1.

Philippine Constitution
2. Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees
3. Peace and Human Rights Issues and
Concepts
4. Environmental Management and
Protection
 PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall embody
our ideals
the common and aspirations,
good, conservepromote
and develop patrimony,
our
secure to ourselves and our posterity, and
the
independence and democracy under the rule of blessings
law and a
regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. of
 ARTICLE I
NATIONAL TERRITORY

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago,

with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves,
and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their
breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.
 ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican
State. Section 2. The Philippines renounces war…
Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the
military.
Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be
inviolable.
 STATE POLICIES
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall
protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social
institution.
Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in
nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral,
spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the
youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement
in public and civic affairs.
Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-
building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of
women and men.
 ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS

Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property

without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.

Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,

papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures …

Section 9. Private propertyshall not be taken for public use without

just compensation.

Section 13. The right to bail

 ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are citizens of
the Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in the accordance with law.
Natural-born vs Nuralization
Jus Sanguinis - By blood
Jus Soli - Land, territory
 ARTICLE V
SUFFRAGE
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the
Philippines, not otherwise disqualified by law, who are:
a. at least eighteen years of age
b. have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in
the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least
six months immediately preceding the election.
c. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall
be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Section 2. Absentee voting – It is process by which electors who
are unable to go in person to the polling site on polling day can
still cast their vote.
 ARTICLE VI
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Section 1. The legislative power (the power to make laws) shall be vested
in the Congress.

CONGRESS is divided into 2.

1. Senate (Upper House/Chamber) – officer: Senate President

a. 24 Senators
b. Natural-born
c. At least 35 years of age
d. Term: 6 years (2)
2. House of Representative (Upper House/Chamber) – officer: Speaker of the
house
a. 250 members
b. Natural-born
c. 25 years of
age
President, Vice-President, Congress:
–Shall begin at noon on the
thirtiethday of June next following their election.
– regular election: second Monday of May.
 ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the
President of the Philippines.
Chief executive/President/Commander-in-Chief of the AFP
a. Natural-born
b. At least 40 years old
c. Residence: at least 10 years
d. Term: 6 years, no re-election
e. Can be removed from the office through IMPEACHMENT
1. PARDON
a. Absolute pardon - An act of grace, proceeding from the
power entrusted with the execution of the laws, Exempts
the individual from the penalty of the crime he has
committed.
b. Conditional pardon - If delivered and accepted, it is a
contract between the executive and the convict
that the former will release the latter upon
compliance with the condition. Example of a
condition: Not to violate any of the penal laws of the
country again.
2.REPRIEVE - refers to the deferment, suspension,
postponement, temporary stay of the implementation of the
sentence for an interval of time; it does not annul the sentence
 ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Vice-President
a. Natural-born
b. At least 40 years old
c. Residence: at least 10 years
d. Term: 6 years (2 successive terms)
e. Can be removed from the office through
IMPEACHMENT
Line of succession
1. President
2. Vice President
3. President of the Senate
4. Speaker of the House

shall act as President until a President or a Vice-President

shall have been chosen and qualified.
 ARTICLE VIII
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
1 Chief Justice
14 Associate Justice
a. Natural-born
b. At least 40 years old
c. Member of the bar or judge of lower courts for at least 10
years
PUBLIC OFFICERS may be removed from office
on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable
violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery,
graft and corruption, other high crimes, or
betrayal of public trust.
● President,
● Vice-President,
● Members of the Supreme Court,
● Members of the Constitutional Commissions,
● the Ombudsman
● Article VII, Section 19 of the 1987 Constitution

Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this

Constitution, the President may grant reprieves, commutations, and
pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final
judgment.

He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of
a majority of all the Members of the Congress.

Executive Clemency

- refers to Reprieve, Absolute Pardon, Conditional Pardon with or

without Parole Conditions and Commutation of Sentence as may
3. AMNESTY
- is derived from the Greek word amnestia or amnesis, which means
forgetfulness, oblivion, or to lose memory. It is an act of sovereign power
designed to apply the principle of tabula rasa (CLEAN SLATE) to past
offenses.
- an act of the sovereign power granting oblivion or a general
pardon for past offense, and is rarely exercised in favor of a single
individual, and is usually exerted in behalf of certain classes of persons
who are subject to trail but not yet convicted.

The granting of amnesty extinguishes any and all criminal liability for the
acts subject of the amnesty grant, and restores all civil and political rights
suspended or lost by virtue of criminal conviction. However, amnesty does
not remove the grantee's civil liability for injuries or damages caused to
private persons.

4. COMMUTATION OF SENTENCE- it is the reduction, lessening, lowering,

 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
ACCOUNTABILITY OFXI
ARTICLE PUBLIC
OFFICERS
Section 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees
must, at all

times, be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost

responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and

justice, and lead modest lives.

Republic Act No. 6735 "The Initiative and Referendum
Act."
● “Initiative” is the power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or
to propose

and enact legislations through an election called for the purpose.

