READING

AND
WRITING
 LESSON 1:
ORGANIZATION, COHESION
& COHERENCE
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

ORGANIZATION
• is the structural framework for writing/how
paragraphs and sentences are written(topic
sentence,main idea,supporting
details)/(beginning,middle,ending)
• is the logical progression and completeness
of ideas in a text (logical order of
presentation of ideas )
• in writing,it is how ideas are presented.

STRATEGIES
• Define Purpose and Objectives
• Organize Content Logically
• Write with clarity and precision
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

COHESION

relates to the micro level of the text, i.e. the

words and sentences and how they join or link
together. Cohesive (adj) fitting together
well.

5 METHODS:
• Repeated Words/ideas
• Reference Words
• Transition Signals
• Substitution
• Ellipsis
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

REPEATED WORDS

IN READING AND WRITING, REPEATED WORDS OR IDEAS CAN

SERVE VARIOUS PURPOSES SUCH AS EMPHASIZING A POINT,
CREATING RHYTHM, OR REINFORCING A THEME. REPETITION
CAN HELP READERS FOCUS ON KEY CONCEPTS OR EVOKE
EMOTIONS. HOWEVER, OVERUSE WITHOUT PURPOSE CAN
MAKE THE TEXT REDUNDANT OR MONOTONOUS.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

EXAMPLES

1. RUN, RUN AS FAST AS YOU CAN.

2. WE MUST TRY, WE MUST PERSEVERE, WE MUST SUCCEED.
3. THEY BUILT A HOUSE, A HOUSE THAT WOULD BECOME A HOME.
4. THE TREE STOOD TALL, ITS LEAVES WHISPERING SECRETS TO
THE WIND.
5. THE OCEAN ROARED, ITS WAVES CRASHING AGAINST THE
SHORE
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

REFERENCE WORDS

In reading and writing, reference words are terms

used to refer back to something previously
mentioned or to anticipate something forthcoming in
a text. They help maintain cohesion and avoid
redundancy by substituting for other words or
phrases. Common reference words include pronouns
(he, she, it, they), demonstratives (this, that, these,
those), and comparative forms (such as "the former"
and "the latter").
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

EXAMPLES

1. MARIA LOST HER KEYS.

2. I PREFER THE RED APPLES. THESE ARE
SWEETER.
3. THE FIRST OPTION IS AFFORDABLE; THE
LATTER IS MORE EXPENSIVE.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

TRANSITION
SIGNALS

IN READING AND WRITING, TRANSITION SIGNALS—

ALSO KNOWN AS TRANSITIONAL WORDS OR
PHRASES—ARE ESSENTIAL TOOLS THAT CONNECT
IDEAS, SENTENCES, AND PARAGRAPHS, ENSURING
A COHERENT AND LOGICAL FLOW IN YOUR TEXT.
THEY ACT AS BRIDGES, GUIDING READERS
THROUGH THE PROGRESSION OF THOUGHTS AND
ARGUMENTS.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

EXAMPLES

1. ADDITION: FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, IN ADDITION

2.CONTRAST: HOWEVER, ON THE OTHER HAND,
NEVERTHELESS
3.CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY, AS A
RESULT
4.SEQUENCE: FIRST, NEXT, FINALLY
5.ILLUSTRATION: FOR EXAMPLE, FOR INSTANCE, TO
ILLUSTRATE
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

SUBSTITUTION

SUBSTITUTION IN READING AND WRITING INVOLVES

REPLACING A WORD OR PHRASE WITH ANOTHER
WORD TO AVOID REPETITION AND MAKE THE TEXT
SMOOTHER.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

EXAMPLES

1. JOHN LOVES HIS DOG. HE TAKES IT FOR A WALK EVERY DAY

2. WE VISITED THE MUSEUM. IT WAS FASCINATING
3. THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF FRUIT. THESE INCLUDE APPLES,
BANANAS, AND ORANGES.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

ELLIPSIS

ELLIPSIS IN READING AND WRITING REFERS TO THE

OMISSION OF WORDS OR PHRASES THAT ARE
UNDERSTOOD FROM THE CONTEXT, MAKING
SENTENCES MORE CONCISE WITHOUT LOSING
MEANING. IT'S A STYLISTIC DEVICE USED TO AVOID
REPETITION AND MAINTAIN A SMOOTH FLOW.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

EXAMPLES

1. HE ENJOYS READING NOVELS, AND SHE [ENJOYS READING]

MAGAZINES.
2. HE LOOKED AT HER... AND THEN WALKED AWAY.
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

5 METHODS OF GOOD COHESION

• Repeated Words/ideas
• Reference words
• Transition signals
• Substitution
• Ellipsis

EXAMPLES
• Repeated Words(synonyms)
• Reference words (pronoun and the word that it refers to)
• Transition Signals(as,at last,which,but,though,finally,)
• Substitution( do so,one)
• Ellipsis( [and was],[and she was])
 Reading Comprehension Strategies

