1920  Physical Education was made required subject in the

Legal Bases of Teaching Physical Education in the Philippine Setting

Curriculum of all public schools.
1937  Physical education was made curricular subject in the
secondary school curriculum.
1969  The school of Physical Education and Sports Development
Act of 1969. A program of activities including among
others:
1. A program of health education and nutrition;
2. A program of physical fitness for all pupils;
3. A program of competitive athletes;
4. A program of intramurals and inter-unit athletic
competition within schools, district, and provinces’; and
5. An annual athletic competitions within and among regions.
1982  MAPE, was introduced and the learning area involves
music, arts and physical education.
(Foundation of Physical Education by Carmen Andin)
• Article 1 of the International charter of Physical Education and Sports,
UNESCO, Paris (1975) and Recommendation 1, Interdisciplinary Regional
Meeting of Experts in Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Brisbane
(1982). The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right of
all, and the right should not be treated as different in principle from the right of
adequate food, shelter and medicines.

• Article XIV Section 19 (1) and (2) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
mandates that:

• The state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs,
league competitions and amateur sports, including training for international
competitions, to foster discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development
of a healthy and alert citizenry.
• All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout
the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.
Unit I – Physical Education
Introduction
• In this unit, the students taking PATH-FIT 1 – (Physical Activity towards
Health and Fitness) as a required subject will comprehend better about the
meaning of Physical Education and the coverage of the course.
• There is almost undisputed agreement that optimum health is one’s most
esteemed possession. Schopenhauer, the German philosopher expressed this
thought when he wisely remarked “the greatest of follies is to neglect one’s
health for any advantage of life”.
• A study of history of nations shows that advancement is directly related to
the physical, mental, and emotional health of the people. In the process of
improving and maintaining optimum health, it is necessary for all people of
all ages to participate in physical exercise; there is an ample variation in the
types of exercise, which are recommended for different age group.
Physical Education: Definition, Goals, Objectives and Functions
Definition of Physical Education
• Physical education has undergone many vicissitudes and numerous changes of path in the
Philippine schools. There was a time when physical education was considered as education
for the physical, hence, a muscular physique was considered as a physical educated body.
The activities there were termed as “drill”, “physical training and “calisthenics’. This old
concept of physical education would in all respect, mean today as strengthening the
muscles.
• The newer and modern perception of physical education is that it is education through
physical activities. In modern physical education idiom, it is education through
“movement”. Wunderlich (1967) describes of movement as follows:

• It provides sensory data.

• It broadens the perspective horizon.
• It stimulates function and structure of all bodily organs.
• It is the means by which an individual learns about himself in relation to his ambient
environment.
• What “education through movement” more particularly entails is the taking
of that culture-based family of activities and processes games, dance,
gymnastics, athletic sports, and outdoor pursuits as means “through” which
the teacher can help effect enviable outcomes, despite the consequences of
whether or not those activities have essential worth of their own.
• Moreover, Physical Education focuses on the concept of “learn to move,
move to learn”.
• An individual must know how to move in order to learn on how to move in
order to acquire and learn the needed knowledge in a certain activity.
Physical Education

• Physical education is an integral part of the education program purposely to

promote the optimum development of the individual physically, socially,
emotionally and mentally through total movement in the performance of properly
selected physical activities (Andin, 2002).
• Phase of education concerned with the teaching and learning of skills and
attitudes in play activities.
• It is an aspect of education that maybe appropriately described as education
through physical exertion.
Functions of Physical Education

Physical Education performs three functions which are:

• Biological Function – refer to the enhancement of the individuals’ growth and

development through body movement.
• Integrative Function – refers to the personality integration achieved through
participation in properly selected physical activities.
• Social Function – refers to the transmitting values and standards that are
consistent with the needs and ideals of the society.
• All in all, Physical Education as education “through” movement is best conceived
of as being that component of the educational process which aims to improve and
complement the individual chiefly through professionally selected and directed
physical activities.
 Fitness – A major Goal of Physical Education

• Different people differ in their notion of fitness. In the field of physical education, the
concept of fitness has implications for physical, social, emotional and mental well-
being. In view of these four aspects, it can be said that FITNESS is the ability to live
a healthy, satisfying and useful life. This type of life is what the educational
philosophers and thinkers term as the “good life”. This is the ultimate goal of
education.
• To live the “good life” means that an individual satisfies the basic needs as physical
well-being, love, affection, security and self-respect. He lives blissfully with other
people and is interested in them. He has an interest and yearning to serve humanity
and believes in and exemplifies high ethical standards. Because of his secure
relationship with people and future events, he lives a remarkable and stimulating life.
• Physical education as a component of the educational system strives to aid or
facilitate the development of an individual so that he can achieve total fitness to allow
him to envoy’s the “good life”. Therefore, a major goal of physical education is
FITNESS.
Objectives of Physical Education

• The following objectives of Physical Education are viewed and stated in terms of
their contribution to the outcomes of education and in the curriculum.