● “Plebiscite” is the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is

approved or rejected by the people.

● “Referendum” is the power of the electorate to approve or reject a legislation through

an election called for the purpose.

Electorates - all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election.

Petition - a request made for something desired, especially a respectful or humble

request, as to a superior or to one of those in authority; a supplication or prayer: a petition

for aid.
Republic Act No. 6713 Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. -
(A)Every public offi cial a n d employee shall observe the following as
standards of personal c o n d u c t in the discharge a n d execution of offi cial duties:
(a) Commitment to public interest.
(b) Professionalism.
(c) Justness a n d sincerity.
(d) Political neutrality.
(e) Responsiveness to the public.
(f) Nationalism a n d patriotism.
(g)Commitment to democracy.
(h)Simple living.
a. Commitment to Public Interest
Public officials and employees shall always uphold
the public interest over a n d above their personal
interest.
All Public resources must b e used effi ciently,
eff ectively and economically to avoid wastage in
funds and revenues.
b. Professionalism

Public officials and employees shall perform and

discharge their duties with the highest degree of
excellence, professionalism, intelligence a n d skill.

They shall render services to public with utmost

devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor
to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as
dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.
c. Justness and sincerity
○ Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all
times.
○ They must a c t with justness and sincerity and shall not
discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the
underprivileged.
○ They shall at all times respect the rights of others and shall refrain
from doing acts contrary to law, g o o d morals, g o o d customs,
public policy, public order, public safety and public interest.
○ They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on account of their
offi ce to their relatives whether by consanguinity or affinity except
with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions
considered strictly confi dential or as members of their personal staff
d. Political neutrality
○ Public officials and employees shall provide service to

everyone without unfair discrimination and regardless

of party affi liation or preference.
e. Responsiveness to the public
○ Public officials and employees shall extend

prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the

public.
f. Nationalism and patriotism
○ Patriotism – Public officials and employees shall at all
times be loyal to the Republic a n d to the Filipino
people,
○ Nationalism – promote the use of locally produced goods,
resources and technology and encourage appreciation
and pride of our country and people.
g. Commitment to democracy
○ Public officials and employees shall commit themselves

to the democratic way of life and values, maintain

the principle of public accountability, and manifest
by deeds the supremacy of civilian authority over the
military.
○ They shall at all times uphold loyalty to the

public as an institution above loyalty to persons.

ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
AND PROTECTION
SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL SINS
1.Air pollution
2. Waste
3. Food Consumption
4. Development
5. Resources
6. Water use
7. Overpopulation
GREEN AND BLUE LAWS

GREEN LAW are mainly for forestry,

biodiversity, agriculture; Green laws refer to laws that
are concerned with the protection of flora, fauna, wildlife,
and land ecosystems.
BLUE LAW is for the management of marine/aquatic
resources; and
BROWN LAW is for land- related protection such as
waste management, water/wastewater, air quality and
other in-land related water quality protection.
Renewable resources replenish themselves ove tim whil
non-renewable resources are gone forever once r e, e
used.
● Wind Wind turbines generate electricity from the power of
the wind. Wind energy is a clean energy source that doesn't
pollute the air.
● Solar Sunlight is a freely available energy resource, but the
amount of sunlight varies by location, season, and time of day.
● Geothermal Heat from the Earth's subsurface generates
geothermal energy.
● Hydropower Water pressure from rivers or high points turns
turbine blades to generate electricity.
● Bioenergy Bioenergy comes from plants and animal waste.
● organism
Biofuels Biofuels, like ethanol and biodiesel, are fuels made
Flora
The term for all plant life in a specific area. Flora can include
trees, shrubs, grasses, and more.

Fauna
The term for all animal life in a specific area. Fauna can include
mammals, fish, birds, and more.

Examples
● Flora: Trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers, and more
● Fauna: Mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and more
Article II, Section 16 of the 1987

“The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature.”

Regalian Doctrine or “jura regalia”

“All lands not otherwise appearing to be clearly within private

ownership are presumed to belong to the State.”
Exception: native title to land, or ownership of land by Filipinos by
virtue of a claim of ownership since time immemorial and
independent of any grant from the Spanish Crown
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the
executive department of the Philippine government responsible for
governing and supervising the exploration, development, utilization, and
conservation of the country’s natural resources.

DENR is composed of Six (6) Staff Sectoral Bureaus:

● Forest Management Bureau (FMB)
● Lands Management Bureau (LMB)
● Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau
● Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)
● Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
● Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
DENR and the LGU have the shared-responsibility to enforce environmental
laws .
● Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), which verifies
that a proposed project complies with environmental laws and
regulations, allowing the project to proceed to the next stage of
planning and implementation.
● Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) is a document that states a
project or business is not covered by the Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) system. This means that the
project does not require an Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC).
Both from Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)
 A person who suffers damage or injury arising from an environmental prejudice
which is also the same subject of a citizen
suit can file a separate action under this section to recover for his personal injury. In
this instance, a citizen suit can take place simultaneously with the filing of an
individual complaint.

