Rural Development:

Administration &
Planning
KHU 701
Syllabus
Unit-1 Topics
Rural Planning Concepts of rural development
& Basic elements of rural development
Development
Importance of rural development for creation of sustainable
livelihoods
An overview of policies and programmes for rural
development
Programmes in the agricultural sector
Programmes in the social security
Programmes in area of social sector
Syllabus
Unit-2 Topics
Rural Sriniketan experiment
Development Gurgaon experiment
Programmes
Marthandam experiment
Baroda experiment
Firkha development scheme
Etawa pilot project
Nilokheri experiment
Approaches to rural community development: Tagore,
Gandhi etc.
Syllabus
Unit-3 Topics
Panchayati Raj Administrative structure: bureaucracy, structure of
& Rural administration
Administration Panchayati Raj institutions emergence and growth of
panchayati Raj institutions in India
People and Panchayati Raj: Financial Organizations in
Panchayati Raj Institutions
Structure of rural finance
Government & Non-Government Organizations/Community
based organizations
Concept of self help group
Syllabus
Unit-4 Topics
Human Need for human resource development
Resource Elements of human resource development in rural sector
Development
in Rural Sector Dimensions of HRD for rural development- health,
education, energy, skill development, training
Nutritional status access to basic amenities- population
composition
Syllabus
Unit-5 Topics
Rural Concept of rural industrialization
Industrialization Gandhian approach to rural industrialization
and
Entrepreneurship Appropriate technology for rural industries
Entrepreneurship and rural industrialization-problems
and diagnosis of rural entrepreneurship in India, with
reference to women entrepreneurship
Development of small entrepreneurs in India
Need for and scope of entrepreneurship in rural area
Course Outcome
After completion of the course student will be able to:
1) Understand the definitions, concepts and components of rural
development
2) Know the importance, structure, significance, resources of Indian
rural economy.
3) Have a clear idea about the area development programmes and its
impact.
4) Acquire knowledge about rural entrepreneurship.
5) Understand about the using of different methods for human resource
planning.
Textbook:
1. Corporate Social Responsibility: An Ethical Approach- Mark S. Schwartz
2. Katar Singh: Rural Development in India – Theory History and Policy
3. Todara M.P. Economic Development in III World War
4. Arora R.C- Integrated Rural Development in India
5. Dhandekar V.M and Rath N Poverty in India
6. A.N. Agarwal and KundanaLal: Rural Economy of India
7. B.K.Prasad: Rural Development- Sarup & Son’s Publications
Rural development
• It is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-
being of people living in rural areas.
Quality of life- indicators
Wealth

Safety,
security Employment
and
freedom

Social
Quality of life Environment
belonging

Recreation Physical &

& Leisure mental
time health

Education
Economic-well being
Economic well-
being

Present financial Future financial

security security

Absorb financial
Food, housing, Day-to-day finances,
stocks, financial
utilities, health economic choices,
goals, buildings
care, clothing, taxes security, satisfaction
assets and income
Rural development
• It is a comprehensive and multi-dimensional concept.
• It encompasses the development of-