Physical Development

• Through cautiously selected physical education activities, an individual who

participates energetically will develop and maintain good health and high level of
physical fitness. The attainment of physical skills can motivate an individual who
participates further in physical activities; hence, his growth and development will
be improved.
Social Development
• Involvement in physical education activities provides opportunities for the
development of enviable social traits needed for adjustment to the social life in
general.

Some worthwhile traits are:

1. Friendliness
2. Cooperation
3. Respect for the rights of others
4. Good sportsmanship
5. Good leadership and fellowship
6. Honesty in group competition
Emotional Development

The informal nature of physical education activities offers opportunities for self-
expression and emotionally mastery. Examples of worthwhile emotion traits are:

1. Self-confidence
2. Self-control
3. Self-reliance
4. Courage
5. Determination
Mental Development

• Through participation in physical education activities, the individuals develop his

mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying
movements, as he obtains knowledge and understanding of the rules and
strategies of the games of sports, and as he discovers ways of improving his
movement in gymnastics and dance. Likewise, it enhances critical thinking how
activities are done according to rules, regulations and strategies.
Objectives of Physical Education

• Knowledge – it enhances critical thinking how activities are done according to rules,
regulations and strategies.
• Physical fitness – improves and maintain workload of the individual without staggering
and undue fatigue after which have time or energy to meet some more emergencies in
life.
• Social – to understand oneself; to get along with others for effective living.
• Motor skills – it is the learning of the fundamental skills necessary for participation in
sports and games.
• Aesthetic – relating or responsive to or appreciative of what is pleasurable to the senses.
• Nationalism – preservation of cultural heritage through revival of indigenous games,
dances and sports.
• Conservation of natural environment such as protection of forest and aquatic
resources.
New Directions for Physical Education

• “All our educational efforts must be directed towards the development of our
national goals as a developing country”. This focus, contained in the Presidential
Decree No. 6-A, is entitles “Educational Development Decree of 1872,” the goals of
which are:
• To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social
progress;
• To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and
enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and
• To strengthen national consciousness and promote desirable cultural values in the
changing world.
The foregoing development goals must itself offer direction to the teaching of
physical education. How will Physical Education lend significant to these goals?
What can the Physical Education teacher do to contribute to the attainment of the
goals? The answers to these questions will come to the fore when the purposes of
physical education have been well understood.
Purposes of Physical Education

The physical education specialists in our country have identified the following
purposes of physical education:

1. To develop optimum physical fitness and health of the individual so that he is

capable of living the “good life” and contributing his maximum capacity to the
attainment of the goals of the “New Society”;
2. To produce individuals who can contribute to the economic well-being through:

a. The improvement of proper work habits and work attitudes such as punctuality,
cooperation, reliability, precision and accuracy, and open-mindedness; and
b. Proper emphasis on problem-solving skill such that an individual can identify a
problem correctly and master the skills necessary or useful in the business world;
3. To train good leaders with moral integrity of the highest order, and develop other
desirable traits necessary for effective group participation or group living essential to the
New Society through;

a. An adequate system of values by equipping the individual to be able to make moral

choices or decisions needed in daily living; and
b. Offering good participation in such experiences as intramural, extramural, play days
or sports fest;

4. To develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an abiding faith in God and love
of the country and fellowmen; and
5. To install a love of and pride for their preservation, and development and
understanding of the culture of other for a feeling of international brotherhood and unity.
Module 2: Physical Fitness
Physical fitness is but one part of the total fitness that includes the mental, emotional,
and social aspects of the individual’s total well-being. Physical fitness is the result of
the following factors:

• Good medical and dental care;

• Proper nutrition;
• Adequate rest and relaxation; and
• Regular physical activity or exercise.

However, no single factor can suffice for meeting the needs of our society. Physical
fitness is not permanent. The physical fitness of an individual deteriorates once he stops
his regular regimen of routinary exercises and physical activities. Also, this activity will
be useless without the other factor contributory to the total fitness of an individual.
The meaning, concept and components of Physical Fitness

• Physical Fitness is the ability to perform one’s daily task efficiently without
undue fatigue but with extra “reserve” in case of emergency.

