WORKSHOP
Principles of Language Learning
and
Teaching
The source:
Brown D.H. Principles of
Language Learning and
Teaching. Part 2.
Psychological factors.
Chapters 4-6
Plan
1. Human learning. Learning and training.
2. Pavlov`s classical behaviorism
3. Rote learning and meaningful learning
4. Systematic forgetting
5. Types of learning
6. The audiolingual method and community language learning
7. Style and strategies. Process, style and strategy.
8. Learning style
9. Learning, communication, avoidance, compensatory strategies
10.Personality factors. The Affective Domain
11.Affective factors in 2d language acquisition
12.Self-esteem
13.Willingness to communicate
14.Measuring affective factors
ACTIVITIES (Practical tasks)
1. Study the lecture and the course-book. Get ready to discuss the questions of the session.
Human learning. Learning and training.
The presentation delves into the intricate realm of second language acquisition,
emphasizing the pivotal role of the cognitive domain in both first and second
language learning. The processes of perceiving, attending, storing, and recalling
are explored as fundamental to internalizing a language. In a dedicated chapter,
the focus sharpens on cognitive processes and general principles of human
learning, thereby setting the stage for an insightful journey.
What are the key roles of the cognitive sphere in
learning first and second languages?
Behaviorist Theory of Second Language Acquisition -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvOIbDI2fro&ab_channel=Sharon
To illustrate the complexity of cognitive considerations, a relatable scenario is painted—training
a pet dog to catch Frisbees. Four critical steps in the training process are dissected:
1. Defining entry behavior: Understanding the starting point, the dog's abilities,
drives, and limitations.
2. Establishing explicit goals: Clearly outlining objectives and expectations.
3. Crafting training methods: Devising strategies based on the dog's entry behavior
and the defined goals.
4. Implementing an evaluation procedure: Measuring short-term and long-term
success, ensuring the dog maintains what it has learned.
The parallel between training a dog and language teaching for humans is drawn, underscoring
the complexity of the latter. The language teacher, like the dog trainer, must possess in-depth
knowledge of entry behavior, clear objectives, effective teaching methods, and robust
evaluation procedures. These steps align with the understanding of how human beings learn, a
central focus of the chapter.
The presentation transitions to the exploration of diverse theories of human learning,
acknowledging the multitude of perspectives and definitions associated with learning. Four
influential psychologists — Pavlov, Skinner, Ausubel, and Rogers—are highlighted as
representatives of different viewpoints, including behaviorism, cognitive theory, and
constructivism. Their contributions reflect not only the historical evolution of learning theory but
also the foundations of various language teaching approaches and methods.
Behaviorism and Second Language Acquisition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqeV45lKHdM&ab_channel=AndreaHellman
Rote learning and meaningful
learning
Rote learning, according to Ausubel, involves the memorization of isolated
pieces of information that lack inherent connections to an individual's
existing cognitive structure. These isolated elements are stored arbitrarily
and verbatim, without fostering meaningful relationships. For instance,
memorizing phone numbers and ZIP codes without understanding their
cognitive significance is an example of rote learning.
On the other hand, meaningful learning, also known as subsumption, is
described as a process that involves connecting and anchoring new
information to pre-existing cognitive structures. New knowledge interacts
with and becomes an integral part of the learner's established cognitive
framework. This subsumable material gains meaningfulness by relating to
stable elements within the cognitive structure. The presentation employs a
visual analogy, likening rote learning to acquiring isolated building blocks
without a clear purpose, and meaningful learning to integrating these blocks
into existing categories or systematic clusters.
Any learning situation can be made meaningful when learners possess a
"meaningful learning set." This set is a disposition to relate new learning
tasks to their existing knowledge. Additionally, the material itself should be
potentially meaningful to learners, meaning it can be connected to their
existing structure of knowledge. This second approach, termed
"manufacturing meaningfulness" by Frank Smith, emerges as a potent factor
in human learning.