Agriculture and Village and cottage

allied activities industries and crafts

Socio-economic
Community services
infrastructure

Human resources in
rural areas
Rural development
• Rural development can be conceptualized as a-
• Process- it implies engagement of individuals, communities and nations in
pursuit of their cherished goals over time.
• Phenomenon- it is the end result of interactions between various physical,
technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors.
• Strategy- it is designed to improve the economic and social well-being of a
specific group of people- rural poor.
• Discipline- it is multidisciplinary in nature, representing an intersection of
agricultural, social, behavioral, engineering and management sciences.
 Basic elements of rural
development
People have certain basic
Basic Necessities needs. Without which
of Life survival would be difficult.
Food, Clothes, Shelter,
basic literacy, primary
health care and security of
life and property.
Every person and every
nation seeks some sort
of self-respect, dignity
or honor.
Freedom refers
political or ideological
freedom, economic
Self-respect Freedom freedom and freedom
from social servitude
(slavery).
Why rural development?
Importance of RD
• Rural character of economy and the need for regeneration of rural life
was stressed by Mahatma Gandhi-
“India is to be found not in its few cities but in its 7,00,000 villages. But we
town dwellers have believed that India is to be found in its towns and the
villages were created to minister to our needs. We have hardly paused to
enquire if those poor folk get sufficient to eat and clothe themselves with and
whether they have a roof to shelter themselves from sun and rain”. [Harijan, 4
April 1936]
Why rural development?
Importance of RD
• Rural character of economy and the need for regeneration of rural life
was stressed by Mahatma Gandhi-
“I would say that if the village perishes, India would perish too. It will be no
more India. Her own mission in the world will get lost. The revival of village
life is possible only when it is no more exploited”. [Harijan, 29 August 1936]
Hence rural development is therefore an absolute and urgent necessity in
India now and will continue to be so in future.
Scope of rural development
• Scope of rural development include
 Agricultural growth

 Putting up of economic and social infrastructure.

 Fair wages

 Housing and house sites for the landless

 Village planning

 Public health

 Education & functional literacy

 Communication
Need of rural development
• Rural development is needed in the context of overall growth and
development of Indian economy due to following reasons:
• Major share of population lives in rural areas and their development and contributions
are very much supportive for the nation building activities.
• Rural economy supports the urban sector by way of supplying milk, food and raw
materials. Hence backwardness of the rural sector is a major impediment to the overall
progress of the economy.
• Improvements in education, health and sanitation in villages can help to avoid many
urban problems namely begging, rack picking and road side slumming.
Need of rural development
• Rural development is needed in the context of overall growth and
development of Indian economy due to following reasons:
• Development of agriculture and allied activities are necessary for providing
employment in rural areas and improving overall food production.
• Rural-urban migration can be reduced if rural areas are developed.
Content
 Objectives of rural development
 Key issues in rural development
 Importance of rural development for creation of sustainable livelihood
Objectives of rural development

• To improve productivity and wage of rural people.

• To bring about a greater socio-economic equity.

• To bring about a spatial balance in social and economic development.

• To guarantee an increase in the standard of living of the rural people.

• To provide basic needs, elementary education, healthcare, clean

drinking water, rural roads etc.
Key issues in rural development
• Development of infrastructure: there is lack of infrastructure in rural
areas. Infrastructure development like electricity, irrigation, transport
facilities etc. needs to be addressed.
• Reduction of poverty: it is important to address since rural areas have
maximum poverty.
• Development of health facilities: rural areas lack proper health
facilities, better health facilities are necessary for physical growth of
individuals.
•
Key issues in rural development
• Development of productive resources: productive resources are
required to develop to enhance employment opportunities. This will
help in finding alternative means other than crop cultivation to
sustain life.
• Development of human resources: there is need to improve the
quality of human resources in rural areas. It can be done by improving
literacy rate, skill development and training etc.
Scope/Importance/Need/
Objectives in Rural
Development
Elements or components of Rural
Development
Importance or Reason of Rural
Development for Creation of
Sustainable Livelihoods
Rural Development Initiatives
• A. Agricultural Sector
• B.
Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
• Chambers & Conway (1992):
• “a livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and
access) and activities required for a means of living:
• a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and
shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide
sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation and which
contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and
in the short and long-term”.
Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
• White Paper Carney (1998):
• “A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and
social resources) and activities required for a means of living”.
• “A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses
and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and
in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base”.
Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
Vulnerability context: refers external environment in which people live. https://www.fao.org/3/a0273e/a0273e04.htm
1. Shocks: illness or death, conflict, weather
2. Trends: national or international economic trends, change in technology, political systems
3. Seasonality: prices, production cycles, income opportunites
Above 3 factors have direct impact on the possibilities that poor people have to earn living now and in the future.
An illness in the family can
deprive a family of an
important source of income
and can force them to sell
assets that they have built.

