TOPIC
TOWARDS POST MODERNISM : GEOGRAPHY IN THE 21ST
CENTURY , FUTURE OF GEOGRAPHY
PRESENTED BY:
NAFISA TASNIM
GEO203025
ALIAH UNIVERSITY
CONTENT
MODERNISM
POSTMODERNISM
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN
CHARACTERISTICS OF POSTMODERNISM
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODERNISM AND
POSTMODERNISM
POSTMODERN GEOGRAPHERS
CONCLUSION
GEOGRAPHY IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND FUTURE
OF GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
THE FUTURE OF GEOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION
MODERNISM
MODERN
1. Logical
2. Rational
3. Scientific
4. Objective
5. Grand narratives (theories)
6. Absolute truth etc.
What is Modernism?
The term ‘modern’ originated from the Latin word “Modernus” means ‘advanced’ or ‘improved’.
The idea of modernization initiated in 15th century in Europe to describe the collective or holistic
system of development that was observed in Europe after 15 th Century .In general sense,
‘modernism’ is a total situation that is ‘more developed’ , ‘more productive’ , ‘better and
superior’.
POST-MORDENISM
INTRODUCTION :
The idea of postmodernism was initiated in 1960s but in the late 1980s it became a trend
in human geography.
Postmodernism is an approach against modernism. On one hand, modernism is a general
term for modern thought and practice and is often associated with the application of
rationality and abstraction that is applicable anywhere, whereas, Postmodernism theory
begins with the observation that we no longer live under conditions of ‘modernity’ but of
‘post-modernity’ .
Postmodernism is a perspective that implies the idea that everything is contextual in
this world. It does not believe in the absolute or single truth and that every person has
it’s own truth. Nobody is able to doubt about others truth because life-experiences and
personal visions create a personal truth.
Therefore nobody is can be certain of the truth or be wrong about the truth, thus having
a multi-layered nature.
ORIGIN:
The term “post-modernism” was used in the Latin American literacy criticism and in the
Anglo- American literacy debates in the 1930s and 1940s , the main analysis of
postmodernism got force mainly in the 1970s.
Postmodernism cannot be understood by ignoring modernism.
Postmodernism has appeared in complex political circumstance, political circumstance,
after the end of World War II, especially context of .
Cold War and the spread of nuclear weapons,
The declaration of the birth of human rights,
The emergence of the theatre of absurd
Moreover, the deconstruction was from the stage of Modernism to Postmodernism.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POSTMODERNISM :
1. Disillusionment with modernity.
2. There is no absolute truth.
3. Truth is subjective.
4. Truth is related with observer
5. The end of reality.
6. Believes in multicultural and pluralistic.
7. No believe.
8. Rejection of meta narratives.
9. Social identity is constructed.
10. Believes in knowledge power relationship.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODERNISM AND POSTMODERNISM
MODERNISM POST-MODERNISM
Postmodernism is a school of thought that
Modernism is a school of thought that
took place in late 1800s and early 1900s. took place after World War II.
Postmodernism believed in the irrationality
Modernism advocated rational thinking
and the use of science and reason for the of things.
advancement of man. Postmodernist era was characterized by
Modernist era was characterized by the the advancement in technology and its use
simple and elegant original works of in different media.
gifted artists. Postmodernists did not believe in universal
Modernists believed in universal truth. truth.
MODERNISM POST-MODERNISM
High-brow genres. Mixing of high and low-brow genres.
Rejection of literary conventions. Parody of literary conventions.
Idiosyncratic language. Simple language.
Modernism emerged around the time of Postmodernism generally refers to cultural
the second industrial revolution ( 1870- phenomena with certain characteristics
1920), which was marked by the decline that emerged after the Second World War.
of stable social classes, the beginning of When exactly postmodernism starts vary
professionalism, and a sense of urban according to national contexts and
alienation. individual critics.
POSTMODERN GEOGRAPHERS :
Fredric Jameson :
Fredric Jameson (1984) found that postmodernism was first emerged in architecture , art , literature and philosophy in
1960s as a result of dis-satisfaction on modernism. Unlike modernism, postmodernism does not believe in cultural hegemony
or dominance of particular style, rather allows for the co-existence of a range of different features.
Michael Dear :
Michael Dear ( 1986, 1988) ,the professor of Geography, College of Environmental Design, University of California, argued
that in the context of postmodernism, the place of Geography and that of space in social theory has been elevated and so
“postmodernism makes geography an offer it afford to refuse” .