Systematic forgetting
It delves into the intriguing dynamics of learning and forgetting, as illuminated by the cognitive theory of
Ausubel. It distinguishes between rote learning and meaningful learning, shedding light on the universal
nature of forgetting and the processes that underpin it.
In the context of rote learning, the retention of information is primarily influenced by the interference of
similar rote materials learned immediately before or after the learning task. This interference, known as
proactive and retroactive inhibition, plays a significant role in the retention of rote-learned materials. On the
other hand, meaningful learning is marked by the interaction of new material with established ideational
systems within the cognitive structure, resulting in a more efficient retention process that minimizes the
impact of concurrent interfering effects. Meaningful learning entails an intentional and purposeful process of
subsumption, where forgetting is a natural outcome. This "obliterative" stage of subsumption leads to the
reduction of specific items to a common denominator within generalized meanings. The metaphor of cognitive
pruning procedures is employed to describe this process, where the unneeded clutter is eliminated to allow
for more material to enter the cognitive field. An illustrative example of this pruning is a child's concept of
excessive heat, formed by clustering various experiences of hot objects and the pain they cause into a
broader understanding of "hotness." In this process, specific experiences are gradually forgotten in favor of
the overarching concept, enabling the child to navigate future experiences and avoid burns.
This pruning or subsumptive forgetting is not random but systematic, offering the potential for optimal
learning situations that yield retention beyond what traditional theories of forgetting would predict.
Moreover, the discussion extends to the field of language attrition, exploring factors contributing to the loss of
second language skills. It examines how the strength and conditions of initial learning, usage patterns,
motivation, and cultural identity can all impact language attrition. It delves into the distinctions between
different aspects of language, such as lexical items and idioms, that may be more or less vulnerable to
forgetting.
Classroom connections
● Olshtain described language attrition as a reversal of the acquisition
process, while Obler said that "neurolinguistic blocking" contributes
to long-term forgetting of a language.
● What can you do as a learner to help prevent such attrition, and
what kinds of techniques do you think a teacher could use to prolong
the beneficial effects of learning a language in the classroom?
Types of learning
The audio-lingual
method
The audio-lingual method or Army Method is a method used in teaching foreign
languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which postulates that certain traits of
living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of
reinforcement.
What is the main goal of the audio-lingual
method?
The Audio-Lingual method focuses on oral skills. It aims to improve students' speaking
achievement. Language items are presented to students in spoken form without reference to
the mother tongue so that they can learn language skills effectively.
Community language
learning
Community language learning (CLL) is a language-teaching approach focused on group-interest
learning. It is based on the counselling-approach in which the teacher acts as a counselor and a
paraphraser, while the learner is seen as a client and collaborator.
“This is a quote. Words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”
—Someone Famous
“This is a quote. Words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”
—Someone Famous
The slide title goes here!
Do you know what helps you make your
point clear? Lists like this one:
● Because they’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● And because you’ll never forget to
buy milk!
And the most important thing: the
audience won’t miss the point of your
presentation. Let’s use lists!
The slide title goes here!
Do you know what helps you make your
point clear? Lists like this one:
● Because they’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● And because you’ll never forget to
buy milk!
And the most important thing: the
audience won’t miss the point of your
presentation. Let’s use lists!
Whoa!
This can be the part of the presentation where
you introduce yourself, write your email…
Whoa!