Seasonal shifts in prices,

production and employment
opportunities are one of the
important enduring sources
of hardships for poor
people.
Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
Transforming structures & processes box:
Refers to the institutions and policies that affect poor peoples’ lives.
All these can change both the vulnerability context and the assets to which poor people have access.

Based on assets, and shaped

by vulnerability context and
the transforming structures
and processes, poor people
are able to undertake a range
of livelihood strategies-
activities and choices that
ultimately determine their
livelihood outcomes.
Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
Assets or Capital: need in
order to make a living.

H: Human Capital- skills,

knowledge, ability to work
and good health.

S: Social Capital-
relationships with either
more powerful people
(vertical connections), or
with others like themselves
(horizontal connections),. N: Natural Capital- natural resource stocks that people can draw on for their
memberships of groups, or livelihoods, like- lands, forests, water, air etc.
organizations P: Physical Capital- basic infrastructure people need to make a living, tools and
equipment, like- transport, communication system, shelter, water, sanitation
F: Financial Capital- savings, access to financial services, inflows of money.
 Importance of rural
development for creation of
sustainable livelihoods
 The more assets any household has access to, the less vulnerable they will be to negative effects of the
trends and shocks or seasonality, and more secure livelihood will be.

 As people become educated (increase in human capital) they may get a better job which earns more
money (increase in financial capital) which in turns upgrade their home and facilities (increase in physical
capital).

Development projects line of actions:

 Help poor to build up assets
Falling into  Transform policy and institutional more
or getting pro-poor i.e. enabling policies.
out of  Reduce vulnerability
poverty
Policy and Programmes
• Policy: a definite course of action selected by a government, an
institution, a group or an individual from among alternatives and the
light of given conditions to guide and usually to determine present
and future decisions.
• Policy is a comprehensive term and connotes, a set of intended
actions.
• Policy process: formulation, promulgation and application of course
of action.
• Policy has to be translated into number of programmes before its
implementation.
Policy and Programmes
• Programme is narrower in scope than policy, and is more specific with
regard to what is to be done, how, by whom and where.
• A programme may consist of several projects.
• A project is highly specific and detailed in terms of objectives,
location, duration, funds and executing agency, and lends itself to
planning, financing and implementation as a unit.
• Rural development project- defined as an investment activity, where
resources are expended to create a producing asset from which
benefits over an extended period can be expected.
Strategies of development

• Rural development programmes and policies in India after

independence reveal 4 strategies of development:
Growth-oriented strategy

Welfare-oriented strategy

Responsive strategy

Integrated strategy
Strategies of development
• Growth-oriented strategy
 State plays a vital role in building infrastructure and maintain favorable
climate to stimulate growth of rural enterprises.
 Assumption: increased production will gradually trickle-down to poor.