David Harvey :
David Harvey (1989) in his book “The Condition of Postmodernity” identified a shift in economic and cultural environment
during 1968-1972 through postmodernism “as a semi-coherent movement in architecture an planning, and in literature and
philosophy”. He saw postmodernism as the political-economic production and as a historic condition.
Edward Soja :
Edward Soja contributed significantly in the development of postmodern geography in Michael Foucault’s post-
structuralist’s line of thought. Soja (1989) established a strong link of modern with history and postmodern with geography.
CONCLUSION :
In sum up we can say that some believes that postmodernism was a
response to has considered and hence consider them as two aspects
of the same movement. And further we see some major differences
between modernism and postmodernism . These distinctions make
clear, the basic difference in ways of thinking that led to these
movements. The difference between Modernism and
Postmodernism in literature depends on their themes and narrative
techniques.
GEOGRAPHY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
AND
FUTURE OF GEOGRAPHY
Geography in the 21st century :
Teaching and learning geography in the 21st century incudes working with
mobile and online mapping tools, in addition to traditional focuses such as
physical and cultural geography , fieldwork , and understanding
landscapes.
Usages of Digital Mapping :
o Change Detection : Mapping, quantifying & analyzing spatio-temporal
changes in agriculture, forest, urban , climate etc.
o Network Analysis – Routing, vehicle tracking.
o Proximity Analysis – Dumping Grounds , Dealership location.
o Exploration – the Valley of Khans Project.
Map Making Process :
o Research Data capturing & validation Development of GIS Dataset
Cartography Base map preparation
Online Mapping :
o Mapsofindia.com & Mapsofworld.com are thematic map portals.
o Maps published online for free/paid usage in JPG files.
o Interactive education map tools like IKKAAIL and
o Information Mapping for events like elections, epidemics.
Custom Mapping :
o Publishing projects.
o Location mapping projects.
o Proximity Analysis.
o Thematic mapping projects.
E-commerce :
o Online map store selling published map products from publishers world-wide.
North America- National Geographic, Replogle
Europe – Gardens
Australia – Hema Maps
India – SatNav Technologies
The Future of Geography :
The success of geography
Recently, physical geography has come out fighting and the battleground it has chosen has been
mainstream science. In Britain, for example, there are now a series of science groups who are regularly
getting their work in to the pages of Nature or Science in subjects as diverse as glaciology, geomorphology,
Quaternary studies, and the like.
A second success has been the increasing visibility of human geography. Human geography has
been able to make its presence felt across the social sciences and humanities, buoyed up by a more
general spatial turn which it has in part created.
A third success has been to produce a discipline with high skills levels. The rise of qualitative
methods like ethnography and focus groups has been paralleled by renewed levels of sophistication in
quantitative methods. Techniques like multilevel modelling, geographically weighted regression,
microsimulation, datamining using generative algorithms, various Bayesian methods, and now the new
sequencing methods taken from genetics, have produced new and much more subtle methods of analysing
large and sometimes incomplete or dirty spatial data sets, especially the large longitudinal data sets upon
which so much attention is now being fixed.
A fourth and final success has been geography’s intervention in public policy, broadly understood to
include involvement in the public realm as a whole and not just advising government and business.
Geographers have been involved in activities as diverse as setting up banking facilities for the financially
excluded and sitting on Royal Commissions on Environmental Pollution, advising on political boundaries and
intervening in key economic debates.
Some of problems in geography
Geography is becoming more successful and at the same time it is
became problematic .
First, and most importantly, human and physical geography are
splitting apart. In part, this divergence is actually a product of success – as
physical geography has moved firmly into the sciences and as human geography
has become more markedly social and cultural some divergence was probably
inevitable.
Another problem is keeping geography buoyant in the schools. In many
countries, geography in the schools is in a fairly ragged state. It has been
diluted by environmental studies or has to compete with other disciplines like
history for the same slot. Large efforts are being made to reverse these
situations and they surely deserve support. For without producing geography in
schools, there will be no geography.
CONCLUSION :
Most of all, what is pivotal about geography now is
that it has kitted itself out with the ideas and the tools
to be able to recognize and to understand the myriad
new geographies that are constantly being brought into
existence. We live in a world of worlds: now geography
has learnt to understand that fact and not so much live
with as live for it.
THANK YOU