• Being physically fit means being able to perform one’s daily task efficiently
without undue fatigue and still have an extra energy to enjoy leisure activities
and/or meet emergency demands.
Based on this definition, there are three (3) important aspects that an individual
should be able to meet in order to be considered physically fit, these include:

1. Being able to perform one’s daily tasks efficiently without getting too tired
before the end of the day. These daily activities include:

a. Waking up in the morning to prepare for school or work;

b. Going to school or office time;
c. Attending classes regularly;
d. Doing assignment in the library;
e. Meeting other individual, classmates and peer groups;
f. Going home; and
g. Doing homework and household chores.
Enjoying leisure time in some form of recreational activities. Leisure time is the
amount of time that is left after the daily routine activities of an individual have
been accomplished. Recreation, on the other hand, refers to the other activity that
is participated in by the individual during leisure time on voluntary basis because
it provides an immediate satisfaction to the individual. recreation takes place in
the form of:

a. Watching TV or movies
b. Talking to friends over the phone
c. Reading books and magazines articles
d. Doing arts and crafts
e. Listening to radio
f. Playing sports
3. Meeting emergency demands such as:

a. Doing important errands

b. Performing social obligations
c. Attending to visitors
d. Attending to household problems
Concepts of Physical Fitness

• Organic Vigor – refers to the soundness of the heart and the lungs, which
contributes to the ability to resist diseases.
• Endurance – is the ability to sustain long-continued contractions where a
number of muscle groups are used; the capacity to bear or last long in certain
task without undue fatigue.
• Strength – is the capacity to sustain the application of force without yielding
or breaking; the ability of the muscle to exert effort against the resistance.
• Power – refers to the ability of the muscle to release maximum force in a
shortest period of time.
• Flexibility – it is a quality of plasticity, which gives the ability to do a wide
range of movement.
• Agility – is the ability of an individual to change direction or position in
space with the quickness and lightness of movement.
• Balance – is the ability to control organic equipment neuromuscular; a state
of equilibrium.
• Speed - is the ability to make successive movements of the same kind in
the shortest period of time.
Components of Physical Education

The Components of Physical Fitness are divided into 2 categories the health-related
components (Flexibility, Cardiovascular Endurance, Muscular Strength, Muscular
Endurance and Body Composition) and the Performance-related components
(Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power and Speed)
Health-Related Fitness is a function of body’s adaptation to exercise. It could be
developed and maintain through the regular and proper exercise program. There are at
least five 5) components of Health Related Fitness. There are as follows:
• Muscular Strength refers to the ability of muscle to exert maximum effort in brief
duration. It may be developed through isotonic, isometric or isokinetic contractions.
• Isotonic Contraction are voluntary contraction in which muscles shorten and
lengthen alternately. The muscle contracts at varying speed against a resistance. These
contractions are of two types:
1. Concentric Contraction – refers to muscle that shorten during exercise. There is no
movement that occurs and the length of the muscle remains unchanged.
2. Eccentric Contraction – refers to the muscle that lengthens during an exercise. Muscles exert
force due to an outside resistance.

The most common example of isotonic contraction is calisthenics exercise. This makes use of
the body segment or the entire body weight as a form of resistance during an exercise. Some
of the most traditional calisthenics exercise that are being performed to increase muscular
strength are push-ups, sit-ups and pull-ups. Another approach to develop muscular strength
involving isotonic exercise is through the use of weights.

• Isometric Contractions are another type of contractions in which the muscles are
contracted against an immovable resistance. The exercise provides maximum contraction of
muscle; however, there is no observed movement during the exercise. This is done for
about 5 seconds.

• Isokinetic Contraction are similar to isotonic contractions but the muscles are exposed to
fixed machines with variable degrees of resistance. Through the range of movement,
Two physiological benefits derived from strength training:

1. Increase muscle strength by 10-25% within 6-8 weeks; and

2. Increase muscle size or muscle hypertrophy.

• Muscular Endurance refers to the ability of the muscles to endure a sub maximal
effort for a prolonged period of time. Performing a strength exercise such as push-
up over a long period of time or performing the same exercise for many continuous
repetitions is a demonstration of muscular endurance. One basic requirement in
achieving muscular endurance is muscular strength. Muscle endurance is
developed by employing the different strength training exercises mentioned above
either for longer periods of time or an increased number of exercise repetitions.
• Cardiovascular Endurance refers to the ability of the heart, blood vessels and the
lungs to adapt to physical exertion for a prolonged duration. Usually, the heart rate
is increased from the resting pulse rate to target heart rate that the individual has to
sustain for a period of 20-60 minutes. With high levels on endurance, has more
energy and has the ability to sustain differently types of activities. It is likely that
coronary heart disease (CHD) is prevented.
There are important variables to consider when engaging in any
cardiovascular endurance program. These are:

• Intensity which refers to how stressful the exercise is.