 Programmes: IADP (Intensive Agriculture District Programme), ICDP

(Intensive Cattle Development Programme), HYVP (High Yielding Varieties
Programme) were launched.
Strategies of development
• Welfare-oriented strategy
 Primary means used are free distribution of goods, services and civic amenities
in rural areas.
 Assumptions: people are not competent to identify and resolve their problems
and only government specialists can identify their needs and meet them with
the financial and administrative resources available with the government.
 Programmes: Minimum Needs Programme, Applied Nutrition Programme, Mid-
day meals programmes were launched.
Strategies of development
• Responsive strategy
 Aim was to helping rural people help themselves through their own
organizations and other support systems. Role of the government is to
facilitate the self-help efforts of villagers by providing technologies and
resources that are not locally available.
 Assumptions: retrial poor will identify and resolve their problems if provided
with minimal support and otherwise left to their own devices and initiatives.
 Programmes: Operation flood, DWACRA were launched.
Strategies of development
• Integrated or holistic strategy
 Combines all positive features of the earlier three strategies. It is designed to
simultaneously achieve the goals of growth, welfare and equity and
community participation.
 Programmes: Rural Employment Programme and Training of Youth for self-
employment were launched.
Need for rural development
policies
• India’s commitment to set-up a ‘socialist pattern society’- not only increase in
national income and employment appreciably but also in greater equality in
income and wealth.
• Problems of poverty (in forms of rising unemployment, malnutrition, growth of
slums, fall in real wages, etc.) in India – planned development is needed through
anti-poverty programmes to improve standard of living of masses.
• Violent fluctuations in Agricultural Production, Prices and Incomes- most
farmers being small scale operators and poor cannot bear the consequences of
fluctuations in farm output prices and incomes.
• They need some protection from adverse effects of free market and nature.
Government provide protection in terms of price support, insurance, credit
policies.
Need for rural development
policies
• Small, scattered and unorganized rural enterprises- owners have very low or
practically no bargaining powers with whom they sell or buy their supplies. This
results in exploitation.
• Inadequate and poor basic infrastructure in rural areas- rural areas are at a great
disadvantage as far as provision of basic infrastructural facilities and services,
such as roads, drinking water, electricity, schools, hospitals, police protection,
transport and communications in concerned.
Policies
1. National Forest Policy
2. Land Reforms Policy
3. National Water Policy
4. Agricultural Price Policy
5. Rural Credit Policy
6. National Agriculture Policy
7. National Policy on Cooperatives
8. Policies for Fishery Development
9. National Policy for Farmers
1. National Forest Policy
• Principal aim of National Forest Policy, 1988 is to ensure environmental stability
and maintenance of ecological balance including atmosphere equilibrium.
• Forest is vital for sustenance for all life forms, human, animal and plant.
• NFP-1988 lays prime emphasis on conservation of forests and meeting the local
needs of the people and their participation in protection and management of
forests involving village and rural population- with farm forestry and agroforestry
schemes on private land.
• Policy sets national objective of expanding the forest and tree cover of India to
33% of total area of the country.
• Total forest and tree cover in India in 24.62% of the geographical area of the
country. 17 states/UTs have above 33% of geographical area under forest cover.
[Indian State Forest Report-2021]

https://www.iitr.ac.in/wfw/web_ua_water_for_welfare/environment/forest_policy.pdf
2. Land Reforms Policy
Land reforms involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership.
• Six main categories of land reforms:
i. Abolition of intermediaries (rent collectors under the per-independence land
revenue system)
ii. Tenancy regulation (to improve the contractual terms including the security of
tenure)
iii. A ceiling on landholdings (to redistribute surplus land to landless)
iv. Attempts to consolidate disparate landholdings
v. Encouragement of cooperative join farmings
vi. Settlement and regulation of tenancy
Objectives of land reforms policy:
a. To increase in agricultural production.
b. To eliminate all elements of exploitation and social injustice with agrarian system.
c. To provide security for the tiller of the soil and assure equality of status and
opportunity to all sections of rural population.
 http://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NWP2012Eng6495132651_1.pdf

3. National Water Policy

NWP is formulated to govern the planning and development of water resources and their optimum utilization.

• India’s 1st NWP was announced by GoI in September 1987.

• It stressed that ‘water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious
national asset. Policies and development of water resources need to be governed by
national perspectives’.
• NWP-1987 highlights:
• Need for efficient use of water, well designed information system, preservation of the quality of
environment and ecological balance.
• Periodic reassessment of groundwater potential, quality of water, and economic viability of its
exploitation.
• Integrated and coordinated development of surface water and ground water.
• Equity and social justice in water allocation.
• Involvement of farmers in various aspects of water management.
• A new NWP was announced by GoI in April 2002. It also highlights similar concerns as 1 st
NWP, and was further updated in 2012.
https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1782283
4. Agricultural Price Policy
• Before independence there was no semblance of an APP in India.
• After independence, the government introduced a price policy mainly to protect the
interests of consumers by making available to them food at reasonable prices. Policy was
consumer oriented.
• A Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) was set up in 1965 for evolving a
balanced and integrated price structure.
• Commission was required to keep in view the interests of both producer and consumer
while formulating price policy.
• Main objectives:
• To assure a remunerative and relatively stable price environment for farmers for introducing them to
increase their production and thereby augmenting the availability of food grains.
• To improve physical and economic access of the people to food.
• To evolve a production pattern which is in line with overall needs of the economy.
https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/
5. Rural Credit Policy
• Institutional credit to cultivators to protect them from exploitation of
private moneylenders and traders.
• GoI started granting loans to the cultivators under (a) Improvements
Loans Act of 1883 and (b) Agriculturists’ Loans Act of 1884.
• Loans are granted to meet the current agricultural needs such as
purchase of seeds, fertilizers, and small tools and implements.
• RBI and NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development) have both played a very important role in shaping the
rural credit policies.
https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?UrlPage=&ID=942