COHERENCE

relates to the organization and connection of ideas

and whether they can be understood by the reader,
and as such is concerned with the macro level
features of a text, such as topic sentences, thesis
statement, the summary in the concluding
paragraph (dealt with in the essay structure section),
and other ‘bigger’ features including headings such
as those used in reports.
STRATEGY
• Transitions
• Logical Connections
• Topic sentences
LESSON 2:
LANGUAGE USE
 LANGUAGE USE

LANGUAGE USE REFERS TO THE WAY INDIVIDUALS

COMMUNICATE IDEAS, THOUGHTS, AND EMOTIONS
THROUGH SPOKEN, WRITTEN, OR NON-VERBAL FORMS
OF LANGUAGE. IT ENCOMPASSES THE SELECTION OF
WORDS, SENTENCE STRUCTURES, TONE, AND STYLE,
DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT, AUDIENCE, AND PURPOSE
OF COMMUNICATION.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE USE
 CONCRETE LANGUAGE

INCLUDES DESCRIPTIONS WHICH CREATE TANGIBLE

IMAGES WITH DETAILS THE READER CAN VISUALIZE.
ABSTRACT LANGUAGE IS VAGUE AND OBSCURE AND DOES
NOT BRING TO MIND SPECIFIC VISUAL IMAGES.

THE STATEMENT AT THE TOP IS ABSTRACT, BUT THE

STATEMENTS BECOME INCREASINGLY CONCRETE AND
SPECIFIC TOWARD THE BOTTOM.
 CONCRETE LANGUAGE

• HE IS A BAD ROOMMATE.
• HE IS LAZY AND DISCOURTEOUS.
• HE IS UNTIDY AND UNCLEAN.
• HE DOESN’T CLEAN UP HIS OWN MESSES.
• HE LEAVES HIS DIRTY DISHES ON THE KITCHEN
COUNTER.
 CONSCISE LANGUAGE

EXPRESSES THE MESSAGE IN AS FEW

WORDS AS POSSIBLE, STRAIGHTFORWARD
AND TO-THE-POINT.
 CONSCISE LANGUAGE

Wordy Concise Language

A significant increase 50% increase

In the near future On Monday or at 8 AM

Attached herewith Attached

We collaborated We collaborated on the

together project

I will see you in the near I will see you

future
DO YOU UNDERSTAND THIS
STATEMENT?
 FAMILIAR LANGUAGE

USE FAMILIAR LANGUAGE THAT IS

ALMOST IN EVERYONE'S
VOCABULARY. FOREIGN AND
UNFAMILIAR MAKES THE MESSAGE
DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. BY
USING LANGUAGE THAT IS
FAMILIAR TO THE READER, THE
MESSAGE IS LIKELY TO HAVE MORE
 FAMILIAR LANGUAGE

THE MACHINE HAS THE TENDENCY TO

DEVELOP EXCESSIVE AND UNPLEASANT
AUDIO SYMPTOMS WHEN OPERATING AT
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE.

BETTER: THE MACHINE TENDS TO GET NOISY

WHEN IT RUNS HOT.
 PRECISE AND CLEAR

WORDS CAN BE INTERPRETED IN

DIFFERENT WAYS BY DIFFERENT PEOPLE
IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS. FOR THIS
REASON, IT IS IMPORTANT TO CHOOSE A
LANGUAGE THAT IS AS PRECISE AND
CLEAR AS POSSIBLE.
 PRECISE AND CLEAR

HE’S AN INTERESTING
INDIVIDUAL.
BETTER: HE IS INTELLIGENT.
 AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE

AVOID GENDER-BIASED
LANGUAGE.
READING MAKES A FULL MAN.
BETTER: READING MAKES A
FULL PERSON
 AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE

AVOID GENDER-BIASED
LANGUAGE.
READING MAKES A FULL MAN.
BETTER: READING MAKES A
FULL PERSON
 CONSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE

PHRASES A POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE MESSAGE IN A

POSITIVE WAY, WHEREAS DESTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE
DIRECTS BLAME AND CRITICISM TOWARD THE
READER, CREATING DEFENSIVENESS. CONSTRUCTIVE
LANGUAGE CAN BOOST SOMEONE'S CONFIDENCE.
 CONSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE

ON BEHALF OF OUR COMPANY, I REGRET TO INFORM YOU

THAT YOU HAVE BEEN TERMINATED.

AS A SUPERVISOR, IT WAS A PLEASURE TO WORK WITH

YOU.
 FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE

THIS SHOULD MATCH THE FORMALITY OF THE SITUATION AND THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WRITER AND READER.

