carriage way or pavement
,shoulders and seperator.
It is top width of Highway
embankment

S.no Road Formation Width (metres)

Classification Plain and Rolling Terrain Mountaineous & Steep
Terrain
Single lane Two lane Single lane Two lane

1. National and state Highway 12.0 12.0 6.25 8.8

2. Major Distt. Road 9.0 9.0 4.75 -
3. Other Distt. Road 7.5 9.0 4.75 -
4. Village Road 7.5 - 4.00 -
 Formation Width

Road Construction at Jeori Nawara road Km 0/00 to 2/100

Carriageway
It is the width of the
Roadway constructed for
movement of Vehicular
Traffic.
It depends upon:
• width of Traffic lanes
•No. of lanes required
As per IRC specs. The max.
width of a vehicle is 2.44
and carriage width for a
single lane traffic is 3.75.

S.no Class of road Width of Carriageway (meters)

1. Single lane 3.75 for all roads, 3.0 for village roads
2. Two lanes without raised kerbs 7.0
3. Two lanes with raised kerbs 7.5
4. Intermediate carriage way 5.5
5. Multi-lane pavements 3.5 per lane
Shoulder
These are the portions of the
roadway between the outer
edges of the carriage way and
edges of the top surface of
embankment or inner edges
of the sides Drains in cutting.
The min. shoulder width
recommended by IRC is 2.5m.

Kerbs
These are the boundaries
btw. The pavement and
shoulder or footpath.
It is also provided btw.
Pavement and traffic
separator.
Design speed
It is the max. safe speed of vehicles assumed for geometrical design of a highway.
This is the most important factor controlling the geometric design elements of
Highways. The design speed is decided taking into account the overall requirements
of the Highway.

S.no Road Design speed in Km/h for various Terrain

Classification
Plain Rolling Mountaino Steep
us
Rulin Min. Rulin Min. Rulin Min. Rulin Min.
g g g g
1. National and State Highways 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30

2. Major Distt. Roads 85 65 65 50 40 30 30 20

3. Other Distt. Road 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20

4. Village Roads 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20
Sight Distance
It is the actual distance along the road at which a Driver has visibility of
stationary or moving objects from a specified height above the carriage way.
 Useful life of Roads
The useful life of the road depends upon- The type of construction, Intensity and
nature of traffic, Bearing capacity of Subgrade, Climate conditions and
Maintenance.
The following figures are usually taken for estimating
purposes:
• Water bound macadam road:
 4 years for traffic up to 250 tonnes per day(150 vehicles)
 3 years for traffic up to 500 tonnes per day
 1-2 years for traffic up to 1000 tonnes per day
• Bituminous Treated road:
 12 to 15 years for traffic up to 1200 tonnes per day. These roads will require re-
metalling at every 2-3 years.
 The life of a Cement concrete road is taken at about 30 years.
 Failure of Material which may
result from lack of control
• Wrong type of Bitumen or Tar: The Binder may be too Hard
or too Soft for the surfacing required. These are checked by a Tar
Distillation test and Viscosity or Penetration Test.
• Incorrect quantity of Binders: Too little Binder may result in a
surfacing being Brittle and having a tendency to Fretting or Crumbling.
• Overheating : This can cause loss of the more Volatile oils in the
Binder and may result in Brittleness and Lack of Cohesion of mixed
Materials.
• Incorrect proportioning of aggregate and Filler: It
results in too open or too Dense a mix. This is shown by the Sieving
test.
Retaining Wall
• The wall constructed
down-slope side of the
Hill road to resist the
pressure of Earth fill and
Traffic load coming on
the road.
• The top width of
retaining wall shouldn’t
be less than 750mm.
• The bottom width
shouldn’t be less than
0.5 times the height of
the retaining wall.

Retaining Wall construction at GSSS Jeori

Breast Wall
• The wall constructed on
the uphill side of roadway
in order to retain Earth
from slippage.
• The top width should be
less than 600mm.
• This type of wall is
constructed of Stone or
brick masonry and
Cement concrete.

Breast wall Construction at Thada Nala near Village Kinnu