Programming Fundamentals
(COMP1112)
Lecture 1
Division of Science & Technology
University of Education, Lahore.
Objectives
• Learn the concepts of programming using a standard language.
• Understand fundamentals of programming such as variables,
conditional and iterative execution, methods, etc.
• Develop abilities to write a computer program to solve specified
problems.
• Use the selected programming language to create, debug and run
programs.
Course contents
• Introduction to Programming: Problem solving, Introduction to programming and programs, Types
of languages, Compiler vs. Interpreter.
• Overview of Programming: Structure of Program, indentation and coding conventions, Program
output, Syntax rules, Common errors, Language keywords.
• Data Types: Identifiers, Constants, Types of variables, Type conversion and casting, Type promotion
rules.
• Operators: Arithmetic operators and punctuations, Precedence, Associations, Equality and relational
operators.
• Control Statements: Selection structure (if/, if/else), Multiple selection structure (switch and break),
break and continue, Loops.
• Arrays: Declaring arrays; Initialization, Multidimensional arrays, Two dimensional arrays, Example
(Matrix manipulation), Assignments, and Mini Project.
• Methods/Functions: Library functions, Modular Approach, Functions, and Function definitions.
Function prototypes.
• Class Fundamentals: Class syntax, General form of class, Object declaration.
Books
• C++ How to Program
By Deitel & Deitel
• The C++ Programming Language
By Bjarne Stroustrup
• Object-Oriented Software Engineering
By Jacobson, Christerson, Jonsson, Overgaard
Grading policy
• Practical 15 %
• Sessional 20 %
• Mid-Term 20 %
• Final 45 %
Program
• A set of instructions written in some programming language to solve a
particular problem. Goal is optimization ( minimum number of lines
and system resources)
• Programming is the process of solving a problem with the help of
computer system. It prepares different instructions for computer.
Program Development Process
• Defining and analyzing problem
• Designing the algorithm
• Coding or writing a program
• Testing program
Integrated Development Environment
(IDE)
IDE contains
• Editor - use to write programs
• Compiler - convert source code into object code and display
syntax errors
• Debugger- use to find errors
• Linker - combines object program with additional libraries and
save as .exe file
• Loader - places executable file into memory
Types of languages
• High level languages
• Procedural languages
• execution is in same sequence
• Program in pre-defined set of instructions
• FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
• COBOL ( Common business oriented language)
• Object-oriented languages
• Objects
• Real world modeling
• Reusability
• Modularity
• C++, Java
• Non-procedural languages
• User only needs to tell the computer what to do
• SQL (structured Query Language)
• Low level languages
• Machine language - Instructors are in binary form
• Assemble language - one step higher than machine language
History of C++
• Started developing in 1980
• First commercial release in 1985
• Originally called “ C with classes”
• Allows the use of Object oriented programming technique
Features of C++
• Build on OOP paradigm
• Case sensitive
• Reusability
• Modularity
Language processors
• Compiler - converts programs into machine code as a whole and
identifies syntax errors
• Interpreter - converts one statement of program one time and does
not produce object code
• Assembler - translate assembly language instructions into machine
language
Basic structure of C++ program
• Preprocessor directive
• main() function
• Program body (C++ statements)
Pre-processor directive
• Instruction given to compiler before the execution of program
• Processed by program known as preprocessor
• Part of C++ compiler
• Modified C++ source code before compilation
• Starts with symbol #
• Preprocessor directive in C++ to include header files
#include<iostream>
The above statement tell the compiler to include the file iostream.h in
source code before compiling it.
main () function
• Execution of C++ program starts from main()
• Each program must contains a main() function
• Syntax of main()
void main ()
{
// body of main
}
First C++ program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
cout<<“Hello World!”; //<< insertion operators
}
Error types
• Syntax
• Logical
• Run-time
References
• C++ How to Program
By Deitel & Deitel
• The C++ Programming Language
By Bjarne Stroustrup
• Object-Oriented Software Engineering
By Jacobson, Christerson, Jonsson, Overgaard
• Object oriented programming using C++ by Tasleem Mustafa, Imran Saeed,
Tariq Mehmood, Ahsan Raza