• Duration which refers to how long will exercise be performed.
• Frequency which refers to the number of times the individual will
exercise each week.
• Mode which refers to the kind of activity, selected such as brisk working
or jogging.
Physiological Benefits of Cardiovascular Training Program

• Decreased resting heart;

• Decreased recovery time from a bout exercise;
• Increased blood volume and red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the
body;
• Stronger heart muscle allowing it to eject more blood (stroke volume) with each
heartbeat. If this occurs, the heart can rest longer between beats;
• Increase number of capillaries for efficient exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and
nutrients between blood and body cells;
• Decrease rate of respiration;
• Increased aerobic capacity which allows the body cells to utilize oxygen for better
work efficiency; and
• Prevent and/or reduction of the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
Activities that develop cardiovascular endurance

• Prolonged brisk walking

• Prolonged jogging
• Stationary bicycling
• Prolonged skipping rope
• Playing basketball
• Continuous swimming
• Rowing
• Aerobic dancing
• Hiking
• Playing football
Flexibility is the ability of the muscles and joints to go through a full range motion.
Flexibility reduces the risk of injury, enhances performance and prevents muscle
soreness. It is achieved through stretching designed to lengthen or elongate soft tissue
structures and thereby increase the range of motion. Flexibility is influence by three
factors:

• Structure of the joints;

• Amount of tissue surrounding the joints; and
• Extensibility of ligaments, tendons and muscle tissue that connects the joints.
Fitness Benefits of Flexibility Exercise

• Increase range of muscle joint motion;

• Reduced muscle stiffness and increased body relaxation;
• Improved body circulation in specific body movement;
• Reduced incidence of injury during a major sports events; and
• Reduced risk of cardiovascular problems in exercise.

E. Body composition refers to the proportion of lean body mass to fat body
mass. It stresses one’s relative fatness on leanness in relation to height. In recent
years, body composition has gained wide acceptance in exercise science as one
of the component of health related fitness. Its inclusion was earlier opposed
since supporters believe that fitness is for everyone, including the slim and
overweight. In addition, being fat has some genetic predisposition that maybe
quite difficult to alter.
It involves four basic movements, namely:

 FLEXION – bending of the body segment;

 EXTENTION – straightening a body segment;
 ABDUCTION - moving a limb away from the body; and
 ADDUCTION – moving a limb toward the body.

Body flexibility is achieved through stretching specific segments of the body. To

achieve good flexibility, exercise should be performed daily. For every tight muscle-
joint area, it is highly recommended that flexibility exercise be done at least twice a
day.
II. Performance Related Fitness
It refers to the quality of one’s movement skill. It includes 5 general component
namely:

1. Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in body

position. Balance can be categorized into static and dynamic balance.
• Static Balance in the ability to maintain equilibrium in a fixed position such as
standing on one foot or on a balance beam.
• Dynamic Balance is the ability to maintain one’s equilibrium while the body is in
motion. Walking on a balance beam is one example of this type of balance.
2. Coordination is the harmonious working relationship between the skeletal muscle
and nerves in one aspect of movement. Hand-eye coordination is demonstrated in
certain sports skills such as catching, passing, dribbling or volleying a ball.
3. Agility is the ability of an individual to quickly shift or change direction of the
body from one point to another.
4. Speed is the ability to perform a task or move from one point to another
in the shortest possible time.it is also the time spent finishing or
completing, a performance after the initial movement has been made.
Speed influenced “go” signal has been made by an official of the first
motor response.
5. Power is the ability to perform one maximum effort in a short period of
time. It is a product of both strength and speed as seen in many sports
activities such as track and field and weightlifting.
Benefits of Physical Fitness
1. Vitality Muscles are basic for all body action. They increase in strength with activity
and deteriorate from lack of it. Fit muscles use less energy to perform the same task,
leading to an increase in vitality.
2. Posture A physically fit person is able to maintain his general postural alignment better
than one week musculature. Good fitness as a program stresses the development of anti-
gravity muscle, which maintains good abdominal wall and the arm and shoulder girdle.
3. Relieves low back pain A lack of physical activity has been found to be major cause for
some cases of pain in the lower back. Most adults who suffer from low back pain are
relieved from this pain by exercises that strengthen the back and abdominal muscles.
4. Retard aging process Continued participation in regular exercises of the proper amount
and severity is of considerable value in postponing that usually takes place as a person
grows old.
5. Physical fitness and ability to meet emergencies The body that is accustomed to
sedentary living habits can usually operate ineffectively even though it is operating at near
maximum effort.
6. Neuromuscular skill The smooth, efficient coordination of the muscular system
is improved as a result of regular participation in physical activity.
7. Relaxation Overactive minds in underactive bodies often need physical outlets
for accumulated emotional and muscular tension that seem to be relieved by actions
of skeletal muscle.
8. Improvement of personality and social skills Participation in games and sports
aids in improving the personality and in developing desirable social skills.
9. Mental fitness Because of the mental and physical relaxation that often results
from physical activity, regular exercise is thought by many to be of considerable
value in aiding the natural mental processes to function with increased efficiency.
10. General growth The physically fit person usually possesses a high degree of
general resistance, which enables him in successful avoiding minor illness.