EXAMPLES:
FORMAL: MANY CONSUMERS ARE COMPLAINING ABOUT MEDICAL
DOCTORS WHO ARE APPARENTLY MORE INTERESTED IN MAKING
MONEY THAN IN PROVIDING EFFECTIVE HEALTH CARE.
INFORMAL: A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE UNHAPPY WITH THEIR DOCTORS
WHO ONLY SEEM TO CARE ABOUT HOW MUCH MONEY THEY MAKE,
AND NOT ABOUT GIVING THEIR PATIENTS GOOD CARE.
 FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE

MAJOR ISSUES SHOULD THAT BE AVOIDED IN AN EFFECTIVE AND WELL-

WRITTEN TEXT (PURDUE ONLINE WRITING LAB 2020):
1.The formality of the language one uses should depend on how
formal the situation is and how the writer and the reader are
related to one another.
2.Jargons or specialized language used by groups of individuals in
the same field should only be used if the target readers belong to
the same group.
 FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE

SLANGS AND IDIOMS SHOULD BE AVOIDED.

SLANGS ARE WORDS, PHRASES, OR EXPRESSIONS THAT DO NOT
LITERALLY MEAN WHAT THEY EXPRESS (LIKE "FRENEMY,"
"BROMANCE") WHILE IDIOMS ARE EXPRESSIONS WHOSE
MEANING IS DIFFERENT FROM THE MEANINGS OF THE
INDIVIDUAL WORD IT CONTAINS (LIKE "TO KILL TWO BIRDS AT
ONE STONE," WHICH MEANS TO GET TWO THINGS DONE WITH A
SINGLE ACTION).
 FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE

• EUPHEMISMS OR WORDS THAT VEIL THE TRUTH SHALL ALSO BE

AVOIDED.
EXAMPLES:
VIRTUALLY CHALLENGED" FOR SOMEONE WHO IS SHORT;
" PASSED AWAY" INSTEAD OF DIED;
"LET GO" INSTEAD OF FIRED, ETC.

• AVOID USING ANY BIASED LANGUAGE INCLUDING THOSE

ASSOCIATED WITH ANY RACIAL, ETHNIC, GROUP, OR GENDER.
LESSON 3:
MECHANICS
 MECHANICS

• MECHANICS

-is essential in all types of writing because it describes the

technical aspects of writing. It also serves as a road sign to guide
learners like youon how to use words appropriately in terms of
conventions such as spelling,punctuation, capitalization, and
others
 MECHANICS

PUNCTUATION

PUNCTUATION IS THE TOOL THAT ALLOWS

US TO ORGANIZE OUR THOUGHTS AND
MAKE IT EASIER TO REVIEW AND SHARE
OUR IDEAS.
 PUNCTUATION

A. COMMA (,)
USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE ITEMS IN A SERIES. A SERIES
IS MADE UP OF THREE OR MORE NOUNS, VERBS,
MODIFIERS, OR PHRASES.
EX: ORAL COMMUNICATION, EAPP, AND 21ST CENTURY
LITERATURE ARE CORE SUBJECTS IN THE SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL.
USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE COORDINATE ADJECTIVES.
COORDINATE ADJECTIVES ARE TWO OR MORE ADJECTIVES
THAT EQUALLY MODIFY THE SAME NOUN.
EX: SHE IS SUCH A FRIENDLY, KIND, AND FUNNY PERSON.
 PUNCTUATION

USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE COORDINATE ADJECTIVES.

COORDINATE ADJECTIVES ARE TWO OR MORE ADJECTIVES
THAT EQUALLY MODIFY THE SAME NOUN.
Ex: She is such a friendly, kind, and funny person.
Use a comma to separate long coordinating conjunction
(and, but, yet, so, or, nor, for) when it joins two complete
ideas (independent clauses).
Ex: You can go shopping with me, or you can go to a movie
alone.
 PUNCTUATION

USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE OR

PHRASE.
Ex: When Evan was ready to iron, his cat tripped on the
cord.
USE A COMMA TO SET OFF INTRODUCTORY ELEMENTS:
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE, INFINITIVE PHRASE,
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, ETC.
EX: BEING ON TIME, I HAVE RECEIVED AN INCENTIVE
FROM MY BOSS. (PARTICIPIAL PHRASE)
TO TRAVEL OUTSIDE THE REGION, YOU NEED TO SECURE
NECESSARY DOCUMENTS. (INFINITIVE PHRASE)
 PUNCTUATION

• USE A COMMA TO SEPARATE COORDINATE

ADJECTIVES. COORDINATE ADJECTIVES ARE TWO OR
MORE ADJECTIVES THAT EQUALLY MODIFY THE SAME
NOUN.
• Ex: She is such a friendly, kind, and funny person.
• Use a comma to separate long coordinating
conjunction (and, but, yet, so, or, nor, for) when it
joins two complete ideas (independent clauses).
• Ex: You can go shopping with me, or you can go to a
movie alone.
 PUNCTUATION

