UNIT 2

2.1. Nutraceuticals
2.2. Study of herbs
2.3. Herbal drug and herb food interation

MS. Shraddha P. Vairagade

Assistant Professor
SWIP, Panvel
 Nutraceuticals
 Term nutraceuticals was coined by combining the term

 Nutrition and pharmaceutical in 1989 by Dr. Stephen

Defelice MD.

 Founder and chairmen of foundation for innovation in

medicine(FIM)

 They are known as medical foods, nutritional supplement

and dietary supplement.
 Nutraceuticals
 Definition:
 As substance that provides nutrition's when taken as food
or food supplement and also possess the ability to improve
health and prevent disease.

 Functional Food: It is cooked/ prepared with or without the

knowledge of purpose of its use

 They fulfil the purpose of its use requirements of proteins,

carbohydrates, vitamins etc
 Nutraceuticals
 Functional Food

1. Conventional ex: Grains, vegetable and nuts

2. Modified food ex: Yoghurt, orange, juice

 Nutraceuticals
 Classification of Nutraceuticals:
 1. Dietary fiber
 2. Probiotics
 3. Prebiotics
 4. Antioxidant
 5. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
 6. Polyphenols
 7. Spices
 Nutraceuticals
 Classification of Nutraceuticals:
1. Dietary fiber
• Dietary fiber consists of non digestible carbohydrates and lignin's
• Carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans

2. Probiotics:
• Live bacteria and yeast that are good for our health specially your
digestive system
• Also called as good or heful bacteria because they help keep our
gut healthy
• Ex: lactobacillus
 Nutraceuticals
 Classification of Nutraceuticals:
3. Prebiotics:
• Are substance that induce the growth or activity of microorganism
ex bacteria and fungi that contributed to the well being of their
host

4. Antioxidants:
• Free radicals are capable of attacking the healthy cells of the body
causing them to lose their structure and function
• Antioxidants are capable of stabilizing or deactivating free radicals
before they attack cells.
• ex: Ascorbic acid(vit c), tocopherol (vit. E) and lipoic acid
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in Diabetes:
Increase level of sugar in blood due to low insulin secretion or
fail in the function of insulin

Nutraceuticals:
1. Flavones: Improve the function of pancreatic b-cell and
stimulation of glucose uptake
EX: Enhancement of bcell functions to increase insuline
(artemisia)
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in Diabetes:
Nutraceuticals:
2. Omega-3 fatty acid:
• Reduce glucose tolerance in patients for synthesis of omega 3 fatty
acid
• EX: Brevis-alpha linolenic acid
Fish, fish oil: Eicosatetraenoic acid
Walnut, navy beans: Alpha linolenic acid

3. Lipoic acid:
• Antioxidant used to trat diabetic neuropathy
• Cinnamon and bitter melon used for weight reduction
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular
Disorders:
• CVD term used for disorders of the heart and blood vessels and includes
coronary heart disease(heart attack) peripheral hypertension, heart failure etc
• A/c to various research studies nutraceuticals have been proved to be
beneficial in prevention of CVD
• These includes: Flavonoids of black or green tea, soya, preitein , essential,
fatty acids, ligans, lectin
• Nutraceuticals: Used in prevention of CVD
• A diet rich in fruits and vegetables have been reported to be effective in
prevention against CVD
• They contain: Antioxidant, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, omega 3 fatty
acids
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular
Disorders:
1. Curcumin:
• Main constituents of curcuma longa
• Therapeutic activity: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholinergic,
anticarcinogenic
• IN CVD: Reduce serum lipid peroxidase increase HDL AND reduce LDL

2. Flavonoids:
• They are widely distributed in vegetable onion, grapefruits, apples, cherries,
black grapes, red wine are available as flavones playing major role in
prevention and curing the CVD
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in CANCER:
• Flavonoids which block the enzyme that produce estrogen reduce
estrogen induced cancers
• Prevent breast cancer a broad range of phytopharmaceuticals with a
claimed hormonal activity called phytoestrogens is recommended.
• Nutraceuticals used in prevention of cancer

1. Lycopene: Lycopene contained vegetable and fruits exert

anticancer properties
2. Polyphenols:
Found in cereals, tea, coffee, coca etc
• Which inhibit the initiation of carcinogen and suppress the
progression of cancer
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in CANCER:
3. Epigallo catechin 3 gallale:
Found in green tea and have antitumor activity, cancer preventive
properties
4. Vitamins and minerals:
Vitamin A, C and E and mineral like se effective against cancer
5. Flavonoids: Citrus fruits are able to protect against cancer by act as
antioxidants
Ex: Soya, curcumin, tea chemo preventive properties
6.Saponins: tomato, potatoes and alfa 2 antimutagenic and antitumor
activity
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in Irritable bowel
syndrome:
• Ulcerative colitis and corhn’s disease are together known as IBD
• Probiotics in particular saccharomyces boulardii and lactobacilli
and some herbal medicinal products primarily peppermint oil, seem
to be effective in ameliorating IBD or IBS

