Chapter - 8

Citation and
Referencing
Chapter 7: Citation and Referencing:
When to cite?
 Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories,
or research have directly influenced your work.
(Background information, support or dispute your thesis, or
offer critical definitions, literature review, ……)

 Citation of an article implies that you have personally read

the cited work.
 When citing aim to cite one or two of the most
representative sources for each key point.
 But, in literature you need to include a more
comprehensive list of citations
 Plagiarism
• Authors should not present the work of another as if it were their
own work.
• When paraphrasing, quoting an author directly, or describing an idea
that influenced your work, you must credit the source.
• All of the following are considered plagiarism:
– Turning in someone else's work as your own
– Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
– Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
– Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
– Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving
credit
– Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority
of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use"
rules)
 How to avoid plagiarism?

• Mentality፡ Don’t even think of copying other’s work.

Set in your mind that you need to acknowledge
things/info/ ideas that you get from others.
• Citation & Referencing፡ Learn and master the
correct citation and referencing styles. If unsure,
consult the lecturers or make use of the manual/guide.
• Avoid poor paraphrasing: make sure that you change
the words and the way the sentence is put together.
1. You can also be accused of plagiarism if you only
change someone's words very slightly
• Keep track of the sources you consult in your
research.
• List every source you have used and double
check your reference list against the citations
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 How to avoid plagiarism?
… cont’d

 Make good quality notes, don’t just copy

 Be consistent!

 Plan in advance

 Do a little bit every day

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 Importance of Referencing

You must have a reference, enables to:

1. Shows the breadth of your research.
2. Strengthen your academic argument.
3. Show the reader the source of your information.
4. Allow the reader to consult your sources
independently.
5. Allow the reader to verify your data.
6. Avoid Plagiarism, ensure completeness,
correctness, and help to support arguments
 Styles of Referencing

Currently two referencing styles are commonly used:

 The American Psychological Association (APA) Style,
 The Harvard Style And
It is important to apply chosen style strictly and
consistently

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 Styles of Referencing…..

1) APA Style

• The American Psychological Association (APA)

citation style is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts in the social sciences.
• APA regulates:
1. Stylistics
2. In-text citations
3. References

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In-text Quotation
• Narrative citations occur when the information being quoted is
incorporated into the text as part of the sentence for example,
“Aman (2019) states that......"
• Parenthetical citations are when the author(s) name and
publication date both appear in brackets, either within, or at the
end of the sentence, for example,
(Aman, 2019).
 For direct quotation
(Haile, 2019,p.132) or (Haile, 2019:132)
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 Styles of Referencing…..

• N.B. While mentioning page number use p. for a single page

and pp. for multiple pages.
• If you are paraphrasing from a source, you are encouraged
but not required to include the page number.
• Introducing citation with a “signal phrase’ that includes
the author
 Example: According to Solomon (2019) policy implementation is
xxx.
• Introducing citation with the author and page number
 Example: According to Solomon (2019) policy implementation
seems to be weaker because it was not outlined and planed
properly (P.112).
 Styles of Referencing…..

• If the author’s name is not in the signal phrase, enclose it in

parentheses at the end of the information.
 Example. Example: policy is implementation is xxx (Solomon,
2007).
• If you have used a direct quote, give the page number as
well.
 Example. “Policy implementation seems to be weaker because
it was not outlined and planed properly” (Solomon, 2007,
P.112).
 Styles of
Referencing…..
The work has two authors
 Give both authors in the body of the paper or in parentheses. Use “&” between
the names in the parentheses. Give the date (and page number for a quotation).
Example: We can identify students with high linguistic intelligence as those who
learn best by speaking, hearing or seeing words (Beachner & Picket, 2018).
Or
 According to Beachner and Picket (2018) students with high linguistic
intelligence tend to “think in words rather than pictures” (p. 17).

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 Styles of Referencing…..

The work has three to five authors

 The first time you mention the source, give all authors in the body of
the paper or in the parenthetical documentation.
Example: When first mention
 It is better to print a copy of your paper than to attempt to edit on screen
(Abebe, Helen, Girma & Tesfaye, 2009).
 In subsequent references, give only the first author’s name and date
followed by the phrase “et at.,”
Example:
 One effective way to edit your own work is to read it out loud (Abebe et,
al., 2009)
Or
 Abebe et al. (2009) suggest that one effective way to edit once own work is
to read it out loud. 13
 Styles of Referencing…..

The work has six or more authors

 Give the first author’s name followed by “et al.” either in the body
of the paper or in the parenthetical documentation.
Example:
 It is better to print a copy of your paper than to attempt to edit
on screen (Abebe et al., 2009).
Or
 Abebe et al. (2009) suggest that one effective way to edit once
own work is to read it out loud.

