SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

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 WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?

• Solid or semi-solid material is a waste type

consisting of everyday items we consume and
discard. It predominantly includes food wastes,
yard wastes, containers and product packaging,
and other miscellaneous inorganic wastes from
residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial sources.
 SOURCES OF WASTES

•HOUSEHOLDS

•BUSINESS AND
INDUSTRIES
•AGRICULTURE

•HOTELS
 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Solid waste can be classified into different types
depending on their source:
• Household waste or municipal waste: includes
food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather,
glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc.
• Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil,
debris from construction site, packaging waste,
ashes etc.
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine
bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical
instruments such as scissors, blades etc.
• Agriculture waste: includes pesticides, crops,
water coming from the fields also consists of
small amount of toxic chemicals.
• Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances
coming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium,
plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and
requires proper disposal.
• Hazardous waste: includes toxic chemical,
acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials,
gases etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES
ACCORDING TO THEIR
PROPERTIES
• Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others)

• Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines, cans, containers and others)
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION
EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT
MANAGED PROPERLY
• Affects our health
• Affects our socio-economic conditions
• Affects our coastal and marine
environment
• Affects our climate

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 EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
• When hazardous wastes are released in the air,
water, or on the land, they can spread or
contaminate our environment.
• When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it can
carry hazardous waste deeper into the ground
and the can pollute groundwater.
• Every year, major health problems result from
hazardous waste like cancer, repertory
condition, heart diseases etc, so it required
proper disposal.
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 SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
Sources of hazardous wastes include:
• Research and academic laboratories
• Shops and repair facilities
• Art and theater departments
• Facility maintenance and grounds
• Power Plant operations
• Experimental Farm operations

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 CHARACTERISTICS

• Hazardous Wastes are defined as wastes

that exhibit the following characteristics:
• Ignitable
• Corrosive
• Reactivity
• Toxic

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 SOLUTION OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
• The government can increase regulations on the
disposal of hazardous waste.
• Provide incentives to create less waste.
• Industries can break down chemical compounds
into less dangerous forms.
• Store waste in ways that protect the environment
from being exposed to the waste.
• Recycle if possible.
• Minimize and prevention.
GENERATION OF MSW(MT/Y)
 METHODS OF DISPOSALS
These are the following methods for disposal
of the solid waste.
• LAND FILLS
• INCINARATION
• BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING
• RECYCLING
• OCEAN DUMPING
• PLASMA GASSIFICATION
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
HIERARCHY
 LAND FILL
• It is the most traditional method of waste
disposal.
• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries,
mining voids or borrow pits.
• Disposed waste is compacted and covered with
soil to prevent vermin and wind-blown litter.
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste
materials are often burnt to generate power.
• It is generally used for domestic waste.
 ADVANTAGES

• Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for

the local council.
• Jobs will be created for local people.
• Lots of different types of waste can be disposed
of by landfill in comparison to other waste
disposal methods.
• The gases given off by the landfill site could be
collected and used for generating power.
 DISADVANTAGES
• The site will look ugly while it is being used for
landfill.
• Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites
that cause local air pollution and contribute to
global warming.
• Local streams could become polluted with toxins
seeping through the ground from the landfill site.
• Once the site has been filled it might not be able
to be used for redevelopment as it might be too
polluted.
LAND REQUIRED FOR
DISPOSAL OF MSW
EMMISION OF METHANE FROM
LANDFILL
 INCINERATION
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C.
• waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas,
and heat.
• The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic
constituents of the waste and gases due to
organic waste.
• the heat generated by incineration is used to
generate electric power.
 ADVANTAGES
• Minimum of land is needed compared to other
disposal methods.
• The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the
initial value.
• No risk of polluting local streams and ground
waters as in landfills.
• Incineration plants can be located close to
residential areas.
• Gases are used to generate power.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Expensive
• Required skilled labour.
• The chemicals that would be released into the
air could be strong pollutants and may destroy
ozone layer (major disadvantage).
• high energy requirement
INCINERATION PLANT OBERHAUSEN, GERMANY
 OCEAN DUMPING
• Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of
materials in the ocean, often on the continental
shelf.
• A wide range of materials is involved, including
garbage, construction and demolition debris,
sewage sludge, dredge material, waste
chemicals, and nuclear waste.
• Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are
also disposed but these are highly dangerous for
aquatic life and human life also.
 ADVANTAGES
• Convenient
• Inexpensive
• Source of nutrients for fishes and marine
mammals.
• Vast amount of space is available.
• All type of wastes are disposed.
 DISADVANTAGES
• There are three main direct public health risks
from ocean dumping:
• (1) occupational accidents, injuries, and
exposures
• (2) exposure of the public to hazardous or toxic
materials washed up on beach sand.
• (3) human consumption of marine organisms
that have been contaminated by ocean disposal.
• Highly dangerous for aquatic life.
 BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING
• Materials such as plants, food scraps, and paper
products can be decomposed into the organic
matter.
• The organic matter that is produced from this
type of recycling can then be used for such
things as landscaping purpose or agricultural
uses.
• Usually this method of recycling is done by
putting the materials in a container and let to stay
there until it decomposes.
 RECYCLING