USE A COMMA TO SET OFF DATES,

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, ITEMS IN DATES,
ADDRESSES, AND TITLES IN NAMES.
Ex: On March 31, 2011, Panabo became a
city.
 PUNCTUATION

B. SEMICOLON ( ; )
USE SEMICOLON WHEN YOU LINK TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
WITH NO CONNECTING WORDS.
EX: I AM EXCITED TO GO HOME; I WANTED TO STAY THERE FOR
GOOD.
USE A SEMICOLON WHEN JOINING TWO INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES TOGETHER WITH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS. (ADVERBS THAT JOIN INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES: HOWEVER, MOREOVER, THEREFORE,
CONSEQUENTLY, OTHERWISE, NEVERTHELESS, THUS, ETC.)
EX: I AM EXCITED TO GO HOME; MOREOVER, I WANTED TO
STAY THERE FOR GOOD.
 PUNCTUATION

C. COLON ( : )
USE A COLON FOR SEPARATING CHAPTER IN A BIBLE
REFERENCE, SEPARATING VOLUME FROM PAGE IN
BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCE, WRITING A SALUTATORY
GREETING IN PROFESSIONAL WRITING AND GIVING TIME.
EX: MY FAVORITE VERSE IS PSALM 23:1.
USE A COLON TO INTRODUCE A FORMAL LIST.
EX: THREE THINGS I ACCOMPLISHED TODAY: ANSWERED MY
ASSIGNMENTS, WORKED WITH MY PROJECTS, AND
RESEARCHED FOR MY REPORT.
SPELLING
 English American

Colour Color

Theatre Theater

Pyjamas Pajamas

Aeroplane Airplane

Programme Program

Jewellery Jewelry

Draught Draft

Arse Ass

Analyse Analyze

Aluminium Aluminum

Ageing Aging

Whilst While

Plough Plow

Dreamt Dreamed

Metre Meter
 CAPITALIZATION

Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter in uppercase and
the remaining letters in lowercase.
-Always capitalize the first word in a sentence.
• Capitalize the proper nouns.
• Ex: The Davao Crocodile Park is a must-see destination in Davao City.
• Capitalize the pronouns "I" and the interjection "O".
• Ex: O God, I thank you.
• Capitalize professional titles when used before a personal name.
• Ex: General Cruz was arrested for alleged graft.
• Capitalize academic titles and their abbreviation.
• Ex: Noemi Pales, M.D. is the head of the team.
 ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATION
ABBREVIATION IS A SHORTENED FORM OF A WRITTEN
WORD OR PHRASE USED IN PLACE OF THE WHOLE
WORD OR PHRASE.
 ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATE ONLY WELL-KNOWN TERMS.

EX: TV FOR TELEVISION.
ABBREVIATIONS THAT USE CAPITAL LETTERS ARE CALLED
INITIALISMS. IT IS REQUIRED TO PUT A PERIOD AFTER EACH
LETTER.
EX: M.D.
IN INFORMAL WRITING, IT IS RECOMMENDED NOT TO
ABBREVIATE THE DATES ONLY WHEN NEEDED. ONLY WHEN
USED IN TABLES OR CHARTS.
EX: MON. OCT. 5
LATIN ABBREVIATIONS SHOULD NOT BE CAPITALIZED.
E.G. – MEANS "FOR EXAMPLE"
ACTIVITY & REFLECTION
1.WHEN I WAS IN MARAWI, I RECALL, THE PRESSURE
WAS TREMENDOUS, BECAUSE EVERY MINUTE THERE
WAS DANGER.

2.FRANKLIN THE BRAVE WARRIOR THAT HE IS,

WOULD NEVER RUN FROM A FIGHT OR SHRINK FROM
A CHALLENGE.
3.EMPLOYEES ARE TO REPORT TO WORK AS USUAL;
HOWEVER, THEY WILL BE EXCUSED BETWEEN 12:00 AND
1:00 P.M.

4.EVERY FRIDAY, EACH OF THE GIRLS TAKES HER FATHER

TO SEE THE NEWEST ACTION MOVIE. NO ERROR.

5.WHEN I WAS TRAVELING OUT WEST LAST SUMMER, MY

FRIENDS AND I STOPPED AT ALL THE HISTORICAL
MARKERS; WE LEARNED A LOT ABOUT AMERICAN
HISTORY.
1. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT MECHANICS OF
WRITING? DISTINGUISH EACH MECHANIC FROM
ANOTHER.

2.WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT YOU KNOW THE

DIFFERENT MECHANICS OF WRITING?

3.IN WHAT WAY CAN YOU APPLY THE

MECHANICS OF WRITING? HOW WOULD YOU
KNOW IF A WRITTEN TEXT HAS APPLIED
MECHANICS OF WRITING?