This can be the part of the presentation where
you introduce yourself, write your email…
01
Introductio
Insert a subtitle here if you need it
n
01
Introductio
Insert a subtitle here if you need
n
it
This is a graph
Jupiter
It’s a gas giant and
the biggest planet
Venus
Venus has a
beautiful name
Mars Jupiter Venus Mars
Mars is a cold Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
place, not hot paste the new one here. For more info, click here
This is a graph
20% Mars
Mars is a cold
place, not hot
30%
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
50% Venus
Venus has a
Jupiter Mars Venus beautiful name
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Maybe you need to divide the
content
Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second
smallest one planet from the Sun
Maybe you need to divide the
content
Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful
planet to the Sun name and it’s hot
Jupiter Mars
It’s a gas giant and the Despite being red, Mars
biggest planet is actually a cold place
A picture is worth
a thousand
words
A picture is
worth a
thousand
words
145,245
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
795,32
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
1
Schedule
Phase 10:0 11:0 12:0
9:00
1 0 0 0
Task 1
Task 2
Phase
2
Task 1
Task 2
Schedule
Wednesd Thursda
Monday Tuesday Friday
ay y
08:15 Task 1 Meeting Idea Project Test
10:20 Meeting Idea Task 3 Chat Task 4
12:15 Proposal Meeting Meeting Idea Idea
14:30 Test Task 2 Project Test Meeting
02
Company
Insert a subtitle here if
you need it
Company
02 Insert a subtitle here if
you need it
This is a graph
Jupiter
1,254 It’s a gas giant and Jupiter
the biggest planet
Venus
Venus
4,215 Venus has a Mars
beautiful name
Mars
8,554 Mars is a cold
place, not hot Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
paste the new one here. For more info, click here
More graphs
35% 20% Mars
Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
Mars is a cold
place, not hot
10% Venus 35%
Venus has a
beautiful name
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet
Target
Gender Age
30 50 20
% % %
18 - 26 -
70% 30% +36
25 35
Target
Gender Most selled products
● Write the best-selling products
60% ● Write the best-selling products
● Write the best-selling products
Saturn is a gas giant and has rings ● Write the best-selling products
● Write the best-selling products
40% Annual expenses
Mercury is the closest planet to the Avg. expense: $5000
Sun
Age
25-38 39-50
A picture
always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts
of data, so remember: use and
image instead of long texts
A picture
always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts
of data, so remember: use and
image instead of long texts
Your can use three columns
Mars Venus Mercury
Mars is actually a Venus is the second Mercury is the
cold place. It’s full of planet from the Sun. closest planet to the
iron oxide dust It’s really hot Sun and the smallest
one
You can use six columns
Mercury Venus Mars
It’s the closest planet It’s a planet with Mars is actually a
to the Sun very high very cold place
temperatures
Jupiter Saturn Neptune
Jupiter is the biggest It’s composed of It’s the farthest
planet of them all hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
This is a timeline
Jupiter Mars
Jupiter is the Mars is a cold
biggest planet place, not hot
01 02 03 04
Mercury Neptune
Mercury is the Neptune is far
smallest planet away from Earth
How the company generates income
Mercury Mars Saturn
Mercury is a Mars is actually Saturn is a gas
small planet very cold giant with rings
Jupiter Neptune
Jupiter is the Neptune is far
biggest planet away from Earth
This is a table
Mars Venus Jupiter
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
This is a table
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4
Descriptio Jupiter is the Mercury a Saturn has Neptune is far
n biggest planet small planet several rings away from us
Year 2019 2020 2021 2022
Duration Three months Two weeks Six months Four months
Percentages
20 40 60
% % %
Mars Venus Mercury
Mars is actually a Venus has a Mercury is the
cold place beautiful name smallest planet
Percentages
40 60
%
Mercury
%
Mars
Mercury is the Mars is actually a
smallest planet very cold place
You can use six columns
Mars Venus Mercury
Mars is actually a Venus has a Mercury is the
cold place beautiful name smallest planet
Neptune Jupiter Saturn
Neptune is far away Jupiter is the Saturn is a gas
from Earth biggest planet giant with several
rings
Competitors
Mars Mercury Jupiter
Despite being red, Mercury is the Jupiter is the
Mars is cold smallest planet biggest planet
Neptune Saturn
Neptune is far away Saturn is a gas
from Earth giant with rings
Awesome
words