• It is basically processing or conversion of a waste

item into usable forms.
• Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass,
paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics.
• But recycling is not a solution to managing every
kind of waste material.
• For many items like plastic bags, plastic wrap,
yogurt cups, margarine container etc. recycling
technologies are unavailable or unsafe.
 ADVANTAGES
• Reduction of air and water pollution.
• Reduction in the release of harmful chemicals
and greenhouse gases from rubbish.
• Saves space required as Waste Disposal
Landfill.
• Reduce financial expenditure in the economy.
• it helps in conserving a lot of energy resources
like petroleum and coal deposits.
SAVING THROUGH RECYCLING

• When aluminum is recycled - considerable

saving in cost.
• Making paper from waste saves 50% energy.
• Every tone of recycled glass saves energy
equivalent to 100 liters of oil.
• Recycling about 54 kg of newspaper will save
one tree.
MATERIAL ENERGY SAVING

ALLUMINIUM 95%

CARDBOARD 24%

GLASS 5-30%

PAPER 50%

PLASTIC 70%

STEEL 60%
 PROCESS OF RECYCLING
• COLLECTION: The first step required for
recycling is collecting recyclable materials from
communities. Today many major cities and
larger communities offer a curbside pick up
service for recyclable materials.
• SORTING: The second step involves processing
the recyclable materials. This includes sorting
the materials into groups, cleaning them and
getting them ready to be sold to manufacturers
who will turn the materials into new products.
• MANUFACTURING: It is the third step in the
recycling process. The collected material is
sent to industries those convert them into new
products.
• PURCHASING: The last step involves the
purchasing of recycled products. When
consumers purchase products that have been
made with post consumer material the recycling
process has been completed and then can be
repeated.
RECYCLING NOT A SOLUTION TO
ALL PROBLEMS!
• Recycling is not a solution to managing every
kind of waste material

• For many items recycling technologies are

unavailable or unsafe

• In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?

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 PLASMA GASSIFICATION
• Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal
solution using plasma technology.
• Uses electrical energy and the high
temperatures (4000°C to over 7000°C) created
by an plasma torches.
• Almost completely breaks down the waste into
syngas which are used to generate electricity.
• The remaining material (slag) is used to
produced material for building projects.
 PLASMA TORCHES
• Consists of a tungsten rod
(cathode) and a water-
cooled copper (anode).
• Shaped in the form of a
nozzle.
• Gas is introduced in the
electrode gap and a dc arc
is established between the
electrodes to create
plasma.
HOW PLASMA GASSIFIRE WORKS?
• CONVEYER SYSTEM:
• Garbage is loaded on the conveyer belt.
• Pushes into the pretreatment system by means of
plunger.
• PRETREATMENT MECHANISM:
• Use to make the entire system more efficient.
• use grinders or crushers to reduce the size of the
pieces of waste.
• plasma torch can break down the smaller pieces
faster.
 FURNACE
• Furnaces have an airlock system to allow
garbage to come in while preventing the hot
gases from escaping into the atmosphere.
• Have multiple torches to break down all the
matter into gases and slug.
• Also features a drainage system to tap off the
slag and a vent system to vent out the gases.
• to withstand the intense heat, furnaces are
lined with refractory material and often have a
water-cooling system as well.
 SLUG DRAINAGE
• Molten slag at the bottom of the furnace and
helps in maintaining the high temperature inside
the chamber.
• Occasionally slag must be drained from the
furnace.
• slag drains away from the furnace and cools in a
separate chamber.
• Slug is also used to produce some building
materials.
MOLTEN SLAG DRAINING FROM A PLASMA FURNACE
 AFTER BURNING
• Gases can pass through a secondary chamber
where natural gas flames combust any
remaining organic material in the gases.
• These extremely hot gases then pass through a
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
system.
• where they heat water to form steam.
• This steam then turns a steam turbine to create
electricity.
 BYPRODUCTS OF THE
PROCESS
• SYNGAS:
• A mixture of several gases but mainly comprises
hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
• Can be used as a fuel source.
• SLUG:
• Solid byproduct from the gasification process.
• The weight of the slag is about 20 percent of the
weight of the original waste.
• The volume of the slag is about 5 percent that of
the original waste volume
 SUBMITTED BY:
PRATYUTPANNA DAS
0701106320
8 SEM
TH

CIVIL ENGG