● Citizen suit – Any Filipino citizen in representation of others, including

minors or generations yet unborn, may file an action to enforce rights
or obligations under the environmental law.
● Continuing mandamus is a writ issued by a court in an environmental case
directing any agency or instrumentality of the Government or officer
thereof to perform an act or series of acts decreed by final judgment which
shall remain effective until judgment is fully satisfied.
● Environmental Protection Order (EPO) refers to an order issued by the court
directing or enjoining any person or government agency to perform or
desist from performing an act in order to protect, preserve or rehabilitate
the environment.
Philippine Environmental Laws:

● Republic Act No. 6969 “Toxic Substances and Hazardous and

Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990.”
● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7586 "National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of
1992
● Republic Act 8550 as "The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998."
● Republic Act No. 8749 "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999."
● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000.”
● Republic Act 9147 "Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act."
● Republic Act No. 9275 “Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.”
● Republic Act No. 7942 “Philippine Mining Act of 1995”
REPUBLIC ACT 6969
TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE
CONTROL ACT OF 1990

The law aims to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation,

manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of
chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable
risk to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in
transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into
the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to
provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on
toxic chemicals.
REPUBLIC ACT 8749
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the
National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants,
throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the economy.
National Integrated Protected Areas Systems (NIPAS) is the
classification and administration of all designated protected
areas to maintain essential ecological processes and life-
support systems, to preserve genetic diversity, to ensure
sustainable use of resources found therein, and to maintain
their natural conditions to the greatest extent possible
IPRA LAW The Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA),
officially designated as Republic Act No. 8371, is a Philippine law
that recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural
communities and indigenous peoples in the Philippines

Ancestral Domains. Refers to all areas generally belonging to

ICCs/IPs (Indigenous Cultural Communities and Indigenous Peoples) ,
subject to property rights within ancestral domains already existing
and/or vested.
Ancestral Lands. Refers to land, subject to property rights
within the ancestral domains already existing and/or vested upon
effectivity of the Act, occupied, possessed and utilized by
individuals, families and clans who are members of the ICCs/ IPs
since time immemorial, by themselves or through their
predecessors-in-interest, under claims of individual or
traditional group ownership, continuously, to the present
 PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
mandated to provide protection against natural calamities
and to ensure the safety, well-being and economic security
of all the people, and for the promotion of national
progress by undertaking scientific and technological
services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology,
astronomy and other geophysical sciences.
PHIVOLCS (Philippines Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology)
– is a national institution dedicated to provide
information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes,
and tsunamis, as well as other specialized information and
services primarily for the protection of life and property
and in support of economic, productivity, and
sustainable development. It is one of the service
agencies of the Department of Science and Technology.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are universal and inalienable;
indivisible; interdependent and interrelated.
They are universal because everyone is born
with and possesses the same rights, regardless of
where they live, their gender or race, or their
religious, cultural or ethnic background.
UNIVERSALITY

All people everywhere in the world are entitled to

them. The universality of human rights is
encompassed in the words of Article 1 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings are born free
and equal in dignity and rights.”

INALIENABLE

People’s rights can never be taken away.

INDIVISIBILITY

Whether they relate to civil, cultural, economic, political or social

issues, human rights are inherent to the dignity of every human person.
Consequently, all human rights have equal status, and cannot be
positioned in a hierarchical order. Denial of one right invariably
impedes enjoyment of other rights.

INTERDEPENDENCE and INTERRELATEDNESS

Human rights are interdependent and interrelated. Each one contributes

to the realization of a person’s human dignity through the
satisfaction of his or her developmental, physical, psychological and
spiritual needs. The fulfilment of one right often depends, wholly or in
part, upon the fulfilment of others.
Equality and Non-discrimination

All individuals are equal as human beings and by virtue of the

inherent dignity of each human person. No one, therefore, should
suffer discrimination on the basis of race, colour, ethnicity, gender,
religion, political orsexual
age, language, other orientation,
opinion, national, social or geographical
origin,
property,birth
disability,or other status as establishedby human
standards.rights

Participation and Inclusion

All people have the right to participate in and access information

relating to the decision-making processes that affect their
Rights-based
lives approaches
and require well-being.
a high degree of participation
by communities, civil society, minorities,
women, young people,
peoples and other identified indigenous
groups.
Accountability and Rule of Law

States and other duty-bearers are answerable for the observance

of human rights.

In this regard, they have to comply with the legal norms and
standards enshrined in international human rights instruments.
Where they fail to do so, aggrieved rights-holders are entitled to
institute proceedings for appropriate redress before a competent
court or other adjudicator in accordance with the rules and
procedures provided by law. Individuals, the media, civil society and
the international community play important roles in holding
governments accountable for their obligation to uphold human
rights.
Thank you and Godbless us!