https://www.nabard.org/content.aspx?id=2
Programmes
1. Rural Poverty Alleviation and Employment
2. Rural Housing
3. Rural Roads
4. Rural Sanitation
5. Rural Education
6. Rural Drinking Water
7. Rural Energy
8. Rural Food Security
9. Rural Health
Programmes
1. Rural Poverty Alleviation and Employment
a. Area development programme
i. Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP)
ii. Command area development programme (CADP)
iii. Hill areas development programme (HADP)
iv. Desert development programme (DDP)
v. Watershed development under DPAP and DDP
b. Integrated development programme
i. Small farmers development agency (SFDA)/Marginal farmers and agricultural laborers
development agencies (MFALDA)
ii. 20 point programme
iii. Integrated rural development programme (IRDP)
c. Wage employment programme
d. Self-emplpyment programme
Programmes
1. Rural Poverty Alleviation and Employment
a. Area development programme
b. Integrated development programme
c. Wage employment programme
i. National rural employment programme (NREP)
ii. Rural landless employment guarantee programme
iii. Food for work programme
iv. Jawahar rozgar yojana
v. Employment assurance scheme
vi. Sampoorana Grameen rozgar yojana
vii. National rural employment guarantee scheme
viii. Development of women and children in rural areas
d. Self-emplpyment programme
Programmes
1. Rural Poverty Alleviation and Employment
a. Area development programme
b. Integrated development programme
c. Wage employment programme
d. Self-emplpyment programme
i. Training of rural youth for self employment
ii. Support for training and employment
iii. Swarnajayanthi gram swarozgar yojana
iv. Sampoorna grameen rozgar yojana
Programmes
2. Rural Housing
i. Indira awaas yojana
ii. Credit cum subsidy scheme
iii. Innovative stream for rural house and habitat development scheme
iv. Samagra awaas yojana
v. Pradhan mantra gramodaya yojana
Programmes
3. Rural Roads
i. Pradhan mantra gram sadak yojana
Programmes
4. Rural Sanitation
i. Integrated rural sanitation and water supply project with DANIDA
Assistance
ii. Central rural sanitation programme
Programmes
5. Rural Education
i. Sarva shiksha abhiyan
Programmes
6. Rural Drinking Water
i. Accelerated rural water supply programme
 ARWSP was introduced in 1972-73 by Government of India to assist the states and UTs to accelerate the pace of
coverage of drinking water supply.
 During the period 1972-1986, the major thrust of ARWSP was to ensure provision of adequate drinking water supply
to the rural community through Public Health Engineering System.
 With the launch of Technology Mission in 1986-87 renamed in 1991-92 as Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water
Mission.
ii. Rajiv Gandhi national drinking water mission
 National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) 1986 was renamed as the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
in 1991.
 Stress on water quality, appropriate technology intervention, human resource development support and other
related activities were introduced in Rural Water Supply Sector.
iii. Swajaldhara
 It’s a scheme that aims people’s involvement in the management of water in terms of 10 percent of the total project
cost. It was launched in the year 2002.
 It also wants panchayat or communities the job of implementing, operating, and managing the scheme in their area.
Programmes
7. Rural Energy
i. Rajiv Gandhi grameen vidyutikaran yojana
 RGGVY or rural electricity infrastructure and household electrification scheme was
launched in April, 2005.
 It is dedicated to provide electricity to all rural households.
 The scheme is funded 90% by central government and 10% by rural electrification
corporation (REC).
 This scheme is applicable for all rural households living below poverty line and provide
free electricity connection to BPL families.
Programmes
8. Rural Food Security
i. Public distribution system
 The public distribution system in the country facilitates the supply of food grains and
distribution of essential commodities to a large number of poor people through a
network of more than 4 lakh Fair Price Shops at a subsidized price on recurring basis.
ii. Integrated child development services
 Children in the age group 0-6 years constitute around 158 million of the population of