a) 5-Aminosalicylic acid: Highly effect in management of ulcer but

no effect in Crohns disease
Inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokinin (THF alpha)
Prevent inflammatory of GI mucosa
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in Irritable bowel
syndrome:
b) Aloe vera gel: Used in treatment of IBD
c) Curcumin Longa:
• Found in curcumin prevent inflamed colon cells
• Also inhibit cytokinin's
• Block THF alpha activity
d) Polyphenols: They are immunomodulates and block
inflammatory
e) Omega 3 fatty acids: Used in treatment of collitis
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in GI Disease:
A) Gastritis: Inflammation of stomach lining is the most common
disorder of stomach occurs due to heliocobacteria pytaria
Nutraceuticals: Certain probiotics are used in treatment
Ex: Lactobacillus, Lactic acid, streptococcus are use.

B) Nutraceuticals in peptic ulcer: Mucosal damage

1. Anthocynocides: Prevent and cure ulcer by stimulating the
biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides
2. Ethanolic extract of celery bilberry: Antiulcer
3. Curcumin: Used as carminative and healing the wound of ulcer
 Health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in GI Disease:
Common nutraceuticals used in GI disorder

Saponins: Kochia scoparia: Gastroprotective

Lagenaria emblica: Antiulcer

Shilajeet: Wound healing in colon, ileum

HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Introduction:
Drug Interaction:
• Is defined as alteration in the pharmacological activity of one drug
by the concomitant use of another drug or other substances
Potential for herb drug interactions:
• There is no chemical reaction between herb and drug but
components of herb can enhance or diminish the amount of drug
present in bloodstream
• Herbal drugs may be toxic intrinsically or when these are taken with
combination of other toxic effects can be observed.
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Classification : Types of interactions
1. Herb herb interactions:
• Piper betel is contraindicated while taking garcinoia morella, Basella alba
along with sesamum indicum

2. Herb food interaction:

• Combination of payasa (milk preparation) and mantha is contraindicated wine
with steamed grains, radish with milk.

3. Herb animal origin drug interaction:

• Kapotamasa (meat of pigeon) is contraindicated with sarshapa taila(brassica
alba) pork is contraindicated with Narikela taila(oil of coccus mucifere), equal
quantity of madhu (honey)with grutha (ghee) is contraindicated and this has
been proved to produce a toxic effect by combination.
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Classification : Types of interactions
4. Herbal drug interaction:
• Green vegetables (especially broccoli, spinach, peas, cabbage and
cucumbers) are found to have a measurerable impact an
anticholinergic therapy

5. Disease related interactions:

• Haritaki (terminallia chebula) contraindicated in pregnacy
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Mechanism of Herb Drug interaction:
Pharmacokinetic:
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Elimination
Pharmacodynamics:
• Additive
• Antagonist
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions
1) Hypercium
2) Kava-kava
3) Ginkobiloba
4) Ginseng
5) Pepper
6) Ephedra
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions
1. Hypercium
Synonym: St. Tohns wort, Amber, Demon, Chaser, goat weed
Parts: tops
Biological Source: Dried aerial plant parts of Hypercicum perforatum
Family: Hyper-caceae
Chemical Constituents: From kundal das
Uses:
• Antidepressant
• In treatment of anxiety, food flavors
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Side effects of hypercium:
• Hypercium when taken orally upto 12 weeks it is considered as safe
possible side effects are
• Trouble sleeping
• Stomach upset
• Vivid dreams
• Fatigue
• Restlessness
• Diarrhoea
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Herb drug interaction of Hypericum
• Hypericum interacts with certain antidepressant drugs leads to
serious conditions resulting excess of serotonin
• Decrease metabolism of antianxiety drug alprazolam hence decrease
its effectiveness
• Decrease the efficacy of birth control pills
2. Kava-kava:
Synonym: Ava pepper, Ava root, awa
Biological Source: Dried roots of plant Piper-methyl-sticum
Part: Rhizomes
Family: Piperaceae
Microscopical Characters: Has heart shape leaves and woody stem.
Stem are green with swollen nodes
Chemical Constituents: Roots consists of 12%water 43% starch, 20%
fibers, sugars
Uses:
• Antidepressant
• In treatment of anxiety, food flavors
Kava-kava:
Side effects of hypercium:
• Hypercium when taken orally upto 12 weeks it is considered as safe
possible side effects are