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 Styles of Referencing…..

A group or organization is the author

 Use the name of the organization in place of the author. Example:
Narrative: First use in text
 According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)……
Narrative: Subsequent uses
WHO (2020) states that………….
According to MoE (2009) xxxxxxx
Parenthetical: First use in text
……………………….(World Health Organization [WHO], 2020)
Parenthetical: Subsequent uses
……………………….(WHO, 2020)
Gardening can help kids develop social skills, develop bonds in families,
understand nature and more (MoE, 2009).
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 Styles of Referencing…..

Two or more works have the same author and the same publication
year.
 Label the works a, b, etc. after the year and include those letters in
the in-text documentation.
 Be sure the same labels are applied in the references page.
Example:
Schachner (2017a) or (Schachner, 2017a)
Schachner (2017b) or (Schachner, 2017b)

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 Styles of Referencing…..

If you use two different sources for the same information or in the
same part of the paper.
 Put both sources in the same parenthetical
documentation. Use alphabetical order.
Example:
Several essays (Campbell, 2005; Checkley, 2014; Eyasu,
2020, Zerihun, 2020) examine the use of xxxxxx xxxx.

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Reference lists
Journal Articles
Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences. Educational Leadership, 76(1),
26-33
Konishi, C. & Hymel, S. (2014). An attachment perspective on anger among adolescents.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 60(1), 53-79.
Pambreni, Y., Khatibi, A., Azam, S., & Tham, J. J. M. S. L. (2019). The influence of total quality
management toward organization performance. Management Science Letters, 9(9),
1397-1406.
Periodicals
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (year). Title of Article. Title of periodical, xx, pp. x – y.
News paper
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1 –
A4.
 If online,
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The New York Times. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com
For a chapter in a book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title
of book (pp. xxx – xxx). Location: publisher.
Or
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title
18
of book (pp. xxx – xxx). Location: publisher. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Reference book
Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research.
SAGE publications.
Prasad, L. M. (2020). Principles and practice of management. Sultan Chand & Sons.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research methods for business
students. Pearson Publications
Cowie, H. (2019). From birth to sixteen: Children's health, social, emotional and linguistic
development (2nd ed.). Routledge
VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Doctoral Dissertation and Master’s Theses
A) If available from a database
Author, A. A. (2009). Title of Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis
(Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of
database. (Accession or Order No.)
For unpublished dissertation or thesis.
Author, A. A. (2003). Title of Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location. 19
 Styles of Referencing…..

2. The Harvard style

Referencing in the text (in-text citation)
 The Harvard style is an author-date system.
 It usually uses the author’s name and year of publication to
identify cited documents within the text.
 All references are listed alphabetically at the end of the text.

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 Styles of
Referencing….
Citations in the text
If the author’s name is part of the statement, put only
the year in brackets:
 e.g. Jones (2020) has provided evidence that these factors are
incomplete.
• Or put the author’s surname and date in brackets.
 e.g. There is some evidence (Jones 2011) that these factors are
incomplete.

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 Styles of Referencing…..

• If there are two authors, give both:

 e.g. It is claimed that government in the information age will
“work better and cost less”(Bellamy and Taylor 2010, p.41).
• Note: if you are giving a direct quotation then you need to
include the page number.
• If there are more than two authors, cite only the first
followed by ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and others’):
– e.g. …adoptive parents were coping better with the physical
demands of parenthood and found family life more enjoyable
(Levy et al. 2011).

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 Styles of Referencing…..

References – Books

• AUTHOR(S) (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

– e.g. Peter, S.J.,2007.Textiles. 10th ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall. → one author.
– e.g. David, P. and John, N.B.,2010. Electronic style: a guide
to citing electronic information. London: Meckler. → Two
authors.
– Harrison, C., 2017. Leadership theory and research: A
critical approach to new and existing paradigms. Springer.
– e.g. Frank, E. et al., 2011.The reorganized National Health
Service. 6th ed. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. → more than
two authors.
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 Styles of Referencing…..

References – Journal articles

Lo, P., Allard, B., Wang, N. and Chiu, D.K., 2020. Servant
leadership theory in practice: North America’s leading public
libraries. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(1),
pp.249-270.
Wang, F., 2018. Social justice leadership—Theory and practice: A
case of Ontario. Educational Administration Quarterly, 54(3),
pp.470-498.
Semuel, H., Siagian, H. and Octavia, S., 2017. The effect of
leadership and innovation on differentiation strategy and company
performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237,
pp.1152-1159.
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differences between Harvard and APA styles

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