UNIT IV
CHALLENGES AND DOMAIN SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
OF IOT
IoT Challenges
Privacy
Strategies need to be developed that
Security promote transparency, fairness, and user
How to ensure robust and choice in data collection and handling.
lifelong security in IoT
products and services?
Regulatory, Legal, and
Rights Issues
Interoperability and Standards
The rapid rate of change in IoT
The voluntary use of open, technology could outpace the ability
interoperable, and widely available of associated policy, legal, and
standards as technical building blocks for regulatory structures to adapt.
IoT devices will deliver greater benefits.
Emerging Economy and
Development Issues
In order for the benefits of the IoT to be
truly global, the unique needs and
challenges of implementation in less-
developed regions will need to be
addressed.
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs
1) Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting
to the ambient conditions and switching on/off or diming the light
when needed.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also
provide status information to the users remotely. c) Intrusion
Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door
sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the
form of SMS or email sent to theuser
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors:
Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect
smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by
smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm
system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases
such as CO, LPGetc.,
2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking:
make the search for parking space easier and convenient
for drivers. Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that
detect the no. of empty parking slots and send information over
internet to smart application back ends
b) Smart Lighting:
for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
c) Smart Roads:
Equipped with sensors can provide information on
driving condition, travel time estimating and alert in case of
poor driving conditions, traffic condition and accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring:
uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels
in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance:
The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be
aggregated in cloud based scalable storage solution
f) Emergency Response:
IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection
can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the
critical infrastructures.
3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring:
Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send
the data to cloud based applications and storage back ends.
The data collected in cloud can then be analyzed and
visualized by cloud based applications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring:
System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and
meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to
make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring:
Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities
have increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities.
IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise
monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in a city.
The data on noise levels from the station is collected on servers
or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate
noise maps
d) Forest Fire Detection:
Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources,
property and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help
in minimizing damage.
e) River Flood Detection:
River floods can cause damage to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given
by monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river
flood monitoring system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor
the water level and flow rate sensors
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids:
It is a data communication network integrated with the
electrical grids that collects and analyze data captured in near-
real-time about power transmission, distribution and
consumption.
Smart grid technology provides predictive information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their
customers on how best to manage power.
By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the
health of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems:
IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at
the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables
and how much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy
systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the
voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind
turbine outputs and provides power support.
c) Prognostics:
In systems such as power grids, real-time information
is collected using specialized electrical sensors called Phasor
Measurment Units (PMUs) at the substations. The information
received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for
estimating the state of the system and for predicting failures.
5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote
monitoring of inventory using data collected by RFID readers.
b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less
payments powered by technologies such as Near Field
Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending
machines monitors its operations and send the data to cloud
which can be used for predictive maintenance
6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system
backed by cloud can provide first response to the route generation
queries and can be scaled upto serve a large transportation
network.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles
inreal-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring
systems use sensors such as temp, humidity, to monitor the
conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be analyzed to
detect foodspoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT
devices for collecting data on Vehicle operaions(speed, RPMetc.,)
and status of various vehicle subsystems
7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to detemine moisture amount in
soil.
b) Green House Control: to improve productivity. 8)
Industry: a) Machine diagnosis and prognosis
b) Indoor Air Quality Monitoring 9) Health and
LifeStyle: a) Health & Fitness Monitoring b) Wearable
Electronics