Uses of kavakava:
• Increase sleeping times
• When taken orally may causes liver damage
• Reduce effectiveness of levodopa
• Not safe during pregnancy and lactation
Kava-kava:
Herb drug interactions:
• CNS depressants(pentobarbital, hexobarbital)
• When taken together with alprazolam cause drowsiness
• Decrease liver metabolism of some drugs
• Enhance the absorption of medications such as etoposide,
vinblastine, vincristine, cimetidine
• Kava when administered with medicines such as acetaminophen,
isoniazid, methyldopa etc can cause hepatotoxicity.
3. Ginkgo:
Synonym: Maiden hair tree, kew tree
Biological Source: Dried leaves of Ginko biloba
Part: Leaves
Family: Ginkgoaceae
Chemical Constituents:
• Ginkgo leaves possess variety of glycosides predominantly flavanol,
mono, di and Tri glycosides of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and
quercetin
• Bio flavones present are gingketin, gingkolic acid
3. Ginkgo:
Uses:
• Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective agent
• Reduces anxiety and treats dementia
Side effects of Ginkgo :
• Stomach upset, headache, dizziness, constipation, increase in force of
heartbeat, allergic skin reactions etc.
• High dose of leaf extract may increase risk of liver and thyroid cancers
Herb drug interactions:
• When ginkgo is administered with ibuprofen it increase chances of bruising
and bleeding
• When administred with fluoxetine, may cause hupomania
• Ginkgo may slow down the metabolism of certain drugs
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS

4. Ginseng:
Synonym: Panax ginseng, red berry,
Biological Source: Dried roots of Panax ginseng
Part: roots
Family: Araliaceae
Chemical Constituents:
• steroids like saponin, ginsensoides, ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, R etc
comprise 90% of total ginsenosides
Uses:
• Treat depression, anxiety general fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, bronchitis,
swine flu, diabetes and gastritis
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions
4. Ginseng:
Side effect:
• Skin reactions, diarrhea, insomnia, headache., rapid heartbeat,
increase or decrees BP, loss of appetite, itching, vaginal bleeding

Herb drug interaction:

• When taken with caffeine, can causes serious reactions such as
increased heart rate and high BP
• Decrease the effect of estrogen pills, nifedipine, furosemide
• Might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressant drugs.
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions
5. Garlic:
Synonym: Allium, lasun
Biological Source: Dried buds of Allium sativum
Part: buds
Family: Liliaceae
Chemical Constituents:
• About 1% volatile oil mainly allicin, responsible for particular odour
• Allin, allixin, allylpolysulfides, N- acetylcysteine, S-allylesteine
Uses:
• Treat fever, hyperlipidemia, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, GIT,
disorders, diabetes, infections and arteriosclerosis
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions

5. Garlic:
Side effect:
• Allergic reactions such as difficulty in breathing, swelling of face,
lips, tongue or throat etc
• Unpleasant breath or body Oduor, heartburn, burning in mouth or
throat, nausea, vomiting, gas or diarrhea

Herb drug interactions:

• Garlic may increase bleeding times with anticoagulants
• During and after surgery garlic causes spontaneous bleeding
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions
6. Pepper:
Synonym: Black paper, kalimiri, pippali
Biological Source: Dried ripe fruits of piper-nigrum
Part: ripe fruits
Family: Piperaceae
Chemical Constituents:
• 1-2.5% volatile oils pharmacologically active principle is pungent alkaloid
piperine
Uses:
Flavoring agent
Laxative
Reduce gas
HERBAL DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS
Study of following drugs and their possible sideeffects and interactions
6. Pepper:
Side effects:
• It generally safe when given in small dose
• It get into eyes cause redness and burning
• Herb drug interactions:
• As pepper has diuretic effect it decrease
2.2
Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa,
Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla,
Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
Read this topic from Dr. Kundal Das
 Assignments:
 Long questions (10 marks)

1. Give the classification of Nutraceuticals with example. Write their role in

prevention of different types of Diseases.

2. What are the different types of drug interactions? Explain mechanisms of drug
interactions and write the possible side effect and interactions of Hypercium,
Kav-kava and Ginko biloba’.

3. Discuss in detail about the market growth, scope and types of Nutraceutical
products available in the market
 Important Questions:
 Short Questions (5marks) for sessional
1. Outline the health benefits and role of nutraceuticals in diabetes.
2. With suitable examples, explain possible herbal drug interactions of Ginseng and hypericum
3. Briefly explain use of Ashwagandha and Alfaalfa as Nutraceuticals
4. Describe following herbs as health food 1) Fenugreek 2) Spirulina
5. Describe different types of herb drug interactions. Give the herb drug Interaction of
Hypericum and kava kava
6. Briefly explain herb drug and herb food interactions with example
7. Discuss the interactions of Ginseng and Garlic with other drugs
8. Discuss the interactions of Pepper and Ephedra with other drugs
9. Briefly explain the role of nutraceuticals in Diabetes and cancer
10. Explain the term Herb as health food. Write the source, constituents and use of any two
a) Alfalfa b) Chicory c) Ginger
11. Write short note on Prebiotic/Probiotics and Dietary fibers
12. Write the source, constituents and uses of any two.
a) Fenugreek b) Garlic c) Honey d) Amla
References:
• Dr. Kundal Das
• You should refer the kundal das or Book of pv for unit 2
• The elaborative form is given in both books for unit 2
THANK YOU…..!