India (2011 census). These children are future human resource of the country.
 ICDS scheme was launched on 2nd Oct 1975, for early childhood care and development.
 The beneficiaries under the scheme are children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant
women and lactating mothers.
iii. Mid-day meal scheme
iv. Annpurna
Programmes
8. Rural Food Security
i. Public distribution system
ii. Integrated child development services
iii. Mid-day meal scheme
 MDMS is school based meal program of Government of India. It started to end classroom
hunger. It was launched on 15th August 1995.
 Objectives of the scheme: increasing student enrolment and attendance while improving
nutrition.
 MDMS covers all primary and upper primary students who study in government and
government aided schools.
 Children in primary schools receive 450 calories and 12 grams protein per meal, while
upper primary children receive 700 calories and 20 grams of protein.
iv. Annpurna
Programmes
8. Rural Food Security
i. Public distribution system
ii. Integrated child development services
iii. Mid-day meal scheme
iv. Annpurna
 Annpurna scheme was launched on 1st April 2000.
 It aims at providing food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who
though eligible have remained uncovered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme.
 The beneficiary will receive food grains of 10 kg every month.
 The age of beneficiary must be 65 years old or above.
 The applicant should be destitute.
 The applicant must not be a receipting of pension schemes under the NOAPS.
Programmes
9. Rural Health
i. Accredited social health activist (ASHA)
 National Rural Health Mission is to provide every village in the country with a trained
female community health activist ASHA. Mission was launched in 2005.
 Selected from the village itself and accountable to it. ASHA will be trained to work as an
interface between the community and public health system.
 ASHAs will create awareness on health and its social determinants and mobilize the
community towards local health planning and increased utilization and accountability of
the existing health services.
 Tasks include: motivating women to give birth in hospitals, bringing children to
immunization clinics, encouraging family planning, treating basic illness and injury with first
aid, keeping demographic records and improving village sanitation.
 ASHA will act as a depot holder for essentials.
 Total number of ASHAs were 939,978 in 2018.
Schemes for Rural development
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojna
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (National Rural Livelihood Mission)
• Prime Minister Rural Development Fellows Scheme
• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Sarv Siksha Abhiyan
• Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)
• National Social Assistance Programme
• Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin)/Indira Awas Yojana
• Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
• Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)
MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act)
• 2021-22 data
 15.3 crore active workers

 6.12 crore: assets created

 276.89 crore: person days generated

 45.43 crore: DBT transactions

 6.81 crore: households benefitted

 2.08 crore: individual category works

MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act)
• MGNREGA works
 IHHL

 AWC

 Farm Pond

 Vermi Compost

 NADEP Compost Tank

 Roadside Plantation
Rural development is important
because of the following reasons:

(i) A large proportion of population is living in rural

areas

(ii) Agriculture: Major source of livelihood

(iii) Lack of basic necessities

Explain rural development and
its importance.
Meaning

1. Rural development means an action plan for the economic

and social upliftment of rural areas.

2. It aims at improving the quality of life of people living in rural

areas.

3. It focuses on the action for the development of areas that are

lagging behind in the overall development of the rural economy.
Explain the key issues in rural
development.
• Development of infrastructure
• Reduction of poverty
• Development of health facilities
• Development of productive resources
• Development of human resources
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