ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
“PRODUCTION OF PAPER BAG AND PAPER FROM
WASTE PAPER”
BY
ANWAR ESLEMAN 0154/10
DAEL MENGISTU 0327/10
EYOUL KIROS 0387/09
SEID ALEM 1050/10
Content of the presentation
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
3. Result and Discussion
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the study
The pulp and paper industry are one of the largest industries in the world.
This sector consumes around 40% of world wood. This implies 40% of
deforestation activities is caused by this sector.
Generation of high volume of waste is also another high impact of this sector
on the environment.
For this and other significant environmental effect reducing amount of paper
production while enhancing process of recycling used material is the best
solution to safe guard the environment
1.2. Statement of the problem
Municipal solid waste is a challenging treat to our environment.
Major contributor to this MSW is waste paper.
Life cycle of paper is damaging to the environment from start to the end,
contribute a lot to deforestation and air pollution.
When paper rot in landfill it contributes methane gas emission to the air.
1.3. Objective
1.3.1. General Objective
The general objective of this study is to produce paper-bag and chart paper.
1.3.2, Specific Objective
To recycle wastepaper.
To assesses physical properties of recycled paper.
To analyze the economic value of recycled paper
Environmental benefits due to the production recycled paper.
1.4. Scope
In this project, waste paper is used for the production of paper bag by
physically amending the waste paper to pulp that can be used for the
production of paper.
The physical properties such as grammage, folding endurance, pH, moisture
content and folding endurance of the recycled paper are assessed to check
the usability of recycled paper for the production of paper bag.
1.5. Significance of the study
The result of the project is promising to mitigate greenhouse gases, since
waste paper recycling reduces the number of forests that would be
deforested for the production of paper.
Therefore, paper recycling would increase carbon sequestration, and also
have significant impact on conserving biodiversity, additionally prevent soil
erosion,water pollution and eutrophication that may be caused by the soil
eroded introduction to the water bodies.
The study has significant impact on reducing the cost to produce paper.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Study area
Experimental site is located in
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa city, Akaki
Kality sub-city AASTU as shown in
Figure 1. city is located at ″9o
02′01.76″ N and 38o 45′18.33″ E″
and has an altitude of 2300 m. It
has an average temperature,
rainfall, and relative humidity of
15.9°C, 1089 mm, and 60.7%,
respectively.
2.2. Paper recycling procedures
Collection
This is the first process in the paper recycling process.
It entails gathering of paper waste from various outlets like trash bins, paper
scrapyard.
7kg paper waste was collected from dump site.
Sorting
Process of separation and sorting of collected recyclable paper waste into
different compartment.
The paper collected from the waste dump site contain various paper and
external material.
Shredding and Pulping
Shredding is done to break down the paper materials into small bits.
The paper was shredded down into small bits manually, the paper finely
shredded to the size of that too small to continuously shredding it.
After mixing with water, then put into blender to produce pulp.
Screening
Process of removing contaminant from pulp.
Rectangular shape screen sieves with size of 20*22 and 90*60 cm were used
to remove large piece of pulp and contaminant.
Cont.
De-inking
Process of color removal by adding chemical.
Detergent substance was used to remove ink and glue within papers. And
this process Result in white pulp.
Rolling
Final stage of the entire process.
This is stage to remove moisture from the pulp.
2.3 Assessing physical properties of recycled paper
Moisture content (MC)
Method used to determine moisture content of paper.
Using oven-drying method
Mc = (MW - MD) / MW x 100 (%)
Where, MW = mass of water
MD = dry mass of sample
Density
Density of paper indicates the degree of compactness of the paper.
Measured using Graduate cylinder and Weight scale.
pH
Measure of acidity or alkalinity.
pH value of paper show residual acidic or alkaline chemical in pulp.
Grammage (GSM)
It is an important property of paper from the commercial point of view. It
determines the buying criteria for a particular paper product.
Paper with a lighter weight is best suited for specific applications, While
thicker, heavier paper is better for others.
Unit of grammage is expressed as "g/m²" but gsm is used instead and means
just that the higher the gsm, the thicker and sturdier the paper.
2.4 Design and paper bag production procedures
Materials used
Recycled paper
scissors
Adhesive glue
Piece of cardboard
pen
handles of bag.
ruler
Poster colors, Aesthetic colors and postures(optional)
Paper bag production process
3. Result and discussion
3.1 Results of assessed physical properties of paper
Moisture Content(MC)
The MC of the paper is little above
the standard the main reason is that
the dewatering machine is not used
in this project.
The moisture was removed manually
by sponge and rolling by metallic rod
which is not effective as the
machine.
• MC= (MW - MD) / MW x 100 (%)
Density
• The mass of sample of the paper is measured by weighing on scale and
whereas the volume of paper is measured by putting paper samples in the
graduated cylinder which is filled by water and then marked to annotate how
much water is filled.
• Density = mass/volume
pH
The sample measured was, yielding a result of 7.5(first sample), 7.45 (for
second sample) and 7.62 (for third sample) using pH meter and the average
of the three sample is 7.52.
The pH value of paper implies that the presence of residual alkaline
chemicals in pulp which are valuable paper archives.
Grammage
The grammage result show that the paper is thicker and sturdier. This
implies the paper has higher Grammage(gsm).
The higher the gsm, the thicker and sturdier the paper.
Grammage (gsm) = mass/ area
Folding endurance results
• Folding endurance has been useful
in measuring the deterioration of
paper upon aging. It is a measure
of resistance offered by the strip of
the application of external pressure
in the form of multiple and repeated
folds.
Folding Endurance = Log 10 (Double Folds)
Environmental Benefits of recycling one ton of recyclable waste paper:
i. 3000-4000 Kwh of electric power is saved,
ii. 30 tons of water is saved,
iii. 3m3 of waste landfill area is saved
Paper Bag
1kg(paper) =20 paper bags
1000kg(paper) = 20,000 paper bags
i. 3500/20,000kwh = 0.175kwh (0.175kwh is saved in energy for each paper
bag produced)
ii. 30,000 L (water)/ 20,000 = 1.5L (1.5L of water is saved for each paper bag).
iii. 3000/20,000 = 0.15L ( 0.00015m3 area of landfill is saved for each paper
bag)
Chart Paper
1kg = 25 chart paper
1000kg = 25,000 paper
i. 3500/25,000 = 0.14kwh (0.14kwh of is saved in energy for each paper bag
produced)
ii. 30,000/25,000 = 1.2L (1.2L of water is saved for each paper bag)
iii. 3000/25,000 = 0.12L (0.00012 m3 area of landfill is saved for each paper bag
4. Conclusion and recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
The development of manually operated paper recycling process is much
cheaper than the automated paper production process.
The paper and the paper bag produced has good strength and is made with
very little money so large production of these paper bags is profitable.
Based on our research we conclude that recycling of paper in the production
on paper bag and chart paper is economically feasible, low energy
consumption during production, environmentally friendly and less water
consumption.
4.2 Recommendation
• Based on this study the following recommendations are
suggested.
Further studies should be done with more physical property
Sunlight is used for drying purpose in this project, drying by sun is ineffective.
So, for future study or project the plate heater should be used for drying
purpose.
For the economic analysis we recommend the use of ‘Economic Analysis
software’ for better and efficient result.
Dewatering machine should be used for future
Thank You
